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Books on the topic 'Gestational Age Infants'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Porter, Gunderson Laurie, and Kenner Carole, eds. Care of the 24-25 week gestational age infant: Small baby protocol. Petaluma, CA: Neonatal Network, 1990.

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2

Porter, Gunderson Laurie, and Kenner Carole, eds. Care of the 24-25 week gestational age infant: A small baby protocol. 2nd ed. Petaluma, CA: NICU Ink Book Publishers, 1995.

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3

Twilley, Leslie. Predictors of preterm and small-for-gestational-age births in Alberta: Report. Edmonton, Alta: Public Health Surveillance & Environmental Health, 2007.

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4

Glazner, Judy. The effects of the Prenatal Plus Program on infant birth weight and medicaid costs. Denver, Colo: Colorado Dept. of Public Health and Environment, 2002.

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5

W, Kiess, Chernausek Steven D, and Hokken-Koelega Anita C. S, eds. Small for gestational age: Causes and consequences. Basel: Karger, 2008.

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6

David, Harvey, Cooke Richard W. I, and Levitt Gillian A, eds. The baby under 1000 g. London: Wright, 1989.

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7

Chistyakova, Guzel, Lyudmila Ustyantseva, Irina Remizova, Vladislav Ryumin, and Svetlana Bychkova. CHILDREN WITH EXTREMELY LOW BODY WEIGHT: CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS, FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS OF THE FORMATION OF NEONATAL PATHOLOGY. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/monography_62061e70cc4ed1.46611016.

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The purpose of the monograph, which contains a modern view of the problem of adaptation of children with extremely low body weight, is to provide a wide range of doctors with basic information about the clinical picture, functional activity of innate and adaptive immunity, prognostic criteria of postnatal pathology, based on their own research. The specific features of the immunological reactivity of premature infants of various gestational ages who have developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and retinopathy of newborns (RN) from the moment of birth and after reaching postconceptional age (37-40 weeks) are described separately. The mechanisms of their implementation with the participation of factors of innate and adaptive immunity are considered in detail. Methods for early prediction of BPD and RN with the determination of an integral indicator and an algorithm for the management of premature infants with a high risk of postnatal complications at the stage of early rehabilitation are proposed. The information provided makes it possible to personify the treatment, preventive and rehabilitation measures in premature babies. The monograph is intended for obstetricians-gynecologists, neonatologists, pediatricians, allergists-immunologists, doctors of other specialties, residents, students of the system of continuing medical education. This work was done with financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science, grant of the President of the Russian Federation No. MK-1140.2020.7.

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8

Gunderson, Laurie Porter, and Carole Kenner. Care of the 24-25 Week Gestational Age Infant: Small Baby Protocol. 2nd ed. Neonatal Network, 1995.

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9

Frawley, Geoff. Former Premature Infant for Hernia Repair. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0052.

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There has been a marked improvement in the survival rates of premature infants. Coincident with the increase in survival has been an increase in ex-premature infants presenting for surgery. Hernia repair is the most common surgery in ex-premature infants, with the incidence of inguinal hernias being inversely proportional to gestational age at birth (13% incidence in infants born <32 weeks’ gestation and 30% in those born with a birth weight <1,000 g). Postoperative apnea is a significant complication in this age group. Both awake regional and general anesthetic techniques are widely used for infant hernia repair; the choice often is based more on anesthetic preference than on evidence from prospective randomized controlled trials.

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10

Nyirati, Christina Maria. PROFILES OF RISK FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE, AND PREMATURE INFANTS AMONG APPALACHIAN OHIO TEENAGERS: A BIRTH CERTIFICATE STUDY. 1993.

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11

Frawley, Geoff. Former Premature Infant for Hernia Repair. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0047.

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Inguinal hernia repair is the most common surgery in ex-premature infants. These infants have demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of postoperative apnea with risk inversely related to gestational age. Both awake regional anesthesia without sedation and general anesthesia have been described in this age group, and each has advantages and drawbacks. In the case of awake regional techniques, the major drawback is the block failure rate which is directly related to provider experience. In the case of general anesthesia, the limiting factor is the much higher rate of postoperative respiratory complications including apnea and hypoventilation. The rate of respiratory complications (which has been reported to be as high as 30% with halothane and enflurane) is between 5% and 10% with sevoflurane and desflurane and is inversely related to gestational age. The association between neonatal exposure to volatile anesthesia and subsequent neurodevelopmental delay has promoted use of regional anesthesia when possible.

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12

Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. The importance of nutrition and lifestyle to healthy development. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0001.

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Good fetal and infant nutrition, whether derived from the mother via the placenta during gestation or via breast milk after birth, consists of the macronutrients protein, carbohydrates, and fats, all of which are needed for building the fundamental components of the body, and micronutrients such as vitamins and trace elements, which are essential structural components and cofactors in metabolic processes. Understanding the concept of a ‘balanced diet’ and the implications of maternal body composition is critical for pregnant and breastfeeding women to ensure that their metabolic adaptation to pregnancy and lactation is appropriate and that their offspring gets the required nutrients in the appropriate amount and proportion to ensure optimal development. An unbalanced diet, or over- or under-nutrition, can increase the risks of low birthweight and gestational diabetes and result in unfavourable metabolic adjustments by the fetus.

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13

Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Pre-conception maternal body composition and gestational weight gain. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0028.

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Maternal diet and body composition prior to pregnancy influence gestational weight gain and infant growth patterns. Low maternal pre-pregnancy weight, low BMI, and low attained weight throughout pregnancy are associated with impaired fetal growth, while obesity and high weight gain increases the risks of multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes and excessive fetal growth and offspring obesity. Currently the US Institute of Medicine guidelines for gestational weight gain are the only ones available for developed countries where mean maternal height is similar to that in the US. While these guidelines should be followed, attention should be given to body composition before pregnancy, and measures of body habitus such as maternal height should be taken into account.

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14

National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), ed. Linked birth and infant death data set: Birth weight, gestational age, prenatal care, maternal characteristics, cause of death. [Hyattsville, Md.?]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, 1990.

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15

Fox, Grenville, Nicholas Hoque, and Timothy Watts. Admission, discharge, and outcome. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703952.003.0004.

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This chapter provides an overview of general issues encountered when babies are admitted to the Neonatal Unit, including routine documentation, monitoring, assessment of gestational age, initial care of the extremely premature infant, assessment and management of pain, perioperative management, and concepts of developmental care. It also provides information on admission criteria, follow-up, and long-term outcome of the very preterm baby.

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16

Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Prebiotics and probiotics in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0027.

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Probiotics are live, non-pathogenic commensal microorganisms with beneficial effects on the host organism; they improve and/or maintain intestinal flora balance by suppressing and displacing harmful bacteria. Prebiotics are nondigestible food components that stimulate growth or activity of these beneficial intestinal bacteria. Such microorganisms form an integral part of the intestinal mucosal defence system and are important for the development and maturation of the infant#amp;#x2019;s gastrointestinal tract. Maternal ingestion of probiotics and prebiotics from dietary sources during pregnancy, or by the infant at weaning, may enhance the development and maturation of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. Probiotic foods may also help control insulin resistance and the development of gestational diabetes.

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17

Puntis, John. The premature newborn. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759928.003.0006.

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Infants born at 24 weeks’ gestation now have a 40% chance of survival, rising to 80% at 26 weeks. Many have difficulty tolerating enteral feeds because of gastrointestinal immaturity; during this time parenteral nutrition is commonly given. Undernutrition in the early weeks of life may have lasting effects on developmental outcomes and increase the risk of certain chronic diseases in adult life (e.g. hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes). Breast milk appears to confer some protection against necrotizing enterocolitis and be good for brain development. There has been a resurgence of investment in milk banks so that donor milk from nursing mothers in the community can be processed and given to preterm infants whose mothers cannot provide sufficient milk of their own. When breast milk is unavailable, preterm formula should be used, and following discharge from hospital (when many infants are showing a growth deficit), a nutrient-enriched formula can be given.

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18

Thomas, David F. M. Prenatal diagnosis and perinatal urology. Edited by David F. M. Thomas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0113.

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The kidney is formed by the interaction of the ureteric bud and metanephros during the fifth week of gestation and urine is excreted into the amniotic cavity from the ninth week onwards. The introduction of routine antenatal ultrasonography into obstetric practice has had a profound impact on the specialty of paediatric urology and the majority of urological abnormalities which pose a serious threat of morbidity are now detected prenatally. The results of foetal intervention to treat severe lower tract obstruction have been disappointing because renal damage (notably dysplasia) is largely irreversible by the time the anomaly is first identified. Indications for urgent postnatal evaluation include bilateral upper tract dilatation, thick-walled bladder, and impaired bladder emptying. A selective approach to the postnatal investigation of unilateral pelvic dilatation is required to avoid submitting healthy infants to unnecessary investigations.

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19

Lebo, Emmaculate, and Susan Reef. Rubella Virus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604813.003.0013.

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Rubella infection in pregnant women, especially during the first trimester, can result in miscarriages, fetal deaths, stillbirths, or a constellation of congenital anomalies known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Infants born with CRS often present with a myriad of classical symptoms, including hearing impairment, congenital heart defects, cataracts, and mental impairment. The risk of developing a congenital defect is highest when the rubella infection occurs during the first 12 weeks of gestation. The risks associated with fetal infection are primarily in pregnant women who are not immune to the rubella virus; immunity is acquired through vaccination with a rubella-containing vaccine or develops naturally following infection with rubella virus. In 2010, approximately 105,000 children with CRS were born globally, with an estimated 49,229 and 38,712 CRS cases born in the Southeast Asia and African WHO regions, respectively. Significant progress has been made toward reducing the burden of rubella and CRS cases globally through the introduction of rubella-containing vaccines in many countries.

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20

Delafield-Butt, Jonathan. The emotional and embodied nature of human understanding: Sharing narratives of meaning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747109.003.0004.

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This chapter explores the emotional and embodied nature of children’s learning to discover biological principles of social awareness, affective contact, and shared sense-making before school. From mid-gestation, the fetus learns to anticipate the sensory effects of simple, self-generated actions. Actions generate a small ‘story’ that progresses through time, giving meaningful satisfaction on their successful completion. Self-made stories become organized after birth into complex projects requiring greater appreciation of their consequences, which are communicated. They are mediated first by brainstem conscious control made with vital feelings, which motivates a more abstract, cortically mediated cognitive and cultural intelligence in later life. By tracing the development of meaning-making from simple projects of the infant to complex shared projects in early childhood, we appreciate the embodied narrative form of human understanding in healthy affective contact, how it may be disrupted in children with clinical disorders or educational difficulties, and how it responds in joyful projects to an understanding teacher’s support for learning.

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21

Picone, Olivier, Christelle Vauloup-Fellous, and Laurent Mandelbrot. Varicella-Zoster Virus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604813.003.0014.

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Chickenpox in a pregnant woman is uncommon, but it is a major concern for patients and their families, as well as for clinicians caring for pregnant women. Varicella infection during pregnancy is usually benign, but there can be serious consequences for both mother and child. Notably, fetal varicella syndrome (FVS) can happen when infection occurs before 21 weeks of gestation. It can present with serious neurological anomalies and unusual cicatricial skin lesions. Later in pregnancy, primary neonatal varicella may occur when the mother is infected in the peripartum period, and it can be life-threatening. The complications of varicella during pregnancy are reviewed, with an emphasis on early recognition, accurate timing of infection, and risk to the developing fetus and newborn infant. The impact of varicella vaccine on the epidemiology of these infections is reviewed, as well as indications for varicella-zoster virus (VZV)–specific immune globulin and antiviral therapy with acyclovir.

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22

Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni, and Andrew Rhodes. Obstetric emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0031.

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Pre-eclampsia 518Eclampsia 520HELLP syndrome 522Postpartum haemorrhage 524Amniotic fluid embolism 526Pre-eclampsia is a common complication of pregnancy, UK incidence is 3–5%, with a complex hereditary, immunological and environmental aetiology.Abnormal placentation is characterized by impaired myometrial spiral artery relaxation, failure of trophoblastic invasion of these arterial walls and blockage of some vessels with fibrin, platelets and lipid-laden macrophages. There is a 30–40%, reduction in placental perfusion by the uterine arcuate arteries as seen by Doppler studies at 18–24 weeks gestation. Ultimately the shrunken, calcified, and microembolized placenta typical of the disease is seen. The placental lesion is responsible for fetal growth retardation and increased risks of premature labour, abruption and fetal demise. Maternal systemic features of this condition are characterized by widespread endothelial damage, affecting the peripheral, renal, hepatic, cerebral, and pulmonary vasculatures. These manifest clinically as hypertension, proteinuria and peripheral oedema, and in severe cases as eclamptic convulsions, cerebral haemorrhage (the most common cause of death due to pre-eclampsia in the UK), pulmonary oedema, hepatic infarcts and haemorrhage, coagulopathy and renal dysfunction....

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