Academic literature on the topic 'Germar'
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Journal articles on the topic "Germar"
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Fery, Hans. "On the correct publishing dates of fascicules XVI - XIX of Germar's Fauna Insectorum Europae, and nomenclatorial consequences for some Dytiscidae taxa (Insecta: Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)." Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 57, no. 2 (December 21, 2007): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.57.2.253-262.
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Es wird nachgewiesen, dass die Hefte XVI und XVII von Germar's Fauna Insectorum Europae weder auf das Jahr 1836 (Evenhuis 1997), noch auf das Jahr 1837 (Galewski 1976, Ádám 1996), sondern auf das Jahr 1834 datiert werden müssen. Heft XVIII wurde von einigen Autoren auf das Jahr 1837 datiert und Heft XIX auf das Jahr 1836. Evenhuis (1997) gab für das erstere 1836 und das letztere 1837 an, eine Ansicht, die hier bestätigt werden kann. Die Datierung von Heft XVI auf das Jahr 1834 hat zur Konsequenz, dass Hydroporus platynotus Germar (heute in der Gattung Deronectes Sharp) als gültig beibehalten werden muss, ein Name, der sonst zu einem jüngeren subjektiven Synonym und jüngeren primären Homonym von Hydroporus platynotus Lacordaire, 1835 würde. Weiterhin muss das Jahr 1834 für Hydroporus blandus Germar beibehalten werden, welcher ein jüngeres subjektives Synonym von Hydroporus enneagrammus Ahrens, 1833 ist (heute in der Gattung Hygrotus Stephens). Evenhuis’ (1997) Datierung von Germars Heft XVIII auf das Jahr 1836 machte auf ein drittes Taxon aufmerksam: Hydroporus fenestratus (heute in der Gattung Nebrioporus Régimbart) wurde über mehr als 110 Jahre von allen Entomologen Aubé zugeordnet, weil angenommen wurde, dass Aubés Arbeit vollständig im Jahr 1836 erschienen sei. Guignot (1932) jedoch datierte den relevanten Teil dieser Arbeit auf das Jahr 1838; es blieb danach allerdings unbemerkt, dass diese Art bereits von Germar (1836: t. 3) beschrieben wurde. Es wird deshalb hier vorgeschlagen, den Artnamen fenestratus weiterhin beizubehalten, allerdings mit Germar als Autor und 1836 als Jahr der Veröffentlichung, und dies insbesondere deshalb, weil Artikel 23.9 des ICZN nicht angewendet werden kann und andererseits die Stabilität der Nomenklatur nicht gefährdet zu sein scheint, denn nur der Name des Autors ändert sich, aber nicht der der Art. - Die Datierung der verschiedenen Hefte hat unter Umständen auch Auswirkungen auf Taxa, welche weder zu den Dytiscidae noch zu den Coleoptera gehören. Allerdings können diese Auswirkungen hier nicht angemessen kommentiert werden.StichwörterInsecta, Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Deronectes, Nebrioporus, Hygrotus, publishing date, authorship, priority.
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SANBORN, ALLEN F. "The cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of Panama including the description of six new species, three new combinations, one new synonymy, and nine new records." Zootaxa 4493, no. 1 (October 3, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4493.1.1.
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The known cicada fauna of Panama is identified. Procollina quadrimaculata n. sp., P. stigmosa n. sp., Guyalna woldai n. sp., Herrera nigratorquata n. sp., H. sigillata n. sp. and Conibosa megalopercula n. sp. are described as new. Proarna germari Distant, 1905 n. syn. is shown to be a junior synonym of Proarna invaria (Walker, 1850). Pacarina championi (Distant, 1881) is returned to Proarna Stål, 1864 to become Proarna championi Distant, 1881 n. comb. again. The first records of Proarna invaria (Walker, 1850), Guyalna bogotana (Distant, 1892), Dorisiana cachla (Distant, 1899), Ollanta modesta (Distant, 1881), Pacarina schumanni Distant, 1905, Majeorona truncata Goding, 1925, Herrera lugubrina lugubrina (Stål, 1864), Calyria cuna (Walker, 1850), and Calyria telifera (Walker, 1858) are provided. The records for Ollanta modesta (Distant, 1881) are the first records of the genus Ollanta Distant, 1905 for Panama. The records for Calyria cuna (Walker, 1850), and Calyria telifera (Walker, 1858) are the first record of the genus Calyria Stål, 1862 and the Tribe Parnisini Distant, 1905 in Panama. Previous records of Dorisiana metcalfi Sanborn & Heath, 2014 (= Cicada viridis Olivier, 1790), Carineta fasciculata (Germar, 1830), and Selymbria stigmatica (Germar, 1834) are considered to be misidentifications of G. bogotana, C. maculosa (Torres, 1948), and S. pluvialis (Ramos & Wolda 1985) respectively so that D. metcalfi, C. fasciculata, and S. stigmatica are removed from the cicada fauna of Panama. The Panamanian record of Dorisiana semilata (Walker, 1850) is shown to be a mistake and the species is removed from the faunal list as well. The currently known Panamanian cicada fauna is comprised of 54 described species along with six species from the literature that remain undetermined from 22 genera, seven tribes and three subfamilies. Bergalna xanthospila (Germar, 1830) is reassigned to Dorisiana Metcalf, 1952 to become Dorisiana xanthospila (Germar, 1830) n. comb. Fidicinoides flavibasalis (Distant, 1905) is reassigned to Guyalna Boulard & Martinelli, 1996 to become Guyalna flavibasalis (Distant, 1905) n. comb.
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KRELL, FRANK-THORSTEN. "On nomenclature and synonymy of Trichius rosaceus, T. gallicus, and T. zonatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Trichiini)." Zootaxa 3278, no. 1 (April 25, 2012): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3278.1.3.
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The name Scarabaeus rosaceus Voet, 1766–1778, currently in use as one of two names for a west Palaearctic Trichius species, is unavailable because Voet’s work is not consistently binominal. The valid name for the species is Trichius gallicus Dejean, 1821 with the Sardinian and North African populations forming the subspecies T. g. zonatus Germar, 1831. The lectotype of Trichius zonatus Germar is designated.
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COLONNELLI, ENZO, and GIUSEPPE OSELLA. "New data on some Curculionoidea (Coleoptera: Anthribidae, Apionidae, Curculionidae) from Sardinia." Zootaxa 2318, no. 1 (December 22, 2009): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2318.1.16.
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Torneuma curtulum vastum Stüben, 2007 (Curculionidae) is raised to species level (stat. rev.). Choragus aurolineatus Abeille de Perrin, 1893, Melanopsacus grenieri (C. Brisout, 1867) (Anthribidae), Hemitrichapion pavidum (Germar, 1817), Holotrichapion barbirostre (Hoffmann, 1952) (Apionidae), Ceutorhynchus resedae (Marsham, 1802), Tychius cupriferoides (Ragusa, 1922) and Orchestes erythropus (Germar, 1821) (Curculionidae) are newly recorded from Sardinia. Melanopsacus grenieri is newly recorded from Sicily, and its association with the pyrenomycete fungus Hypoxylon mediterraneum is newly reported.
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Silva, Daniele Cristina de Oliveira Lima da, Marcelo Alves Ramos, Henrique Costa Hermenegildo da Silva, and Ângelo Giuseppe Chaves Alves. "Análise Faunística de Insetos Associados à Cultura do Quiabeiro [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] em Plantio Comercial, no Município de Canindé de São Francisco, SE, Brasil." EntomoBrasilis 9, no. 2 (August 31, 2016): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v9i2.605.
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Resumo. A presente pesquisa objetivou estudar a entomofauna associada ao cultivo comercial de quiabo, no Município de Canindé do São Francisco (SE), por meio de análise faunística. As espécies Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biótipo B, Aphis gossypii (Glover), Phenacoccus sp., Icerya purchasi (Maskell) e Lagria villosa (Fabricius) foram as principais pragas do quiabeiro neste estudo. Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) e Gryllus assimilis (Fabricius) foram pragas de importância secundária. Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas), Nezara viridula L., Pachycoris torridus (Scopoli) e Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa) foram pragas esporádicas. Foram encontradas quatro espécies de insetos predadores, sendo uma constante e dominante (Cycloneda sanguinea L.), uma dispersa, mas constante (Eriopis connexa German) e duas raras (Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville e Psyllobora confluens F.). Insect Faunal Analysis Associated with the Commercial Cultivation of Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] in Canindé do São Francisco, SE, BrazilAbstract. This research aims to study the entomofauna associated with the commercial cultivation of okra in municipality of Canindé do São Francisco, Sergipe State, Brazil, through faunal analysis. The species Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B, Aphis gossypii (Glover), Phenacoccus sp., Icerya purchasi (Maskell) and Lagria villosa (Fabricius) were the okra key pests. Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) and Gryllus assimilis (Fabricius) were plagues of secondary importance. And Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas), Nezaraviridula L., Pachycoris torridus (Scopoli) and Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa) were sporadic pests. Four species of predatory insects were found, a constant and dominant (Cycloneda sanguinea L.) a dispersed, but constant (Eriopis connexa German) and two rare (Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville and Psyllobora confluens F.).
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RÉDEI, DÁVID, JING-FU TSAI, and ZDENĚK JINDRA. "The genus Alphocoris in the Indomalaya (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Scutelleridae)." Zootaxa 4382, no. 2 (February 21, 2018): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4382.2.5.
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The Indomalayan species of the genus Alphocoris Germar, 1839 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Scutelleridae: Odontotarsinae: Odontotarsini) are revised. Three species, A. caudatus Rédei, Tsai & Jindra, sp. nov. (India: Maharashtra), A. naso Rédei & Tsai, sp. nov. (India: Goa), and A. asper Rédei, Tsai & Jindra, sp. nov. (India: Goa and Maharashtra), are recognized. The type material of A. lixoides Germar, 1839 (type locality: Senegal) is documented; previous records of this species from India and Pakistan are considered as based on misidentifications, the species is restricted to the Afrotropical Region.
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Karamura, E. B., and C. S. Gold. "THE ELUSIVE BANANA WEEVIL COSMOPOLITES SORDIDUS GERMAR." Acta Horticulturae, no. 540 (October 2000): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2000.540.53.
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Phillips, Thomas W., Stephen A. Teale, and Gerald N. Lanier. "BIOSYSTEMATICS OF PISSODES GERMAR (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE): SEASONALITY, MORPHOLOGY, AND SYNONYMY OF P. APPROXIMATUS HOPKINS AND P. NEMORENSIS GERMAR." Canadian Entomologist 119, no. 5 (May 1987): 465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent119465-5.
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AbstractPissodes approximatus Hopkins (1911) is a junior subjective synonym of P. nemorensis Germar (1824). The conspecificity of these entities, traditionally considered distinct based only on distribution and slight morphological differences, is corroborated here with comparative studies of ecology, behavior, and morphology. When pheromone-baited traps were deployed during the spring (May–June) and fall (November–December) in several localities to examine seasonal activity, southern populations (P. nemorensis sensu Hopkins) responded only in the fall and northern populations only in the spring, but a population in Virginia responded during both seasons. Laboratory studies found that individuals from five southern populations became reproductively mature under 16:8, 12:12, and 8:16 (L:D) photoperiods but weevils in a New York population did not mature under the 8:16 photoperiod. A two-species model based on strict seasonal isolation between northern and southern populations is rejected. Morphometrics revealed significant differences in six body dimensions and three morphometric ratios among 13 populations, but there was no geographic pattern of differences to suggest the existence of two species. Sexual dimorphism in rostrum length was most pronounced in southern populations but occurred in all five populations in which it was investigated. Examination of male and female genitalia revealed similar variation in northern and southern populations and conflicted with previously reported diagnostic differences. Our study and the results of earlier work lead us to conclude that the populations previously represented by the names P. nemorensis and P. approximatus comprise one widely distributed species and display intraspecific variation in life history and morphological characters.
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SKARTVEIT, JOHN, and SONJA WEDMANN. "A Revision of fossil Bibionidae (Insecta: Diptera) from the Oligocene of Germany." Zootaxa 4909, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 1–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4909.1.1.
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We revise the available material of fossil Bibionidae from the Oligocene of Germany, except for the Early Oligocene site of Kleinkems which has recently been revised. The bulk of the material originates from the Late Oligocene Lagerstätten of Rott and Enspel. One new species, Bibio castaneipennis sp.n., is described from Enspel. The following new combinations are established: Hesperinus heeri (Heyden & Heyden, 1865) comb.n. (previously Plecia heeri), Plecia dubia (Germar, 1837) (previously Phthiria dubia). Plecia collossea (Heyden & Heyden, 1865) is removed from synonymy with Plecia morio (Heer, 1849), Plecia gracilenta (Heyden & Heyden, 1865) is removed from synonymy with Plecia lygaeoides (Heer, 1849). The following new synonymies are established: Plecia elegantula Meunier, 1915 = Penthetria rottensis Statz, 1943 = Penthetria scita Statz, 1943 = Hesperinus heeri (Heyden & Heyden, 1865); Plecia superba Meunier, 1915 = Plecia imperialis Statz, 1943 = Plecia philippi Statz, 1943 = Plecia collossea (Heyden & Heyden, 1865); Helophilus primarius Germar, 1837 = Plecia abava (Heyden & Heyden, 1865) = Plecia satyrus Statz, 1943 = Plecia dubia (Germar, 1837); Plecia expositia (Heyden & Heyden, 1865) = Plecia grandaeva (Heyden & Heyden, 1865) = Plecia antenata (Heyden & Heyden, 1865) = Plecia elongata (Heyden & Heyden, 1865) = Plecia pulchella Meunier, 1915 = Plecia hypogaea (Heyden & Heyden, 1865); Plecia schineri (Heyden & Heyden, 1865) = Plecia macrocephala (Heyden & Heyden, 1865); Plecia lapidaria (Heyden & Heyden, 1865) = Bibio brachypteroides Meunier, 1915 = Plecia vulpina Statz, 1943 = Plecia pinguis (Heyden & Heyden, 1865); Plecia lapidaria nigra Statz, 1943 = Plecia sluiteri Meunier, 1917; Plecia veterana (Heyden & Heyden, 1865) = Plecia stygia (Heyden & Heyden, 1865); Bibio spadicea Statz, 1943 = Bibio aerosus Statz, 1943; Bibio heydeni Meunier, 1920 = Bibio comosella Statz, 1943 = Bibio germari Meunier, 1920; Plecia heroica Heyden & Heyden, 1865 = Bibio giganteus Unger, 1841; Bibio infumatus Meunier, 1915 = Bibio mimas L. Heyden, 1870. The following names are placed as nomina dubia pending rediscovery of the type material: Plecia volgeri (C.H.G. Heyden, 1859); Bibio janus L. Heyden, 1870; Bibio tertiarius C.H.G. Heyden, 1862; Dilophus deletus (C.H.G. Heyden, 1862). The male morphotypes described but not formally named by Statz (1943) are tentatively assigned to named species.
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SKUHROVEC, JIÃÍ. "Descriptions of larvae of the tribe Hyperini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): III. Mature larvae of the genus Donus Jekel, 1865." Zootaxa 1606, no. 1 (October 3, 2007): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1606.1.1.
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Descriptions of mature larvae of ten species of the genus Donus Jekel, 1865 are given: larvae of D. austerus (Boheman, 1834); D. cyrtus (Germar, 1821); D. osellai Winkelmann, 2001 and D. reichei (Capiomont, 1868) are described for the first time, larvae of D. comatus (Boheman, 1842); D. oxalidis (Herbst, 1795); D. palumbarius (Germar, 1821) and D. tesselatus (Herbst, 1795) are described for the first time in detail, and larvae of D. crinitus (Boheman, 1834) and D. intermedius (Boheman, 1842) are redescribed. An identification key for the mature larvae of twenty-nine Hyperini-species known so far is presented.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Germar"
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Lorca, González Roberto Manuel. "Toxicidad de insecticidas sobre Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera Coccinellidae)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2005. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/101800.
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Seffrin, Rita de Cássia Andrade dos Santos. "Bioatividade de extratos vegetais sobre diabrotica speciosa (germar, 1824) (coleoptera, chrysomelidae)." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2006. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3182.
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In this research, the of Meliaceae species for use as alternative control to Diabrotica speciosa was evaluated. The bioassays were carried out under laboratory condictions to determine: the feeding behavior of this insect on six Meliaceae species; the contact effect of aqueous extracts of unripe fruits of Melia azedarach var. azedarach and antifeedant effect after extract storage; the presence of cyanide in unripe fruits; the insecticide activity of extracts from unripe fruits using the brine shrimp Artemia salina Leach and their toxicity to rats. The efficacy of aqueous extracts from structures of M. azedarach var. azedarach against D. speciosa were evaluated on cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and green-beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) crops under greenhouse conditions. The results allowed to conclude that the feedant preference index is important, but it is also necessary to compare overall consumption to determine the most active extract; aqueous extracts from Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) Mart., Cedrela fissilis Vell., Melia azedarach L.var. azedarach, Trichilia catigua A. Juss., Trichilia claussenii C. DC. and Trichilia elegans A. Juss. were antifeedant to D. speciosa; topical applications of extracts from unripe fruits of M. azedarach var. azedarach (10%) neither kill adult nor alter the feeding behavior in the period of 120 h after use; the extract maintained its antifeedants properties after storage for four days at 10ºC. The polarografic test did not detect cyanide in unripe fruits. The bioactivity test using A. salina did not show toxic activity and the aqueous extracts from unripe fruits prepared at 2,5%, 5% and 10% did not cause death, behavior changes or hepatic and renal toxicity in rats. Unripe fruit extracts from M. azedarach var. azedarach (10%) were the most efficient extract tested at greenhouse conditions on D. speciosa. Extracts of unripe fruits reduced the height, production and number of fruits in Cucumis sativus but not in Phaseolus vulgarisNeste trabalho foram avaliados extratos obtidos de espécies de meliáceas para serem utilizadas como alternativa no controle de Diabrotica speciosa. Foram realizados bioensaios, em laboratório, para avaliar: alterações no comportamento alimentar de D. speciosa na presença de seis espécies de meliáceas; o efeito de contato do extrato aquoso de frutos verdes de Melia azedarach L. var. azedarach sobre D. speciosa e o efeito antialimentar após o armazenamento; avaliar a presença de cianeto em frutos verdes; a bioatividade de extratos de frutos verdes frente a Artemia salina Leach e a toxicidade de extratos de frutos verdes em ratos. Posteriormente, foram conduzidos cultivos de pepino (Cucumis sativus) e de feijão-vagem (Phaseolus vulgaris), em ambiente protegido, com o objetivo de testar o efeito dos extratos aquosos das diferentes estruturas vegetais de M. azedarach L. var. azedarach no controle de D. speciosa. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o índice de Kogan & Goeden (1970) não é uma metodologia eficiente para selecionar extratos de plantas; extratos aquosos das espécies Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) Mart., Cedrela fissilis Vell., M. azedarach L.var. azedarach, Trichilia catigua A. Juss., Trichilia claussenii C. DC. e Trichilia elegans A. Juss. apresentam efeito fagodeterrente para D. speciosa; a aplicação tópica de extrato aquoso de frutos verdes de M. azedarach L. var. azedarach à 10% (p/v), não provoca a morte e nem causa alterações no comportamento alimentar em insetos adultos de D. speciosa no período de 120 horas após a aplicação e o extrato pode ser armazenado à temperatura de 10 ºC por quatro dias, conservando totalmente sua ação antialimentar; a análise polarográfica não detectou cianeto em frutos verdes M. azedarach L. var. azedarach; não foi observada bioatividade de extratos aquosos de frutos verdes de M. azedarach L. var. azedarach frente a Artemia salina; teste de toxicidade em ratos indica que extratos aquosos de frutos verdes de M. azedarach L. var. azedarach, nas concentrações de 2,5%, 5% e 10% (p/v), não causam alterações comportamentais, morte ou toxicidade hepática e renal, em ratos. Extratos aquosos de frutos verdes de M. azedarach L. var. azedarach à 10% (p/v), mostraram maior eficiência, dentre as estruturas vegetais testadas, no controle de D. speciosa em cultivo protegido de pepino e de feijão-vagem; plantas de pepino pulverizadas com extratos aquosos de frutos verdes de M. azedarach L. var. azedarach a 10%, apresentaram redução na altura, na produção e no número de frutos, enquanto que os extratos aquosos de todas as estruturas testadas, não interferiram na altura de plantas, na produção e no número de frutos da cultura de feijão-vagem
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Oliveira, Fernando Teixeira de. "Respostas olfativas de Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) por diferentes genótipos de bananeira." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, 2012. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000172389.
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A broca-do-rizoma, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) é a principal praga da cultura da banana no Brasil, causando danos que reduzem a produção. O uso de semioquímicos para controle da população e busca de resistência de plantas ao ataque do inseto tem sido uma estratégia para o Manejo Integrado de Pragas. O objetivo do presente foi avaliar a atratividade de C. sordidus a genótipos de bananeira, de oito subgrupos constituídos de genomas diplóides, triplóides e tetraplóides, a influência da idade e deterioração do rizoma na atração do inseto e a existência de condicionamento pré-imaginal. Os bioensaios foram realizados em laboratório, sem luz, utilizando câmara de múltipla escolha. Os genótipos foram agrupados em subgrupos com característica genética e comercial semelhantes, testados entre si, entre os subgrupos e os diferentes genomas. Foi ofertado aos insetos rizoma fresco e fermentado em sete períodos espaçados a cada dois dias. Insetos coletados em cultivar Prata anã e Nanicão foram separadamente, expostos rizomas dos dois genótipos. Os resultados demonstraram não haver associação entre a fonte de voláteis e o inseto comprovando que não ocorreu condicionamento pré-imaginal de C. sordius. Os dados mostraram existir atratividade para material fresco e deteriorado, com tendência decrescente ao longo do tempo para o fresco. Observou-se maior atratividade no sexto e oitavo dias para o material fresco. Os genótipos Ouro (AA) e Nanicão (AAA) foram os mais atrativos para C. sordidus nas duas épocas de avaliação, os demais não diferiram entre si.The banana weevil, Cosmopolites Sordidus (Germar), is the principal pest of the banana crop in Brazil, causing damage that result in the reduction of the production. The use of semiochemicals for the population control and the search for the plant resistance to the weevil attack has been an Integrated Pest Management strategy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the C. Sordidus attractiveness to the banana genotype, of the eight subgroups constituted of diploid, triploid, and tetraploid genomes, the age influence and the rhizome deterioration in the weevil attraction and the existence of the pre-imaginary conditioning. The bioassays were realized in the laboratory, without light, using a multiple choice camera, the genotypes were grouped in subgroups with genetic and commercial similarly features, were tested between themselves, with subgroups and with different genomes. It was given to the weevil fresh and fermented rhizome in seven spaced periods every two days. The weevils collected in the Prata Anã and Nanicão crop were separately exposed to two rhizome genotype. The results showed that it does not have correlation between the volatiles source and the weevil, proving that it did not happen the C. Sordius pre-imaginary conditioning. The data showed the attractiveness existence in the fresh and deteriorating material, with decreasing tendency over time for the fresh material. It was observed significantly greater attractiveness at the sixth and eighth days for the fresh material. The Gold (Ouro) genotype (AA) and Nanicão (AAA) were the most attractive for the C. Sordius in the two period of evaluation, the rest did not differ between them.
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Ferreira, Emerson dos Santos. "Desempenho de Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) resistente à Lambda-cialotrina." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2012. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/274.
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Fitness of insecticide resistant insect populations can be different to susceptible insect populations regarding adaptive costs. Therefore, this study investigated the fitness of Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccnellidae) population resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin, as well as its predation rate on Aphis gossypi (Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The insects used to run the bioassays were reared under laboratory conditions of 25 ± 1oC and 12:12h (L:D) photoperiod and fed with Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs. The field resistant population of E. connexa (RR) was maintained under selection pressure at each adult generation in the laboratory by exposing them to the LD50-dose (0.25 mg a.i./mL of lambda-cyhalothrin at technical grade) determined after 12 successive generations of selections in the laboratory. The susceptible population (SS) was reared at the same condition; however, without exposing the insects to the insecticide. Non-treated RR females and treated recovered females (RRr) after lambda-cyhalothrin topic treatment with 0.05, 0.10 and 0.25 mg a.i./mL produced on average 50% less eggs than SS females. All other adult life history characteristics were similar among SS, RR and RRr populations. Among the developmental characteristics for offspring produced by SS, RR, and RRr females was observed lower larval viability and weight of adult males for RRr offspring. Furthermore, females from SS, RR and RRr populations exposed to prey shortage between 3rd- and 13th-day in the adult stage exhibited statistically similar survival ranging from 48 to 63 days. However, egg production was significantly higher for females SS (average = 290 eggs), followed by females RR (180 eggs), and RRr (50 eggs) during this period. The average consumption of cotton aphid during five consecutive days was significantly higher for ladybeetles SS, followed by RR and RRr up to the third day of observation. However, after the fourth day, there was no difference in the aphid consumption among the three populations SS, RR, and RRr. The results show that females RR have lower reproductive output in comparison to females SS, and it is not related to the knockdown effect; however, the costs of recovering from knockdown interferes with egg production under food shortage, with larval viability and adults predation rate. Thus, we can conclude that E. connexa population resistant to the lambda-cyhalothrin exhibits adaptive costs which is increased when subjected to prey shortage.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
O desempenho de populações de insetos resistentes a inseticidas pode diferir daquelas susceptíveis caracterizando um custo adaptativo. Assim, este estudo investigou o desempenho de uma população resistente de Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) à lambda-cialotrina, bem como sua taxa de predação sobre Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Os insetos resistentes empregados nos estudos foram criados em laboratório a 25 ± 1oC, fotoperíodo de 12:12h (L:E) e alimentados com ovos de Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). A população de campo de E. connexa resistente (RR) foi mantida sob pressão de seleção com tratamento tópico do adulto com 0,5 μl da concentração 0,25 mg i.a./mL de lambda-cialotrina em grau técnico correspondente a DL50 determinada na 12a geração após sucessivas seleções em laboratório. A população susceptível (SS) foi criada sob as mesmas condições sem exposição ao inseticida. Fêmeas RR não tratadas e fêmeas RR recuperadas (RRr) do knockdown após tratamento tópico com lambda-cialotrina nas concentrações 0,05; 0,10 e 0,25 mg de i.a./mL produziram em média 50% menos ovos, comparada as fêmeas SS independente da concentração usada do inseticida. As demais características da fase adulta não diferiram entre fêmeas SS, RR e RRr. Entre as características do desenvolvimento da progênie oriunda de fêmeas SS, RR e RRr observou-se menor viabilidade de larvas e peso de machos para descendentes de fêmeas RRr. Fêmeas submetidas à condição de escassez de presas do 3o ao 13o dia de vida apresentaram sobrevivência similar entre as populações SS, RR e RRr variando de 48 a 63 dias. Porém, a produção de ovos foi maior para fêmeas SS (290 ovos), seguida de fêmeas RR (180 ovos) e RRr (50 ovos) neste período. O consumo médio de pulgões durante cinco dias de observação foi significativamente superior para joaninhas SS que joaninhas RR e RRr, comportando-se desta maneira até o terceiro dia de observação. A partir do quarto dia, no entanto, não é detectada diferença na taxa diária de predação de pulgão entre as três populações SS, RR e RRr. Os resultados mostraram que fêmeas RR apresentam menor desempenho reprodutivo comparado a fêmeas SS, independente da ação knockdown, mas que o custo da recuperação do knockdown interfere na produção de ovos após escassez de alimento, na viabilidade larval e na taxa de predação. Estes resultados mostram que E. connexa possui um custo devido à resistência à lambda-cialotrina, e que o mesmo é aumentado em situações de escassez de presas.
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Schmitt, Aurea Teresa. "Biological control of the banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar)) with entomopatogenic nematodes." Thesis, University of Reading, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332810.
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Silva, Rafael Braga da. "Viabilidade de dietas artificiais e presas para Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2009. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/3885.
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This research was conducted in the Laboratory of Insects Rearing (LACRI), of the Brazilian Company of Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA Maize and Sorghum Research Center) in Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The objective was to study biological aspects of the immature phase of Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), with different artificial diets or preys common to the brazilian corn and sorghum agroecosystems, to develop a rearing methodology and to generate information necessary to the introduction of the predator in the crop system. The experimental design was an entirely randomized blocks, with the larvae of predator maintained in an acclimatized room, under 25±1ºC, 70±10% RH and photophase of 12 hours. The artificial diets were based on ground pet food or diets based on water, brewer's yeast and honey, with or without the addition of ferrous sulphate (FeSO4), wheat germ and soybean flour. The preys offered to E. connexa were eggs (one day or six months frozen) of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), eggs (fresh) of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae); eggs (fresh, one day or six months frozen) of Spodoptera frugiperda, with or without scales; recently hatched caterpillars of S. frugiperda; nymphs of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) or Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). All food sources were support ad libitum to E. connexa. Artificial diets, separately, did not support the development of E. connexa. Recently hatched caterpillars of S. frugiperda or eggs of A. kuehniella (six months of freezing), separately or complemented with the artificial diets, were inadequate. Eggs of A. kuehniella frozen for one day, fresh eggs of D. saccharalis, fresh eggs of S. frugiperda without or with scales, frozen for one day or six months, nymphs of S. graminum and R. maidis provided adequate development of the immature phases of the predator, evidencing the polyphagous habit of E. connexa. The results obtained also indicated the nutritional requirements of the predator and can be used to explain the success or not of E. connexa in biological control programs. Eriopis connexa adapted to different food sources, and in the field, it would not be restricted to only one source; and in this way, it could modulate its alimentary regime with alternative food, which is important for the biological control and shows its potential to control corn and sorghum pests.
Esta pesquisa foi conduzida no Laboratório de Criação de Insetos (LACRI), da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA Milho e Sorgo) em Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brasil. O objetivo foi estudar aspectos biológicos da fase imatura de Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), com diferentes dietas artificiais e presas comuns aos agroecossistemas de milho e de sorgo, visando desenvolver uma metodologia de criação e fornecer subsídios para a introdução desse predador nessasculturas. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos inteiramente casualisados, com as larvas desse predador mantidas em sala climatizada a 25±1ºC, 70±10% UR e fotofase de 12 horas. As dietas artificiais foram à base de pet food triturada e dietas contendo água, levedo de cerveja e mel, com presença ou ausência de sulfato ferroso (FeSO4), gérmen de trigo e farelo de soja. As presas oferecidas a E. connexa foram ovos de Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), congelados por um dia ou por seis meses; ovos frescos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae); ovos de Spodoptera frugiperda frescos, sem ou com escamas, congelados por um dia ou por seis meses; lagartas recém-eclodidas de S. frugiperda; ninfas de Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) ou Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Todas as presas e dietas artificiais foram oferecidas ad libitum a E. connexa. As dietas artificiais, isoladamente, não proporcionaram o desenvolvimento de E. connexa e lagartas recémeclodidas de S. frugiperda ou ovos de A. kuehniella (seis meses de congelamento), isoladamente ou complementados com as dietas artificiais, foram inadequados. Ovos de A. kuehniella congelados por um dia, ovos frescos de D. saccharalis, ovos de S. frugiperda frescos sem ou com escamas, congelados por um dia ou por seis meses, ninfas de S. graminum e R. maidis proporcionaram desenvolvimento adequado das fases imaturas desse predador, evidenciando o hábito polífago de E. connexa. Estudos como esse fornecem informações básicas sobre presas que suprem os requisitos nutricionais desse predador e explicações para a falha ou sucesso de E. connexa em programas de controle biológico. Eriopis connexa se adaptou a vários alimentos e, no campo, esse predador não seria restrito a um único alimento; e dessa forma, poderia modular seu regime alimentar com alimentos alternativos, o que é importante para o controle biológico e evidencia seu potencial para controlar pragas de milho e de sorgo.
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Kirch, Eloe. "Estudo dos inimigos naturais de Oncideres impluviata (Germar, 1824)em Mimosa scabrella Benth." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/26615.
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Para fazer o estudo dos inimigos naturais de O. impluviata escolheu-se um povoamento natural de M. seabreila danificado pelo ataque dessa praga, na localidade de Tanguá no município de Almirante Tamandaré, Estado do Paraná.
Foram coletados galhos, recentemente " serrados por O. impluviata, numa área de 2 ha, constituída por 7 talhões com plantas de M. scabrella de 1 a 8 anos de idade. Esses galhos foram acondicionados em gaiolas entomológicas. Obser- - vou-se a emergência de espécies de insetos predadores como:
Gregya difformís (Gorh., 1877), Epiphloeus sp., Neoponera sp., indivíduos da família Trogositidae e parasitos como:
Cenocoelius sp., Iphiaulax sp., Helcon wíliams-i. (n. spj, Distictus tibialis (Brullé, 1846) e Auacus sp., justamente com alguns indivíduos de O. impluviata e outras espécies da família Cerambycidae.
No mesmo povoamento realizou-se, em duas épocas diferentes (maio e setembro) um levantamento da entomofauna, com armadilhas adesivas. Entre os insetos capturados no se constatou a presença de O. impluviata nem de espécies de individuos que com ele emergiram dos galhos coletados e acondicionados em gaiolas entomológicas.
Para detectar possíveis predadores invertebrados pro cedeu-se a elaboraço de um roteiro para obter um antígeno a partir de larvas de O. impluviata, chegando-se a um valor máximo de titulaço de 1:128, testado sobre o antígeno homólogo.
Observando-se o comprimento e a largura dos predadores e parasitos identificados que tiveram seu ciclo biológico junto com o de O. impluviata sugeriu-se um processo cultural para incrementar a população desses insetos em relação a de O. impluviata
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Maldonado, Junior Walter [UNESP]. "Distribuição espacial e amostragem sequencial de Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) na cultura da bananeira." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96832.
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maldonadojunior_w_me_jabo.pdf: 1722388 bytes, checksum: d6f307452cbb935aadc82200ad7c996c (MD5)O gorgulho da bananeira Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) é considerado uma praga de grande importância em várias regiões produtoras de banana no mundo. O inseto se encontra no solo e ataca o rizoma e a base do pseudocaule da planta, sendo disseminado principalmente por plantio de material infestado. O dano é causado pelas larvas que abrem galerias nas estruturas atacadas da planta e prejudicam a absorção de água e nutrientes, assim como abrem portas de entrada para patógenos. O objetivo deste estudo foi definir qual o tipo de distribuição espacial de C. sordidus na cultura da bananeira, qual o modelo de distribuição de probabilidades que melhor representa seu comportamento no campo e construir um plano de amostragem sequencial para a praga. Os levantamentos amostrais foram realizados no período de 2005 a 2008, numa área comercial de plantio de bananeira ‘nanica’ localizado na região do Vale do Ribeira, sul do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Para a quantificação dos insetos distribuiu-se nesta área um total de 80 iscas, com avaliações quinzenais. Os valores dos índices de agregação indicaram uma agregação moderada da praga na cultura, com o parâmetro k comum as amostras de 3,2863. O melhor modelo para predição do seu comportamento é a distribuição binomial negativa. Foi construído e validado através de simulações um plano de amostragem sequencial para a praga e o número armadilhas suficiente para a tomada de decisão sobre seu controle é de 30 unidades
The banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is considered a major pest in many banana-producing regions in the world. The insect is found in soil and attacks the base of the pseudostem and rhizome of the plant, being spread mainly by infested planting material. The damage is caused by the larvae, which open galleries in the attacked structures and affect the nutrient and water uptake as well as increase the susceptibility to pathogens. The aim of this study was to define the type of spatial distribution of C. sordidus in banana plantations, what probability distribution model that best represents its behavior in the field and elaborate a sequential sampling plan for the pest. The sampling surveys were conducted from 2005 to 2008, in a commercial ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ banana plantation in the municipality of Juquiá, located in the Vale do Ribeira region, southern São Paulo state, Brazil. To quantify insects, 80 traps were distributed in this area, with biweekly inspections. The values of aggregation indices indicated a moderate aggregation, with common k parameter of negative binomial distribution equal to 3.2863. The best model for predicting its behavior is the negative binomial distribution. It was built and validated through simulations a sequential sampling plan and a number of 30 traps was found enough to decision making
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Maldonado, Junior Walter. "Distribuição espacial e amostragem sequencial de Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) na cultura da bananeira /." Jaboticabal, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96832.
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Orientador: José Carlos BarbosaCoorientador: Ronaldo Pavarini
Banca: Renata Aparecida de Andrade
Banca: Wilson Itamar Maruyama
Resumo: O gorgulho da bananeira Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) é considerado uma praga de grande importância em várias regiões produtoras de banana no mundo. O inseto se encontra no solo e ataca o rizoma e a base do pseudocaule da planta, sendo disseminado principalmente por plantio de material infestado. O dano é causado pelas larvas que abrem galerias nas estruturas atacadas da planta e prejudicam a absorção de água e nutrientes, assim como abrem portas de entrada para patógenos. O objetivo deste estudo foi definir qual o tipo de distribuição espacial de C. sordidus na cultura da bananeira, qual o modelo de distribuição de probabilidades que melhor representa seu comportamento no campo e construir um plano de amostragem sequencial para a praga. Os levantamentos amostrais foram realizados no período de 2005 a 2008, numa área comercial de plantio de bananeira 'nanica' localizado na região do Vale do Ribeira, sul do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Para a quantificação dos insetos distribuiu-se nesta área um total de 80 iscas, com avaliações quinzenais. Os valores dos índices de agregação indicaram uma agregação moderada da praga na cultura, com o parâmetro k comum as amostras de 3,2863. O melhor modelo para predição do seu comportamento é a distribuição binomial negativa. Foi construído e validado através de simulações um plano de amostragem sequencial para a praga e o número armadilhas suficiente para a tomada de decisão sobre seu controle é de 30 unidades
Abstract: The banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is considered a major pest in many banana-producing regions in the world. The insect is found in soil and attacks the base of the pseudostem and rhizome of the plant, being spread mainly by infested planting material. The damage is caused by the larvae, which open galleries in the attacked structures and affect the nutrient and water uptake as well as increase the susceptibility to pathogens. The aim of this study was to define the type of spatial distribution of C. sordidus in banana plantations, what probability distribution model that best represents its behavior in the field and elaborate a sequential sampling plan for the pest. The sampling surveys were conducted from 2005 to 2008, in a commercial 'Dwarf Cavendish' banana plantation in the municipality of Juquiá, located in the Vale do Ribeira region, southern São Paulo state, Brazil. To quantify insects, 80 traps were distributed in this area, with biweekly inspections. The values of aggregation indices indicated a moderate aggregation, with common k parameter of negative binomial distribution equal to 3.2863. The best model for predicting its behavior is the negative binomial distribution. It was built and validated through simulations a sequential sampling plan and a number of 30 traps was found enough to decision making
Mestre
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Enders, Germar [Verfasser]. "Neuerungen im Recht der Verbraucherdarlehensverträge. : Fortschritt oder Rückschritt für den Verbraucherschutz? / Germar Enders." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1238344798/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Germar"
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Meregalli, Massimo. Revisione del genere Plinthus germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae. [Verona: Museo civico di storia naturale di Verona, 1985.
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Marco, Carla Di. Gli Otiorhynchus Germar, 1824 ed i generi ad esso strettamente affini: Dodecastichus Stierlin, 1861, Limatogaster Apfelbeck, 1898 e Cirorrhynchus Apfelbeck, 1899 dell'Appennino abruzzese-molisano (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Verona: Museo civico di storia naturale di Verona, 2001.
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German: English-German, German-English dictionary. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1995.
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M, Clark, and Thyen O, eds. Oxford German dictionary: German-English, English-German. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
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Martin, Genevieve A. German learner's dictionary: English-German, German-English. New York: Living Language, 2008.
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(Firm), HarperCollins. Pocket German dictionary: German-English, English-German. 5th ed. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2001.
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Robin, Sawers, ed. Harrap's German dictionary: English German, German English. London: Harrap, 1992.
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Zotter, Josefa. Traveler's German dictionary: English-German/German-English. Westport, CT: Cortina Learning International, 1993.
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Ute, Nicol, and Terrell Peter, eds. Diamond German dictionary: German-English, English-German. London: Diamond, 1994.
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Nevskiy, Sergey, Aleksandr Hudokormov, Mihail Pokidchenko, Irina Chaplygina, Al'fred Shyuller, Zigena Gol'dshmidt, and Yoahim Cvaynert. The history of the concept of social market economy in Germany. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1703180.
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The monograph traces the history of the development of German neoliberal economic thought from the origins of the Freiburg School in the 1930s to the first results of the practical implementation of the concept of a social market economy in West Germany in the late 1940s-early 1960s. The author demonstrates the broad historical context of the development of German ideas about the theory and practice of the policy of order (Ordnungstheorie und Ordnungspolitik), shows the features of the formation and spread of the scientific and intellectual economic tradition in Germany, as well as beyond its borders, starting with the birth of the German historical school and the perception of its heritage by Russian socio-economic thought in the second half of the XIX — early XX century and ending with the practical implementation of the concept of order of the Freiburg school and the correlation of its ideological and spiritual and moral foundations with the social teaching of Catholicism and liberalism of Friedrich von Hayek. Special attention is paid to some controversial issues of the formation of the theory of ordoliberalism during the period of national socialism and the problems of the social market economy in modern Germany.
The book is intended to fill the shortage of specialized scientific literature on relevant issues and to acquaint the Russian reader, primarily students, teachers and researchers, with the variety of ideological and scientific-theoretical foundations of the socio-economic system of the post-war Germany.
Book chapters on the topic "Germar"
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Peck, Stewart B., Carol C. Mapes, Netta Dorchin, John B. Heppner, Eileen A. Buss, Gustavo Moya-Raygoza, Marjorie A. Hoy, et al. "Germar, Ernst Friedrich." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 1611–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1082.
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Berry, Colin, Jason M. Meyer, Marjorie A. Hoy, John B. Heppner, William Tinzaara, Clifford S. Gold, Clifford S. Gold, et al. "Banana Weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 369–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_224.
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Jenniges, Hubert. "Germans, German Belgians, German-Speaking Belgians." In Nationalism in Belgium, 240–48. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26868-9_21.
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Riedel, Volker. "Germany and German-Speaking Europe." In A Companion to the Classical Tradition, 169–91. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470996775.ch13.
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Ette, Andreas, and Marcel Erlinghagen. "Structures of German Emigration and Remigration: Historical Developments and Demographic Patterns." In IMISCOE Research Series, 43–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67498-4_3.
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AbstractGermany today is one of the world’s most important countries of immigration but at the same time a country of emigration. During the last three decades, more than 3.3 million German citizens have left the country whereas 2.5 million have returned. Overall, 3.8 million Germans live outside Germany in another country of the OECD. The chapter analyses basic structures of German emigration and remigration. Germany’s development as a country of emigration includes major historical predecessors but also a more recent, slowly increasing level of international mobility of the German population. The geographical pattern of departure from Germany describes emigration as a heterogeneous phenomenon related to urban regions with higher shares of well-qualified people, but also close spatial links, at least with the neighbouring countries in the south and the west. In the long term, Europe has stabilised as the major destination region whereas the Americas, overall, have lost their attraction compared to earlier periods of emigration. Demographically, international mobility is a phenomenon of the younger population in particular and closely related to other transitions within the life course including changes in relationship status. The motives of migration illustrate the close link between economic, but also partnership and family-related reasons to help us understand Germany’s recent experiences with international mobility.
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Rothenbacher, Franz. "Germany Federal Republic of Germany German Democratic Republic." In The European Population since 1945, 301–86. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-65612-7_13.
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Zlobin, Alexander, Valeriy Inozemcev, Sergey Komissarenko, Igor Medveckiy, Igor Nelga, Sergey Tretyakov, and Artem Sherstyuk. "Main steps of developing chemical organophosphorus agents abroad." In ORGANOPHOSPHORUS NEUROTOXINS, 17–34. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/11_017-034.
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Organophosphorus compounds (OPC) occupy a special place among chemical warfare agents (CWA). High level of toxicity, a wide range of physicochemical properties, polyapplication of action already in the 1930s attracted the close attention of foreign military experts. In 1936, the German chemist Gerhard Schrader for the first time synthesized O-ethyl-dimethylamidocyanophosphate, known today as a herd. By the beginning of the Second World War, the staff of his laboratory synthesized over two thousand new OPC. Some of these compounds were selected for further study as CW agents and subsequently were adopted as weapons by the German army. In 1938 the same Gerhard Schrader have synthesized the organophosphorus compound, closed to tabun, but more toxic: O-isopropyl methyl fluorophosphate, called sarin. In 1944 the German chemist, the 1938 Nobel laureate in chemistry Richard Kuhn synthesized soman and revealed the damaging effect of organophosphorus CWA’s. In 1941 the British chemist Bernard Saunders synthesized diisopropyl fluorophosphate. During World War II the industrial production of organophosphorus CWA’s was organized in Germany, Great Britain and in the USA. Germany produced tabun, sarin and soman, the western allies: diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Till the end of World War II the leadership in the sphere of the development of nerve agents belonged to Nazi Germany. After the end of the war the German scientists, many of whom were devoted Nazis, continued their work under the auspices of military departments of the USA and Great Britain. Subsequently phosphorylated thiocholine esters: V-series substances (VG, VM, VR, VX, EA 3148, EA3317 agents etc.) were synthesized with their participation. The wide range of organophosphorus compounds was tested on volunteers in Porton Down (Great Britain) and in the Edgewood arsenal (USA). But after the synthesis of V-series agents the work on organophosphorus CWA’s did not stop. In recent years there appeared the tendency of the transformation of real threats connected with the chemical weapons use, to propaganda sphere. In recent years, there has been a tendency toward the transformation of real threats associated with the use of chemical weapons into provocation and an advocacy field, but this does not mean that the search for new CWA in Western countries has been stopped.
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Zlobin, Alexander, Valeriy Inozemcev, Sergey Komissarenko, Igor Medveckiy, Igor Nelga, and Sergey Tretyakov. "Main steps of developing chemical organophosphorus agents abroad." In Organophosphorous Neurotoxins, 11–28. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/chapter_5e4132b5e7e856.69190447.
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Organophosphorus compounds (OPC) occupy a special place among chemical warfare agents (CWA). High level of toxicity, a wide range of physicochemical properties, polyapplication of action already in the 1930s attracted the close attention of foreign military experts. In 1936, the German chemist Gerhard Schrader for the first time synthesized O-ethyl-dimethylamidocyanophosphate, known today as a herd. By the beginning of the Second World War, the staff of his laboratory synthesized over two thousand new OPC. Some of these compounds were selected for further study as CW agents and subsequently were adopted as weapons by the German army. In 1938 the same Gerhard Schrader have synthesized the organophosphorus compound, closed to tabun, but more toxic: O-isopropyl methyl fluorophosphate, called sarin. In 1944 the German chemist, the 1938 Nobel laureate in chemistry Richard Kuhn synthesized soman and revealed the damaging effect of organophosphorus CWA’s. In 1941 the British chemist Bernard Saunders synthesized diisopropyl fluorophosphate. During World War II the industrial production of organophosphorus CWA’s was organized in Germany, Great Britain and in the USA. Germany produced tabun, sarin and soman, the western allies: diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Till the end of world war ii the leadership in the sphere of the development of nerve agents belonged to Nazi Germany. After the end of the war the German scientists, many of whom were devoted Nazis, continued their work under the auspices of military departments of the USA and Great Britain. Sub consequently phosphorylated thiocholine esters: V-series substances (VG, VM, VR, VX, EA 3148, EA3317 agents etc.) were synthesized with their participation. The wide range of organophosphorus compounds was tested on volunteers in Porton Down (Great Britain) and in the Edgewood arsenal (USA). But after the synthesis of V-series agents the work on organophosphorus CWA’s did not stop. In recent years there appeared the tendency of the transformation of real threats connected with the chemical weapons use, to propaganda sphere. In recent years, there has been a tendency toward the transformation of real threats associated with the use of chemical weapons into provocation and an advocacy field, but this does not mean that the search for new CWA in Western countries has been stopped.
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Klekowski von Koppenfels, Amanda. "Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for German Citizens Abroad." In IMISCOE Research Series, 207–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51245-3_12.
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Abstract This chapter presents an overview of German policies vis-à-vis German nationals living abroad. For the most part, the German Government does not reach out to or encourage engagement from or with German nationals living abroad. This is in contrast to a concerted cultural outreach to ethno-national German minorities in Central and Eastern Europe. Rights in Germany are largely residence-based, and access to rights is thus associated with (legal) residence in Germany, rather than with holding German citizenship. There are two clear exceptions: one is a robust system that enables voting from abroad for German citizens, and the other is facilitated access from abroad to pensions for years worked in Germany. With respect to other measures of social protections, no clear policy can be said to exist. Access to other forms of social protection is on the basis of exception, with consular officials exercising discretion in such cases.
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"Diversity of aedeagus shape in Slovenian populations of Chrysolina purpurascens (Germar) (Chrysomelinae)." In New Developments in the Biology of Chrysomelidae, 659–65. BRILL, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004475335_056.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Germar"
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Rubenis, Rudolfs. "Possibilities to Obtain Higher Education in Germany for Latvian Baltic German Students." In 79th International Scientific Conference of University of Latvia. University of Latvia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2021.91.
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With the formation of the Parliamentary Republic of Latvia in the early 1920s, higher education in Latvia underwent the changes that affected the Baltic Germans. The necessity to obtain higher education in the Latvian language was perceived with mixed feelings, and the interest in the establishment and development of the University of Latvia (UL) and involvement in the reorganisation of the Riga Polytechnic Institute (RPI) went hand in hand with the reluctance to accept the full Latvianization of higher education. In the circumstances, the students used contacts established by their student corporations and sought for higher education in Germany, where it could be obtained in German but later equated to the higher education obtained in Latvia. Thus, the aim of the article is to evaluate the possibilities for the Baltic German students from the parliamentary state of Latvia (1920–1934) to study in German universities. The research is based on the documents of UL and Baltic German student corporations from the Latvian State Historical Archive (LVVA), Baltic German student corporation press (journals and anniversary books) kept in the UL Library, UL activity reports (1924–1931) stored in UL Museum history collection and available research on the Baltic German minority in the Parliamentary Republic of Latvia. The study showed that during the parliamentary period, the Latvian Baltic Germans used the state granted minority rights to find alternative ways to obtain higher education in German. The parliamentary system did not discriminate against the Baltic Germans for their use of the German language and allowed them to study in Germany but demanded that their diplomas be equated with the diploma obtained at the UL. The contacts established by student corporations helped Baltic German students to better integrate into the German study environment offering accommodation on the premises of student corporations in Germany. At the same time, additional knowledge through lectures on the political situation of Baltic Germans in the parliamentary state of Latvia did not allow them losing their historical connection with the Baltic region.
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Асташкина, Полина. "Между Россией и Германией: российские немцы и их идентичность (на примере современной поэзии)." In Россия — Германия в образовательном, научном и культурном диалоге. Конкорд, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37490/de2021/003.
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On the basis of linguistic analysis at different levels of language, the cognitive method and elements of discourse analysis, this article studies ways, how the identity of Russian Germans is represented in poetic texts in Russian and German. Linguistic markers of the identity of Russian Germans, as well as key concepts, are identified, figurative means are analyzed. The article finds out the multiplicity and ambivalence of self-determination of Russian Germans, as well as the inalienability of both countries — Russia and Germany — for their identity.
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Молчанова, Елена. "Немцы на Дальнем Востоке России во второй половине XIX — начале XX вв." In Россия — Германия в образовательном, научном и культурном диалоге. Конкорд, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37490/de2021/017.
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The article is devoted to the Germans who lived and worked in the Russian Far East in the second half of the XIX — early XX centuries. The author identifies two groups in the German diaspora of the region. The first group is Russia Germans who moved to the Russian Far East from central regions of Russia. They were mostly officials, military personnel, and representatives of the intelligentsia. The second group is Germans who arrived directly from Germany and other countries. Most of them were entrepreneurs and employees of their firms. The article shows the contribution of the Germans to the development of the Far Eastern region of the Russian Empire.
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Amaro de Sales, Ricardo, Raphael Viveiros Moreira, Guilherme Silva de Andrade, Raul Castro Carrielo Rosa, and Luiz Aurélio Peres Martelleto. "CAPTURA E CONTROLE DA BROCA-DO-RIZOMA (Cosmopolites sordidus Germar 1824 Coleóptera: Curculionidae) COM ISCAS DE PSEUDOCAULE EM CULTIVO ORGÂNICO DE BANANA DA TERRA NO MUNICÍPIO DE SEROPÉDICA-RJ." In IV Workshop do PPG-Fitotecnia "Desafios e Oportunidades da Produção Agrícola no Cenário Atual". ,: Even3, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29327/fitotecnia2022.498234.
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Rogers, Hugh K. "Student Exchange Program With Siemens-Westinghouse." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/met-25500.
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Abstract A Student Exchange Program began with four students from Germany visiting Siemens-Westinghouse and the University of Central Florida in Summer, 1999, as an initiative from Siemens training officials in Muelheim, Germany. In Summer 2000, a program with four German apprentices coming to the U.S. and four U.S. interns working and studying in Germany was very successful. The initial UCF students continued part-time work at Siemens during their senior year and were offered full-time employment upon graduation. Not only did the German students complete their work, but some of them returned for employment in the U.S. Siemens, as a multinational enterprise, is preparing technologists and engineers to understand product design and manufacturing for integrated systems in international markets. Students will benefit from an understanding of the systems, standards, and cultures involved. The internship model being developed uses the best from the German and U.S. systems and merits further study and implementation.
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Kohlgarth, Elke D. "Historical Waste Products Refurbished in Belgium for Disposal in Germany." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1331.
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Abstract Before 1988 the German service company Transnuklear (TN) had a licence to treat radioactive waste products for interim storage facilities. For this purpose a large amount of radioactive waste was transported to Mol, Belgium. Due to mismanagement at TN all the German waste remained in Belgium until the Belgian and the German government agreed to transfer it back to Germany. By appointment of the licensing and surveillance authorities TÜV Hannover/Sachsen-Anhalt e.V. had been monitoring the quality assurance measures for waste products bound for disposal in a final repository or for interim storage facilities in Germany. Due to insufficient documentation, the characterisation of the different waste types took a long time. Sampling plans were worked out. A stepwise procedure was established to qualify the waste for transportation to Germany. Different techniques have been developed for inspection and sampling of the waste to ensure the fulfilment of the acceptance criteria of the final storage or interim storage facilities. The first waste was transported in 1991. The last waste packages left Belgium in January, 2001.
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Kalenahalli Sudarshan, Pratap, Michaela Kauer, and Ralph Bruder. "A Comparative Study of Design Perceptions of Vehicle Cluster Instruments by Designers and Non-Designers in India and Germany." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference (2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001231.
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Cultural differences in the perception of products can be studied by using the Repertory Grid Technique (RGT) where the idiosyncratic views of individuals are studied. This study examines the perceptions and prioritization of attributes with regard to six existing vehicle cluster instrument designs with thirteen designers each from India and Germany along with thirteen non-designers each from India and Germany (i.e., comparing German designers with Indian non-designers and Indian designers with German non-designers). The elicited constructs from interviews using RGT were categorized according to Hassenzhal’s (2004) Pragmatic and Hedonic qualities and their subcategories. The categorized data was compared along three metrics of Dominance, Importance and Descriptive Richness. Comparing designers and non-designers across cultures indicated differences in perceptions owing to the cultural background and education in design. For example, German designers emphasized the pragmatic aspects in comparison to Indian non-designers. Alternatively, Indian designers placed more importance to the Identification aspects (ex., exclusive, premium, sporty, etc) when compared to German non-designers. The design implications of these findings provide hints to designers on how to go about designing for Indian and German audiences.
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Ablogina, E. V. "GERMAN NINETEENTH-CENTURY PERIODICAL PRESS ON A.S. GRIBOEDOV: CONTEXTS AND IMAGES." In NEMECKIJ JaZYK V TOMSKOM GOSUDARSTVENNOM UNIVERSITETE: 120 LET ISTORII USPEHA. Publishing House of Tomsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978590744247/8.
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The article studies the reception of A.S. Griboedov in German periodicals of the XIX century. The novel study aims to analyse both topics and contexts of the references made to the Russian diplomat and playwright in the corpus of German periodicals. If offers observations on the dynamics of the Germans’ interest in his personality and creativity, defines the image of Griboedov made by the German XIXth century periodicals, its national and temporal features commented.
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Камкин, Александр. "Россия и Германия — история взаимодействия в сфере науки и культуры." In Россия — Германия в образовательном, научном и культурном диалоге. Конкорд, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37490/de2021/013.
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This article describes various aspects of interaction and dialogue between Russia and Germany in sphere of science and culture. The ties between the two countries have many forms and a long history. Reforms by Peter the Great gave a huge input to German-Russian relations intensification in this sphere. In XVIII–XIX centuries Russia became a new home for hundreds of thousands German colonists, scientists, generals, public servants. Five of six first presidents of RAS hade German origin. A special accent is given in this article to analysis of mutual enrichment of Russian and German philosophy in context of German classic philosophy acceptance in Russia and later acceptance of Russian Slavophils’ ideas by German conservative thinkers in the beginning of XX century.
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von Rottenburg, Eberhard. "The nuclear phaseout in Germany from the view of German industry." In Le nucléaire un an après Fukushima. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jtsfen/2012nuc10.
Full textReports on the topic "Germar"
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Melnyk, Iurii. JUSTIFICATION OF OCCUPATION IN GERMAN (1938) AND RUSSIAN (2014) MEDIA: SUBSTITUTION OF AGGRESSOR AND VICTIM. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11101.
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The article is dedicated to the examination and comparison of the justification of occupation of a neighboring country in the German (1938) and Russian (2014) media. The objective of the study is to reveal the mechanics of the application of the classical manipulative method of substituting of aggressor and victim on the material of German and Russian propaganda in 1938 and in 2014 respectively. According to the results of the study, clear parallels between the two information strategies can be traced at the level of the condemnation of internal aggression against a national minority loyal to Berlin / Moscow and its political representative (the Sudeten Germans – the pro-Russian Ukrainians, as well as the security forces of the Yanukovych regime); the reflections on dangers that Czechoslovakia / Ukraine poses to itself and to its neighbors; condemnation of the violation of the cultural rights of the minority that the occupier intends to protect (German language and culture – Russian language and culture); the historical parallels designed to deepen the modern conflict, to show it as a long-standing and a natural one (“Hussites” – “Banderites”). In the manipulative strategy of both media, the main focus is not on factual fabrication, but on the bias selection of facts, due to which the reader should have an unambiguous understanding of who is the permanent aggressor in the conflict (Czechoslovakia, Czechs – Ukraine, Ukrainians), and who is the permanent victim (Germans – Russians, Russian speakers). The substitution of victim and aggressor in the media in both cases became one of the most important manipulative strategies designed to justify the German occupation of part of Czechoslovakia and the Russian occupation of part of Ukraine.
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Greinert, Jens. Mine Monitoring in the German Baltic Sea 2020; Dumped munition monitoring AL548, 03rd – 16th November 2020, Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany) „MineMoni-II 2020“. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al548.
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ALKOR cruise AL548 took place as part of the EMFF (European Maritime and Fisheries Fund)-funded project BASTA (Boost Applied munition detection through Smart data inTegration and AI workflows; https://www.basta-munition.eu) and as continuation of the munition monitoring started within the BMBF-funded project UDEMM (Environmental Monitoring for the Delaboration of Munition in the Sea; https://udemm.geomar.de/). In October 2018, a first cruise (POS530 MineMoni2018) was conducted, to gather data for a broad baseline study in the German Baltic Sea. Results show a moderate contamination level on regional and coastal scale, but indicate higher levels for specific local areas. Within UDEMM, expertise was developed to detect, exactly locate and monitor munition (e.g. torpedoes, sea mines, ground mines) on the seafloor using optical and hydroacoustic means. In addition, chemical analyses of dissolved contaminants in the water and sediments was performed. Data acquired during this cruise are used in BASTA, which aims for enhanced munition detection via AUV-based artificial intelligence applied on multi-sensor datasets. At the same time, the project ExPloTect (Ex-situ, near-real-time exPlosive compound deTection in seawater) (also EMFF-funded) addresses the need for an innovative approach to detect explosive compounds in seawater. A prototype system was used and successfully tested for the first time during this cruise. The main focus was placed onto the two already known dumpsites Kolberger Heide and Lübeck Bight. Additionally, new areas Falshöft (Schleswig-Holstein) and Cadet Channel, Trollegrund and Großklützhöved (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) were explored. In each area high-resolution multibeam mapping was performed and contact lists, indicating potential munition objects were produced on board. AUV surveys were conducted to ground-truth possible contacts via detailed photograph and magnetometer mapping. This was complemented with towed video (TV)-CTD profiles. The transits to and between those sites were planned along former constraint routes during WWII. These routes were main targets of the British Air Force and mines and bombs can be expected along these ways. During transits water samples were taken with on a CTD- (conductivity, temperature, depth) rosette-mounted Niskin bottles in regular distances, in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding munition compounds (inter alia trinitrotoluene (TNT)) measurements across the German Baltic Sea.
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Michael, Miess, Stefan Schmelzer, Günther Lichtblau, Sigrid Stix, Clemens Gerbaulet, Wolf-Peter Schill, Totschnig Gerhard, et al. DEFINE Synthesis Report: DEFINE - Development of an Evaluation Framework for the Introduction of Electromobility. IHS - Institute for Advanced Studies, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2015.500.
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The project DEFINE – Development of an Evaluation Framework for the Introduction of Electromobility – was conducted by the Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS), Vienna, in cooperation with the Environment Agency Austria (EAA), the Vienna University of Technology (TUW), Austria; the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), the Institute for Applied Ecology (Oeko-Institut), Germany; and with the Center for Social and Economic Research (CASE), Poland.
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Goebel, Peter. German Security Policy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada385824.
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Van Veghel, Robert A. Glossary of German Meteorology. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada315887.
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Mahdavian, Farnaz. Germany Country Report. University of Stavanger, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.180.
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Germany is a parliamentary democracy (The Federal Government, 2021) with two politically independent levels of 1) Federal (Bund) and 2) State (Länder or Bundesländer), and has a highly differentiated decentralized system of Government and administration (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, 2021). The 16 states in Germany have their own government and legislations which means the federal authority has the responsibility of formulating policy, and the states are responsible for implementation (Franzke, 2020). The Federal Government supports the states in dealing with extraordinary danger and the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) supports the states' operations with technology, expertise and other services (Federal Ministry of Interior, Building and Community, 2020). Due to the decentralized system of government, the Federal Government does not have the power to impose pandemic emergency measures. In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to slowdown the spread of coronavirus, on 16 March 2020 the federal and state governments attempted to harmonize joint guidelines, however one month later State governments started to act more independently (Franzke & Kuhlmann, 2021). In Germany, health insurance is compulsory and more than 11% of Germany’s GDP goes into healthcare spending (Federal Statistical Office, 2021). Health related policy at the federal level is the primary responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Health. This ministry supervises institutions dealing with higher level of public health including the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (PEI), the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) and the Federal Centre for Health Education (Federal Ministry of Health, 2020). The first German National Pandemic Plan (NPP), published in 2005, comprises two parts. Part one, updated in 2017, provides a framework for the pandemic plans of the states and the implementation plans of the municipalities, and part two, updated in 2016, is the scientific part of the National Pandemic Plan (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). The joint Federal-State working group on pandemic planning was established in 2005. A pandemic plan for German citizens abroad was published by the German Foreign Office on its website in 2005 (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). In 2007, the federal and state Governments, under the joint leadership of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Ministry of Health, simulated influenza pandemic exercise called LÜKEX 07, and trained cross-states and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007b). In 2017, within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with representatives from WHO and the World Bank to prepare for future pandemic events (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). By the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 27 February 2020, a joint crisis team of the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) and the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) was established (Die Bundesregierung, 2020a). On 4 March 2020 RKI published a Supplement to the National Pandemic Plan for COVID-19 (Robert Koch Institut, 2020d), and on 28 March 2020, a law for the protection of the population in an epidemic situation of national scope (Infektionsschutzgesetz) came into force (Bundesgesundheitsministerium, 2020b). In the first early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Germany managed to slow down the speed of the outbreak but was less successful in dealing with the second phase. Coronavirus-related information and measures were communicated through various platforms including TV, radio, press conferences, federal and state government official homepages, social media and applications. In mid-March 2020, the federal and state governments implemented extensive measures nationwide for pandemic containment. Step by step, social distancing and shutdowns were enforced by all Federal States, involving closing schools, day-cares and kindergartens, pubs, restaurants, shops, prayer services, borders, and imposing a curfew. To support those affected financially by the pandemic, the German Government provided large economic packages (Bundesministerium der Finanzen, 2020). These measures have adopted to the COVID-19 situation and changed over the pandemic. On 22 April 2020, the clinical trial of the corona vaccine was approved by Paul Ehrlich Institute, and in late December 2020, the distribution of vaccination in Germany and all other EU countries
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Mazurkiewicz, Marek. ECMI Minorities Blog. German minority as hostage and victim of populist politics in Poland. European Centre for Minority Issues, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/fhta5489.
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On 4 February 2022, the Polish Journal of Laws published a new ordinance of the Minister of Education and Science, implementing cuts in the funding of education of German as a minority language. Consequently, the hourly length of such lessons will be significantly reduced. This regulation applies exclusively to the German minority, and the official motive for introducing discriminatory measures is to improve the situation of Polish diaspora in Germany. This is the first time after 1989 when the Polish state authorities introduce a law limiting the rights of Poland’s citizens belonging to a national minority (in this situation children), as a retaliation for the alleged situation of a kin-community elsewhere. Importantly, the adopted regulations are not only discriminatory towards one of the minorities; their implementation may in fact contribute to the dysfunctionality of the entire minority education system in Poland. This is also an obvious violation of the constitutional principle of equality before the law, the right of minorities to ‘maintain and develop their own language’, international standards of minority rights protection, as well as a threat to the very functioning of human rights protection mechanisms in the country.
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Dickel, Ralf. The New German Energy Policy. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.26889/9781907555978.
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Stevens, Charles G. German Reunification: A Soviet Opportunity. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada208041.
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Young, Thomas-Durell. Trends in German Defense Policy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada282133.
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