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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Germplasm resources

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Academic literature on the topic 'Germplasm resources'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Germplasm resources"

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Afolayan, G., S. P. Deshpande, S. E. Aladele, A. O. Kolawole, I. Angarawai, D. J. Nwosu, C. Michael, E. T. Blay, and E. Y. Danquah. "Genetic diversity assessment of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) accessions using single nucleotide polymorphism markers." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 17, no. 5 (July 10, 2019): 412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262119000212.

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AbstractSorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important resource to the national economy and it is essential to assess the genetic diversity in existing sorghum germplasm for better conservation, utilization and crop improvement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of genetic diversity within and among sorghum germplasms collected from diverse institutes in Nigeria and Mali using Single Nucleotide Polymorphic markers. Genetic diversity among the germplasm was low with an average polymorphism information content value of 0.24. Analysis of Molecular Variation revealed 6% variation among germplasm and 94% within germplasms. Dendrogram revealed three groups of clustering which indicate variations within the germplasms. Private alleles identified in the sorghum accessions from National Center for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Ibadan, Nigeria and International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Kano, Nigeria shows their prospect for sorghum improvement and discovery of new agronomic traits. The presence of private alleles and genetic variation within the germplasms indicates that the accessions are valuable resources for future breeding programs.

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Casler, Michael D., Kenneth P. Vogel, and Melanie Harrison. "Switchgrass Germplasm Resources." Crop Science 55, no. 6 (November 2015): 2463–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2015.02.0076.

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Sachs, Martin M. "Cereal Germplasm Resources." Plant Physiology 149, no. 1 (January 2009): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.108.129205.

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Sun, Meng, Julin Ma, Zhixiang Cai, Juan Yan, Ruijuan Ma, Mingliang Yu, Yinfeng Xie, and Zhijun Shen. "Sensory Determination of Peach and Nectarine Germplasms with Instrumental Analysis." Foods 12, no. 24 (December 11, 2023): 4444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12244444.

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The flavour and mouthfeel of peaches are crucial qualities of peach germplasm resources that significantly influence consumer preferences. In this study, we utilized 212 peach germplasm resources from the Nanjing Peach Resource Repository, National Fruit Germplasm facility, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences as materials for sensory analysis, electronic nose analysis, and composition analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the sensory analysis, we divided 212 peach germplasms into three clusters based on hierarchical cluster analysis (d = 5). No.27, No.151, and No.46 emerged as the most representative of these clusters. The electronic nose was used to conduct an evaluation of the aroma profiles of the 212 peach germplasms, revealing that the primary distinguishing factors of peach aroma can be attributed to three sensors: W1S (methane), W1W (terpenes and organosulfur compounds), and W5S (hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds). The primary differences in the aromatic substances were characterized by sensors W2W (aromatic compounds, sulphur, and chlorine compounds) and W1C (aromatic benzene). The HPLC analysis indicated that the persistence of peach sensory characteristics was positively correlated with acids and sourness and negatively correlated with sweetness and the ratio of sugar to acids. The overall impression of the 212 peach germplasms revealed a negative correlation with acids, while a positive correlation was observed between the overall impression and the ratio of sugar to acids. Therefore, this study substantially contributes to the preliminary screening of the analysed specific characteristics of peach germplasms such as No.27, No.46, No.151, and No.211. These selections may provide valuable information for the potential creation of superior germplasm resources.

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Renzi, W., Y. Yong, and L. Gaochao. "CHINESE PERSIMMON GERMPLASM RESOURCES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 436 (January 1997): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1997.436.3.

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Ellis, T. H. Noel. "Germplasm resources in legumes." Plant Genetic Resources 9, no. 01 (March 4, 2011): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262110000432.

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ABELSON, P. H. "Resources of Plant Germplasm." Science 253, no. 5022 (August 23, 1991): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.253.5022.833.

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Wu, Limei, Jiageng Du, Yidan Zhang, Yuqin Xue, Chengyao Jiang, Wei Lu, Yangxia Zheng, Chengbo Zhou, Aisheng Xiong, and Mengyao Li. "Identification and Evaluation of Celery Germplasm Resources for Salt Tolerance." Agronomy 14, no. 5 (May 15, 2024): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14051048.

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This study evaluated the salt tolerance in 40 celery germplasm resources to clarify the different salt tolerances of celery germplasm. A gradient treatment with different concentrations of NaCl solutions (100, 200, and 300 mmol·L−1) was used to simulate salt stress. After 15 days of salt treatment, 14 indicators related to plant growth, physiology, and biochemistry were determined. The results showed that different celery varieties responded differently to salt stress. Notably, there were significant variations in below-ground dry weight, root–crown ratio, antioxidant enzyme activity, and soluble protein content among the accessions under salt stress. Principal component analysis was used to identify important indices for evaluating salt tolerance, including plant height, spread, content of soluble protein, and so on. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted utilizing the salt damage index, principal component analysis, affiliation function analysis, and cluster analysis. The 40 celery germplasms were classified into five highly salt-tolerant, seven salt-tolerant, fifteen moderately salt-tolerant, nine salt-sensitive, and four highly salt-sensitive germplasms. SHHXQ, MXKQ, XBQC, XQ, and TGCXBQ were highly salt-tolerant germplasms, and BFMSGQ, HNXQ, ZQ, and MGXQW were highly salt-sensitive germplasms. The results of this study provide a reference for the variety of celery cultivation in saline areas and lay a foundation for the selection and breeding of salt-tolerant varieties of celery.

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Zhu, Yunzheng, Deyang Liang, Zejun Song, Yi Tan, Xiaolan Guo, and Delu Wang. "Genetic Diversity Analysis and Core Germplasm Collection Construction of Camellia oleifera Based on Fruit Phenotype and SSR Data." Genes 13, no. 12 (December 13, 2022): 2351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13122351.

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Many Camellia oleifera germplasm resources were collected from Guizhou Province, but the fruit morphological variation and genetic diversity of C. oleifera germplasm resources remain unclear. The genetic diversity of C. oleifera germplasms resources in Guizhou was studied based on fruit traits and simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers to build a core collection. This paper aims to provide a scientific basis for the collection, management, development, and utilization of C. oleifera resources in Guizhou province. The variation coefficients among and within varieties of seven fruit phenotypic traits of C. oleifera ranged from 11.79% to 61.76% and from 8.15% to 42.31%, respectively, showing rich phenotypic variation. Furthermore, 12 SSR markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity. These primers generated 214 polymorphic bands, and the average number was 17.833. The average number of effective alleles (Ne), Shannon’s information index (I), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), polymorphic information content (PIC), and major allele frequency (MAF) were 8.999, 2.301, 0.965, 0.50, 0.836, and 0.238, respectively. The results showed that 12 SSR markers had high polymorphism, and the genetic diversity of 167 C. oleifera germplasm resources was high. Based on SSR molecular marker information and fruit traits clustering, 167 C. oleifera germplasm resources were divided into three groups. When constructing core collections based on fruit traits and molecular marker information, the PowerCore-25 of core collections greatly preserves fruit traits and improves genetic diversity. This paper can provide a reference for the genetic diversity and fruit traits variation of C. camellia germplasm resources in Guizhou Province. It is significant for establishing a core collection, thus promoting germplasm innovation and the development of the oil tea industry in Guizhou.

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Xuan, Lingyan, Xiujie Xi, Zixian Xu, Huijun Xie, Yunguo Zhu, Zhou Cheng, and Shan Li. "Genetic differences and variation in polysaccharide antioxidant activity found in germplasm resources for Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.)." Botany 98, no. 11 (November 2020): 651–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2019-0182.

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Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) is an ancient plant with high nutritional and medicinal value. In this study, using 11 Chinese germplasm resources for Job’s tears, we examined genetic differences among the germplasms and differences in the in vitro antioxidant activities of coixan, and sought to identify inter-relationships between these two variables. We found that the intraspecific conservation of DNA sequences was high, with ITS regions and cpDNA trnL-F and trnH-psbA non-coding sequences showing no sequence variation, whereas the GBSSI gene showed a certain degree of variation among the different germplasms. EST-SSR analysis also revealed a relatively low level of genetic diversity among the germplasms. Coixan was shown to be an efficient antioxidant, and among the germplasms examined, the LNYX, FJPC, and AHBZ had the highest antioxidant activities. However, none of the four in vitro antioxidant activity indices we assessed were significantly correlated with the geographical origin of the germplasm (latitude and longitude); however, one of them was significantly associated with genetic diversity. Although the factors affecting the antioxidant activity of coixan are complex, the role of heredity should not be ignored. Our findings have implications for the scientific evaluation, identification, and sustainable utilization of the germplasm resources for Job’s tears.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Germplasm resources"

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李麗瑩 and Lai-ying Rosita Lee. "Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of sweetclovers (Melilotus) germplasm resources." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31221269.

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Lee, Lai-ying Rosita. "Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of sweetclovers (Melilotus) germplasm resources /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21090208.

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Virchow, D. "Conservation of genetic resources : costs and implications for a sustainable utilization of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture /." Berlin ; New York : Springer, 1999. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0714/99012752.html.

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Harnal, Veera Kumari. "Population genetics and sperm physiology associated with genome resource banking in the Eld's deer." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0035/MQ64367.pdf.

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Settipalli, Satyaprakash R. "Synthetic seed production for germplasm storage of Hydrastis canadensis L. (goldenseal)." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5530.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 48 p. : col. ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 40-42).

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Carter, Michele R. "Gray leaf spot of corn : yield loss and evaluation of germplasm for resistance /." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10062009-020049/.

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Dukic, Snezana. "Development of an in vitro germplasm collection of Saccharum spp. hybrid clones." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1995. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36938/1/36938_Dukic_1995.pdf.

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An in vitro method for the establishment and storage of over 200 Saccharum spp. hybrid clones was developed that involved only 1 medium for shoot development and multiplication, without decontamination procedures. Apical buds from the axils of developing leaves surrounding the apical meristem were cultured on medium containing the plant growth regulators benzylamino purine and kinetin which regenerated multiple shoots. Shoots transferred to a medium containing naphthalene acetic acid and 60 g L"1 sucrose, developed roots. In vitro plants were transferred to a half strength Murashige and Skoog medium without plant growth regulators and placed in storage at 18°C. After 12 months of storage plants were transferred to a fresh medium and returned to storage. The genetic integrity of clones based on phenotypic assessment and isozyme patterns was not affected by in vitro culture after 3, 6 and 12 months storage at l 8°C.

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Lochen, Tobias. "Die völkerrechtlichen Regelungen über den Zugang zu genetischen Ressourcen /." Tübingen : Mohr Siebeck, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016140557&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Edwards, Catriona Helen. "Drug target identification in the cat flea by transcriptomics and gene knockdown." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=236461.

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Ctenocephalides felis is a major pest of companion animals worldwide. This project aimed to generate novel genetic resources for C. felis and develop tools to aid drug-target identification and validation. Sample handling methods were assessed and candidate reference genes validated, to ensure quality of RNA samples and reliable gene expression normalisation. Piercing C. felis samples prior to storage in RNAlater ensured RNA integrity was maintained over time. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase , 60S ribosomal protein L19 and elongation factor-1α were demonstrated as stable reference genes across all comparisons tested. A C. felis transcriptome encompassing multiple developmental stages, sexes and tissues was sequenced and de novo assemblies produced with two assemblers, Trinity and Oases. Each assembly contained >100000 contigs. Annotation of the assemblies generated functional insight, such as top BLAST hits, GO annotations and signal peptide predictions. The Trinity assembly was deemed the highest quality and searched for genes of interest, involved in development. Expression analysis of selected transcripts across stadia gave insight into developmental processes, and demonstrated the utility of the transcriptome. This study was the first to demonstrate that C. felis can mount an RNAi response upon exposure to dsRNA. Knockdown of glutathione S-transferase σ (GSTσ), was demonstrated in adult C. felis: ≈80 % knockdown following microinjection of dsGSTσ; ≈64 % knockdown after soaking in dsGSTσ; ≈96 % knockdown after continuous feeding on dsGSTσ. RNAi machinery was identified in C. felis. siRNAi pathway components, Dicer 2 and Argonaute 2, were upregulated following dsRNA exposure. Dicer 2 was knocked-down by soaking in dsDicer2, although results of an “RNAi of RNAi” experiment were inconclusive. Transcripts encoding machinery putatively involved in dsRNA uptake and breakdown were also identified. Through these studies, this project has generated novel insights into C. felis biology and opened up new avenues for research.

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Reid, Lana M. "Resistance of world germplasm resources of maize, Zea mays, to the European corn borer, Ostrinia, nubilalis." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5518.

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Books on the topic "Germplasm resources"

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Bismarck Plant Materials Center (U.S.). Survivor germplasm false indigo and Silver Sands germplasm sandbar willow. Bismarck, N.D: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center, 2005.

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International Livestock Centre for Africa. Soil Science & Plant Nutrition Section. Rhizobium germplasm resources at ILCA. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Soil Science & Plant Nutrition Section, International Livestock Centre for Africa, 1992.

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Bettencourt, E. Directory of germplasm collections. Rome: IBPGR, 1992.

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P, Rupela O., and International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics., eds. Rhizobium germplasm resources at ICRISAT Center. Patancheru: ICRISAT, 1991.

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Dafydd, Pilling, and Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture., eds. The state of the world's animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2007.

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Rana, R. S. Plant germplasm conservation: Biotechnological approaches. Edited by Rana R. S, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources., and Indian Council of Agricultural Research. New Delhi: National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, 1995.

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Smith, Nigel J. H. Botanic gardens and germplasm conservation. Honolulu: Published for Harold L. Lyon Arboretum by the University of Hawaii Press, 1986.

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1959-, Simm Geoff, ed. Farm animal genetic resources. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press, 2004.

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Engels, J. M. M., M. Worede, and J. G. Hawkes. Plant Genetic Resources of Ethiopia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

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Nath, Prem. Germplasm resources and genetic improvement of vegetable crops in the tropics. Ibadan, Nigeria: National Horticultural Research Institute, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Germplasm resources"

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Moseman, J. G., and D. H. Smith. "Germplasm Resources." In Agronomy Monographs, 57–72. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr26.c3.

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Reitz, Louis P. "Improving Germplasm Resources." In ASA Special Publications, 85–97. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/asaspecpub26.c4.

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Debouck, D. G. "Phaseolus Germplasm Exploration." In Genetic Resources of Phaseolus Beans, 3–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2786-5_1.

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d'Eeckenbrugge, Geo Coppens, Freddy Leal, and Marie-France Duval. "Germplasm Resources of Pineapple." In Horticultural Reviews, 133–75. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470650660.ch5.

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Garanko, I. B. "Germplasm Resources in Lycopersicon." In Genetic Improvement of Tomato, 51–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84275-7_5.

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Poehlman, John Milton. "Germplasm Resources and Conservation." In Breeding Field Crops, 171–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7271-2_9.

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Knee, Emma M., Luz Rivero, Deborah Crist, Erich Grotewold, and Randy Scholl. "Germplasm and Molecular Resources." In Genetics and Genomics of the Brassicaceae, 437–67. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7118-0_16.

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Zhang, Lilan, Jianmin Qi, Jianguang Su, and Liwu Zhang. "Germplasm Resources in Jute." In Compendium of Plant Genomes, 53–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91163-8_4.

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Fryxell, Paul A. "Taxonomy and Germplasm Resources." In Agronomy Monographs, 27–57. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr24.c2.

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Koshy, KC. "Germplasm Resources of Bamboos." In Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Bamboos, 27–116. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003287605-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Germplasm resources"

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Si Hai-ping, Fang Wei, Qiao Yang, and Cao Yong-sheng. "Crop germplasm resources investigation in MIPv6 environment." In 2010 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering (ICACTE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacte.2010.5579325.

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Hai-ping, Si, Qiao Yang, Fang Wei, and Cao Yong-sheng. "SOA-based Distributed Architecture for Crop Germplasm Resources Investigation." In 2010 First International Conference on Networking and Distributed Computing (ICNDC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icndc.2010.44.

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Zhang, Dan, Hui Qing, Haiyan He, and Fujie Li. "ITS Sequence Comparison of Germplasm Resources Of Auricularia polytricha." In 2015 6th International Conference on Manufacturing Science and Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmse-15.2015.115.

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Si Hai-ping, Fang Wei, Qiao Yang, and Yong-sheng Cao. "Crop germplasm resources investigation data standards: Establishment, storage and application." In 2010 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering (ICACTE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacte.2010.5579477.

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Lei, X. J., Y. P. Wang, and W. H. Jia. "CRYOPRESERVATION AND INNOVATIVE UTILIZATION OF GERMPLASM RESOURCES FOR PANAX GINSENG." In ОТ БИОХИМИИ РАСТЕНИЙ К БИОХИМИИ ЧЕЛОВЕКА. Москва: Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение "Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт лекарственных и ароматических растений", 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52101/9785870191041_88.

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Jing, Furong, Yongsheng Cao, Wei Fang, and Yanqing Chen. "Construction and Implementation of Big Data Framework for Crop Germplasm Resources." In the 3rd International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3331453.3361308.

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Zhang, Dan, Fei Shen, Jingying Liu, and Jerzy Falandysz. "Studies on germplasm resources ofAuricularia polytrichaby inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)." In International Conference on Medical Engineering and Bioinformatics. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/meb140011.

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Si Hai-ping, Qiao Yang, Fang Wei, and Cao Yong-sheng. "Design of cross-domain query of crop germplasm resources investigation platform." In 2010 International Conference on Educational and Information Technology (ICEIT). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceit.2010.5607557.

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Si, Hai-ping, Wei Fang, Peng Tang, and Yong-sheng Cao. "Efficient implementation of data integration and sharing of crop germplasm resources investigation." In 2010 International Conference on Computer Application and System Modeling (ICCASM 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccasm.2010.5620152.

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Zhang, Zhixin, Shixiu Zhang, Fang Liu, Zhan Shu, Min Zhu, and Xiaojing Mu. "Identification ofPanax notoginsengsof kindred germplasm resources by second-order derivative IR spectra." In International conference on Human Health and Medical Engineering. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/hhme131422.

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Reports on the topic "Germplasm resources"

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Rajarajan, Kunasekaran, Alka Bharati, Hirdayesh Anuragi, Arun Kumar Handa, Kishor Gaikwad, Nagendra Kumar Singh, Kamal Prasad Mohapatra, et al. Status of perennial tree germplasm resources in India and their utilization in the context of global genome sequencing efforts. World Agroforestry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp20050.pdf.

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Tree species are characterized by their perennial growth habit, woody morphology, long juvenile period phase, mostly outcrossing behaviour, highly heterozygosity genetic makeup, and relatively high genetic diversity. The economically important trees have been an integral part of the human life system due to their provision of timber, fruit, fodder, and medicinal and/or health benefits. Despite its widespread application in agriculture, industrial and medicinal values, the molecular aspects of key economic traits of many tree species remain largely unexplored. Over the past two decades, research on forest tree genomics has generally lagged behind that of other agronomic crops. Genomic research on trees is motivated by the need to support genetic improvement programmes mostly for food trees and timber, and develop diagnostic tools to assist in recommendation for optimum conservation, restoration and management of natural populations. Research on long-lived woody perennials is extending our molecular knowledge and understanding of complex life histories and adaptations to the environment, enriching a field that has traditionally drawn its biological inference from a few short-lived herbaceous species. These concerns have fostered research aimed at deciphering the genomic basis of complex traits that are related to the adaptive value of trees. This review summarizes the highlights of tree genomics and offers some priorities for accelerating progress in the next decade.

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Tanksley, Steven D., and Dani Zamir. Development and Testing of a Method for the Systematic Discovery and Utilization of Novel QTLs in the Production of Improved Crop Varieties: Tomato as a Model System. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570570.bard.

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Modern cultivated varieties carry only a small fraction of the variation present in the gene pool. The narrow genetic basis of modern crop plants is a result of genetic bottlenecks imposed during early domestication and modern plant breeding. The wild ancestors of most crop plants can still be found in their natural habitats and Germplasm Centers have been established to collect and maintain this material. These wild and unadapted resources can potentially fuel crop plant improvement efforts for many years into the future (Tanksley and McCouch 1997). Unfortunately, scientists have been unable to exploit the majority of the genetic potential warehoused in germplasm repositories. This is especially true as regards to the improvement of quantitative traits like yield and quality. One of the major problems is that much of the wild germplasm is inferior to modern cultivars for many of the quantitative traits that breeders would like to improve. Our research, focusing on the tomato as a model system, has shown that despite their inferior phenotypes, wild species are likely to contain QTLs that can substantially increase the yield and quality of elite cultivars (de Vicente and Tanksley 1992, Eshed and Zamir 1994, Eshed et al. 1996). Using novel population structures of introgression lines (ILs; Eshed and Zamir 1995) and advanced backcross lines (AB; Tanksley et al. 1996) we identified and introduced valuable QTLs from unadapted germplasm into elite processing tomato varieties. Populations involving crosses with five Lycopersicon species (L. pennellii (Eshed and Zamir 1994; Eshed et al. 1996; Eshed and Zamir 1996), L. hirsutum (Bernacchi et al. 1998), L. pimpinellifolium (Tanksley et al. 1996), L. parviflorum (unpub.), L. peruvianum (Fulton et al. 1997) have been field and laboratory tested in a number of locations around the world. QTLs from the wild parent were identified that improve one or more of the key quantitative traits for processing tomatoes (yield, brix, sugar and acid composition and earliness) by as much as 10-30%. Nearly isogenic lines (QTL-NILs) have been generated for a subset of these QTLs. Each QTL-NIL contains the entire genome of the elite cultivated parent except for a segment (5-40 cM) of the wild species genome corresponding to a specific QTL. The genetic material and information that was developed in this program is presently used by American and Israeli seed companies for the breeding of superior varieties. We expect that in the next few years these varieties will make a difference in the marketplace.

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Zamir, Dani, and Steven Tanksley. Fine Mapping and Genetic Interactions of Nearly-Isogenic Allelic Series Representing Yield and Quality QTLs Derived from Wild Tomato Species. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7586460.bard.

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Wild germplasm represents a rich source of QTLs capable of enhancing productivity of crop plants. Using the molecular linkage map of tomato in conjunction with novel population structures, we have identified QTLs from five Lycopersicon species that improve key yield and quality associated traits of processing tomatoes. In this research we employed multi-testing sites for fine mapping analysis of the different components of the affected traits combined with genetic interaction studies. Our results demonstrate that 'exotic libraries', which comprise of marker-defined genomic regions taken from wild species and introgressed onto the background of elite crop lines, provide an important opportunity for improving of the agricultural performance of modem crop varieties. Furthermore, we showed that these genetic resources can also serve as reagents for the discovery and characterization of genes that underlie traits of agricultural value. The results set the stage for using the QTLs in marker assisted programs and for applying map-based cloning of the targeted QTL/genes. The cloning of QTLs revealed genes that control pathways for agricultural yield in tomato that may be common for other crop species.

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Michelmore, Richard, Eviatar Nevo, Abraham Korol, and Tzion Fahima. Genetic Diversity at Resistance Gene Clusters in Wild Populations of Lactuca. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573075.bard.

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Genetic resistance is often the least expensive, most effective, and ecologically-sound method of disease control. It is becoming apparent that plant genomes contain large numbers of disease resistance genes. However, the numbers of different resistance specificities within a genepool and the genetic mechanisms generating diversity are poorly understood. Our objectives were to characterize diversity in clusters of resistance genes in wild progenitors of cultivated lettuce in Israel and California in comparison to diversity within cultivated lettuce, and to determine the extent of gene flow, recombination, and genetic instability in generating variation within clusters of resistance genes. Genetic diversity of resistance genes was analyzed in wild and cultivated germplasm using molecular markers derived from lettuce resistance gene sequences of the NBS-LRR type that mapped to the major cluster if resistance genes in lettuce (Sicard et al. 1999). Three molecular markers, one microsatellite marker and two SCAR markers that amplified LRR- encoding regions, were developed from sequences of resistance gene homologs at the Dm3 cluster (RGC2s) in lettuce. Variation for these markers was assessed in germplasm including 74 genotypes of cultivated lettuce, L. saliva and 71 accessions of the three wild Lactuca spp., L. serriola, L. saligna and L. virosa that represent the major species in the sexually accessible genepool for lettuce. Diversity was also studied within and between natural populations of L. serriola from Israel and California. Large numbers of haplotypes were detected indicating the presence of numerous resistance genes in wild species. We documented a variety of genetic events occurring at clusters of resistance genes for the second objective (Sicard et al., 1999; Woo el al., in prep; Kuang et al., in prepb). The diversity of resistance genes in haplotypes provided evidence for gene duplication and unequal crossing over during the evolution of this cluster of resistance genes. Comparison of nine resistance genes in cv. Diana identified 22 gene conversion and five intergenic recombinations. We cloned and sequenced a 700 bp region from the middle of RGC2 genes from six genotypes, two each from L. saliva, L. serriola, and L. saligna . We have identified over 60 unique RGC2 sequences. Phylogenetic analysis surprisingly demonstrated much greater similarity between than within genotypes. This led to the realization that resistance genes are evolving much slower than had previously been assumed and to a new model as to how resistance genes are evolving (Michelmore and Meyers, 1998). The genetic structure of L. serriola was studied using 319 AFLP markers (Kuang et al., in prepa). Forty-one populations from Turkey, Armenia, Israel, and California as well as seven European countries were examined. AFLP marker data showed that the Turkish and Armenian populations were the most polymorphic populations and the European populations were the least. The Davis, CA population, a recent post-Columbian colonization, showed medium genetic diversity and was genetically close to the Turkish populations. Our results suggest that Turkey - Armenia may be the center of origin and diversity of L. serriola and may therefore have the greatest diversity of resistance genes. Our characterization of the diversity of resistance genes and the genetic mechanisms generating it will allow informed exploration, in situ and ex situ conservation, and utilization of germplasm resources for disease control. The results of this project provide the basis for our future research work, which will lead to a detailed understanding of the evolution of resistance genes in plants.

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Comai, Luca, Andrew T. Groover, and Isabelle Marie Henry. A Novel Poplar Biomass Germplasm Resource for Functional Genomics and Breeding. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1502959.

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Zhao, Bingyu, Saul Burdman, Ronald Walcott, and Gregory E. Welbaum. Control of Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Cucurbits Using the Maize Non-Host Disease Resistance Gene Rxo1. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699843.bard.

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The specific objectives of this BARD proposal were: (1) To determine whether Rxol can recognize AacavrRxo1 to trigger BFB disease resistance in stable transgenic watermelon plants. (2) To determine the distribution of Aac-avrRxo1 in a global population of Aae and to characterize the biological function of Aac-avrRxo1. (3) To characterize other TIS effectors of Aae and to identify plant R gene(s) that can recognize conserved TIS effectors of this pathogen. Background to the topic: Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) of cucurbits, caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Aae), is a devastating disease that affects watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and melon (Cucumis melo) production worldwide, including both Israel and USA. Two major groups of Aae strains have been classified based on their virulence on host plants, genetics and biochemical properties. Thus far, no effective resistance genes have been identified from cucurbit germplasm. In this project, we assessed the applicability of a non-host disease resistance gene, Rxol, to control BFB in watermelon. We also tried to identify Aae type III secreted (TIS) effectors that can be used as molecular probes to identify novel disease resistance genes in both cucurbits and Nieotianatabaeum. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We generated five independent transgenic watermelon (cv. Sugar Babay) plants expressing the Rxol gene. The transgenic plants were evaluated with Aae strains AAC001 and M6 under growth chamber conditions. All transgenic plants were found to be susceptible to both Aae strains. It is possible that watermelon is missing other signaling components that are required for Rxol-mediated disease resistance. In order to screen for novel BFB resistance genes, we inoculated two Aae strains on 60 Nieotiana species. Our disease assay revealed Nicotiana tabaeum is completely resistant to Aae, while its wild relative N. benthamiana is susceptible to Aae. We further demonstrated that Nieotiana benthamiana can be used as a surrogate host for studying the mechanisms of pathogenesis of Aae. We cloned 11 TIS effector genes including the avrRxolhomologues from the genomes of 22 Aae strains collected worldwide. Sequencing analysis revealed that functional avrRxol is conserved in group" but not group I Aae strains. Three effector genes- Aave_1548, Aave_2166 and Aave_2708- possessed the ability to trigger an HR response in N. tabacum when they were transiently expressed by Agrobaeterium. We conclude that N. tabacum carries at least three different non-host resistance genes that can specifically recognize AaeTIS effectors to trigger non-host resistance. Screening 522 cucurbits genotypes with two Aae strains led us to identify two germplasm (P1536473 and P1273650) that are partially resistant to Aae. Interestingly, transient expression of the TIS effector, Aave_1548, in the two germplasms also triggered HR-Iike cell death, which suggests the two lines may carry disease resistance genes that can recognize Aave_1548. Importantly, we also demonstrated that this effector contributes to the virulence of the bacterium in susceptible plants. Therefore, R genes that recognize effector Aave1548 have great potential for breeding for BFB resistance. To better understand the genome diversity of Aae strains, we generated a draft genome sequence of the Israeli Aae strain, M6 (Group I) using Iliumina technology. Comparative analysis of whole genomes of AAC001, and M6 allowed us to identify several effectors genes that differentiate groups I and II. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The diversity of TIS effectors in group I and II strains of Aae suggests that a subset of effectors could contribute to the host range of group I and II Aae strains. Analysis of these key effectors in a larger Aae population may allow us to predict which cucurbit hosts may be at risk to BFB. Additionally, isolation of tobacco and cucurbit Rgenes that can recognize Aae type III effectors may offer new genetic resources for controlling BFB.

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Groover, Andrew. A novel poplar biomass germplasm resource for functional genomics and breeding. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1614928.

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Zhang, Hongbin B., David J. Bonfil, and Shahal Abbo. Genomics Tools for Legume Agronomic Gene Mapping and Cloning, and Genome Analysis: Chickpea as a Model. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586464.bard.

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The goals of this project were to develop essential genomic tools for modern chickpea genetics and genomics research, map the genes and quantitative traits of importance to chickpea production and generate DNA markers that are well-suited for enhanced chickpea germplasm analysis and breeding. To achieve these research goals, we proposed the following research objectives in this period of the project: 1) Develop an ordered BAC library with an average insert size of 150 - 200 kb (USA); 2) Develop 300 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with an aid of the BAC library (USA); 3) Develop SSR marker tags for Ascochyta response, flowering date and grain weight (USA); 4) Develop a molecular genetic map consisting of at least 200 SSR markers (Israel and USA); 5) Map genes and QTLs most important to chickpea production in the U.S. and Israel: Ascochyta response, flowering and seed set date, grain weight, and grain yield under extreme dryland conditions (Israel); and 6) Determine the genetic correlation between the above four traits (Israel). Chickpea is the third most important pulse crop in the world and ranks the first in the Middle East. Chickpea seeds are a good source of plant protein (12.4-31.5%) and carbohydrates (52.4-70.9%). Although it has been demonstrated in other major crops that the modern genetics and genomics research is essential to enhance our capacity for crop genetic improvement and breeding, little work was pursued in these research areas for chickpea. It was absent in resources, tools and infrastructure that are essential for chickpea genomics and modern genetics research. For instance, there were no large-insert BAC and BIBAC libraries, no sufficient and user- friendly DNA markers, and no intraspecific genetic map. Grain sizes, flowering time and Ascochyta response are three main constraints to chickpea production in drylands. Combination of large seeds, early flowering time and Ascochyta blight resistance is desirable and of significance for further genetic improvement of chickpea. However, it was unknown how many genes and/or loci contribute to each of the traits and what correlations occur among them, making breeders difficult to combine these desirable traits. In this period of the project, we developed the resources, tools and infrastructure that are essential for chickpea genomics and modern genetics research. In particular, we constructed the proposed large-insert BAC library and an additional plant-transformation-competent BIBAC library from an Israeli advanced chickpea cultivar, Hadas. The BAC library contains 30,720 clones and has an average insert size of 151 kb, equivalent to 6.3 x chickpea haploid genomes. The BIBAC library contains 18,432 clones and has an average insert size of 135 kb, equivalent to 3.4 x chickpea haploid genomes. The combined libraries contain 49,152 clones, equivalent to 10.7 x chickpea haploid genomes. We identified all SSR loci-containing clones from the chickpea BAC library, generated sequences for 536 SSR loci from a part of the SSR-containing BACs and developed 310 new SSR markers. From the new SSR markers and selected existing SSR markers, we developed a SSR marker-based molecular genetic map of the chickpea genome. The BAC and BIBAC libraries, SSR markers and the molecular genetic map have provided essential resources and tools for modern genetic and genomic analyses of the chickpea genome. Using the SSR markers and genetic map, we mapped the genes and loci for flowering time and Ascochyta responses; one major QTL and a few minor QTLs have been identified for Ascochyta response and one major QTL has been identified for flowering time. The genetic correlations between flowering time, grain weight and Ascochyta response have been established. These results have provided essential tools and knowledge for effective manipulation and enhanced breeding of the traits in chickpea.

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Smith, Margaret, Nurit Katzir, Susan McCouch, and Yaakov Tadmor. Discovery and Transfer of Genes from Wild Zea Germplasm to Improve Grain Oil and Protein Composition of Temperate Maize. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580683.bard.

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Project Objectives 1. Develop and amplify two interspecific populations (annual and perennial teosintes x elite maize inbred) as the basis for genetic analysis of grain quality. 2. Identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from teosinte that improve oil, protein, and essential amino acid composition of maize grain. 3. Develop near isogenic lines (NILs) to quantify QTL contributions to grain quality and as a resource for future breeding and gene cloning efforts. 4. Analyze the contribution of these QTLs to hybrid performance in both the US and Israel. 5. Measure the yield potential of improved grain quality hybrids. (NOTE: Yield potential could not be evaluated due to environmentally-caused failure of the breeding nursery where seed was produced for this evaluation.) Background: Maize is a significant agricultural commodity worldwide. As an open pollinated crop, variation within the species is large and, in most cases, sufficient to supply the demand for modem varieties and for new environments. In recent years there is a growing demand for maize varieties with special quality attributes. While domesticated sources of genetic variation for high oil and protein content are limited, useful alleles for these traits may remain in maize's wild relative, teosinte. We utilized advanced backcross (AB) analysis to search for QTLs contributing to oil and protein content from two teosinte accessions: Zea mays ssp. mexicana Race Chalco, an annual teosinte (referred to as Chalco), and Z diploperennis Race San Miguel, a perennial teosinte (referred to as Diplo). Major Conclusions and Achievements Two NILs targeting a Diplo introgression in bin 1.04 showed a significant increase in oil content in homozygous sib-pollinated seed when compared to sibbed seed of their counterpart non-introgressed controls. These BC4S2 NILs, referred to as D-RD29 and D-RD30, carry the Diplo allele in bin 1.04 and the introgression extends partially into bins 1.03 and 1.05. These NILs remain heterozygous in bins 4.01 and 8.02, but otherwise are homozygous for the recurrent parent (RD6502) alleles. NILs were developed also for the Chalco introgression in bin 1.04 but these do not show any improvement in oil content, suggesting that the Chalco alleles differ from the Diplo alleles in this region. Testcross Fl seed and sibbed grain from these Fl plants did not show any effect on oil content from this introgression, suggesting that it would need to be present in both parents of a maize hybrid to have an effect on oil content. Implications, both Scientific and Agricultural The Diplo region identified increases oil content by 12.5% (from 4.8% to 5.4% oil in the seed). Although this absolute difference is not large in agronomic terms, this locus could provide additive increases to oil content in combination with other maize-derived loci for high oil. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of a QTL from teosinte for improved grain oil content in maize. It suggests that further research on grain quality alleles from maize wild relatives would be of both scientific and agricultural interest.

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Smith, Margaret, Nurit Katzir, Susan McCouch, and Yaakov Tadmor. Discovery and Transfer of Genes from Wild Zea Germplasm to Improve Grain Oil and Protein Composition of Temperate Maize. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695846.bard.

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Project Objectives 1. Develop and amplify two interspecific populations (annual and perennial teosintes x elite maize inbred) as the basis for genetic analysis of grain quality. 2. Identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from teosinte that improve oil, protein, and essential amino acid composition of maize grain. 3. Develop near isogenic lines (NILs) to quantify QTL contributions to grain quality and as a resource for future breeding and gene cloning efforts. 4. Analyze the contribution of these QTLs to hybrid performance in both the US and Israel. 5. Measure the yield potential of improved grain quality hybrids. (NOTE: Yield potential could not be evaluated due to environmentally-caused failure of the breeding nursery where seed was produced for this evaluation.) Background: Maize is a significant agricultural commodity worldwide. As an open pollinated crop, variation within the species is large and, in most cases, sufficient to supply the demand for modem varieties and for new environments. In recent years there is a growing demand for maize varieties with special quality attributes. While domesticated sources of genetic variation for high oil and protein content are limited, useful alleles for these traits may remain in maize's wild relative, teosinte. We utilized advanced backcross (AB) analysis to search for QTLs contributing to oil and protein content from two teosinte accessions: Zea mays ssp. mexicana Race Chalco, an annual teosinte (referred to as Chalco), and Z diploperennis Race San Miguel, a perennial teosinte (referred to as Diplo). Major Conclusions and Achievements Two NILs targeting a Diplo introgression in bin 1.04 showed a significant increase in oil content in homozygous sib-pollinated seed when compared to sibbed seed of their counterpart non-introgressed controls. These BC4S2 NILs, referred to as D-RD29 and D-RD30, carry the Diplo allele in bin 1.04 and the introgression extends partially into bins 1.03 and 1.05. These NILs remain heterozygous in bins 4.01 and 8.02, but otherwise are homozygous for the recurrent parent (RD6502) alleles. NILs were developed also for the Chalco introgression in bin 1.04 but these do not show any improvement in oil content, suggesting that the Chalco alleles differ from the Diplo alleles in this region. Testcross Fl seed and sibbed grain from these Fl plants did not show any effect on oil content from this introgression, suggesting that it would need to be present in both parents of a maize hybrid to have an effect on oil content. Implications, both Scientific and Agricultural The Diplo region identified increases oil content by 12.5% (from 4.8% to 5.4% oil in the seed). Although this absolute difference is not large in agronomic terms, this locus could provide additive increases to oil content in combination with other maize-derived loci for high oil. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of a QTL from teosinte for improved grain oil content in maize. It suggests that further research on grain quality alleles from maize wild relatives would be of both scientific and agricultural interest.

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