Relevant bibliographies by topics / Germplasm conservation

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Germplasm conservation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Germplasm conservation"

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Zhu, Yan, Wenna An, Jian Peng, Jinwu Li, Yunjie Gu, Bo Jiang, Lianghua Chen, Peng Zhu, and Hanbo Yang. "Genetic Diversity of Nanmu (Phoebe zhennan S. Lee. et F. N. Wei) Breeding Population and Extraction of Core Collection Using nSSR, cpSSR and Phenotypic Markers." Forests 13, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13081320.

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Genetic characterization is vital for tree germplasm utilization and conservation. Nanmu (Phoebe zhennan S. Lee. et F. N. Wei) is an extremely valuable tree species that can provide logs for many industrial products. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity of a Nanmu breeding population using nine nSSR, five newly-developed cpSSR markers, and nine phenotypic traits, and extract a core collection. In general, the Na, Ne, and PIC for each nSSR/cpSSR were 2–37/2–3, 1.160–11.276/1.020–1.940, and 0.306–0.934/0.109–0.384, respectively. Fifteen chlorotype haplotypes were detected in 102 germplasms. The breeding population exhibited a relatively high level of genetic diversity for both nSSR (I = 1.768), cpSSR (I = 0.440, h = 0.286), and phenotypic traits (H′ = 1.98). Bayesian and cluster analysis clustered these germplasms into three groups. The germplasms revealed a high level of admixture between clusters, which indicated a relatively high level of gene exchange between germplasms. The F value (0.124) also showed a moderate genetic differentiation in the breeding population. A core collection consisting of 64 germplasms (62.7% of the whole germplasm) was extracted from phenotypic and molecular data, and the diversity parameters were not significantly different from those of the whole germplasm. Thereafter, a molecular identity was made up for each core germplasm. These results may contribute to germplasm management and conservation in the Nanmu breeding program, as well as genetics estimation and core collection extraction in other wood production rare species.
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Engelmann, F. "IN VITRO GERMPLASM CONSERVATION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 461 (August 1998): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1998.461.2.

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Nawaz, Muhammad Amjad, Xiao Lin, Ting-Fung Chan, Junghee Ham, Tai-Sun Shin, Sezai Ercisli, Kirill S. Golokhvast, Hon-Ming Lam, and Gyuhwa Chung. "Korean Wild Soybeans (Glycine soja Sieb & Zucc.): Geographic Distribution and Germplasm Conservation." Agronomy 10, no. 2 (February 2, 2020): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020214.

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Domesticated crops suffer from major genetic bottlenecks while wild relatives retain higher genomic diversity. Wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.) is the presumed ancestor of cultivated soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.), and is an important genetic resource for soybean improvement. Among the East Asian habitats of wild soybean (China, Japan, Korea, and Northeastern Russia), the Korean peninsula is of great importance based on archaeological records, domestication history, and higher diversity of wild soybeans in the region. The collection and conservation of these wild soybean germplasms should be put on high priority. Chung’s Wild Legume Germplasm Collection maintains more than 10,000 legume accessions with an intensive and prioritized wild soybean germplasm collection (>6000 accessions) guided by the international code of conduct for plant germplasm collection and transfer. The center holds a library of unique wild soybean germplasms collected from East Asian wild habitats including the Korean mainland and nearby islands. The collection has revealed interesting and useful morphological, biochemical, and genetic diversity. This resource could be utilized efficiently in ongoing soybean improvement programs across the globe.
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Nito, N., T. Matsukawa, and T. Ito. "GERMPLASM CONSERVATION OF INDIGENOUS CITRUS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 760 (July 2007): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.760.12.

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Koka, T. "FIG GERMPLASM CONSERVATION IN ALBANIA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 798 (September 2008): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2008.798.8.

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McKeown, Kathy, and Lyle E. Craker. "Germplasm Conservation in Neotropical Areas." Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 3, no. 4 (July 17, 1996): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j044v03n04_01.

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Afolayan, G., S. P. Deshpande, S. E. Aladele, A. O. Kolawole, I. Angarawai, D. J. Nwosu, C. Michael, E. T. Blay, and E. Y. Danquah. "Genetic diversity assessment of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) accessions using single nucleotide polymorphism markers." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 17, no. 5 (July 10, 2019): 412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262119000212.

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AbstractSorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important resource to the national economy and it is essential to assess the genetic diversity in existing sorghum germplasm for better conservation, utilization and crop improvement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of genetic diversity within and among sorghum germplasms collected from diverse institutes in Nigeria and Mali using Single Nucleotide Polymorphic markers. Genetic diversity among the germplasm was low with an average polymorphism information content value of 0.24. Analysis of Molecular Variation revealed 6% variation among germplasm and 94% within germplasms. Dendrogram revealed three groups of clustering which indicate variations within the germplasms. Private alleles identified in the sorghum accessions from National Center for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Ibadan, Nigeria and International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Kano, Nigeria shows their prospect for sorghum improvement and discovery of new agronomic traits. The presence of private alleles and genetic variation within the germplasms indicates that the accessions are valuable resources for future breeding programs.
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Rukayadi, Yaya. "THE ROLE OF OMICS RESEARCH IN GERMPLASM CONSERVATION." Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biotik 9, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/pbio.v9i2.11355.

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The word omics refers to a field of study in biological sciences that ends with -omics, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, or metabolomics. The ending -ome is used to address the objects of study of such fields, such as the genome, proteome, transcriptome, or metabolome, respectively. In relation to the conservation of germplasm, genomics-based plant germplasm research has been carried out and has been proven to be able to conserve germplasm. Recently, to conserve germplasm using only genomics-based plant germplasm research, it is felt to be incomplete, because not all genes can be expressed under certain conditions. For this reason, other omics such as proteomics and metabolomics play an important role in the conservation of germplasm. In this paper, the role of other omics research, especially metabolomics is described.
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Campbell, K. W., and B. Fraleigh. "The Canadian Plant Germplasm System." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-003.

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The present system of formal plant germplasm conservation in Canada began in 1970 with the appointment of the first Plant Gene Resources Officer. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), which has the main mandate for plant germplasm conservation, operates a seed genebank in Ottawa, which stores and documents accessions of value to Canada, and a clonal genebank in Smithfield, which concentrates on the preservation of tree and small fruits. A new multi-nodal system initiated under the Green Plan has added five new centres to the plant germplasm network. Located at AAFC research centres, plant breeders are responsible for rejuvenating and documenting important germplasm. Universities, companies and nongovernmental organizations contribute to germplasm conservation by increasing the genetic diversity available in the form of cultivars and operating plant and seed repositories. Key words: Germplasm conservation, genebank
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Tay*, David. "Seed Technology in Plant Germplasm Conservation." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 753B—753. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.753b.

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In plant germplasm conservation, “orthodox” seed (i.e. seed that survives drying down to low moisture content) is the most suitable propagule for long-term storage. In general, high quality seeds of around 5% seed moisture content can be stored for 5-15 years at 2°C and 15-50 years at -18°C. Globally, there are some 1,300 genebanks and 6.1 million accessions of food and industrial crops in conservation. When collecting and conserving plant germplasm, seed science and technology have to be applied during germplasm collection; seed regeneration-germination, seedling establishment, flower synchronization, pollination, harvesting, drying, processing and packaging; seed storage and conservation; characterization and evaluation; and finally, distribution. Some of the seed science knowledge and technology skills encompass seed sampling strategy, sample size, seed health, germination and vigor testing, dormancy breaking, scarification, stratification, vernalization, photoperiod treatment, isolation and pollination techniques, harvesting, threshing, drying, hermetic packaging, storage facility design, etc. The goal is to produce seed lots that fulfill the required genetic, physical, physiological and health quality. A summary was presented to relate germplasm conservation activities to seed science and technology. Some of the seed production, processing and testing equipment used were highlighted. Seed research in germplasm conservation is therefore crucial to streamline the operation and management of a genebank to make it more cost effective and attractive for funding.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Germplasm conservation"

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AL-Doss, Abdullah Abdulaziz. "Germplasm pooling and multiple-trait selection for conservation and enhancement of Arabian alfalfa germplasms." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186303.

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The development of regional germplasm pools to conserve genetic resources from a specific region has been suggested to increase germplasm utilization and to reduce maintenance costs. However, the effects of selection on genetic variability within germplasm pools have not been documented. This research attempted to study effects of germplasm pooling and multiple-trait selection on phenotypic and genetic variability within nondormant alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) germplasm pools. Five germplasm pools differing in geographical representation were formed from 12 Middle Eastern ecotypes based on agronomical and morphological similarities. These germplasm pools included three restricted pools, representing variability among relatively similar ecotypes, and two broader-based pools. Syn-1 seed of germplasm pools were evaluated for blue aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji) resistance and forage yield in saline and non-saline environments in the greenhouse. Fifty six plants (p = 12.5%) were selected using Simple Weighted Index in each pool and in the 'Hejazi' ecotype, and interpollinated to form six Cycl-1 selected populations. These populations and six randomly selected populations were evaluated both in the greenhouse, to measure response to selection, and in the field, to measure effect of selection on phenotypic variability. The initial screening study indicated that all germplasm pools had low aphid resistance and good potential for increased yield in saline and non-saline environments. No significant differences were observed in the field between selected and random populations for any of the agronomical or morphological traits evaluated. This indicates that multiple-trait selection did not affect variability for traits not targeted by selection. Response to selection for aphid resistance was significant only in the restricted pools. Response to selection for forage yield in saline and non-saline environments was highest in the most broad-based pool. Half-sib analysis among 25 families indicated that genetic variability in selected populations was dependent on the level of variability present in the base population. The results of this study indicate that development of single Arabian alfalfa germplasm pool may be adequate to conserve the genetic variability among the Arabian alfalfa ecotypes since most of the desired traits among the Arabian ecotypes are common to most ecotypes.
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Pancholi, Naresh. "Aspects of tissue culture in relation to banana improvement and germplasm conservation." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.484125.

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De, Goes Marisa. "Studies on the conservation of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) germplasm." Thesis, University of Bath, 1993. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358198.

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Settipalli, Satyaprakash R. "Synthetic seed production for germplasm storage of Hydrastis canadensis L. (goldenseal)." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5530.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 48 p. : col. ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 40-42).
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Quainoo, Albert Kojo. "Germplasm conservation of cocoa (Theobrama cacao L.) and virus elimination through tissue culture." Thesis, University of Reading, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435693.

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Nazario, Cynthia S. "In vitro propagation of breadfruit [Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg] for germplasm conservation and exchange." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/7008.

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Fang, Jong-Yi. "Cryopreservation of somatic embryos for long-term germplasm conservation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)." Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428112.

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Virchow, D. "Conservation of genetic resources : costs and implications for a sustainable utilization of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture /." Berlin ; New York : Springer, 1999. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0714/99012752.html.

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Siu, Lai-ping, and 蕭麗萍. "Conservation and in vitro propagation of Hong Kong Camellias." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31210545.

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Haba, Steven R. "Conservation of Begonia germplasm through seeds: characterization of germination and vigor in different species." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1420040181.

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Books on the topic "Germplasm conservation"

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Rana, R. S. Plant germplasm conservation: Biotechnological approaches. Edited by Rana R. S, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources., and Indian Council of Agricultural Research. New Delhi: National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, 1995.

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Smith, Nigel J. H. Botanic gardens and germplasm conservation. Honolulu: Published for Harold L. Lyon Arboretum by the University of Hawaii Press, 1986.

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Singh, B. B. Principles and procedures in germplasm conservation. New Delhi: INDO-USAID PGR Project, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, 1996.

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Sponenberg, D. Phillip. A conservation breeding handbook. Pittsboro, N.C: American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, 1995.

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J, Henry Robert, ed. Plant conservation genetics. New York: Food Products Press, 2006.

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C, Pence Valerie, and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute., eds. In vitro collecting techniques for germplasm conservation. Rome: IPGRI, 2002.

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D, Ballou J., and Briscoe David A. 1947-, eds. Introduction to conservation genetics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Maxted, Nigel. Crop wild relative conservation and use. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: CABI Pub., 2007.

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S, Rana R., and National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (India), eds. Conservation and management of plant genetic resources. New Delhi: National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 1993.

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Bismarck Plant Materials Center (U.S.). Survivor germplasm false indigo and Silver Sands germplasm sandbar willow. Bismarck, N.D: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Germplasm conservation"

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Priyadarshan, P. M. "Germplasm Conservation." In PLANT BREEDING: Classical to Modern, 49–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7095-3_3.

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Dodds, J. H., Z. Huaman, and R. Lizarraga. "Potato germplasm conservation." In In Vitro Methods for Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources, 93–109. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3072-1_5.

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Bass, Louis N. "Germplasm Preservation." In Conservation of Crop Germplasm-An International Perspective, 55–67. Madison, WI, USA: Crop Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cssaspecpub8.c6.

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Poehlman, John Milton. "Germplasm Resources and Conservation." In Breeding Field Crops, 171–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7271-2_9.

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Clark, Raymond L. "Germplasm Repositories for Plants." In Genetic Conservation of Salmonid Fishes, 131–35. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2866-1_9.

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Niral, V., B. A. Jerard, and M. K. Rajesh. "Germplasm Resources: Diversity and Conservation." In The Coconut Genome, 27–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76649-8_3.

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Postman, Joseph. "Pear Germplasm Needs and Conservation." In The Pear Genome, 35–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11048-2_2.

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Monette, P. L. "Conservation of Germplasm of Kiwifruit (Actinidia Species)." In Cryopreservation of Plant Germplasm I, 321–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03096-7_22.

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Reed, B. M., and K. E. Hummer. "Conservation of Germplasm of Strawberry (Fragaria Species)." In Cryopreservation of Plant Germplasm I, 354–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03096-7_25.

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Millar, C. I. "Conservation of Germplasm in Forest Trees." In Clonal Forestry II, 42–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84813-1_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Germplasm conservation"

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Risliawati, Andari, Sobir, Trikoesoemaningtyas, Willy B. Suwarno, and Puji Lestari. "Existing diversity profile for kernel characteristics of maize germplasm in IAARD-ICABIOGRAD gene bank." In THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GENETIC RESOURCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY: Harnessing Technology for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0075178.

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Hidayat R. S., Taufiq, Marjani, Nurindah, Muhammad Rasyidur Ridho, Cynthia Lestari Hertianti, and Widya Fatriasari. "Secondary characters based selection of Indonesian kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) germplasm for developing superior varieties." In THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GENETIC RESOURCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY: Harnessing Technology for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0075716.

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Dewi, Nurwita, Andari Risliawati, and Nurul Hidayatun. "Preliminary characterization and identification of genetic integrity of velvet bean germplasm in IAARD-ICABIOGRAD gene bank." In THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GENETIC RESOURCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY: Harnessing Technology for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0076355.

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Wahyuni, Tinuk Sri, Kartika Noerwijati, and Made J. Mejaya. "The diversity of morpho-agronomic characters and identification of early maturity cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) germplasm." In THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GENETIC RESOURCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY: Harnessing Technology for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0075658.

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Anggraeni, Tantri Dyah Ayu, and Rully Dyah Purwati. "Characterization of plant architecture and yield trait of castor (Ricinus communis L.) germplasm suitable for mechanical harvesting." In THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GENETIC RESOURCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY: Harnessing Technology for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0075155.

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Nurainas, Eryscha Dwi Syukma, Chairul, and Mansyurdin. "Ethnobotanical Aspects of Mentawai Traditional Agricultural System (Pumonean) and Its Implications for the Conservation of Local Germplasm in Siberut, Mentawai, Indonesia." In 3rd KOBI Congress, International and National Conferences (KOBICINC 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.210621.029.

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Lazcano Lara, Julio C. "Ex situ Conservation of Microcycas calocoma, Zamia amblyphyllidia, Z. integrifolia, Z. ottonis, and Z. pygmaea germplasm at the National Botanic Garden, Cuba." In CYCAD 2005. The New York Botanical Garden Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21135/893274900.003.

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Reports on the topic "Germplasm conservation"

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Rajarajan, Kunasekaran, Alka Bharati, Hirdayesh Anuragi, Arun Kumar Handa, Kishor Gaikwad, Nagendra Kumar Singh, Kamal Prasad Mohapatra, et al. Status of perennial tree germplasm resources in India and their utilization in the context of global genome sequencing efforts. World Agroforestry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp20050.pdf.

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Tree species are characterized by their perennial growth habit, woody morphology, long juvenile period phase, mostly outcrossing behaviour, highly heterozygosity genetic makeup, and relatively high genetic diversity. The economically important trees have been an integral part of the human life system due to their provision of timber, fruit, fodder, and medicinal and/or health benefits. Despite its widespread application in agriculture, industrial and medicinal values, the molecular aspects of key economic traits of many tree species remain largely unexplored. Over the past two decades, research on forest tree genomics has generally lagged behind that of other agronomic crops. Genomic research on trees is motivated by the need to support genetic improvement programmes mostly for food trees and timber, and develop diagnostic tools to assist in recommendation for optimum conservation, restoration and management of natural populations. Research on long-lived woody perennials is extending our molecular knowledge and understanding of complex life histories and adaptations to the environment, enriching a field that has traditionally drawn its biological inference from a few short-lived herbaceous species. These concerns have fostered research aimed at deciphering the genomic basis of complex traits that are related to the adaptive value of trees. This review summarizes the highlights of tree genomics and offers some priorities for accelerating progress in the next decade.
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Michelmore, Richard, Eviatar Nevo, Abraham Korol, and Tzion Fahima. Genetic Diversity at Resistance Gene Clusters in Wild Populations of Lactuca. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573075.bard.

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Genetic resistance is often the least expensive, most effective, and ecologically-sound method of disease control. It is becoming apparent that plant genomes contain large numbers of disease resistance genes. However, the numbers of different resistance specificities within a genepool and the genetic mechanisms generating diversity are poorly understood. Our objectives were to characterize diversity in clusters of resistance genes in wild progenitors of cultivated lettuce in Israel and California in comparison to diversity within cultivated lettuce, and to determine the extent of gene flow, recombination, and genetic instability in generating variation within clusters of resistance genes. Genetic diversity of resistance genes was analyzed in wild and cultivated germplasm using molecular markers derived from lettuce resistance gene sequences of the NBS-LRR type that mapped to the major cluster if resistance genes in lettuce (Sicard et al. 1999). Three molecular markers, one microsatellite marker and two SCAR markers that amplified LRR- encoding regions, were developed from sequences of resistance gene homologs at the Dm3 cluster (RGC2s) in lettuce. Variation for these markers was assessed in germplasm including 74 genotypes of cultivated lettuce, L. saliva and 71 accessions of the three wild Lactuca spp., L. serriola, L. saligna and L. virosa that represent the major species in the sexually accessible genepool for lettuce. Diversity was also studied within and between natural populations of L. serriola from Israel and California. Large numbers of haplotypes were detected indicating the presence of numerous resistance genes in wild species. We documented a variety of genetic events occurring at clusters of resistance genes for the second objective (Sicard et al., 1999; Woo el al., in prep; Kuang et al., in prepb). The diversity of resistance genes in haplotypes provided evidence for gene duplication and unequal crossing over during the evolution of this cluster of resistance genes. Comparison of nine resistance genes in cv. Diana identified 22 gene conversion and five intergenic recombinations. We cloned and sequenced a 700 bp region from the middle of RGC2 genes from six genotypes, two each from L. saliva, L. serriola, and L. saligna . We have identified over 60 unique RGC2 sequences. Phylogenetic analysis surprisingly demonstrated much greater similarity between than within genotypes. This led to the realization that resistance genes are evolving much slower than had previously been assumed and to a new model as to how resistance genes are evolving (Michelmore and Meyers, 1998). The genetic structure of L. serriola was studied using 319 AFLP markers (Kuang et al., in prepa). Forty-one populations from Turkey, Armenia, Israel, and California as well as seven European countries were examined. AFLP marker data showed that the Turkish and Armenian populations were the most polymorphic populations and the European populations were the least. The Davis, CA population, a recent post-Columbian colonization, showed medium genetic diversity and was genetically close to the Turkish populations. Our results suggest that Turkey - Armenia may be the center of origin and diversity of L. serriola and may therefore have the greatest diversity of resistance genes. Our characterization of the diversity of resistance genes and the genetic mechanisms generating it will allow informed exploration, in situ and ex situ conservation, and utilization of germplasm resources for disease control. The results of this project provide the basis for our future research work, which will lead to a detailed understanding of the evolution of resistance genes in plants.
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3

Li, Li, Joseph Burger, Nurit Katzir, Yaakov Tadmor, Ari Schaffer, and Zhangjun Fei. Characterization of the Or regulatory network in melon for carotenoid biofortification in food crops. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594408.bard.

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The general goals of the BARD research grant US-4423-11 are to understand how Or regulates carotenoid accumulation and to reveal novel strategies for breeding agricultural crops with enhanced β-carotene level. The original objectives are: 1) to identify the genes and proteins in the Or regulatory network in melon; 2) to genetically and molecularly characterize the candidate genes; and 3) to define genetic and functional allelic variation of these genes in a representative germplasm collection of the C. melo species. Or was found by the US group to causes provitamin A accumulation in chromoplasts in cauliflower. Preliminary genetic study from the Israeli group revealed that the melon Or gene (CmOr) completely co-segregated with fruit flesh color in a segregating mapping population and in a wide melon germplasm collection, which set the stage for the funded research. Major conclusions and achievements include: 1). CmOris proved to be the gene that controls melon fruit flesh color and represents the previously described gflocus in melon. 2). Genetic and molecular analyses of CmOridentify and confirm a single SNP that is responsible for the orange and non-orange phenotypes in melon fruit. 3). Alteration of the evolutionarily conserved arginine in an OR protein to both histidine or alanine greatly enhances its ability to promote carotenoid accumulation. 4). OR promotes massive carotenoid accumulation due to its dual functions in regulating both chromoplast biogenesis and carotenoid biosynthesis. 5). A bulk segregant transcriptome (BSRseq) analysis identifies a list of genes associated with the CmOrregulatory network. 6). BSRseq is proved to be an effective approach for gene discovery. 7). Screening of an EMS mutation library identifies a low β mutant, which contains low level of carotenoids due to a mutation in CmOrto produce a truncated form of OR protein. 8). low β exhibits lower germination rate and slow growth under salt stress condition. 9). Postharvest storage of fruit enhances carotenoid accumulation, which is associated with chromoplast development. Our research uncovers the molecular mechanisms underlying the Or-regulated high level of carotenoid accumulation via regulating carotenoidbiosynthetic capacity and storage sink strength. The findings provide mechanistic insights into how carotenoid accumulation is controlled in plants. Our research also provides general and reliable molecular markers for melon-breeding programs to select orange varieties, and offers effective genetic tools for pro-vitamin A enrichment in other important crops via the rapidly developed genome editing technology. The newly discovered low β mutant could lead to a better understanding of the Or gene function and its association with stress response, which may explain the high conservation of the Or gene among various plant species.
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