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Academic literature on the topic 'Gestational Age Infants'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Gestational Age Infants"

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Owens, Rebecca. "Intraventricular Hemorrhage in the Premature Neonate." Neonatal Network 24, no. 3 (May 2005): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.24.3.55.

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THE MOST COMMON VARIETY of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage is an intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH).1 Although much research has been conducted concerning the etiology and prevention of IVH in the preterm infant, the problem continues to plague very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (<1,500 grams) in particular. The risk of IVH correlates inversely with gestational age. The incidence of hemorrhage in the infant <28 weeks gestation is three times that of infants 28–31 weeks gestational age. The incidence of severe hemorrhage in infants <28 weeks gestational age is twice that of infants 28–31 weeks gestational age.2
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Hodgman, Joan E., Paul Y. K. Wu, Nathaniel B. White, and Dolores A. Bryla. "Comparison of Phototherapy Results in Small-for-Gestational-Age and Appropriate-for-Gestational-Age Infants Weighing Less Than 2,000 Grams." Pediatrics 75, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 413–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.75.2.413.

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The infant who is small for gestational age (SGA) is more mature at birth than similar weight infants who are appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Whether the SGA infant behaves as does the larger gestationally equivalent infant, or whether there are specific changes related to intrauterine growth retardation is a matter of some interest in the understanding of the special needs of these infants. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) phototherapy study provided a large newborn population for whom birth weight, gestational age at birth, and, thereby, intrauterine growth were carefully assessed. Infants who weighed 2,000 g or more at birth were included in the study only when they became jaundiced, whereas infants who weighed less than 2,000 g at birth were routinely entered into the study. Consequently, this report will be limited to the lowbirth-weight population selected by birth weight. Too few SGA babies were present in the groups with greater birth weight to allow meaningful comparisons. PATIENT SELECTIQN All infants whose birth weight was less than 2,000 g were entered into the study at 24 ± 12 hours. Those excluded from the study were: (1) infants who died before 24 hours, (2) infants with serious congenital defects, and (3) infants whose mothers refused consent for study. The study population consisted of 922 infants surviving at 24 hours. Gestational age was calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period obtained from maternal history and also by the evaluation techniques of Dubowitz.25 Intrauterine growth was determined by plotting birth weight and gestational age on the Denver Intrauterine Growth Curves8; infants below the 10th percentile were considered SGA.
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Berk, Michael A., Francis Mimouni, Menachem Miodovnik, Vicki Hertzberg, and Jennifer Valuck. "Macrosomia in Infants of Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Mothers." Pediatrics 83, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 1029–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.83.6.1029.

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The purpose of the present study was to evaluate factors affecting the rate of macrosomia and related complications in a population of infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers. The following factors were hypothesized to be predisposing to macrosomia: increased maternal weight gain during gestation, increased number of births until infant No. 3, white race, increased maternal age, poor glycemic control from the 20th week of gestation, and increased insulin dose. Advance White classification and increased duration of diabetes were predicted to be inversely related. In addition, macrosomia was hypothesized to predispose to selected adverse perinatal outcomes including premature labor, birth asphyxia, birth injury, hypoglycemia, polycythemia, and respiratory distress syndrome. From 1978 to 1986, 127 pregnancies were prospectively studied, 86 of the total number of women were entered prior to 10 weeks' gestation, and 41 were entered after 10 weeks' gestation. Patients monitored blood glucose at least twice daily with glycemic control achieved by "split-dosage" regimens of insulin. Glycohemoglobin was measured monthly. Pregnancy dating was based on the date of the last menstrual period and the Ballard score of the infant at birth. Macrosomia was defined as a birth weight greater than the 90th percentile of the intrauterine growth curves of Lubchenco. Of the babies born to mothers with insulin-dependent diabetes, 43% were large for gestational age and 57% were appropriate for gestational age. Maternal factors predisposing to an infant being large for gestational age included glycohemoglobin measurement at the time of delivery (large for gestational age = 8.4% ± 0.3%, appropriate for gestational age = 7.6% ± 0.2%, P &lt; .05, normal = 5.5% to 8.5%), reflecting poorer glycemic control during the third trimester, weight gain in the third trimester, and advanced White classification by univariate analysis compared to mothers of babies with birth weights appropriate for gestational age. However, only glycohemoglobin at the time of delivery was significant when these variables were subjected to multiple logistical regression. Macrosomic infants had higher rates of both polycythemia (large for gestational age = 23.6%, appropriate for gestational age = 6.9%, P &lt; .008) and hyperbilirubinemia (large for gestational age = 29.6%, appropriate for gestational age = 12.7%, P &lt; .02) than nonmacrosomic infants but did not differ in other perinatal outcomes. The data suggest that, in spite of improvements in glycemic control in the recent past, macrosomia still exists at an increased rate in infants of diabetic mothers and is significantly related to poorer glycemic control in the third trimester. In addition, large for gestational age infants are at an increased risk for both polycythemia and hyperbilirubinemia.
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Fitzpatrick, Emer. "Small for Gestational Age Infants: Reading Their Future." Central European Journal of Paediatrics 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5457/p2005-114.263.

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Yudin, Mark H., Elizabeth V. Asztalos, Ann Jefferies, and Jon F. R. Barrett. "The Management and Outcome of Higher Order Multifetal Pregnancies: Obstetric, Neonatal and Follow-up Data." Twin Research 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.4.1.4.

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AbstractThe objective of this study was to describe current obstetric, neonatal, and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of higher order multifetal gestations (≥ 3 fetuses) in the 1990s. We also intended to identify a target gestational age at which neonatal and neurodevelopmental morbidities are low. Records from all multifetal pregnancies (≥ 3 viable fetuses ≥ 20 weeks gestation) delivered at the two perinatal centers in Toronto, Ontario, Canada during the study period (January 1, 1990–December 31, 1996) were reviewed. Data were collected on obstetric, neonatal, and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. Follow up data were gathered regarding the presence of a severe deficit in four categories (vision, hearing, cognition, and motor skills). Statistical analysis was performed to determine a gestational age at which a significant decrease in deficit occurred. During the study period 165 multifetal pregnancies were delivered. This resulted in 511 fetuses, of which 496 were live births. Of these 496 infants, 453 survived to discharge. Follow up data were obtained on 332 (73.3 per cent) infants. Infant survival increased with gestational age, and was approximately 90 per cent or greater at 26 weeks or more. Of all infants followed, the proportion of those without deficit increased with increasing gestational age, such that the per cent without deficit was 96.9 at 31 weeks or greater. Of all infants followed, 301 (90.7 per cent) had no deficit. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in long-term neurodevelopmental outcome between infants born before and after 28 weeks gestation. The incidence of a major deficit was 44.1 per cent for those born earlier than and 5.4 per cent for those born later than this gestational age (p = 0.001). In our cohort, survival figures were high. Even in lower gestational groupings, survival was high, but not without serious concerns about severe morbidity. This information is useful when counseling parents of higher order multifetal pregnancies.
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Aris, Izzuddin M., Mihir Gandhi, Yin Bun Cheung, Shu E. Soh, Mya Thway Tint, Peter D. Gluckman, Yung Seng Lee, Fabian KP Yap, and Yap Seng Chong. "A New Population-based Reference for Gestational Age-specific Size-at-birth of Singapore Infants." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 43, no. 9 (September 15, 2014): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v43n9p439.

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Introduction: There is currently a lack of representative data for local gestational age-specific size-at-birth percentile charts. Existing charts also suffer from limitations relating to the measurement of gestational age (GA) and an outdated population. We aim to construct reference values and charts for size-at-birth from 35 to 41 weeks, based on the healthy local population. Materials and Methods: Prospective observational birth cohort study which recruited pregnant mothers from the 2 major public hospitals with obstetric service in Singapore, at <14 weeks gestation and data was collected for birth weight, length and head circumference of infants born from November 2009 to May 2011. Percentile curves were created separately for male and female infants using the lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method. The new percentile curves were then compared with other internationally published growth charts. Results: Smoothened curves for birth weight, length and head circumference centiles were created from 863 infants (460 males, 403 females). Male infants consistently exceeded female infants in all 3 variables at each GA. For a male and female Singapore infant at 38 weeks gestation, the 10-50-90th centile values for weight would be 2663-3096-3597 vs. 2571-2966-3417 grams, for length 46.4-48.6-51.1 vs. 45.6-48.0-50.4 cm, and for head circumference 32.0-33.5-35.2 vs. 31.4-32.9-34.6 cm. There was no statistically significant difference between ethnic groups. On comparing our birth weight curves with data from Finland across all gestations, birth weights in our term infants (GA ≥37 weeks) were found to be lower across the 10-50-90th percentiles. Conclusion: The new centile charts in this study may be used as reference charts for size-at-birth for a subgroup of near-term and term infants. The use of foreign charts may lead to misclassification of small for gestational age (SGA) or large for gestational age (LGA) infants. Key words: Birth head circumference, Birth length, Birth weight
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Quinn, Mary K., Emily R. Smith, Paige L. Williams, Willy Urassa, Joy Shi, Gernard Msamanga, Wafaie W. Fawzi, and Christopher R. Sudfeld. "The Effect of Maternal Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation on Female Early Infant Mortality Is Fully Mediated by Increased Gestation Duration and Intrauterine Growth." Journal of Nutrition 150, no. 2 (October 12, 2019): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz246.

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ABSTRACT Background Maternal micronutrient supplementation in pregnancy (MMS) has been shown to improve birth weight among infants in low- and middle-income countries. Recent evidence suggests that the survival benefits of MMS are greater for female infants compared to male infants, but the mechanisms leading to differential effects remain unclear. Objective The objective of this study was to examine the potential mechanisms through which MMS acts on infant mortality among Tanzanian infants. Methods We used data collected from pregnant women and newborns in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of MMS conducted in Tanzania to examine mediators of the effect of MMS on 6-wk infant mortality (NCT00197548). Causal mediation analyses with the counterfactual approach were conducted to assess the contributions of MMS on survival via their effects on birth weight, gestational age, weight-for-gestational age, and the joint effect of gestational age and weight-for-gestational age. The weighting method allowed for interaction between gestational age and weight-for-gestational age. Results Among 7486 newborns, the effect of MMS on 6-wk survival was fully mediated (100%) through the joint effect of gestational age and weight-for-gestational age. MMS was also found to have a significant natural indirect effect through increased birth weight (P-value &lt; 0.001) that explained 75% of the total effect on 6-wk mortality. When analyses were stratified by sex, changes in gestational age and weight-for-gestational age fully mediated the mortality effect among female infants (n = 3570), but these mediators only explained 34% of the effect among males (n = 3833). Conclusions The potential sex-specific effects of MMS on mortality may be a result of differences in mechanisms related to birth outcomes. In the context of the Tanzanian trial, the observed effect of MMS on 6-wk mortality for female infants was entirely mediated by increased gestation duration and improved intrauterine growth, while these mechanisms did not appear to be major contributors among male infants.
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Wilson Jones, Martha, Elaine Morgan, and Jean Shelton. "Dysphagia and Oral Feeding Problems in the Premature Infant." Neonatal Network 21, no. 2 (March 2002): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.21.2.51.

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FEEDING DISORDERS AND dysphagia are common problems seen in premature infants following their discharge from the NICU. A major factor in the growing incidence of these problems is the number of infants born and surviving between 23 and 25 weeks gestational age, which has increased dramatically over the past decade. These infants experience both a lengthier exposure to noxious oral stimuli and a longer time until they develop the suck/swallow coordination that makes oral feeding safe.1 Oral feeding is generally not offered before 32–34 weeks gestational age, when the preterm infant’s sucking pattern begins to resemble that of a term infant.2,3 Therefore, there may be an 8- to 9-week lag between birth and oral feedings in a 23- or 24-week gestational age infant.
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Thuot, Meggie, Marc-André Coursol, Sonia Nguyen, Vanessa Lacasse-Guay, Marie-France Beauchesne, Anne Fillion, Amélie Forget, Fatima-Zohra Kettani, and Lucie Blais. "Impact of Obesity on Perinatal Outcomes among Asthmatic Women." Canadian Respiratory Journal 20, no. 5 (2013): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/815143.

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BACKGROUND: Only one study has investigated the combined effect of maternal asthma and obesity on perinatal outcomes; however, it did not consider small-for-gestational age and large-for-gestational age infants.OBJECTIVES: To examine the impact of obesity on perinatal outcomes among asthmatic women.METHODS: A cohort of 1386 pregnancies from asthmatic women was reconstructed using three of Quebec’s administrative databases and a questionnaire. Women were categorized using their prepregnancy body mass index. Underweight, overweight and obese women were compared with normal weight women. The primary outcome was the birth of a small-for-gestational-age infant, defined as a birth weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age and sex. Secondary outcomes were large-for-gestational-age infants (birth weight >90th percentile for gestational age) and preterm birth (<37 weeks’ gestation). Logistic regression models were used to obtain the ORs of having small-for-gestational-age infants, large-for-gestational-age infants and preterm birth as a function of body mass index.RESULTS: The proportions of underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese women were 10.8%, 53.3%, 19.7% and 16.2%, respectively. Obese asthmatic women were not found to be significantly more at risk for giving birth to small-for-gestational-age infants (OR 0.6 [95% CI 0.4 to 1.1]), large-for-gestational-age infants (OR 1.2 [95% CI 0.7 to 2.2]) or having a preterm delivery (OR 0.7 [95% CI 0.4 to 1.3]) than normal-weight asthmatic women.CONCLUSIONS: No significant negative interaction between maternal asthma and obesity on adverse perinatal outcomes was observed.
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Keller, J. D., G. O. Utter, S. L. Dooley, J. P. Minogue, and L. G. Keith. "Northwestern University Twin Study X: Outcome of Twin Gestations Complicated by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 40, no. 2 (April 1991): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000002580.

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AbstractExisting data concerning the effect of gestational diabetes on perinatal outcome in twin pregnancies is scant. We hypothesized that altered carbohydrate metabolism would worsen perinatal outcome in twin gestation in a manner similar to singleton gestation. Thirteen twin pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus were matched by gestational age at delivery to 13 twin pregnancies unaffected by gestational diabetes. Comparing infants of diabetic mothers to infants of control mothers, there was a trend of greater likelihood of respiratory distress syndrome, hyperbilirubinemia, and prolonged neonatal intensive care nursery admissions. Our experience suggests that altered carbohydrate metabolism in multiple gestations increases the potential for neonatal morbidity.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gestational Age Infants"

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Kranen-Mastenbroek, Vivianne Henriëtte Johanna Maria van. "Spontaneous motor behaviour in full-term small for gestational age and appropriate for gestational age newborn infants." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1993. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5853.

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Horta, Bernardo Lessa. "Determinants of catch-up growth in small-for-gestational age infants." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38067.

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Objective. To identify predictors of catch-up growth during the first year of life among small for gestational age (SGA) infants in a developing country setting.
Design. Cohort study, with follow-up visits at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months.
Setting. Pelotas, a southern Brazilian city.
Population. SGA infants who were born in 1993 and whose families lived in the urban area of Pelotas.
Main outcomes. Weight and length gain from birth to 6 months and from 6 to 12 months.
Results. Two hundred twenty term SGA infants were targeted for follow-up, which was achieved for 205 (93.2%) infants at 12 months. At 6 months, the proportion of infants with weight-for-age and length-for-age z-scores <-1.28 SDS was 18.9% and 37.8%, respectively. At 12 months, the proportion of children with a weight-for-age z-score <-1.28 SDS increased to 35.2%, whereas for length-for-age this proportion remained about the same as it had been at 6 months. Severity of intrauterine growth retardation, body proportionality at birth, maternal remunerated work after delivery, maternal age, parity, maternal prepregnancy body mass index and maternal smoking during pregnancy had no significant effect on postnatal growth in the first year of life. Those infants who were weaned by 1 month had faster weight and length gain by 6 months. Socioeconomic status (SES) modified the effect of breast feeding duration on weight and length gain in the first 6 months of life. Among high-SES families, those children who were weaned by 1 month gained 578 g more than those still breast feeding at 6 months. Among low-SES families, however, those children who were weaned by 1 month gained 349 g less than those still breast feeding at 6 months. Those children who were weaned by 6 months had faster weight gain from 6 to 12 months, and this association was not modified by SES, while low SES was associated with slower weight and length gain in the same period. Children of short (<150 cm) mothers gained 1.31 cm less (95% confidence interval -2.52 to -0.1) by 6 months than those of mothers >160 cm. Children who were hospitalized showed a nonsignificantly slower length gain throughout the first year of life.
Conclusion. SGA infants experienced catch-up growth for weight and length but remained shorter and lighter than those in the NCHS reference population at both 6 and 12 months of age. Socioeconomic status and infant feeding were the main determinants of catch-up growth.
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Davenport, Sarah E. "Potential Causes of Extrauterine Growth Failure in Premature Infants Born Appropriate for Gestational Age." eScholarship@UMMS, 2021. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/1137.

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Background: Extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) is multifactorial in etiology and predisposes infants to multiple morbidities that can be significantly ameliorated by adequate nutrition and appropriate longitudinal growth. Current strategies to reduce the risk of EUGR include optimization of parental nutrition, varying schedules of feeding advances, and caloric supplementation. Very low birthweight (VLBW) preterm infants are particularly affected by EUGR, therefore ensuring adequate postnatal growth is an essential component in improving the long-term health outcomes for VLBW infants. The objectives of this observational study were to examine potential risk factors for growth failure among premature infants that did not respond to caloric and volume supplementation. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of all infants born at the University of Massachusetts level III NICU from January 2016 to June 2020. Growth was tracked using PediTools electronic gestational age and growth calculators. (17) We reviewed the EMRs of infants who met the criteria for EUGR at the time of hospital discharge for a variety of potential factors affecting growth. Results: Overall, a total of 448 infants were screened with a final study cohort of 358 infants, of which 13% were discharge with EUGR. Analysis of demographic and clinical characteristics of infants with EUGR before and after nutritional intervention showed no statistically significant differences between the two cohorts. Pre-protocol, only weight percentiles and z-scores were statistically significant. Post-protocol, the change in z-score was also statistically significant. The only factor found to be statistically significantly different between was Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Timing of EUGR in the pre-protocol groups occurred between 33-35 weeks, while in the post-protocol group EUGR occurred between 32 and 37 weeks (Figure 2). Conclusions: Our findings confirmed the presence of several factors that have been previously shown to increase risk for EUGR, including male sex, lower gestational age, lower birth weight, and the occurrence of NEC. It also identified an additional risk factor, that of being born “constitutionally small”. In the post-protocol cohort, the change in z-score was statistically significant in addition to birth weight percentile and z-score and discharge weight percentile in z-score. The window in which EUGR occurred as well as the interquartile range was significantly widened post-protocol. These data suggest that the volume supplementation protocol successfully addressed the causes of EUGR in some infants, but other mechanisms may have occurred in infants who were still discharged with EUGR post-protocol.
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Read, Anne Winifred. "An epidemiological study of small-for-gestational age infants: A case-control study of mothers who repeated small-for-gestational age births and multiparous mothers who had only one such birth." Thesis, Read, Anne Winifred (1988) An epidemiological study of small-for-gestational age infants: A case-control study of mothers who repeated small-for-gestational age births and multiparous mothers who had only one such birth. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1988. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/52315/.

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This case-control study, based on the total population of Western Australian mothers, is a comparison of the births of two groups of case mothers and their matched controls. The case groups were called ’repeater’ and 'non-repeater* mothers. Repeater mothers were women who had given birth to more than one small-for-gestational age (SGA) term infant whereas non-repeater mothers were multiparous women who had had only one such infant. The two groups of matched control mothers had had no SGA infants. All mothers with preterm births were excluded from the study. The hypotheses were – 1) repeater mothers differed from non-repeater mothers in terms of the antecedents of their SGA births 2) repeater mothers differed from non-repeater mothers in terms of the outcomes for their infants. Data for the study were collected from multiple sources including Western Australian Midwives' Notifications, hospital records and maternal questionnaires. The aim was to make the information collected for each birth to each mother as complete as possible. Descriptive and analytical results are presented. Repeater mothers are described in four groups according to their attained sibship size and the sequence of their SGA births. Comparisons of these groups indicated that different patterns of SGA birth sequences contributed in various ways to the overall differences found between repeaters, non-repeaters and controls. The major part of the descriptive results includes three comparisons for most of the variables which relate to the index infant and parents - non-repeaters compared with repeaters, non-repeaters compared with their matched controls and repeaters compared with their matched controls. It was found that whilst non-repeater and repeater mothers and their index (SGA) infants showed similarities for some variables, there were significant differences between the two groups for others. For example, neonatal outcome for the index infants of non-repeaters was significantly worse than for the index infants of repeaters. A further section of the descriptive results investigates total obstetric history for case and control mothers up to the birth of the index infant. Mothers were separated into those with two and those with three infants and sibships described in a longitudinal It manner. was found that two infant sibships differed from three infant sibships with regard to many of the antecedent and outcome variables investigated. Multivariate analysis was carried out by logistic regression to determine which of the factors found to be significant in the descriptive results contributed independently to differences between non-repeaters and repeaters. Significant risk factors for repeating SGA births compared with non-repeater status were having three infants (rather than two), weight loss or static weight in the third trimester of pregnancy, smoking by the infant's father, maternal birthweight of less than 3000g or height of less than 155cm, and not knowing the morbidity history of their own parents. For repeater mothers, smoking by the infant’s father was significantly associated with the 'disadvantaged' categories of socioeconomic measures such as being unemployed and renting (rather than owning) accommodation. In contrast, there were no significant associations between this group of smoking fathers and variables of a biological nature such as sex and congenital malformations of the infant, paternal height and birthweight. Thus it appears that paternal smoking acted as a measure of socioeconomic status although there may also have been a direct association between paternal smoking and fetal growth. Although the tendency to repeat SGA term birth appeared to be related to socioeconomic conditions, maternal birthweight and height were also important and these factors may have been mediated by genetic and/or environmental circumstances. It should also be noted that, for a small percentage of parity-one mothers, weight loss in pregnancy was predictive of repeater status and, for some of those mothers, was associated with a malformation in the previous infant.
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Dube, Frederick. "The effect of birth weight and gestational age on BCG-induced immune responses in infants following BCG vaccination." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10377.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-114).
Bacillus Calmette?Gu?rin (BCG), the only currently licensed tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, provides variable efficacy. Despite the use of BCG, TB remains a global health problem. BCG is administered at birth; however, more than 15% of infants are born preterm [PT (<37 weeks gestation)], or have low birth weights [LBW (<2,500g)], with >90% of these born in developing countries, where the majority of TB cases are found. It is not known how birth weight at the time of vaccination may affect the BCG-induced immune response and subsequent protection against TB. We hypothesised that BCG-vaccinated PT and LBW infants would have a qualitatively and quantitatevely less optimal immune response, compared to term or normal birth weight (NBW) infants.
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Maleki-Yazdi, Keon. "The genetic determinants of small-for-gestational-age infants in thrombophilia and folate metabolism pathways investigated through meta-analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121509.

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Background: Previous data have demonstrated associations for an increased risk of the small-for-gestational-age (SGA) outcome in offspring of pregnant women with thrombophilia and folate metabolism gene polymorphisms. However, these results have not been consistent.Methods: The objective of this thesis is to review genetic association studies in thrombophilia and folate metabolism pathways for the SGA outcome (defined as birth weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age and sex according to national standards). We performed a series of meta-analyses for commonly studied maternal and newborn gene variants within the two pathways: prothrombin G20210A and factor V G1691A (Leiden) in the thrombophilia pathway, as well as methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T and A1298C in the folate metabolism pathway. Results: In the thrombophilia pathway, the meta-analysis indicated an increased odds of SGA births among mothers carrying prothrombin G20210A (odds ratio=1.39 [95% confidence interval, 1.10 to 1.76]). Non-significant findings were found for maternal carriage of factor V Leiden, as well as prothrombin G20210A and factor V Leiden among newborn carriers. With respect to the folate metabolism pathway, maternal carriers of MTHFR C677T (odds ratio=1.22 [95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 1.42]), maternal homozygous MTHFR C677T (odds ratio=1.18 [95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.35]), and maternal homozygous A1298C (odds ratio=0.70 [95% confidence interval, 0.50 to 0.98]) were the only genotypes that reached statistical significance.Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to indicate significant associations between an increased risk of SGA and maternal prothrombin G20210A carriers, maternal MTHFR C677T carriers, and homozygous mothers for MTHFR C677T. We also reported that pregnant women homozygous for MTHFR A1298C were at a decreased risk of SGA births.
Contexte: La variation d'un seul élément du code moléculaire dite polymorphisme du nucléotide simple ou SNP peut contribuer à l'incidence de maladies dites complexes. Certains SNPs sur des gènes de thrombophilie et du métabolisme de l'acide folique dans le génome de la mère ont été associés avec un risque accru pour leurs bébés de naître petits pour leur âge gestationnel (PAG). Cependant, ces résultats ne sont pas uniformes. Méthodes: Cette thèse recense les études portant sur les SNPs dans les voies métaboliques de thrombophilie et du cycle du folate et l'issue de grossesse PAG (définie par un poids à la naissance inférieur au 10e percentile pour le sexe et l'âge gestationnel selon les normes nationales). Nous avons effectué une série de méta-analyses sur les SNPs nommés prothrombine G20210A et facteur V Leiden G1691A dans la voie de thrombophilie, ainsi que sur deux SNPs du gène méthylènetétrahydrofolate réductase (MTHFR) soient C677T et A1298C impliqués dans le métabolisme du folate. Résultats: Notre méta-analyse sur les voies de la thrombophilie a montré un risque accru de naissances PAG quand les mères portent le SNP G20210A (odds ratio=1,39 [intervalle de confiance à 95%: 1,10 à 1,76]. Des résultats non significatifs ont été trouvés lorsque la mère porte le facteur V Leiden, ainsi que lorsque le nouveau-né est porteur des SNP G20210A et facteur V Leiden. En ce qui concerne la voie du métabolisme du folate, les seuls résultats qui ont atteint la signification statistique étaient les suivants : lorsque les mères portaient la variation en une copie de C677T (odds ratio=1,22 [intervalle de confiance à 95%: 1,05 à 1,42]), étaient homozygotes (2 copies) pour C677T (odds ratio=1,18 [intervalle de confiance à 95%: 1,03 à 1,35]) ou homozygotes pour A1298C (odds ratio=0,70 [intervalle de confiance à 95%: 0,50 à 0,98]). Conclusion: À notre connaissance, cette étude est la première à décrire dans une méta-analyse des associations significatives entre un risque accru de naissances PAG et le fait que les mères portent une copie des SNPs prothrombine G20210A et MTHFR C677T ou deux copies de MTHFR C677T. Aussi, nous avons trouvé qu'il y avait une diminution du risque de PAG chez les femmes porteuses du SNP MTHFR A1298C.
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Nagai, Shizuyo. "Gonadotropin Levels in Urine during Early Postnatal Period in Small-for-Gestational Age Preterm Male Infants with Fetal Growth Restriction." Kyoto University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/226767.

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Nyirati, Christina. "Profiles of risk for low birth weight, small for gestational age, and premature infants among Appalachian Ohio teenagers : a birth certificate study /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487844105973922.

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Lum, Sook-Yuen. "Influence of low birthweight for gestational age on airway function in early infancy." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398863.

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Ahlsson, Fredrik. "Being Born Large for Gestational Age : Metabolic and Epidemiological Studies." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9135.

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Books on the topic "Gestational Age Infants"

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Porter, Gunderson Laurie, and Kenner Carole, eds. Care of the 24-25 week gestational age infant: Small baby protocol. Petaluma, CA: Neonatal Network, 1990.

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Porter, Gunderson Laurie, and Kenner Carole, eds. Care of the 24-25 week gestational age infant: A small baby protocol. 2nd ed. Petaluma, CA: NICU Ink Book Publishers, 1995.

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Twilley, Leslie. Predictors of preterm and small-for-gestational-age births in Alberta: Report. Edmonton, Alta: Public Health Surveillance & Environmental Health, 2007.

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Glazner, Judy. The effects of the Prenatal Plus Program on infant birth weight and medicaid costs. Denver, Colo: Colorado Dept. of Public Health and Environment, 2002.

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W, Kiess, Chernausek Steven D, and Hokken-Koelega Anita C. S, eds. Small for gestational age: Causes and consequences. Basel: Karger, 2008.

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David, Harvey, Cooke Richard W. I, and Levitt Gillian A, eds. The baby under 1000 g. London: Wright, 1989.

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Chistyakova, Guzel, Lyudmila Ustyantseva, Irina Remizova, Vladislav Ryumin, and Svetlana Bychkova. CHILDREN WITH EXTREMELY LOW BODY WEIGHT: CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS, FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS OF THE FORMATION OF NEONATAL PATHOLOGY. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/monography_62061e70cc4ed1.46611016.

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The purpose of the monograph, which contains a modern view of the problem of adaptation of children with extremely low body weight, is to provide a wide range of doctors with basic information about the clinical picture, functional activity of innate and adaptive immunity, prognostic criteria of postnatal pathology, based on their own research. The specific features of the immunological reactivity of premature infants of various gestational ages who have developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and retinopathy of newborns (RN) from the moment of birth and after reaching postconceptional age (37-40 weeks) are described separately. The mechanisms of their implementation with the participation of factors of innate and adaptive immunity are considered in detail. Methods for early prediction of BPD and RN with the determination of an integral indicator and an algorithm for the management of premature infants with a high risk of postnatal complications at the stage of early rehabilitation are proposed. The information provided makes it possible to personify the treatment, preventive and rehabilitation measures in premature babies. The monograph is intended for obstetricians-gynecologists, neonatologists, pediatricians, allergists-immunologists, doctors of other specialties, residents, students of the system of continuing medical education. This work was done with financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science, grant of the President of the Russian Federation No. MK-1140.2020.7.
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Gunderson, Laurie Porter, and Carole Kenner. Care of the 24-25 Week Gestational Age Infant: Small Baby Protocol. 2nd ed. Neonatal Network, 1995.

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Frawley, Geoff. Former Premature Infant for Hernia Repair. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0052.

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There has been a marked improvement in the survival rates of premature infants. Coincident with the increase in survival has been an increase in ex-premature infants presenting for surgery. Hernia repair is the most common surgery in ex-premature infants, with the incidence of inguinal hernias being inversely proportional to gestational age at birth (13% incidence in infants born <32 weeks’ gestation and 30% in those born with a birth weight <1,000 g). Postoperative apnea is a significant complication in this age group. Both awake regional and general anesthetic techniques are widely used for infant hernia repair; the choice often is based more on anesthetic preference than on evidence from prospective randomized controlled trials.
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Nyirati, Christina Maria. PROFILES OF RISK FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT, SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE, AND PREMATURE INFANTS AMONG APPALACHIAN OHIO TEENAGERS: A BIRTH CERTIFICATE STUDY. 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gestational Age Infants"

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Zabransky, Siegfried. "Premature Infants." In Caring for Children Born Small for Gestational Age, 127–49. Tarporley: Springer Healthcare Ltd., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-908517-90-6_12.

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Müller-Egloff, S. "Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Infants, intrauterine Wachstumsretardierung (IUWR/IUGR)." In Geburtshilfe Basics, 161–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-33769-5_17.

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Koehne, Petra. "Treatment Results After Ductal Closure in Extremely Low Gestational Age Infants." In Controversies around treatment of the open duct, 11–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20623-8_2.

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Lyon, Andrew, and Madeline Pikaar. "Temperature Control in Preterm Infants — Effect of Birthweight and Gestational Age." In Thermoregulation of Sick and Low Birth Weight Neonates, 83–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79934-1_8.

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Duffy, Frank H. "Electrophysiological Evidence for Gestational Age Effects in Infants Studied at Term: A BEAM Study." In Neurobiology of Early Infant Behaviour, 337–55. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10735-3_32.

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Sabouni, Sumaia, Rami Qahwaji, Krzysztof Poterlowicz, and Anne M. Graham. "Developing Prediction Models for Large for Gestational Age Infants Using Ethnically Diverse Data." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 439–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87094-2_39.

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Chistyakova, Guzel, Lyudmila Ustyantseva, Irina Remizova, Vladislav Ryumin, and Svetlana Bychkova. "CHARACTERISTICS OF CONNECTED AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY OF CHILDREN WITH EXTREMELY LOW BODY WEIGHT OF DIFFERENT GESTIONAL AGE." In CHILDREN WITH EXTREMELY LOW BODY WEIGHT: CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS, FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS OF THE FORMATION OF NEONATAL PATHOLOGY, 47–77. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_62061e70deca75.92242970.

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The purpose of the monograph, which contains a modern view of the problem of adaptation of children with extremely low body weight, is to provide a wide range of doctors with basic information about the clinical picture, functional activity of innate and adaptive immunity, prognostic criteria of postnatal pathology, based on their own research. The specific features of the immunological reactivity of premature infants of various gestational ages who have developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and retinopathy of newborns (RN) from the moment of birth and after reaching postconceptional age (37-40 weeks) are described separately. The mechanisms of their implementation with the participation of factors of innate and adaptive immunity are considered in detail. Methods for early prediction of BPD and RN with the determination of an integral indicator and an algorithm for the management of premature infants with a high risk of postnatal complications at the stage of early rehabilitation are proposed. The information provided makes it possible to personify the treatment, preventive and rehabilitation measures in premature babies. The monograph is intended for obstetricians-gynecologists, neonatologists, pediatricians, allergists-immunologists, doctors of other specialties, residents, students of the system of continuing medical education. This work was done with financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science, grant of the President of the Russian Federation No. MK-1140.2020.7.
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Chistyakova, Guzel, Lyudmila Ustyantseva, Irina Remizova, Vladislav Ryumin, and Svetlana Bychkova. "FEATURES OF THE POSTNATAL PERIOD OF PREMATURE INFANTS." In CHILDREN WITH EXTREMELY LOW BODY WEIGHT: CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS, FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS OF THE FORMATION OF NEONATAL PATHOLOGY, 25–46. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_62061e70ddd515.23232017.

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The purpose of the monograph, which contains a modern view of the problem of adaptation of children with extremely low body weight, is to provide a wide range of doctors with basic information about the clinical picture, functional activity of innate and adaptive immunity, prognostic criteria of postnatal pathology, based on their own research. The specific features of the immunological reactivity of premature infants of various gestational ages who have developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and retinopathy of newborns (RN) from the moment of birth and after reaching postconceptional age (37-40 weeks) are described separately. The mechanisms of their implementation with the participation of factors of innate and adaptive immunity are considered in detail. Methods for early prediction of BPD and RN with the determination of an integral indicator and an algorithm for the management of premature infants with a high risk of postnatal complications at the stage of early rehabilitation are proposed. The information provided makes it possible to personify the treatment, preventive and rehabilitation measures in premature babies. The monograph is intended for obstetricians-gynecologists, neonatologists, pediatricians, allergists-immunologists, doctors of other specialties, residents, students of the system of continuing medical education. This work was done with financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science, grant of the President of the Russian Federation No. MK-1140.2020.7.
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Brandt, Ingeborg, Elisabeth J. Sticker, Ruth Gausche, and Michael J. Lentze. "Catch-Up Growth and Supine Length/Height in Very Low Birth Weight, Small for Gestational Age Preterm Infants." In Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease, 831–49. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1795-9_49.

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Chistyakova, Guzel, Lyudmila Ustyantseva, Irina Remizova, Vladislav Ryumin, and Svetlana Bychkova. "FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF CHILDREN WITH RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURE IN THE DYNAMICS OF THE POSTNATAL PERIOD." In CHILDREN WITH EXTREMELY LOW BODY WEIGHT: CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS, FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS OF THE FORMATION OF NEONATAL PATHOLOGY, 105–28. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_62061e70e0ba78.92986346.

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The purpose of the monograph, which contains a modern view of the problem of adaptation of children with extremely low body weight, is to provide a wide range of doctors with basic information about the clinical picture, functional activity of innate and adaptive immunity, prognostic criteria of postnatal pathology, based on their own research. The specific features of the immunological reactivity of premature infants of various gestational ages who have developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and retinopathy of newborns (RN) from the moment of birth and after reaching postconceptional age (37-40 weeks) are described separately. The mechanisms of their implementation with the participation of factors of innate and adaptive immunity are considered in detail. Methods for early prediction of BPD and RN with the determination of an integral indicator and an algorithm for the management of premature infants with a high risk of postnatal complications at the stage of early rehabilitation are proposed. The information provided makes it possible to personify the treatment, preventive and rehabilitation measures in premature babies. The monograph is intended for obstetricians-gynecologists, neonatologists, pediatricians, allergists-immunologists, doctors of other specialties, residents, students of the system of continuing medical education. This work was done with financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science, grant of the President of the Russian Federation No. MK-1140.2020.7.
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Conference papers on the topic "Gestational Age Infants"

1

Andrew, M., B. A. Paes, R. A. Milner, P. J. Powers, M. Johnston, and V. Castle. "THE POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COAGULATION SYSTEM IN THE PREMATURE INFANT." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643606.

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A cohort study was performed to determine the postnatal development of the coagulation system in the “healthy” premature infant. Mothers were approached for consent and a total of 132 premature infants were entered into the study. The group consisted of 64 infants with gestational ages of 34-36 weeks (prem 1) and 68 infants whose gestational age was 33 weeks or less (prem 2). Demographic information and a 2 ml blood sample were obtained on days 1, 5, 30, 90, and 180. Plasma was fractionated and stored at −70°C for batch assaying of the following tests: screening tests, PT, APTT; factor assays (biologic (B)); fibrinogen, II, V, VII, VIII:C, IX, X, XI, XII, prekallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen, XIII (immunologic (I)); inhibitors (I), antithrombin III, aα2-antiplasmin, α2-macroglobulin, α-anti-trypsin, Cl esterase inhibitor, protein C, protein S, and the fibrinolytic system (B); plasminogen. We have previously reported an identical study for 118 full term infants. The large number of premature and full term infants studied at varying time points allowed us to determine the following: 1) coagulation tests vary with the gestational age and postnatal age of the infant; 2) each factor has a unique postnatal pattern of maturation; 3) near adult values are achieved by 6 months of age; 4) premature infants have a more rapid postnatal development of the coagulation system compared to the full term infant; and 5) the range of reference values for two age groups of premature infants has been established for each of the assays. These reference values will provide a basis for future investigation of specific hemorrhagic and thrombotic problems in the newborn infant.
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Sun, Jingchao, Lu Liu, Jianqiang Li, Ji-jiang Yang, Shi Chen, Qing Wang, Mengchu Zhou, Rong Lia, Bo Liu, and Jing Bi. "A data-driven approach to predict Small-for-Gestational-Age infants." In 2016 IEEE 13th International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnsc.2016.7479016.

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Du, Yuhan, John Mehegan, Fionnuala M. McAuliffe, and Catherine Mooney. "Prediction of Large for Gestational Age Infants in Overweight and Obese Women at Approximately 20 Gestational Weeks." In BCB '20: 11th ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology and Health Informatics. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3388440.3414906.

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Nye, Kevin S., M. Sean Esplin, and Kenneth L. Monson. "Umbilical Cord Artery Mechanical Properties in Pre-Term Neonates at Various Ages." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80484.

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Premature and very low birthweight (VLBW) infants are susceptible to numerous injuries during, and after parturition. If these injuries are neurological in nature, they can result in long-term cognitive and motor skill deficiencies. Cerebral hemorrhaging is a disease that has disastrous consequences on preterm and VLBW infants, and the mechanism for this type of hemorrhaging is currently not known. Bleeding in the ventricle region of the brain is termed intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and occurs in 32% of infants with birth weights less than 1500 grams and born prior to 32 weeks gestation[1]; 75% of these will experience long-term neurological disabilities[2]. A lack of tissue structure of the cerebral vasculature in early stages of development is a possible underlying cause for such high occurrences of IVH[3,4,5]. Mechanical characterization of neonatal vasculature could show structural underdevelopment as the underlying cause of IVH and provide valuable insight into neonatal vascular development. We previously characterized the mechanical properties of whole umbilical cord arteries and found a correlation between vessel stiffness and gestational age[6]. Considerations of the helical structure of late term umbilical cord vessels prompted a revisit of the characterization of the vessels with altered testing methods. To negate the effects of the vessels’ tortuous structure on stiffness values, we tested axial and circumferential small strips of human umbilical cord artery at various gestational time.
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Mayaningrum, Yulita Endah, Heni Puji Wahyuningsih, and Nining Wiyati. "Association Between Gestational Age and Asphyxia in Infants in Karanganyar Hospital, Central Java." In The 8th International Conference on Public Health 2021. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/ab.maternal.icph.08.2021.03.

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Buldan, Raluca-Arina, Constantin Mihai, Silvia-Maria Stoicescu, and Doina Broscăuncianu. "P217 Preterm infants with gestational age less than 32 weeks – extrauterine growth chart evolution." In 8th Europaediatrics Congress jointly held with, The 13th National Congress of Romanian Pediatrics Society, 7–10 June 2017, Palace of Parliament, Romania, Paediatrics building bridges across Europe. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313273.305.

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Silva-de Medeiros, F., M. Rossi, A. de Campos, and N. Rocha. "Does Gestational Age of Preterm Infants Influence the Participation in Activities of Daily Living?" In 7th International Conference on Clinical Neonatology—Selected Abstracts. Thieme Medical Publishers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1647101.

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Jaya-Bodestyne, Sandra, Victor Samuel Rajadurai, Mohanambal Arumugham, Mei Chien Chua, Fabian Yap, and Suresh Chandran. "151 Role of diazoxide therapy in small for gestational age infants with prolonged hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia." In RCPCH Conference Singapore. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2021-rcpch.85.

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Elliott, Megan, Santina Zanelli, Karen Fairchild, Jennifer Burnsed, Kristen Heinan, Robert Andris, and Lisa Letzkus. "Heart Rate Characteristics in Infants with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy: Effects of Dexmedetomidine and Gestational Age." In AAP National Conference & Exhibition Meeting Abstracts. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.147.3_meetingabstract.704.

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Chandran, Suresh, Sandra Lynn Jaya-Bodestyne, Rajadurai Victor Samuel, Chua Mei Chien, and Fabian Yap. "1041 Pharmacological versus watchful waiting management of small-for-gestational-age infants with hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the RCPCH Conference, Liverpool, 28–30 June 2022. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2022-rcpch.451.

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Reports on the topic "Gestational Age Infants"

1

Moreno - Sepulveda, Jose, Juan Jose Espinos, and Miguel Angel Checa. Natural cycles in frozen-thawed embryo transfer are associated with lower risks of preeclampsia and large-for-gestational-age infants than artificial cycles: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.6.0088.

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Caulfield, Laura E., Wendy L. Bennett, Susan M. Gross, Kristen M. Hurley, S. Michelle Ogunwole, Maya Venkataramani, Jennifer L. Lerman, Allen Zhang, Ritu Sharma, and Eric B. Bass. Maternal and Child Outcomes Associated With the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer253.

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Objectives. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) aims to safeguard the health of low-income, nutritionally at-risk pregnant and postpartum women and children less than 5 years old. This systematic review evaluates whether participation in WIC is associated with nutrition and health outcomes for women, infants, and children, and whether the associations vary by duration of participation or across subgroups. Because of major revisions to the WIC food package in 2009, we prioritized studies published since 2009 and included studies comparing outcomes before and after the 2009 food package change. Data sources. Using electronic publication databases, we conducted a literature search from January 2009 to September 2021 and a targeted search for selected outcomes from January 2000 to September 2021. Review methods. Paired team members independently screened search results, serially abstracted data, assessed risk of bias, and graded strength of evidence (SOE) using standard methods for observational studies. Results. We included 82 quantitative observational studies and 16 qualitative studies, with 49 studies comparing outcomes of WIC participants with WIC-eligible non-participants. WIC prenatal participation was associated with lower risk of three outcomes: preterm delivery (moderate SOE), low birth weight (moderate SOE), and infant mortality (moderate SOE). Prenatal WIC participation was associated with better maternal diet quality (low SOE), lower risk of inadequate gestational weight gain (low SOE), lower alcohol use in pregnancy (low SOE), and no difference in smoking (low SOE). Maternal WIC participation was associated with increased child preventive care and immunizations (each low SOE), and higher cognitive scores for children (low SOE). Child WIC participation was associated with better diet quality (moderate SOE), and greater intakes of 100 percent fruit juice, whole grain cereals, and age-appropriate milk (moderate SOE). Household WIC participation was associated with greater purchasing of healthy food groups (moderate SOE). Maternal WIC participation was not associated with breastfeeding initiation (moderate SOE). The evidence was insufficient for other outcomes related to maternal health and child growth. The evidence generally was insufficient on how WIC participation affects outcomes across subgroups. Conclusions. Maternal WIC participation was associated with improved birth outcomes, lower infant mortality, and better child cognitive development. WIC participation was associated with purchasing healthier foods and with improved diets for pregnant women and children. More research is needed on maternal health outcomes; food security; child growth, development, and academic achievement; and effectiveness of WIC in all segments of the eligible population.
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Infant Mortality in the United States, 2020: Data From the Period Linked Birth/Infant Death File. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:120700.

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