Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Germination – Effets de l'éthylène'
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Pirrello, Julien. "Caractérisation moléculaire et physiologique des facteurs de réponse à l’éthylène (ERF) chez la tomate (Solanum lycopersicon)." Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00001196/.
Full textThe phytohormone ethylene controls many physiological aspects of the plant development and stress response. ERFs (Ethylene Response Factors) are the last transcription factors of the ethylene transduction pathway. By their number, they are good candidates to explain the diversity of ethylene response. In this work 28 tomato ERFs have been isolated, characterized and renamed. DNA/protein interaction studies indicate that flanking regions of the ciselement are decisive for the GCC/ERF binding. Transient expression studies of ERFs demonstrated that the transcriptional activity is independent of the class they belong to. The study of their expression pattern revealed a specific response for some ERFs during the vegetative growth whereas others are preferentially expressed in fruit, from fruit set to ripening. The physiological significance of the ERFs is addressed through two examples. First, over-expression of the SlERF2 gene in the tomato resulted in premature seed germination in which MANNANASE2, a germination marker, is dramatically enhanced in the transgenic seeds. Second, over-expression of AtERF13 fused to a dominant repressor domain induces a partial insensitivity to ethylene and hypersensitivity to salt stress
Jaimes, Miranda Fabiola. "La régulation transcriptionnelle dépendant de l'éthylène : Caractérisation fonctionnelle d'un cofacteur transcriptionnel du type MBF1 et d'un facteur de transcription de la famille des ERF chez la tomate." Toulouse, INPT, 2006. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000242/.
Full textWang, Xu. "The role of ethylene and the N-end rule pathway in the regulation of Arabidopsis seed dormancy." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS421.
Full textEthylene as chilling and GA3, was able to improve the germination of primary dormant seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-0) at 25 °C in darkness. Chilling did not require EIN4, ETR1 and EIN2 involved in ethylene signaling to break seed dormancy while GA required ETR1.The improving effect of ethylene in seed germination is EIN4 independent, and is associated with a decrease in ABA/GA ratio and a down-regulation of DELLAs and ABI5 genes related to GA and ABA signaling, respectively. The mutant affected in the proteolytic N-end rule pathway, prt6, was insensitive to ethylene in seed germination evidenced that PRT6 was involved in dormancy release by ethylene, and this insensitivity was related to a crosstalk with ABA/GAs. The substrates of the N-end rule pathway, ERFVIIs (HRE1, HRE2, RAP2.2, RAP2.3, and RAP2.12), might result in the insensitivity with an increased germination in prt6rap2.2rap2.3rap2.12 rather than in prt6hre1hre2, which also indicated that the 3 RAPs acted downstream of PRT6, while the 2 HREs acted upstream of PRT6. Ethylene reduced the transcript expression of the 3 RAPs in Col-0, but the 3 RAPs were maintained or induced by ethylene in prt6. Besides, HRE2 was up-regulated in prt6 seeds, but it was down-regulated in prt6rap2.2rap2.3rap2.12, suggesting that the 3 RAPs might stimulate the expression of HRE2. Ethylene differently changed the seed proteome of Col and prt6 with 587 and 30 significant proteins, respectively. The functional class scoring analysis identified one biological process, response to hypoxia, which was distinct in prt6, however the insensitivity of prt6 to ethylene was independent of ROS production or respiration intensity
Jurdak, Rana. "Rôle de la signalisation oxydative et du métabolisme des ARNm dans la réponse des semences d’Arabidopsis thaliana à l’éthylène." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS014.pdf.
Full textSeed dormancy is a phenomenon that is directly responsible for the growth and dynamics of plants within ecosystems. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in its regulation remain poorly understood. We took advantage of the beneficial effect of ethylene on the germination of dormant Arabidopsis thaliana seeds for deciphering the mechanisms of ROS production and its effects during germination. We show that mitochondria are the primary site of ROS production in germinating seeds and that this ROS production triggers a crosstalk between the mitochondria and the nucleus, as confirmed by the induction of mitochondrial retrograde signaling marker genes. We demonstrate that the response to ethylene differed from other dormancy release treatments such as treatment with gibberellic acid, cold stratification and exposure to light where ROS were detectable in the mitochondria in the early hours of imbibition before localizing in peroxisomes. In all treatments, ROS were detected in the nucleus pointing to an important role of nuclear ROS in the progress towards germination. We also paid attention to the dynamics of RNA metabolism in the same process. We show that a synchronized activation of transcription, association of transcripts with polysomes and mRNA decay is associated with the beneficial effect of ethylene on seed germination. The RNAseq data enabled the identification of many regulators of this process. We demonstrate that the shift of the hormonal balance ABA/GA towards GA signalling and germination requires a multilevel and concerted effect on all levels of mRNA fate, from transcription to decay
Chaves, Ana. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle d'un facteur d'élongation de la traduction mitochondriale (ER49) exprimé au cours de la maturation de la tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill. )." Toulouse, INPT, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPT008A.
Full textJones, Brian. "La régulation transcriptionelle au cours des stades préclimactériques chez la tomate : isolement et caractérisation fonctionnelle des facteurs de transcription de l'auxine et de l'éthylène." Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT019A.
Full textGallois, Richard. "Métabolisme des nucléotides adényliques dans le latex de l'"Hevea brasiliensis". Effets de l'éthylène." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20116.
Full textEl-Kereamy, Ashraf. "La maturation du raisin : rôle de l'éthanol et de l'éthylène sur l'accumulation d'anthocyanes." Toulouse, INPT, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPT002A.
Full textEl, Sharkawi Islam. "Comparaison de la régulation de l'expression de gènes au cours de la maturation de poires avec ou sans besoin en froid." Toulouse, INPT, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPT004A.
Full textBustamante, José. "Etude de quelques gènes codant pour les récepteurs d’éthylène chez les caféiers." Montpellier, ENSA, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSA0001.
Full textPapon, Nicolas. "Implication de systèmes histidine-aspartate kinase dans la transduction des signaux cytokinine et éthylène, inducteurs du métabolisme alcaloi͏̈dique chez Catharanthus roseus (L. ) G. Don." Tours, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOUR3801.
Full textTournier, Barthélémy. "Contrôle transcriptionnel de l'expression génique dépendant de l'éthylène au cours de la maturation du fruit chez la tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum)." Toulouse, INPT, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPT008A.
Full textLucchetta, Luciano. "Caracterização de melões transgênicos acc oxidase antisense e estudo bioquímico de álcool aciltransferases envolvidas na biossíntese de aromas." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7586/1/lucchetta.pdf.
Full textBoualem, Adnane. "Mécanismes moléculaires contrôlant le déterminisme sexuel chez les cucurbitacées." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112321.
Full textLn flowering plant, sex determination results in the formation of separate male and female flowers on either the same (monoecy) or different individuals (dioecy). Cucurbitaceae are outstanding models to investigate sex determination. Several species of this plant family, as cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and melon (Cucumis melo), show different sexual forms. Ln melon, sex is mainly determined by two genes, andromonoecious (a) and gynoecious (g). To investigate the molecular basis of melon sex determination, we undertook the positional cloning and the characterization of the andromonoecious (a) and gynoecious (g) genes. We showed that the a gene, controlling the transition from monoecy to andromonoecy, encodes an ethylene biosynthesis enzyme, CmACS-7, that represses stamen development in female flowers. We also showed that the g gene encodes a transcription factor, CmWIP1, and that the transition from male to female flowers in gynoecious lines results from epigenetic changes in the promoter of this transcription factor. Ln cucumber, three major genes account for most sex phenotypes, Female (F) gene controls femaleness, Androecious (a) gene increases maleness and Monoecious (M) gene acts as a stamen suppressor in buds determined to develop a carpel. To investigate the conservation of the sex determination mechanisms between cucumber and melon, we cloned the cucumber Monoecious (M) locus that controls the transition from monoecy to andromonoecy and showed that it is an ortholog of the melon andromonoecious (a) locus. This work highlights a new role for the plant hormone, ethylene, and underlines the importance of epigenetic modifications in flower development
Tira-Umphon, Arak. "Influence de l'éthylène sur le développement des baies de raisin et expression des gènes apparentés." Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000604/.
Full textThe grape is a non-climacteric fruit which maturation apparently does not require ethylene. Here, it is confirmed that the accumulation of anthocyanins is linked to the accumulation of a glucoslyltransferase (UFGT), whose promoter was cloned. We found 7 cis-elements ethylene-dependent. This study showed the stimulation of ufgt expression by ethylene is not dependent to MybA, transcription regulators of the ufgt. Experiments were designed to investigate all genes affected by ethylene in early ripening grapes. Among them some are in relation to variations in berry diameter. These genes are involved in the movement of water : several aquaporins, and the structure of the cell wall : polygalactoronases, xyloglucan endotransglucosylases, méthylesterase pectin, cellulose synthase and expansines. Ethylene stimulates the accumulation of most of their transcripts between 1 hour and 24 hours of incubation
Chatenet, Caroline du. "Étude des effets de la nutrition calcique sur la biosynthèse de l'éthylène et sur la physiologie des melons cantaloup charentais." Toulouse, INPT, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPT015A.
Full textLeroux, Benoît. "Approches cytologique et pharmacologique de la levée des effets inhibiteurs exercés par l'éthylène sur l'embryogenèse de microspores isolées de colza et de chou-fleur." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S074.
Full textTo obtain embryos from isolated microspores of cauliflower it is necessary to apply them a heat shock. However, in some instances this treatment is not found to be effective. We have hypothesized that embryogenesis could be inhibited by production in excess of the stress-hormone ethylene. Cytological and pharmacological studies have been developed to assess the involvement of ethylene in the control of development in microspores from the rape variety Topas. We demonstrated that weak reactivity of microspores was related with high ability to produce ethylene. This could be reversed through addition in culture media of ethylene biosynthesis inhibitors. The transposition of this approach to non-responsive microspores of cauliflower supported the inference that restricted embryogenesis is partly due to over-production of ethylene which can be counteracted. This indicated that the use of ethylene inhibitors could lead to relevant applications in production of doubled haploids of cauliflower
Leclercq, Julie. "La transduction des signaux au cours de la maturation du fruit de tomate : isolement et caractérisation de deux gènes codant pour des protéines kinases." Toulouse, INPT, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPT004A.
Full textOpio, Gilbert. "Contribution à l'étude de l'effet des radiations électromagnétiques sur les végétaux : cas du rayonnement laser." Dijon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987DIJOS062.
Full textZegzouti, Hicham. "Isolement de nouveaux gènes régulés par l'éthylène chez la tomate (L. Esculentum) par criblage de cDNA issus du differential display." Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT016A.
Full textGuis, Monique. "Transformation génétique du melon Cantaloup charentais : caractérisation de melons transgéniques exprimant un gène antisens de l'ACC oxydase." Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT007A.
Full textGaspar, José Walter. "Etude du développement et du métabolisme post-récolte de la mangue (Mangifera indica L. ) à l'aide de stratégies haut débit." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20055.
Full textKuswanhadi. "Isolement et caractérisation des gènes ACS et ACO impliqués dans la biosynthèse de l’éthylène chez Hevea brasiliensis : évaluation de leur rôle dans la production de caoutchouc naturel." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20201.
Full textAubanelle-Antiphon, Laurent. "Err1, une mutation isolée chez Arabidopsis thaliana (L. ) Heynh, identifie une nouvelle classe de mutants activateurs des réponses à l'éthylène." Amiens, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AMIE0106.
Full textBouquin, Thomas. "Expression des gènes codant l'ACC oxydase chez le melon (Cucumis melo L. ). : Mise en évidence de régions régulatrices impliquées dans la sensibilité à l'éthylène." Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT002A.
Full textGardarin, Antoine. "Modélisation des effets des systèmes de culture sur la levée des adventices à partir de relations fonctionnelles utilisant les traits des espèces." Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOS050.
Full textThe aim of the Ph. D. Was to adapt the monospecific model ALOMYSYS to a multi-specific flora, in order to predict the effects of cropping systems on the timing and quantities of emerging weed seedlings. Determining the parameters for each additional species is unfeasible. A second objective was thus to estimate the parameters from easily measurable species traits. After having performed a large literature analysis, 18 weeds were studied for the processes involved into the seedbank dynamics and emergence. The seed mortality in the soil could not be related with species traits and can be parameterised with literature data. A generic and simplified formalism represens the seasonal variations of seed dormancy and can be parameterised with literature data and expert knowledge. Seeds then germinate as a function of the soil hydrothermal conditions and of the species moisture and temperature requirements, which were correlated to expert knowledge on weed emergence periods in the field. The seed germination rate was predicted from the nature of their reserves and from the species temperature requirements. A correlation was found between the seed mass and its maximal emergence depth. The seedling mortality caused to soil compaction decreases with increasing shoot diameter. The formalisms and relationships were introduced into the code of the FLORSYS model. A partial evaluation of the model showed than it can be used to predict the emergence of new species, when their parameters are estimated from their traits. Finally, a few simulations show the interest of the model for designing and evaluating innovative cropping systems for weed management in a context of a changing agriculture
Villeneuve, Jasmin. "Influence des hautes températures sur la germination de graines de six espèces de conifères du Québec /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1991. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Full textBonnin, Aurélien. "Aromatisation de l'éthylène sur catalyseurs bifonctionnels Zn/MFI : nature, quantification et stabilité du (ou des) site(s) actif(s)." Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019POIT2284.
Full textThe shale gas boom in USA tends to change the energy and economic landscape. The exploitation of this resource leads to an overproduction of ethylene to the expanse of the BTXs one. This context brought out the idea of using this extra production of ethylene to be transformed into aromatics. The aims of this work was to study fundamentally the mechanism of the aromatization of ethylene and the origin of the deactivation on Zn/HZSM-5 as bifunctional catalyst.Firstly, the effect of the structure of the zeolite, the nature of the precursor salt and the method of preparation were studied. It emerges that ZSM-5 zeolite wet impregnated with a salt of zinc nitrate is the most efficient for the aromatization reaction. Subsequently, a study of the operating conditions was performed by varying the contact time, the reaction temperature and the partial pressure. The effect of the contact time has showed that the primary or "pseudo" primary products are respectively C4 and C3, and the secondary products are methane, ethane, hydrogen and aromatics. An apparent reaction scheme could be proposed. The effect of the reaction temperature studied between 350 ° and 600 ° C. showed that the initial activity increases with temperature but that the catalyst deactivates more rapidly due to the formation of coke.Then, three series of Zn / HZSM-5 catalyst with Si / Al ratios of 15, 40 and 75 were prepared with zinc contents between 0 and 8% by weight. Their characterization have allowed to determine the nature, the location and the concentration of the zinc species. These species are (ZnOH) + located on the zeolite exchange positions, Zn2 + in the hydroxyl nests and ZnO on the catalyst surface. All the catalytic results have allowed to establish an apparent reaction scheme in agreement with that proposed following the study of the contact time. The study of reaction intermediates on catalysts having either Bronsted sites (zeolite alone), or mainly Lewis sites (ZnNaZSM-5) or a mixture of both (ZnHZSM5) iso-conversion allowed to define the role of each type of active sites. The protons would be responsible for the reactions of oligo-cracking and cyclization of the intermediate dienes while the zinc in the exchange position would be able to perform the first step of dimerization of ethylene, or the coupling of olefins between them from the carbon pool. The zinc would also catalyse the dehydrogenation reactions of naphthenes into aromatics. At high conversion, zinc also could favour hydrogenation reactions of olefins into paraffins. From all these conclusions, we have proposed a reaction mechanism that is different from that proposed in the literature because the first step would take place on zinc.Finally, the study of the deactivation of the catalysts made it possible to highlight that this phenomenon was directly related to the formation of coke and thus to the zinc content in exchange position. However, the coke formation is slowed down for the high conversion (X > 50%). From this value, the hydrogen formed is self-consumed and the nature of coke evolves toward more polyaromatic compounds. This coke would be more toxic and would tend to poison the Lewis acid sites and in particular the (ZnOH)+ sites, whereas the one formed at low conversion poisons the Brønsted acid sites. We have also established that the balance (ZnOH)+ / H+ could be a descriptor of the deactivation
Bémont, Emilie. "La germination du carbure de niobium NbC dans la ferrite vue par tomographie atomique." Rouen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ROUES040.
Full textThe nucleation and growth theory is usually used to describe the precipitation of NbC niobium carbides in a ferritic matrix. However, the important mismatch between the NbC phase and ferrite crystallographic structures induces that homogeneous nucleation of the equilibrium phase is not possible. This work aims at describing the formation process of NbC precipitates at the early stages. On the one hand, the size of the precipitates to characterise is very small. Using a technique of investigation at the atomic scale is necessary : the tomographic atom probe (TAP). On the other hand, the precipitation of the NbC phase in ferrite imposes very low concentrations in solutes, around a hundred of atomic ppm. The study requires a very sensitive technique. Consequently, an instrumentation activity was carried out, aiming at determining the steady state of an energy compensated optical tomographic atom probe (ECoTAP). The incorporation of a reflectron to the instrument lead to the improvement of the TAP performances. The mass resolution and the detection limit of the technique are enhanced by a factor 8. The study of the early stages of precipitation of the NbC phase in ferrite shows that the first nuclei are diffuse clouds of solute atoms. These ones respect the crystallographic structure of the ferritic matrix. The nuclei then evolve towards a (Fe;Nb)C metastable phase which iron concentration progressively decreases so as to obtain the NbC equilibrium phase. The role of nitrogen in this precipitation sequence was determined with a similar study focused on Nb(C;N) niobium carbonitrides. The results thus obtained also show the existence of an intermediate metastable phase enriched in iron. However, this transient phase is not (Fe;Nb)C but (Fe;Nb)N. These nuclei come richer and richer in carbon with a decrease of the iron concentration. The Nb(C;N) equilibrium phase then appears
Valancogne-Moreau, Pascaline. "Effets des conditions de dessiccation sur le comportement à la levée et l'aptitude à la conservation des semences de haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris L. )." Angers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ANGE0026.
Full textStorage and emergence problems can be observed on bean seed lots. These problems may be due to the seed characteristics that are set up during seed production, and particularly during the desiccation phase. For four years, bean seed lots were produced and dried under contrasted conditions, and tested in the laboratory or in emergence field experiments. Seed storage ability, as assessed by controlled deterioration tests, is linked to desiccation rate and temperature. Seed emergence ability was studied by distinguishing seed responses to the main environmental factors during germination and elongation before emergence. Several factors throughout seed production influence germination response, whereas only desiccation rate affect elongation response. Seed lot differences in emergence would be due to the small differences in elongation rate and not to the larger differences in germination rate
FONTAINE-ROUX, FONTAINE ODILE, and J. P. BILLARD. "Aspects metaboliques et hormonaux de l'induction de la germination des semences d'hordeum vulgare l. : effets de l'oxygenation et du peroxyde d'hydrogene." Caen, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CAEN2002.
Full textNguy, Tiwa. "Effets des solutés Si, Ge, Sb sur la germination des cavités et la migration des lacunes dans le nickel irradié aux électrons." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112427.
Full textRouthier, Marie-Claude. "Caractéristiques de germination de sept espèces de Myrtaceae d'argentine effets d'une stratification au froid, de la lumière et de la dessiccation des graines." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2006. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4707.
Full textMacDonald, Mason T. (Mason Thane) 1982. "Physiological significance of ethylene in needle abscission of root-detached Balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.)." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22152.
Full textNoumi, Zouhaier. "Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne subsp. raddiana (Savi) Brenan en Tunisie pré-saharienne : structure du peuplement, réponses et effets biologiques et environnementaux." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14130/document.
Full textThe main aim of this work were to understand the dynamics of the founding species of the ecosystem of the region of Bled Talah, as well as the mechanisms to understand better its interactions with the vegetation partner. Dendrometric parameters were measured for each tree then determination of age were estimated. This work improves general understanding of the factors explaining the structure of the Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana. These species naturally seems to follow rather a certain regressive dynamics. The possible reasons for regeneration failure natural regeneration of Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana were especially the high infestation of seeds by Bruchidius raddianae, the autoallelopathic effetcs and the dominance of the negative interactions (competition) between the vegetation of the National park of Bou Hedma and the young plantations of Acacia tree. The importance and direction of biotic interactions along environmental gradients is still a major debate in plant ecology. Through the study of biotic interactions, our results suggests the dominance of competition between nurses and target species used in this work.The results of this study confirmed the positive effect of Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana on the understorey vegetation composition and diversity in arid ecosystems. Once, established in the dry area, this species ameliorates microclimate including soil conditions that may be suitable to the regeneration and the growth of other species. In this way, this species will provide beneficial effects to the generating seedlings in the vicinity and therfore will help rehabilitating degraded areas
Trunet, Clément. "Germination et reprise de croissance de spores bactériennes après un traitement thermique." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0043/document.
Full textThe development of spore forming bacteria in foods can be responsible for food poisoning or food spoilage. Three levers allowing the development of this microbiota were identified: the conditions of sporulation, the conditions of heat treatment and the conditions of incubation. This PhD work objectives were (i) to quantify the impact of sporulation conditions, heat treatment intensity and recovery conditions of the ability of spores to form colonies, and (ii) to quantify the impact of sporulation conditions, heat treatment intensity and recovery conditions on germination and outgrowth kinetics. Firstly, a mathematical model was developed to describe and quantify the impact of recovery conditions on the spore ability to form colonies a heat treatment. This model integrated only physiological parameters, the growth limits. The germination and outgrowth is a complex process made of successive physiological stages the spores pass through: the dormant spores, the germinated spores and the vegetative cells. A flow cytometry method was developed in order to quantify the impact of sporulation conditions, the heat treatment intensity and the incubation conditions on each physiological stage. This method allowed monitoring the evolution of each stage over time and a primary model was proposed to describe these evolutions. Thanks to this model, the impact of sporulation conditions, the heat treatment intensity and the incubation conditions were quantified and a secondary model was developed to quantify the impact of these factors on germination and outgrowth kinetics. In order to correlate the differences of behavior with the proteome of spores, proteomic analysis were performed on spores produced in different conditions. This work allows a better comprehension of germination and outgrowth behavior. Moreover, the results and the mathematical models provided by this work can be applied in food industry to improve the control of spores forming bacteria development knowing the impact of storage conditions and the product formulation, like temperature and pH, on spore behavior
Brun, André. "Effets de NaCl sur la germination, la croissance et l'équilibre hydro-minéral de légumineuses herbacées du cameroun : comparaison entre especes sauvages et variétés cultivées." Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2012.
Full textSechet, Julien. "Analyse fonctionnelle de gènes impliqués dans la signalisation de l'ABA et la réponse au stress dans les graines d'Arabidopsis thaliana." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0004.
Full textAbscisic acid plays an essential role in limiting water loss from plants through the control of stomata aperture and the induction of a range of responses to water-‐‐deficit. During seed development ABA induces dormancy and desiccation tolerance as well as controlling germination, in particular in response to environmental constraints. Two approaches have been used to identify new factors involved in the hormonal control of germination and responses to environmental stimuli. The first consists of the identification of two genes defective in mutants affected in the hormonal control of germination, as well as water-deficit resistance in one mutant. Whole‐genome resequencing was used to identify the mutated genes. The first mutant, named xyl1-4, was isolated by its resistance to an inhibitor of gibberellin synthesis, and demonstrated the implication of xyloglucans (XyG) in germination control. In effect, the XYL1 locus encodes an α-xylosidase required for the maturation of XyG in the cell wall, through the trimming of xylose ramifications. Our results indicate that XYL1 plays a major role in the cell wall remodelling processes that control both embryo growth potential and the resistance of the endosperm during germination. The second mutant, has2, was selected in a screen for suppressor mutants of the excessive evapotranspiration on water deficit observed in the ABA biosynthesis mutant aba3-‐‐1 (Plessis et al., 2011). This mutant exhibits a range of germination phenotypes related to its sensitivity to environmental constraints, indicative of defects in hormone signalling. The HAS2 locus encodes a mitochondrial protein with PPR (pentatrico-peptide repeat) motifs that has previously been termed LOI1/MEF11. has2 mutant analysis showed the importance of mitochondrial respiration in plant tolerance to diverse stress and in germination processes. Finally we used a reverse genetic approach for the analysis of three mitochondrial sHSPs (small heat shock protein) in the response to abiotic stress; the germination phenotypes of single and multiple mutants for the HSP23.5, HSP23.6 and HSP26.5 genes were examined. This study has demonstrated the key role of HSP23.6 in the response to salt stress and the role of all three sHSPs in the control of evapotranspiration during water deficit
Belandria, Molina Gladys. "Lichens et pollution atmosphérique dans la région Rhône-Alpes : biodétection de la pollution acide et fluorée, effet des polluants sur la germination des spores." Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10051.
Full textBOSSIS, EMMANUEL. "Les pseudomonas fluorescents de la rhizosphere : etude taxonomique et effets sur la croissance de la tomate et du mais, de la germination a la levee." Nantes, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NANT2062.
Full textGillard, Morgane. "Réponses de plantes aquatiques invasives au réchauffement climatique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B014/document.
Full textClimatic models predict a rise of globale surface temperature about 1 to 4°C by 2100. Climate modifications generated by this warming might favor biological invasions. The general objectif of this thesis was to explore the impacts of climate warming and climate change on four macrophytes invasive in Europe. This work focused on germination, growth, physiology and distribution of these species, through experiments in controlled conditions, in experimental garden and by using species distribution models. We showed that i) higher temperatures favor moderately the germination capacity of Ludwigia hexapetala and Ludwigia peploides subsp. montevidensis, decrease the seedlings survivorship but improve their biomass production, ii) the effect of increased temperature on macrophytes depends on the season, iii) a 3°C warming can modify metabolism without generating changes on the growth, iv) the water primroses L. hexapetala is the only species that showed both better apical and lateral growth when facing a warming, v) models predict an increase of the distribution surface of Ludwigia spp., Myriophyllum aquaticum and E. densa in their invasive ranges, and a decrease of their distribution area in the other continents, including their native range. This thesis offer a better understanding of climate changes consequences on invasive macrophytes in order to anticipate their futur colonisation potential
Sidibé-Andrieu, Marie-Dominique. "Contribution a l'etude des effets du froid sur quelques genotypes de sorgho." Paris 7, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA077216.
Full textBejaoui, Syriac. "Etude de la formation de la glace au sein de la texture poreuse des matériaux à base de liant hydraulique." Toulouse, INSA, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ISAT0015.
Full textThis work concerns the nuclear waste management problematics, and aims at contributing to a better prediction of concrete freeze / thaw behaviour. Ice formation in the porosity of cement pastes and concrete was studied using differential scanning calorimetry and a thermodynamic model. It is shown that ice formation low temperatures in the pores can't be explained considering only interstitial solution undercooling induced by crystal size restrictions, dissolved chemical elements, and containment pressures. On the other hand, taking into account the nucleation theory and the porosity division degree, three ice formation mechanisms can be defined, near -10, -25 et -40ʿC. These results allow to explain freeze / thaw behaviour differences between blended and portland cement based materials, as well as, probably, between some high performance concrete, and allow to consider using differential scanning calorimetry as a tool for testing concrete freeze / thaw behaviour. In addition, this study highlights an irreversible shrinkage for cement pastes and concrete induced by freeze / thaw cycles without provision of water, and, on the basis of small angle neutrons scattering measures, the presence of a fractal surface type porosity in high performance cement pastes
Refaa, Zakariaa. "Etude de la cristallisation du PLA : Effets d’agents de nucléation et de l’écoulement sur les cinétiques et morphologies cristallines." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0128.
Full textThe Polylactide is a biobased, biodegradable polymer. It represents a potential alternative for some polymers from the petrochemical industry. Nevertheless, it has a slow crystallization kinetics. In this work, special attention was paid to the understanding and modeling of the crystallization kinetics and morphology induced crystalline PLA. First, we investigated the crystallization of PLA in static conditions with and without nucleating agent "talc". The effect of the polymorphism on the parameters of the Avrami model is modeled in isothermal conditions, then the induced crystalline morphology as a function of degree of supercooling is discussed for PLA with and without talc. In a second step, the effect of temperature, the rate and the shearing time on the crystallization kinetics of the PLA and the resulting crystal morphology is analyzed, and the contribution of the flow in the germination is modeled. The synergy between the shear and the talc particles in improving the crystallization kinetics is demonstrated by quantification of germination thermally induced and that induced by shear. Finally, as part of the injection process, we studied the effect of thermomechanical history and talc on the mechanical properties of PLA. The analysis focused on the effect of parameters of the injection process and talc on the flexural modulus in relation to the induced crystallinity in the molded parts
Wagmann, Kristen. "La dispersion des graines dans le temps (dormance) et dans l'espace chez la betterave maritime (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) : quel potentiel évolutif pour répondre au changement climatique global ?" Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10117.
Full textEach new plant generation starts with seeds: where and when will they germinate? Dispersal studies are helpful in answering this question. Dispersai may occur in time (dormancy) or in space. These two strat egies are considered as substitutable, since they allow to avoid the same constraints and are thus under same selective pressures. Generally, they allow seeds to deal with variability in environmental conditions in time or space. To estimate the potential response of sea beet to modifications in the environmental conditions in the context of a changing climatic, we analysed its dispersai abilities. For this purpose we studied dormancy and dispersal in space, their variability and the environmental factors that could be associated with their selection in natural populations. Climatic conditions have a strong influence on dormancy release and its evolution. Seed dispersal can occur over very long distances by sea currents. We showed a strong adaptive potential in sea beet (1) by the capacity to follow climate zones through its high dispersal abilities, and (2) through adaptation to new local conditions thanks to dormancy and life history evolution, facilitated by the gene flow linked with dispersaI
Wagmann, Kristen. "La dispersion des graines dans le temps (dormance) et dans l'espace chez la betterave maritime (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) : quel potentiel évolutif pour répondre au changement climatique global ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10117.
Full textEach new plant generation starts with seeds: where and when will they germinate? Dispersal studies are helpful in answering this question. Dispersai may occur in time (dormancy) or in space. These two strat egies are considered as substitutable, since they allow to avoid the same constraints and are thus under same selective pressures. Generally, they allow seeds to deal with variability in environmental conditions in time or space. To estimate the potential response of sea beet to modifications in the environmental conditions in the context of a changing climatic, we analysed its dispersai abilities. For this purpose we studied dormancy and dispersal in space, their variability and the environmental factors that could be associated with their selection in natural populations. Climatic conditions have a strong influence on dormancy release and its evolution. Seed dispersal can occur over very long distances by sea currents. We showed a strong adaptive potential in sea beet (1) by the capacity to follow climate zones through its high dispersal abilities, and (2) through adaptation to new local conditions thanks to dormancy and life history evolution, facilitated by the gene flow linked with dispersaI
Ghaleb, Wagdi. "Analyse de la diversité génétique de la réponse germinative à la température de populations de Lolium perenne L., Festuca arundinacea Schreb et Dactylis glomerata L." Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019POIT2273.
Full textSeed germination is an important step in the plant's life cycle, affecting the development, survival and dynamics of seedling populations. Germination begins with the absorption of water by the seed and ends with the elongation of the embryonic axis outside the integument.It is influenced by environmental factors and the genetic heritage of the seed. Temperature is one of the most important factors, which regulates germination in three ways: by determining germination capacity and germination rate, by removing primary and/or secondary dormancy, and by inducing secondary dormancy.The objective of this work is to analyze the genetic diversity of the germinative response to temperature of populations of Lolium perenne L, Festuca arundinacea Schreb, and Dactylis glomerata L.In this study, we distinguished different types of temperature responses, indicating that genetic diversity exists between lots of each species. In this study, we distinguished different types of responses to temperature, indicating that genetic diversity exists between lots of each species. These differences in responses, at constant temperatures between 5 and 32°C, were observed in terms of maximum germination percentage, germination rate (α), germination start time (tc) and time required to reach 95 % of final germination (t95%).Divergent selections were made on the capacity to germinate at sub-optimal temperatures in populations of Lolium perenne L. In a population from the Reims region, there is an important effect of selection for the capacity to germinate at 10 °C, which could be explained by the presence of a major dominant gene for seed dormancy at low-temperature, in segregated within the population. The comparison of allelic frequencies for many markers distributed over the genome between individuals germinating and those not germinating at different temperatures has identified many genes potentially involved in the ability of individuals to germinate at these temperatures. The effect of these genes has yet to be validated, for example by expression studies or by the study of populations created by selection to carry contrasting alleles
Alboresi, Alessandro. "Etude physiologique et génétique du signal nitrate chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005VERS0029.
Full textThis aim of my PhD thesis was the study of nitrate (NO3-) signalling in Arabidopsis through two different approaches : Screening of mutants overexpressing nitrite reductase gene (NII) by the use of luciferase reporter gene LUC. Within the population of mutants overexpressing luciferase, only one is also overexpressing the endogenous gene. We have started the characterization of the mutant which seems to be affected either in nitrate signal transduction or to be a new cnx mutant. Nitrate relieving seed dormancy. We have shown that nitrate breaks dormancy both whether it is present in the germination media or given to mother plants. The transcriptomic analyses we performed show that NO3- interact with GA and ABA pathways and could represent a good tool for future candidate gene approaches
Nordey, Thibault. "Analyse expérimentale et modélisation de l’hétérogénéité de la qualité et de la maturité des mangues." Thesis, Avignon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AVIG0332/document.
Full textOne of the major difficulties involved in marketing fresh mango is to manage its quality. Mango quality includes several attributes such as size, total soluble solids content, acidity and color, all of which vary with growing conditions and during ripening. The aim of this thesis is to determine the impact of growing conditions on fruit quality and ripening through experimental and modeling approaches.Experimental studies have revealed that size, dry mass and maturity vary considerably between mangoes according to their position in the tree and fruit load. Measurements suggest that fruit growth is affected by the embolization of sap-conducting vessels. In addition to differences measured between mangoes, our results showed that quality attributes vary within fruits in relation to the maturity gradient.A physical model showed that climatic variations within the tree caused substantial temperature gradients within mangoes that change with the fruit position in the tree. These simulations revealed that quality differences within mangoes are not related to the temperature gradient, except for fruit color. Use of a model that simulates the biosynthetic pathway of ethylene indicated that maturity differences between mangoes are explained by differences in carbon supply and, to a much lesser extent, to differences in temperature. The integration of experimental results into a growth model revealed that the embolization of sap-conducting vessels caused the slowdown of fruit enlargement. Lastly, when all of these models were coupled to a model that simulates fruit growth in dry mass, it was demonstrated that variations in size, dry matter content and maturity between mangoes were caused by differences in fruit load, flowering time, fruit dry mass at the end of cell division and transpiration, rather than by differences in temperature.The multidisciplinary approach developed made it possible to better understand the processes involved in fruit quality and ripening and to open new areas of research
D'Hooghe, Philippe. "Impacts de la disponibilité en sulfate sur la physiologie de la feuille et sur la qualité, le métabolisme soufré et la germination de la graine de colza." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00937062.
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