Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gestion à long terme'
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Grasselli, Martino. "La gestion de portefeuille à long terme : une approche de finance mathématique." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010023.
Full textHuerre, Thomas. "Prix de marché et contrats de long terme : L’exemple du gaz." Paris 9, 2007. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2007PA090062.
Full textThis thesis is interested in the natural gas price definition in Europe following the process of liberalisation: can it be defined via a market price and therefore be disconnected from the traditional model of long term contracts? Our work shows that the unique use of a market price is not feasible. The characteristics of the sector set to continue using long term contracts to ensure long term security of supply. However, spot markets are fundamentals for the short term security of supply and for giving a price signal reflecting gas to gas competition. But for this to be true, it is recommended to remove the flexibility clauses from these long term contracts. Those contracts also need to be more indexed on spot prices. An illustration is given. At last, the use of Forward prices is questioned. Such a market would enable competition development and security of supply
Fouqueray, Timothée. "Adaptations aux incertitudes climatiques de long terme : trajectoires socio-écologiques de la gestion forestière française." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA029.
Full textAdapting forest management to climate change (CC) is a key issue, as forests are crucial for mitigation policies and the provision of many ecosystem services (ES). Understanding the magnitude of the progress made in this respect can help shape further adaptation developments and avoid the putative maladaptive side effects of forest management evolutions. Here, I aim to bridge the knowledge gap of adaptation implementation in French forests.Chapter 1: Based on semi-structured interviews with foresters, my findings highlight unprecedented aspects of adaptations: (i) a focus on productive ES at the expense of other essential services such as water supply or natural habitats; (ii) adaptations rely on technical changes in forest management and do not deal with climate impacts through organizational or economic tools; and (iii) envisaging ecological processes through adaptations is instrumental and limited to small spatial and temporal scales. My results also extend the existing body of knowledge to the framework of forest management: (i) CC is not the main driver of forestry changes; (ii) extreme events are windows of opportunity to stimulate adaptive changes; and (iii) proactive adaptation to unexperienced hazards is very weak.Chapter 2: Assessment of the diversity of research projects in the forest sciences focusing on CC. I categorized projects according to discipline and main focus, using data from the online description of French public calls for proposals and from selected projects. Since 1997, mitigation research has gradually given way to adaptation. Despite pledges for the inclusion of social sciences, research rarely draws on the social sciences and focuses on ES of economic interest. Biomass production is paramount, being addressed either directly or through projects on tree species of industrial interest. Hence, instead of a diverse search for adaptation strategies, climate research is geared toward a few ES. Without denying the need for timber and biofuel production, I encourage public funders to complement current calls for proposals with more diverse approaches beneficial for both biomass production and other ES.Chapter 3: I study how multiple mechanisms for the mitigation of CC have been developed, drawing on a combination of reducing and offsetting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. While mechanisms are mandatory for certain economic sectors, some business that are not required to mitigate their GHG emissions would nevertheless like to do so. I examine two study cases in France to analyze how public and private foresters seized this opportunity to obtain complementary funding from such companies for forestry operations. I focus on offset contracts issued by associations linking public sector forestry agencies, forest landowners, and offset funders. Carbon mitigation was a reason shared by all contractors to commit to the agreement, although it concealed multifarious motivations. Hence, I argue that voluntary offset contracts act like a Trojan horse by enabling foresters to dialogue with entities that would otherwise not be interested in supporting forest management. Regional embedding was crucial to overcoming the mitigation challenges.Chapter 4: To gain insight on how can socio-economic adaptive tools complement technical evolutions of forestry, I designed Foster Forest, a participatory simulation of forest management. It combines a role-playing game, an agent-based model, and a scenario of CC with high uncertainties. Drawing from multiple applications in French regions, I show that climate change is not a short-term matter of concern for private and public foresters. I analyze the emergence of socio-economic changes (mainly payment for carbon storage) in the provision of ES, and participants’ negotiations to spontaneously change the simulation rules. I also highlight how collective adaptive action was steered by stakeholders with a public interest role
Nasreddine, Aya. "Facteurs de risque et choix des investisseurs de long terme." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100126/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on long term investments and risk premiums within the French financial market. The results bring evidence supporting placements in long term, risky and productive assets. In terms of portfolio management, this thesis brings several answers regarding the optimal allocation strategies. The first article demonstrates that the French financial market is weak form efficient since we could not reject the random walk hypothesis based on the variance ratio methodology. This first contribution implies that abnormal returns are resulting from risk factors and not from anomalies. Thus, the second article revisits famous asset pricing models and highlights optimal portfolio strategies. We find that value and momentum premiums are persistent in the French market. However, size premium is only observable in extreme book to market and momentum strategies. Moreover, we show that market portfolio choice is sine qua non to models performances and that the latest is surprisingly increasing in times of distress. The third article considers the term structure of risk-return tradeoff. Based on a VAR model, we find that excess annualized standard deviation of stocks excess returns with respect to bonds and bills decreases as we lengthen investment horizon which means that investors may bias their portfolios towards safe assets and neglect additional return. Furthermore, we measured the time diversification effect among stock portfolios by distinguishing small and big capitalizations and prove that it is more profitable to hold small capitalizations than big capitalizations stocks in the long run. These results shed light on inefficient prudential rules from the viewpoint of policyholders on one hand, and, on the other hand, highlight the necessity of implementing measures to revive the markets for small enterprises and facilitate their access to direct financing through the market
Doan, Phuong Hoai Linh. "Prise en compte économique du long terme dans les choix énergétiques relatifs à la gestion des déchets radioactifs." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED050/document.
Full textNowadays, the deep geological repository is generally considered as the reference solution for the definitive management of spent nuclear fuel/high-level waste, but different countries have decided different disposal deployment schedules. Via the economic calculation, we hope to offer some answers to the following question: In terms of disposal time management, how should the present generations, benefiting from the nuclear power generation, bear the costs of radioactive waste management, while taking into account future generations? This thesis proposes to analyze specifically the French decision in its context. We propose a set of tools to evaluate the Utility of the deep geological repository project according to the deployment schedule choices. Our thesis also studies the influence of disposal choices on the nuclear fuel cycle. Beyond, we also take into account the interactions between the deep geological repository, nuclear fleet and cycle choices which constitute a "complete system"
Large, Aurore. "Une meilleure gestion patrimoniale des réseaux d'eau potable : le modèle de prévision du renouvellement à long terme OPTIMEAU." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0086/document.
Full textIn developed countries, drinking water is distributed to households. This comfort requires a long networkwith a high value. To optimize resources and performance, it is important to renew pipe sectionsat the best possible time. This thesis presents the short (1-3 years), medium and long term (> 30 years)models commonly employed. The short-term processes seem quite effective, but long term methods remainrough. The OPTIMEAU model proposes a long-term approach to get a prospective overview ofpipes and improve its management, while remaining connected to the technical practices at short-termlevel. This approach, based on survival statistical models, is tested using actual data of three Europeanwater services : SEDIF (Syndicat des Eaux d’Ile de France), Grand Lyon and eauservice Lausanne inSwitzerland. The originality of this model lies in the estimation of the past decommissioning age distribution,keystone in the construction of eleven indicators related to finance, achievements and futureperformance of water utilities
Codina, Maud. "Les bétons bas pH - Formulation, caractérisation et étude à long terme." Phd thesis, INSA de Toulouse, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00199021.
Full textPlusieurs liants incorporant du ciment Portland, de la fumée de silice, des cendres volantes et / ou du laitier sont comparés. Tous ces systèmes sont caractérisés par des teneurs en ajouts très importantes, la fraction de clinker n'étant comprise qu'entre 20 et 60 %.
Après un an d'hydratation, la solution interstitielle des pâtes de liants bas pH présente des pH compris entre 11,7 et 12,2 selon la formulation, réduit de plus d'une unité par rapport aux témoins à base de CEM I ou CEM V. Cette chute de pH (comparé à celui d'un CEM I (13,5)) est concomitante i) d'une forte réduction de la concentration en alcalins dans la solution porale, ii) de la disparition ou de la diminution de la teneur en portlandite dans les matériaux, iii) et de l'enrichissement en silice des C-S-H.
Ces liants ont été utilisés avec succès pour mettre au point des bétons bas pH haute performance (pH de la solution interstitielle compris entre 10,7 et 11,6 selon les liants) avec les outils classiques du génie civil.
Enfin, des études de lixiviation en eau désionisée montrent que les pâtes de liants bas pH se décalcifient environ 4 fois moins vite que celle à base de ciment Portland. Les évolutions minéralogiques et les flux lixiviés par l'eau pure (pH 7) à 25 °C ont pu être modélisés à l'aide du code HYTEC en associant deux modules de réactivité chimique et de transport par diffusion.
Bikourane, Siham. "Les facteurs explicatifs de la gestion des relations de long terme banque-entreprise : cas des grandes entreprises marocaines non cotées." Bordeaux 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR40003.
Full textThe aim of the research is to determine factors motives firms to manage relationship with main bank. Theoretically, the study carries out an articulation of relational and transactional approach. Transactional approach is based on financial intermediary, transaction costs economics and resources dependence theory. Relational approach is based on relationship marketing. A first analysis based on a descriptive study aims to clarify the potentially differential effect of theoretical determinants. The study suggests that relationship management is a function of two main factors : dependence and trust. Trust and dependance are related to satisfaction, personal relationships, bank attractiveness, switching costs and environmental uncertainty. The explanatory analysis is carried out through structural equation modelling (AMOS)
Teng, Fei. "Methodology and Architecture for Products Long Term Knowledge Preservation : A dynamic preservation approach and a multi-layer architecture." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO20050/document.
Full textPreserving digital information is one of the objectives of the creation and management of information systems in a company. The long term preservation of information and knowledge becomes crucial in terms of safety and availability. Therefore, our research targets the Long Term Knowledge Retention (LTKR) and preservation in terms of traceability, reusability and security of digital information; and aims at proposing a methodology and an architecture for this purpose.Through analysis of existing works and projects, whose objective is long-term digital preservation, we have synthesized long term preservation common requirements and found out the gaps between existing requirements and the new requirements we have identified. Existing methodologies and tools for Knowledge Management (KM) are identified. We have extended the CommonKADS methodology in order to build connections between KM and digital preservation. The knowledge objects we have produced in a KM approach are thus better suited as inputs for the digital preservation platform.We have also studied the functional features of the existing digital preservation systems, and some main features to support a long term preservation approach. We have extended the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) reference model to establish a preservation platform, by adding specific features in order to fulfill the remaining requirements in the long term preservation area.We have finally proposed a dynamic preservation method and an architecture called MadPK (Multi-layer Architecture for Dynamic Preservation of Knowledge) for long term preservation, adapting Service Oriented Application (SOA) and Business Process Management (BPM) concepts. The proposed architecture provides dynamic features and enables us to have better interoperability between the KM approach and digital preservation approach/platform.The proposed design models of this thesis are implemented and tested within the environment of BPM/SOA suite
Maviel, Thibault. "Évolution spatio-temporelle des substrats neuronaux sous-tendant la gestion temporaire ou à long terme de la mémoire chez la souris : importance du dialogue hippocampo-cortical." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13412.
Full textJavid, Gelareh. "Contribution à l’estimation de charge et à la gestion optimisée d’une batterie Lithium-ion : application au véhicule électrique." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2021. https://www.learning-center.uha.fr/.
Full textThe State Of Charge (SOC) estimation is a significant issue for safe performance and the lifespan of Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, which is used to power the Electric Vehicles (EVs). In this thesis, the accuracy of SOC estimation is investigated using Deep Recurrent Neural Network (DRNN) algorithms. To do this, for a one cell Li-ion battery, three new SOC estimator based on different DRNN algorithms are proposed: a Bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) method, Robust Long-Short Term Memory (RoLSTM) algorithm, and a Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs) technique. Using these, one is not dependent on precise battery models and can avoid complicated mathematical methods especially in a battery pack. In addition, these models are able to precisely estimate the SOC at varying temperature. Also, unlike the traditional recursive neural network where content is re-written at each time, these networks can decide on preserving the current memory through the proposed gateways. In such case, it can easily transfer the information over long paths to receive and maintain long-term dependencies. Comparing the results indicates the BiLSTM network has a better performance than the other two. Moreover, the BiLSTM model can work with longer sequences from two direction, the past and the future, without gradient vanishing problem. This feature helps to select a sequence length as much as a discharge period in one drive cycle, and to have more accuracy in the estimation. Also, this model well behaved against the incorrect initial value of SOC. Finally, a new BiLSTM method introduced to estimate the SOC of a pack of batteries in an Ev. IPG Carmaker software was used to collect data and test the model in the simulation. The results showed that the suggested algorithm can provide a good SOC estimation without using any filter in the Battery Management System (BMS)
Lepelletier, Francois-Xavier. "Effets à long terme d'une exposition prénatale au méthylphénidate chez le rat." Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR3804/document.
Full textMPH is the gold standard medication for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD). MPH extended prescription to adult patients raises the question of MPH's long-term effects during brain development when it is administered to ADHD women of childbearing age. There is still no information regarding the neurobiological modifications consecutive to a prenatal exposure to MPH. We used a rat model of prenatal exposure to MPH to investigate the consequences of such treatment on adult brain functioning. Rats prenatally exposed to MPH displayed structural and functional neurobiological alterations related to dopaminergic system and its reactivity to cocaine administration. Furthermore, these animals showed behavioral changes towards natural or synthetic rewards. To our knowledge, this is the first preclinical study reporting long-lasting neurobilogical modifications after a prenatal exposure to MPH
Abbad, Hicham. "L'orientation à long terme dans le canal de la distribution : le cas de la relation entre la grande distribution et les PMI agro-alimentaires au Maroc." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX24001.
Full textLabsis, Djed. "Détermination, évaluation et gestion du taux de change : analyse à l'équilibre de long terme pour un pays en développement exportateur de pétrole : le cas de l'Algérie." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0164.
Full textConducted in the framework of economic modeling, the current thesis attempts to study the behavior of the exchange rate in a developing country almost exclusively depending on oil exports, the example of Algeria. To do this, two main angles analysis are privileged. Firstly, our approach is to determine theoretically and evaluate empirically a level of equilibrium real exchange rate, which focuses on the articulation between two dimensions, namely economic (first part) and political (second part) dimensions. Secondly, our analysis is to suggest a theatrical choice of the optimal exchange rate regime (third part). The first part of this thesis (chapters 1, 2 and 3) examines the economic aspect of the problem. After dealing with the concept of exchange rate, and tracing back its main equilibrium approaches (PPA, FEER [DEER], NATREX, BEER), in this theoretical review the relationship between the equilibrium exchange rate and its economic fundamentals vector (first step of "BEER") is stressed through a general equilibrium models. Empirically, the "cointegration" analysis (second step of "BEER") allows evaluating the misalignments of exchange rate of Algerian dinar. The second part (chapters 4 and 5), looking at political aspect of the problem, addresses the link between the management of the oil profits and exchange rate movements. Our theoretical review allows studying the institutional role of the State (defined in terms of redistributing of oil rents), in determination of long-run real exchange rate. Descriptive and empirical analysis for the case of Algeria, permit to emphasis the institutional implications (the quality of political governance) on behavior of exchange rate of Algerian dinar. The last part (chapter 6) focuses on exchange rates management. It addresses the history, the typology, and the perspectives of international exchange rate systems, as well as the link between the choice of exchange regimes and the economic performance. The specification of small oil rich economy (example of Algeria), is a motivating factor to propose a macroeconomic model targeting, in which the determination of Optimal Currency Baskets allows the achievement of economic stabilization objectives
Gay, Claire. "Compréhension du rôle des pollinisateurs dans les paysages agricoles dans différents contextes de gestion." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS021.
Full textThe conservation of pollinators is a major issue, especially in farmlands where they are essential for pollinating different crops. Here, we have decided to characterize these species and their floral resources in an intensive agricultural plain, using several years of data acquired thanks to several sampling protocols. This plain is characterized by a strong spatio-temporal dynamic, resulting from the massive but brief flowering of oleaginous plants crops. In this study site, we have sampled nearly a third of the bee species already found in France, some of them being rare, and have sought to better understand their ecology in order to help to maintain this species diversity. Bees co-occur with other pollinators (butterflies, hoverflies), among which some are little studied in previous literature: an analysis of the food habits of all of these pollinators has enabled to better understand their sharing of floral resources. The sunflower flowering, unlike that of oilseed rape, leads to a low niche overlap between pollinators but creates unbalanced interaction networks where almost all the links of the crop flower are established with a single pollinator species, the honeybee. Conversely, during oilseed rape flowering, the honeybee and the oilseed rape flower each have many interaction partners and are key species, maintaining a strong network stability. Introduce a dichotomy between these both mass-flowering crops – too often considered as monolithic – seems a wise advice for future research
Penalver, Adrian. "Essays on bank credit risk managment with long-term lending." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0104.
Full textDuring the course of a long-maturity loan, a borrower's ability to repay can change quite considerably. At any point in time, this repayment capacity is known by the borrower but if it is costly for the bank to become informed, it may only monitor individual loans infrequently. This thesis presents a static theoretical model in which a profit-maximizing bank chooses its monitoring frequency and a minimum level of profitability at which the loan is allowed to continue. The model is then used to argue that the relaxation in crédit standards and lower crédit spreads observed prior to the financial crisis is better explained by a rise in global savings rather than lax monetary policy. The static model is then extended to include aggregate shocks to explain the evolution of credit terms over the business cycle. This analysis suggests that many features of the credit cycle could be rational. A further extension considers the effects of fixed interest rates on the evolution of credit risk and the cross-sectional distribution of the profitability of firms
Bérubé, Benoit. "Impact à long terme de la conservation des résidus de culture et des effluents d'élevage sur les communautés bactériennes et fongiques du sol selon une approche métagénomique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66551.
Full textSoil microbiome is involved in many ecological services contributing to sustainable agriculture. Metagenomic techniques now allow a whole new level of comprehension of soil microbial communities. The aim of our research project was to define the impacts of tillage (plowing or reduced tillage), fertilization (poultry manure, dairy cattle slurry, pigs lurry, NPK and PK mineral fertilizers) and residues management (returned or exported)on bacterial and fungal soil communities on two soils with contrasting texture (sandy loam [LS] and silty clay [AL]) after seven and eight years. Residues conservation increased bacterial diversity in the sandy loam each year and fungal diversity in each soil type and year. Residues conservation also impacted Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Cyanobacteria and Nitrospirae, more in 2016 than 2015, and differently according to soil types. Pig slurry application reduced fungal diversity. This type of fertilizer was furthermore linked to higher relative abundance of Pyronemataceae compared to other fertilizers for each soil type and year. These effects were correlated to high copper concentration in soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity was not clearly impacted by the treatments. Glomus, Paraglomus and Claroideoglomus, the three more abundant mycorrhizal genera, were affected by soil tillage in LS each year, by fertilization in AL each year and by residues management in AL for 2015 and in LS for 2016. In conclusion, bacterial and fungal communities were influenced the most by residues conservation. Fertilization via pig slurry applications was correlated with high soil copper concentration and impacted the most fungal community.
Dubecq, Simon. "Stress-Test Exercises and the Pricing of Very Long-Term Bonds." Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00871760.
Full textLaverlochère, Carole. "Étude des processus de formation des choix collectifs en univers incertain et controversé : Le cas du choix d'une modalité de gestion à long terme des déchets hautement radioactifs en France." Thesis, Nîmes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NIME0005.
Full textFor the past ten years or so, the implementation of major projects of general interest (LGV, dam, airport, radioactive waste storage center) has faced a risk of a new kind of contestation. The Large Useless and Imposed Projects movement manages to federate environmentalist and anti-globalization oppositions in order to question the definition of the general interest or public utility carried by the contested projects. Far from being just an obstacle to public decision-making, they question how stable and coherent collective choices can be formed based on a necessarily evolving and contingent definition of the general interest. To answer this question, we rely on the study of a conflictual case which has for more than 30 years been opposed by promoters and opponents to a project for an industrial center for the storage of French highly radioactive waste. This case will be studied using a theoretical reading grid which mainly mobilizes the work of François Perroux on power and information. In fine, we show that collective choices are the net result of information power relations between groups of unequal agents who evolve within a constantly evolving social system
Olympio, Anani Ayodélé. "Contributions au provisionnement en assurance de personnes et à la gestion des risques." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1148/document.
Full textIn the insurance sector, the latest regulatory developments and accounting standards are in line with the standardization of risk management within organizations. In this context, the main objec-tive of my thesis is to propose different methodologies for risk evaluation and analysis in this sec-tor. The first part of this manuscript deals with the problem of individual non-life reserving. I pro-posed adaptations of machine learning algorithms and some performance metrics for the estima-tion of the durations of the claims as well as the ultimate claims in the presence of right censored data. The application of these methods to property and consumer loans insurance contracts or group protection contracts leads to better and more robust estimates of the parameters consid-ered. The second part presents a one-year shock estimation approach on entity-specific parame-ters (Undertaking Specific Parameters) of the life-sustaining health module of Pillar 1 of the Solven-cy II standard formula. The use of American credibility (or limited variation credibility) allows partial consideration of the availability constraints of data (volume and historical depth of data) when calibrating shocks. By way of illustration, I applied this approach to incidence and recovery (or non-recovery) of incapacity and disability risks. The results obtained show significant decreases in sol-vency capital requirements (SCR) of underwriting risk need compared to the standard formula cal-culation. The third part is a descriptive study of the calculations of the standard formula for eco-nomic solvency capital need of long term care risk. The main purpose is to highlight the inadequa-cies of the standard formula and to suggest ways of improving them in order to better take into account the specificities of this risk. Finally, in the last part of the manuscript, I proposed a compar-ative study of risk attitude preferences in the financial sector, including banking and insurance. This is an empirical analysis conducted in three geographical areas (America, Europe and Africa) to measure the links and differences between risk attitude profiles and sociodemographic variables
Devreux, Lise. "Outils d'évaluation de l'état de santé des hydrosystèmes en tresses restaurés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COAZ2015.
Full textBraided rivers have been harnessed for their natural resources and modified profoundly through decades of human activity, sometimes to the point where major ongoing management issues and risks to society have arisen. Restoration is then a process that aims to return functionality to these hydrosystems, especially in order to reach good ecological status according to the Water Framework Directive. This thesis, based on four hydromorphological restoration operations on Alpine braided rivers, aims to adapt and develop analysis tools to evaluate and quantify the success of restoration operations in order to produce restoration feedback. Key considerations for the effective management and understanding of these hydrosystems are also presented and discussed within the evolutive trajectories of the studied sites along with a systemic and transdiciplinary perspective
Picone, Olivier. "Influence de l’alimentation hyperlipidique hypercholestérolémique sur l’expression génique embryonnaire et le développement de maladies à long terme : etudes sur le modèle lapin." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T025/document.
Full textThe prevalence of human health problems associated with high-fat diets continues to rise, as does the number of such problems known to be associated with this diet. Disruption of the fetal environment induces in progeny a greater susceptibility to developing diseases in adulthood (DOHad: Developmental Origins of Health and Disease). The objective of the work for this thesis was to assess in rabbits the consequences of a high-cholesterol and high-fat diet on embryonic and fetal development and on the onset of metabolic disorders in the long term.We fed rabbits ad libitum with a high-cholesterol (0.2%) and high-fat (8%) (HH) diet or a control (C) diet, starting at the age of 10 (experiment 1) or 18 weeks (age at which reproduction began, experiment 2).The litters were balanced at birth, and crossings were performed to differentiate the effect of the mother's food during gestation and during lactation. Accordingly, rabbits born to HH mothers were nursed by C (HH-C group) or HH (HH-HH) mothers and those born to C mothers were nursed either by C (C-C) or HH (C-HH) mothers. During experiment 1, ultrasound clearly showed significant intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) beginning at 9 days of gestation in the HH group (P<0.05). At birth, these rabbits weighed significantly less than their C counterparts (P<0.05). Because of their rapid weight catch-up, the significant difference had disappeared at weaning. All the rabbits thereafter received control food distributed ad libitum. At D176, there was no difference in weight between the HH-HH and HH-C groups but the animals in both these groups were significantly heavier than those in the C-C and C-HH groups (P<0.05). Moreover, blood pressure was higher in the HH-HH group than in any of the other groups (P<0.05). These physiological effects were not observed during experiment 2. Because the physiological effects were observed only when the diet began before gestation, we hypothesized that the early maternal environment been modified, a change that resulted in disruption of embryo development with long-term consequences. We then used a specially designed chip to study gene expression at the maternal to embryonic transition. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that some transcripts were present in different quantities. We showed with qRT-PCR that the HH diet induced a transient augmentation in the quantity of adipophilin transcripts (present at D2 but not at D5.5). The immunohistochemical analysis on D5.5 showed a higher quantity of lipid droplets localized near the nucleus of embryos from mothers fed with the HH diet than in embryos of control mothers. These results illustrate the importance of nutrition before and during pregnancy in the determination of in utero and postnatal growth as well as in the development of metabolic diseases over the long term. Maternal nutrition before conception can engender modifications in gene expression at the moment of the maternal to embryonic transition
Wang, Yongying. "Corporate governance and product market competition : tree essays." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC018/document.
Full textMy thesis entitled « Corporate governance and product market competition : three essays » is a theoretical research in industrial organization. The primary objective is to investigate how product market (competition or collusion) interacts with the top-level design of corporate governance, which concerns specifically the stakeholders' relationships and managerial incentives (static and dynamic) under imperfect information. It is mainly based on three chapters dealing with different subtopics of this theme.The first chapter examines how social concern and product market competition (Cournot vs. Bertrand) may influence the relationships (conflicting or conciliating) between main stakeholders (shareholders, consumers and employees). We consider two identical firms, both taking care of the interests of consumers in their objective functions and allowing their employees' wages be negotiated with labor unions. We show that social concern may reverse the traditional ranking between Cournot and Bertrand equilibria. Our model also shows that price competition (compared to quantity competition) can to some extent attenuate the shareholders' conflicts with both consumers and employees.The second chapter investigates how managerial incentive payment under both adverse selection and moral hazard might interact with product market competition. We consider a Cournot oligopoly market consisting of n identical managerial firms, of which the initial marginal cost is the manager's private information and his unobservable effort indirectly reduces the initial level of marginal cost. We show with this setting that the optimal incentive payment solving informational problems is not necessarily influenced by product market competition.The third chapter studies how the optimal contract between shareholder and manager (solving repeated moral hazard) may influence the stability of a cartel. We consider a cartel consisting of two identical firms, within each a risk neutral shareholder offers a menu of contracts to a risk-averse manager who may shirk in each period. The manager's unobservable effort influences the firm's marginal cost (as in chapter 2). We show in contrary with the benchmark case (under perfect information) that the degree of risk-aversion plays no longer a role upon the stability of collusion: when the managerial compensation is independent of gross profit, the implementation of the optimal long-term contract solves repeated moral hazard but also constrains the manager's discretion over the decision of market conduct (collusion, deviation, or competition)
Picone, Olivier. "Influence de l'alimentation hyperlipidique hypercholestérolémique sur l'expression génique embryonnaire et le développement de maladies à long terme. : etudes sur le modèle lapin." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718829.
Full textBourjea, Jérôme. "Structure et connectivité de la mégafaune marine à l'échelle d’une région océanique : enjeux pour la gestion durable des tortues vertes dans l'océan Indien occidental." Thesis, La Réunion, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LARE0015/document.
Full textThis thesis is a comprehensive work aiming to improve scientific knowledge on the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in order to provide key scientific evidences needed for the implementation of coherent and effective management measures to protect at the Western Indian Ocean scale this threatened species. In a first step, this work aimed to established baseline data on the abundance of green turtles nesting females and long term trends of some key nesting populations of the region by applying different modelling methods. In a second step, this work determined the regional genetic structure of this species and the relationships that exists between the different populations. Finally, the conservation of marine turtles being closely dependant to external pressures, this work tried to characterize theanthropogenic pressures they face, more specifically those related to fishing activities. All these results allowed unraveling some key gaps on the biology and ecology of the green turtle in the region and led to a global vision of the conservation status of this species in the Western Indian Ocean. The compilation of the results enabled the identification of regional priority areas for protection, but also some more specific threatened sites such as Europa. Finally, this synthesis shedslight on research priorities and scientific approaches to be promote in the future to unlock other keyscientific issues and refine conservation priorities, not only of marine turtles, but also of marine megafauna as a whole
Oger, Raphaël. "A decision support system for long-term supply chain capacity planning : a model-driven engineering approach." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EMAC0013.
Full textLong-term Supply Chain Capacity Planning (SCCP) aims to define the plan of all actions to perform that will shape the available and required capacity of supply chains over several years. When performing long-term SCCP, companies are confronted with a multitude of decision options and uncertainty sources as well as a highly dynamic supply chain environment. Each company configures its own Decision Support System (DSS) to perform SCCP, composed of a decision-making process, an information system, and people. Companies can take advantage of existing decision-making processes and information systems to build their own SCCP DSS. However, the literature review on existing decision-making processes and information systems for SCCP revealed the following three major limitations: first, existing solutions are time-consuming. This constrains companies to consider only a small number of alternative scenarios associated with decision options and uncertainty sources. And it makes it difficult to keep SCCP analysis up to date. Second, existing solutions are designed to perform SCCP analysis on predefined supply chains without considering the whole set of potential alternative configurations. Third, decision-makers are reluctant to accept optimization methods because of the lack of visibility of the analysis leading to the recommended solution. Therefore, this thesis describes a new SCCP DSS proposal aiming to overcome these limitations. It is composed of an SCCP decision-making process proposal relying on an SCCP information system proposal. The SCCP decision-making process proposal contains two processes: implementation and routine. The SCCP information system proposal contains two software programs: a computational software program and a business intelligence software program. The SCCP DSS proposal was validated by undertaking two industrial pilot projects with two industrial partners. The following two major benefits have been confirmed: first, SCCP analysis can be performed in encompassing a multitude of decision options and uncertainty sources at a pace allowing updates in accordance with the pace of supply chain changes. Second, it provides decision-makers with the visibility and understanding of the impacts of their respective decisions and uncertainty sources which bolster their confidence in the decisions they can make. Finally, avenues for future research have been identified, including an opportunity for designing a hyperconnected SCCP DSS that automatically gathers information and triggers decision-making meetings when necessary rather than on a predefined frequency
Tiwana, Moazzam Islam. "Automated RRM optimization of LTE networks using statistical learning." Phd thesis, Institut National des Télécommunications, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00589617.
Full textAzémar, Rémi. "Le mégalithisme du Larzac aveyronnais : interface d'un phénomène et gestion des espaces." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0048.
Full textThe long time, singular ecological contrasts enable to seize the particularities of the Larzac in Aveyron and it’s relation to space to the changes of the agricultural system. The long time from the early Final Neolithic Age, even from the Middle Neolithic Age, to the Bronze Age marks a time of constructions and reuse. In this large temporal amplitude, a situation with an interface in contact with numerous influences on a major axis of the Megalithism creates the variety. The relation to space is included into a mix of association of soils with the ways and means of the agricultural system where the monuments are located in appropriated spaces. So, their seedling unveils a settlement pattern. At a regional level, as well as in the Larzac, preferential or abandoned occupation areas individualize themselves dictating spatial unities based on agricultural potentialities, complementarities and opening capacities. Expansion or separation rhythms in recent prehistory could dilate or contract spatial regions and their components, without being excluded of their independences. The scale level and the Larzac model should not induce a smoothing. Other regional and environmental realities could contribute to nuanced forms of ancient settlement including Les Grands Causses. This spatial investigation over the long term and avoiding the anachronism pitfall, can join the current research on Megalithism and its systemic analysis open to disciplinary approaches convergences
Anso, Jérémy. "Maintien à long terme de communautés d'insectes forestiers dans un contexte de changement global : Réponses écologiques des communautés d'Orthoptères dans une succession forestière et face à la progression d'espèces invasives." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0005/document.
Full textIn the context of global biodiversity crisis at world scale, research of efficient environmental proxies are urgently required, especially in tropical island ecosystems, to better assess environment quality and select conservation priorities. In New Caledonia ecosystems, crickets have a dominant contribution to natural communities, according to their richness, diversity and range of colonized habitats. They are highly abundant in ecosystems and also have a high contribution to the soundscape with their ability to produce species-specific airborne signals. In this context of search of efficient environmental proxies, we measured the response of cricket communities in a ecological succession on utlramafic soils and facing the spread of 2 invasive ants (Wasmannia auropunctata and Anoplolepis gracilipes). Through both classical community census and bioacoustic approach through passive acoustic monitoring, we have been able to characterize specific cricket assemblage of species in each succession stage, with a striking sensitivity for biological invasions. Also, a global acoustic analysis of soundscape, greatly dominated by crickets, provides similar results without taxonomic or acoustic identification or knowledge. These preliminary results provide critical insights for the management of ecosystems, Our findings open up promising field of research in order to generalized innovative bio-indication concepts using cricket community in other cricket rich tropical regions
Frugier, Alain. "Le sentiment de marché : mesure et interêt pour la gestion d'actifs." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01060377.
Full textGuibert, Quentin. "Sur l’utilisation des modèles multi-états pour la mesure et la gestion des risques d’un contrat d’assurance." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10256/document.
Full textWith the implementation of the Solvency II framework, actuaries should examine the good adequacy between models and data. This thesis aims to study several statistical approaches, often ignored by practitioners, enabling the use of multi-state methods to model and manage individual risks in insurance. Chapter 1 presents the general context of this thesis and positions its main contributions. The basic tools to use multi-state models in insurance are introduced and classical inference techniques, adapted to insurance data with and without the Markov assumption, are presented. Finally, a development of these models for credit risk is outlined. Chapter 2 focuses on using nonparametric inference methods to build incidence tables for long term care insurance contracts. Since there are several entry-causes in disability states which are useful for actuaries, an inference method for competing risks data, seen as a Markov multi-state model in continuous time, is used. In a second step, I compare these estimators to those conventionally used by practitioners, based on survival analysis methods. This second approach may involve significant bias because the interaction between entry-causes cannot be appropriately captured. In particular, these approaches assume that latent failure times are independent, while this hypothesis cannot be tested for competing risks data. Our approach allows to measure the error done by practitioners when they build incidence tables. Finally, a numerical application is considered on a long term care insurance dataset
BOUCHET, JACQUES. "Filtres endocaves percutanes : suivi a court terme et a long terme." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO1M371.
Full textSMAGGHUE, FABRICE. "Tamponnade cardiaque, evolution a long terme." Lille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL2M044.
Full textGillmann, Cédric. "Habitabilité à long terme des planètes telluriques." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GLOB0009.
Full textCharmant, Alain. "Formalisation quantitative du long terme : une contribution." Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010001.
Full textCurrently, econometric modelling's contribution, both to economic forecasting and economic policy valuation, is signifiant. However, models term (about five years) is sometimes inadequate. It it possible to extend it? Specifications properties in a long term perspective, and their compatibility, were theoretically studied. Those works pointed out the relationship between long term properties of macroeconomic models and results of theory of growth. So far, questions raised by long-run modelling practise can be expressed using theory of growth's framework: existence and properties of a steady state growth path, and its stability. First, models must provide an analytical framework that allows organisation of inputs contribution to growth. From this point of view, production function is the significant concept. It is widely studied, both using a putty-putty assumption, and a vintage approach. Simulation experiments are used to fith the practical consequence of our results. Yet, it will not do simply to superimpose a model of the business cycle on an equilibrium growth path. In the short run, disequilibriums are explicitly registered in models. Theoritical models of economic growth with disequilibrium can provide interesting exploratory sketchs, that could allow to improve long term properties of econometric models. Concerning disequilibrium on the financial market. .
Tekili, Chabane. "Contribution à la gestion de production des ateliers de mécanique : résolution de la planification à moyen terme et à court terme." Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISAL0083.
Full textThe overall goal of the production planning is to come up with most economical plan for minimizing slacks in terms of work force, equipment and work in process. A primary goal in planning is to provide an effective coverage to demands over an intermediate time horizon. The procedure computes time windows during which jobs have to be processed, a time margin is allowed for take into account the unexpected. In a first part, we suggest a lead time reduction, what implies that the production planning receives input from shop floor control so as to correct the time margin. Detailed scheduling of the various element of a production system is important in order to do some form of optimization at a higher level. Financial target is an essential point since inventory and work in process involve significant investments. Theorical scheduling models usually assume that there are n jobs to be scheduled and after scheduling these n jobs the problem is solved. In real life, every day (week or month) new jobs are added. The dynamic nature of this problem needs a rescheduling process. In the second part of this work, we propose a data-driven simulation procedure taking into account the financial targets. In addition, the different rules that have been taken to handle various aspects (conflicts, preemption. . . ) are summarized
Deroche, Madeleine-Sophie. "Détection à court-terme et long-terme des tempêtes hivernales à fort potentiel d'impact." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066578/document.
Full textThe research carried out during the PhD deals with winter windstorms with high economic damage potential in Europe and can be divided in two parts. The first part aims at quantifying the impact of climate change on European winter windstorms and relies on datasets covering long periods of time (>30 years) either in the past or in the future. The objective of the second part is to forecast potential losses and claims associated with an upcoming extreme windstorm by using forecast data updated every six hours. The overall objective of the first part is to provide a medium-term view of what could be the winter windstorms in Europe during the 21st century. It thus completes the short-term vision of the risk given by the Catastrophe Models used by the (re)insurers to assess the cost of the risk on their portfolio. A new methodology has been developed to define the damage potential associated with European winter windstorms. The novelty of the methodology relies in the use of several variables capturing different spatiotemporal scales and the coupling that exists between variables during the cyclogenesis. Seeking for events sharing a similar intense signature simultaneously in the relative vorticity at 850 hPa, the mean sea level pressure and the surface wind speed lead to the detection of a small group of events. Comparing the number of events that belong to this group and their intensity in reanalysis datasets and different simulations of the future climate can provide enough information to insurance companies on the potential evolution of this hazard in a future climate. A first paper on the methodology has been accepted in the journal of Natural Hazard and Earth Science System.The methodology has been applied to the datasets provided by Global Climate Models (GCM) participating to the CMIP5 project. The goal is to assess the ability of GCMs to reproduce winter windstorms in Europe and the potential impact of climate change on the frequency and intensity of such events. A second paper presenting the results obtained from this second study will be submitted.The second part of the PhD focuses on the project Severe WIndstorms Forecasting Tool (SWIFT). The objective is to develop an early warning tool that detects an upcoming winter windstorms in meteorological forecasts updated every six hours and provides interested AXA entities with an alert on the upcoming windstorm as well as an estimate of the potential losses and claims.The tool has been developed in parallel of the research project and consists in two modules. In the first module, particularly intense systems are detected in meteorological forecasts and the associated gust footprint is extracted. In the second module, wind speeds are translated into a loss and a number of claims thanks to vulnerability curves. When a system is detected, an alert is sent with the appropriate information on the event propagation and the associated loss. The tool has been running automatically for the 2013 – 2014 winter season and detected most of the events that passed over Europe
Moulin, Solène. "Pronostic à long terme des hémorragies intra-cérébrales." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S040/document.
Full textBackground: The low frequency of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) and its high mortality rate may explain the paucity of data in long term outcomes. The main objective was to study long term prognosis of ICH through the prism of their natural history.Methods: Our study populations were based on the PITCH (Prognosis of IntraCerebral Haemorrhage) cohort which is an observational study that included consecutively adults admitted at the Lille University Hospital for spontaneous ICH between 2004 and 2009. We aimed to determine (i) the incidence of new onset dementia and its clinical and radiological predictive factors; (ii) the prevalence of cortical superficial siderosis (cSS) and its associated factors; (iii) predictive factors of recurrent ICH.Results: We showed that the risk of new onset dementia is substantial after spontaneous ICH. Predictive factors of new onset dementia such as ICH lobar location and cSS suggest the implication of underlying cerebral amyloid angiopathy. We found that one out of five patients had cSS on baseline MRI. cSS was a strong predictive factor of recurrent ICH. Conclusion: These findings are of immediate clinical relevance in the management of ICH patients and will allow to adequately inform patients and caregivers. These results may provide additional information on ICH recurrence risk assessment and may contribute to the development of future therapeutic strategies
GALEY, ISABELLE. "Hyperplasie congenitale des surrenales : devenir a long terme." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU31020.
Full textErnst, Ekkehard Christian. "Complémentarités institutionnelles et croissance économique à long terme." Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0206.
Full textVigouroux, Anne. "Etude de la variabilité solaire à long terme." Nice, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NICE4988.
Full textDEMDOUM, LAID. "Comportement a long terme de thermoplastiques faiblement charges." Paris, ENSAM, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ENAM0013.
Full textGURY, ISABLLE. "Devenir a long terme des malades de reanimation." Lille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL2M015.
Full textMonnet, Antoine. "Disponibilité à long terme des ressources mondiales d'uranium." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTD023/document.
Full textFrom a global perspective, a low-carbon path to development driven by a growth of nuclear power production raises issues about the availability of uranium resources. Future technologies allowing nuclear reactors to overcome the need for natural uranium will take time to fully deploy. To address these issues, we analyze the conditions of availability of uranium in the 21st century.The first two conditions are technical accessibility and economic interest, both related to the cost of production. We study them using a model that estimates the ultimate uranium resources (amounts of both discovered and undiscovered resources) and their costs. This model splits the world into regions and the resource estimate for each region derives from the present knowledge of the deposits and economic filtering. The output is a long-term supply curve that illustrates the quantities of uranium that are technically accessible as a function of their cost of production. We identify the main uncertainties of these estimates and we show that with no regional breakdown, the ultimate resources are underestimated.The other conditions of availability of uranium covered in our study are related to the market dynamics, i.e. they derive from the supply and demand clearing mechanism. To assess their influence, they are introduced as dynamic constraints in a partial equilibrium model. This model of the uranium market is deterministic, and market players are represented by regions. For instance, it takes into account the short-term correlation between price and exploration expenditures, which is the subject of a dedicate econometric study. In the longer term, constraints include anticipation of demand by consumers and a gradual depletion of the cheapest ultimate resources.Through a series of prospective simulations, we demonstrate the strong influence on long term-price trends of both the growth rate of demand during the 21st century and its anticipation. Conversely, the uncertainties related to the estimation of ultimate resources have limited influence. We also underline the uneven evolution of market shares between regions. Finally, particular changes in supply (production shutdown in one of the regions, for example) or in demand (irregular growth or introduction of new technology) also have a significant influence on the evolution of the long-term price or its cyclicity
Gauchat, Marcel. "Catamnèse à long terme des hernies discales opérées /." [S.l : s.n.], 1986. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
Full textSigaut, Stéphanie. "Activation microgliale : mécanismes et conséquences à long terme." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC198/document.
Full textNeuroinflammation induced by systemic inflammation or generated in response to acute brain injury has adverse clinical consequences: it is implicated in exacerbation of acute brain injury in humans, for adults as well as for children. Microglia is the main effector of this cerebral inflammatory response, and may present, depending on the situation, a neurotoxic or - on the opposite - anti-inflammatory and regulating profile. To decipher the mechanisms of microglial activation and their consequences is essential for better management of patients.The first part of this thesis focuses on the consequences of neonatal inflammation associated with prematurity on the microglial response in adulthood, in case of new cerebral aggressions such as systemic inflammation or acute brain injury. Relying on a mouse model of inflammation of the preterm infant, we have demonstrated drastic modifications of the microglial transcriptome once these mice are adults. Moreover, when an inflammatory stimulus occurs in adulthood, the microglial activation profile is altered, the peak of pro-inflammatory and immuno-regulatory markers occurring earlier, demonstrating the existence of a memory of the cerebral innate immune system. These changes in the microglial activation profile are accompanied in a model of excitotoxic brain injury by an increase of the white matter lesion size. Melatonin treatment of mice prevents the happening of this worse outcome. In the second part of this thesis, we characterized the microglial activation profile in vitro, in response to stimulation by HMGB1, a damage associated molecular pattern released during cell death and therefore present in acute brain injuries but also in associated extra-cranial injuries. We have shown that the microglial activation profile depends of the kind of HMGB1 used. Microglia exposed to Sigma recombinant form have a proinflammatory transcriptomic profile but a lower release of cytokines in the culture medium. These results highlight the importance of inflammation and microglial activation in the prognosis of brain injuries and offer the opportunity to implement innovative neuroprotective strategies
Pirotte, Alain. "Court terme et long terme en économétrie : l'apport de la cointégration aux données de panel." Paris 12, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA122009.
Full textBen, Salem Sinda. "Gestion robuste de la production électrique à horizon court terme." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00594242.
Full textFirouzmand, Mohammad. "Modélisation Sinusoïdale à Long Terme du Signal de Parole." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00211294.
Full textBillard, Guillemette. "Activation et intégration multimodales en mémoire à long terme." Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2007/badard_g.
Full textThe aim of this work was to give arguments in favour of an multiple traces memory model (Versace, Nevers, & Padovan, 2002), in which memory traces are supposed to be distributed over multiple dimensions. According to this model, the descriptive dimensions of knowledge are assumed to be mainly sensorial, motor et emotionnal. Therefore, representation are supposed to be records of the neural states that underlie perception and action. This conception supposes that the presentation of a visual stimulus representing an object activates automatically the various sensory and motor properties which are associated with him. Three series of experiments realized within the framework of this thesis respectively used a short term inter-sensorial (autidory-visual) priming paradigm, a short term sensori-motor priming paradigm and finally a long term inter-sensorial priming paradigm. All these experiments allowed to demonstrate the existence of both fundamental mechanisms of the studied model: the activation of the sensory and motor dimensions of the knowledge and the integration of these elementary dimensions so that appears an elaborated knowledge