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Auer, Jens. "FregattenMynden: a 17th-century Danish Frigate Found in Northern Germany." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 33, no. 2 (October 2004): 264–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2004.00023.x.
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Frederiks, Martha. "Dispersion, Procreation and Mission: the Emergence of Protestantism in Early Modern West Africa." Exchange 51, no. 3 (November 28, 2022): 245–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1572543x-bja10004.
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Abstract This article explores the emergence of Protestantism in West Africa in the 17th century, using both primary and secondary sources. Its central argument is that the history of Protestantism in early modern Africa has mainly been examined within the paradigm of mission history, thus reducing the history of Protestantism to a history of Protestant missionary endeavors. By intersecting three complementary windows, – a Roman Catholic window, a chartered company window and a Euro-African window –, the article traces the wider history of Protestantism in early modern West Africa. It maps the impact of Protestantism on Roman Catholics in West Africa, sketches the significance of Protestantism for certain Euro-Africans, and shows that through a combination of dispersion, procreation and mission Protestantism became a reality in West Africa as early as the 17th century.
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Sulyak, S. G. "V.A. Frantsev and Carpathian Rus." Rusin, no. 64 (2021): 89–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/64/5.
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Frantsev Vladimir Andreevich (April 4 (16), 1867 – March 19, 1942) – a Russian Slavicist, who authored more than 300 works on Slavic studies. He graduated from a Warsaw grammar school, then studied in the Imperial Warsaw University. In 1893–1895, V. Frantsev made several journeys abroad with the academic pupose. In 1895, he began to prepare for the master’s degree. In 1897, he went abroad and spent three years there. In 1899, V.A. Frantsev made a trip to Ugrian Rus, after which published an article “Review of the most important studies of Ugric Rus” in the Russian Philological Bulletin (1901, Nr. 1–2) in Warsaw. During his trip, V.A. Frantsev met and subsequently maintained contacts with prominent figures in the revival of Ugrian Rus. In 1899, he became Associate Professor of the Department of the History of Slavic Dialects and Literatures of the Imperial Warsaw University, in 1903 – an extraordinary professor, in 1907 – an ordinary professor. In 1900–1921, V.A. Frantsev lectured at the University of Warsaw, which in 1915 moved to Rostov-on-Don in connection with WWI. Teaching actively at the University, he devoted his free time to archival studies, working mainly in the Slavic lands of Austria-Hungary, where he went “for summer vacations” from 1901 to 1914. Sometimes he continued his work during the winter vacations and Easter holidays, as in 1906/07 and in 1907/08, when the university did not function due to student unrest. V.A. Frantsev reported to the “Society of History, Philology and Law” at the University of Warsaw, of which he was an active participant. In 1902–1907, Frantsev published almost all of his major works (except P.Y. Shafarik’s correspondence, published much later). Among them were his master’s thesis “An Essay on the History of the Czech Renaissance” (Warsaw, 1902), doctoral dissertation “Polish Slavic Studies in the late 18th and first quarter of the 19th century” (Prague, 1906), “Czech dramatic works of the 16th – 17th centuries” (Warsaw, 1903), etc. In 1909, during heated discussions on the future structure of Chełm-Podlasie Rus, he published “Maps of the Russian and Orthodox population of Chełm Rus with statistical tables”. In 1913, V.A. Frantsev became a member of the Czech Royal Society of Sciences. Since 1915, he was a corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg in the Department of Russian Language and Literature. He did not accept the October Revolution, yet never publicly opposed the new government. At the end of 1919, he received an offer from the Council of Professors of the Prague Charles University (Czechoslovakia) to head the Russian branch of the Slavic Seminar. In Czechoslovakia, he became a professor at Charles University. In 1927, he took Czechoslovak citizenship. V.A. Frantsev’s life was associated with the Russian emigration. He was a full member and chairman of the Russian Institute, as well as chairman of the “Russian Academic Group in Czechoslovakia”, deputy chairman of the “Union of Russian Academic Organizations Abroad”, a member of the Commission for the Study of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus. In 1924, the Uzhhorod “A. Dukhnovich Cultural and Educational Society” republished V.A. Frantsev’s From the Renaissance Era of Ugric Rus under the title On the Question of the Literary Language of Subcarpathian Rus and a brief From the History of Writing in Subcarpathian Rus (1929). In 1930, The Carpathian Collection was published in Uzhhorod, with Frantsev “From the history of the struggle for the Russian literary language in Subcarpathian Rus” in the preface. He spent his last years in Czechoslovakia occupied by Nazi Germany. V.A. Frantsev died on March 19, 1942, a few days before his 75th birthday. He is buried in the Olshansk cemetery in Prague.
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Küng, Enn. "Tallinn's Balance of Trade in the 17th Century." Hansische Geschichtsblätter 137 (June 29, 2021): 81–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/hgbll.2019.194.
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Der mittelalterliche Handel Tallinns (Reval) hatte Waren aus Nordwestrussland und Livland nach Westeuropa weitergeführt. Dabei ist die Handelsbilanz der Stadt im Ost-West-Handel als positiv eingeschätzt worden. Mit dem 1558 ausgebrochenen Russisch-Livländischen Krieg und der Eingliederung der Stadt in das Schwedische Reich lösten sich die Verbindungen zum russischen Markt auf. Tallinn wurde zum Ausfuhrhafen für die landwirtschaftlichen Produkte Estlands, Livlands und Finnlands, v. a. Getreide. Die Handelspartner Revals wechselten: Die Lübecker wurden von den Niederländern verdrängt. Vor diesem Hintergrund nimmt der vorliegende Artikel die Handelsbilanz von Tallinn im 17. Jh. in den Blick, ihre Entwicklung und die Frage, ob und inwiefern das Gleichgewicht der Ein- und Ausfuhr erzielt wurde. Die Datengrundlage stellen die dortigen Pfundzollbücher, die mit nur wenigen Lücken vorhanden sind. Aus diesen Büchern geht hervor, dass die positive Handelsbilanz des Mittelalters auch im 17. Jh. für Tallinn charakteristisch war. Während der Kriege am Anfang des 17. Jh.s war die Handelsbilanz Tallinns noch negativ, ab 1622/23 wurde sie aber positiv. Neue Rückschläge erlitt der Handel der Stadt wegen der Kriege Schwedens mit seinen Nachbarstaaten Russland, Polen und Dänemark in der Mitte des 17. Jh.s. Wegen der Missernten der ersten Hälfte der 1660er Jahre wurde die Getreideausfuhr aus Reval verboten. In der Mitte der 1690er Jahre war das Hinterland Tallinns ebenfalls von großen Miss-ernten betroffen, die Hunger mit sich brachten. In diesen Perioden sowie während des 1700 ausgebrochenen Großen Nordischen Krieges war die Handelsbilanz der Stadt negativ. Einer allgemein positiven Handelsbilanz sind also Kriege, Missernten und daraus folgende Getreideausfuhrverbote als zeitweise Störfaktoren des Handels gegenüberzustellen.
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Fagyal, Zsuzsanna. "Phonetics and speaking machines." Historiographia Linguistica 28, no. 3 (December 31, 2001): 289–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.28.3.02fag.
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Summary This paper shows that in the 17th century various attempts were made to build fully automatic speaking devices resembling those exhibited in the late 18th-century in France and Germany. Through the analysis of writings by well-known 17th-century scientists, and a document hitherto unknown in the history of phonetics and speech synthesis, an excerpt from La Science universelle (1667[1641]) of the French writer Charles Sorel (1599–1674), it is argued that engineers and scientists of the Baroque period have to be credited with the first model of multilingual text-to-speech synthesis engines using unlimited vocabulary.
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Walden, Justine. "Capuchins, Missionaries, and Slave Trading in Precolonial Kongo-Angola, West Central Africa (17th Century)." Journal of Early Modern History 26, no. 1-2 (March 3, 2022): 38–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-bja10003.
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Abstract In the second half of the seventeenth century, Italian Capuchin missionaries who traveled to West Central Africa both colluded in and critiqued Portuguese slave trading practices. Drawing from their experience on slave galleys in the Mediterranean and their medieval Franciscan heritage, Capuchins brought earlier concepts governing enslavement to bear in Central Africa. Examining Capuchin interventions in exchanges of goods and slaves, their declamations against Portuguese warmongering, their efforts to free unjustly enslaved Africans, and the ways in which they sought to prohibit slave sales to Protestants, this article positions this group of religious agents as important mediators of struggles for empire between the Portuguese, Dutch, British, French, and Spanish in precolonial coastal Africa and as protagonists in their own right. On the basis of the Capuchins’ critique of economic gain and the Kongolese embrace of Catholicism, Capuchins crafted a counter discourse that, if only partially successful, challenged emerging models of Atlantic enslavement.
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Alyabieva, Valentina. "From the History of Combinatorial Analysis: From Idea to Research Schools." Вестник Пермского университета. Математика. Механика. Информатика, no. 2(57) (2022): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1993-0550-2022-2-14-25.
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The article explores the development of combinatorial analysis from the idea to scientific schools. Combinatorial research was stimulated by G.W. Leibniz's ideas about combinatorial art and special geometric analysis – Analysis Situs in the 17th century. Various combinatorial problems were solved by L. Euler in the XVIII century. The first scientific school of combinatorial analysis arose by K.F. Hindenburg in the second half of the 18th century in Germany. Combinatorial-geometric configurations were studied in the 19th century. A. Cayley and J. Sylvester coined the term tactics for a special branch of mathematics, of wich order is proper sphere. The modern combinatorial schools are Gonin's school in Perm and the combinatorial Rybnikov's school in Moscow.
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Preuss, M. "The Jewish Notion of Honour in Eighteenth Century South West Germany." Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 49, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/49.1.263.
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Pindl, Kathrin. "Grain Policies and Storage in Southern Germany: The Regensburg Hospital (17th-19th Centuries)." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 59, no. 2 (November 27, 2018): 415–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2018-0014.
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Abstract This paper is concerned with the storage policy of the citizens’ hospital of Regensburg in the Early Modern period (focus: 18th century). The main purpose consists of (1) a source-based micro-study that helps to derive insights into the mechanisms of how experiences and expectations have influenced decisions by a pre-modern institution, (2) an analytical scheme for describing and evaluating the process of decision-making based on narrative evidence, and (3) the suggestion of analytical categories. These should allow a differentiation between time-invariant human behaviour that determines economic decisions, and time-specific factors which can be used to separate possibly “pre-modern” patterns from seemingly modern-day capitalist economic performance.
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Renault, Rachel. "Eine moralische Ökonomie der Steuern?" Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 62, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 303–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2021-0012.
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Abstract This article analyses the conflicts over imperial taxation in 17th-18th century Germany at local level. As imperial taxes have been mostly studied for the 16th century and usually from the perspective of Vienna, observing them from below gives a completely different perspective. One can observe, in particular, very strong and long-lasting conflicts between subjects and territorial princes. The article defends the idea that taxation conflicts are not only due to the size of the tax burden, but also linked to social and political considerations. They provide an excellent vantage point for analysing the Empire from below and the popular politics that emerged within the imperial body politic.
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Griech-Polelle, Beth A. "The Wayward Flock: Catholic Youth in Postwar West Germany, 1945-1965." Central European History 39, no. 1 (March 2006): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906400066.
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The Wayward Flock: Catholic Youth in Postwar West Germany offers readers an elegantly written analysis of German Catholic subculture, or “milieu.” Ruff examines how it once successfully operated in the mid-nineteenth century and then explores why the same strategies failed to win the continued support of young Catholics in the postwar era of the Federal Republic. Ruff modifies the standard interpretation of the 1950s as a static time in German history, examines the impact of consumer culture on the Catholic subculture, and offers his own contribution to the theories of secularization.
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FENEMORE, MARK. "THE RECENT HISTORIOGRAPHY OF SEXUALITY IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY GERMANY." Historical Journal 52, no. 3 (August 4, 2009): 763–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x09007559.
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ABSTRACTThis article sets out to explore the extent and to test the limits of the history of sexuality in twentieth-century Germany. It examines the ways in which sexuality can be explored from above and below. Drawing on medical-legal definitions of sexuality, feminist debates about sexuality, the science of sexology, and advice literature, the article sets out the state of debate together with ways that it might develop in the future. Arguing in favour of a milieu-specific history of sexuality, it suggests ways that the study of youth cultures and teenage magazines together with everyday, oral history and biographical approaches might help to arrive at this. It then goes on to chart new approaches, particularly with regard to sexuality in the Third Reich, and suggests ways that these reshape our understanding of sexuality in post-war Germany, East and West. Arguing against a reductive emphasis on a society being either ‘pro-’ or ‘anti-sex’ and calling for a clearer definition of what is meant by ‘sexual liberalization’, the article points to a more multi-layered and contradictory understanding of sexuality, which is still in the process of being written.
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Zagvazdin, Evgeny P. "The History of the Transfiguration (Abalak) Churchyard in the 17th Century." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 458 (2020): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/458/17.
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The archaeological research of the Transfiguration churchyard (the area of the Abalak Monastery of the Holy Sign) which was widely conducted in 2007 to 2010 allowed examining certain issues related to the history of the churchyard in more detail. The first generalizing work by P. Danilov covered a number of various aspects and became of great significance. Nevertheless, some aspects were pushed into the background, mainly due to the versatile nature of the work. The aim of this article is to shed some light onto certain aspects of the earlier history of the Transfiguration churchyard before the fire (early to late 17th century), taking into account the unpublished data and re-evaluated excavation records. Its relevance is based on the scarcity of written records of the mentioned period and the fact that they only describe the history of the Transfiguration churchyard in general, whereas archaeological data clarify certain moments of its history. Unfortunately, all the research combined since the beginning of excavation did not amount to much (approximately 220 sq.m), thus all available data were taken into consideration. The research conducted in 2010 is especially significant. The occupation layer next to the western monastery wall was examined through two exploratory shafts. The local area of the digging site totaled up to 18 sq.m. The exploratory shaft next to the Cathedral of the Holy Sign included a small pit and an earlier pit with a rod post from the cemetery fence, which dates back to an earlier period. The burials located to the east from the fence and dating back to the early 17th – late 18th centuries were explored. The other exploratory shaft, located 32 m south from the first one, offers a similar picture. The burials found through the second exploratory shaft date back to the same period. The finding of a female’s burial under the northern monastery wall, which demonstrates the direction the cemetery developed in, was also examined. Overall, the data obtained due to the excavation in 2010 allowed creating a working hypothesis concerning the purpose of the small pit in the first exploratory shaft (a place of worship) and providing further proof of the location of some churchyard boundaries: the northern one (a female’s burial) and the western one (the wooden fence remnants). The findings of posts in the upper horizons of the second exploratory shaft confirm that the boundaries of the cemetery (and later the monastery) did not undergo significant changes until the early 19th century. They were altered in the early 19th century with the construction of a stone fence approximately 3.5–4.5 m to the west from the former wooden fence.
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Melton, Edgar. "Gutsherrschaftin East Elbian Germany and Livonia, 1500–1800: A Critique of the Model." Central European History 21, no. 4 (December 1988): 315–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900012498.
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For over a century now, scholars have viewed the divergent paths of agrarian development east and west of the Elbe river as a watershed in German history. In the west, according to this view, peasants from the late Middle Ages on enjoyed increasing freedom from direct seigniorial interference in their social, economic, and judicial affairs. Seigniorial obligations (often commuted to cash rents) remained, as did a degree of seigniorial control over peasant lands in many regions, but peasants west of the Elbe increasingly shed the more onerous seigniorial obligations, and could generally move without the lord's permission.
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Henneton, Lauric. "“Fear of Popish Leagues”: Religious Identities and the Conduct of Frontier Diplomacy in Mid-17th-Century Northeastern America." New England Quarterly 89, no. 3 (September 2016): 356–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00545.
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“Fear of Popish Leagues” weaves together various threads across the Atlantic from Scotland to Mexico and from Germany to the Caribbean to explore the makeshift diplomacy of Massachusetts Puritans and the Catholics from Acadia across confessional boundaries in the frontier environment of mid-Seventeenth Century America and in the context of civil wars in Europe.
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Anderson, Virginia DeJohn, and Frank Thistlethwaite. "Dorset Pilgrims: The Story of West Country Pilgrims Who Went to New England in the 17th Century." Journal of American History 77, no. 3 (December 1990): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2079018.
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Maher, Julianne. "Fishermen, farmers, traders: Language and economic history on St. Barthélemy, French West Indies." Language in Society 25, no. 3 (September 1996): 373–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500019217.
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ABSTRACTSt. Barthélemy, a small island in the northeastern Caribbean, is populated primarily by descendants of 17th century French settlers, and hosts seven language varieties. To explain the linguistic complexity of the island, this article reconstructs both its social history (using censuses, church records, and land registries) and its economic history, analyzing the effects of economic change on the island's population. The two offshoot communities on St. Thomas provide evidence of social fragmentation related to occupational differences. Functional explanations for St. Barth's linguistic diversity are inadequate; however, the social network theory of Milroy & Milroy 1992 proves useful in explaining the persistence of language differences in this small isolated community. (Social networks, life-modes, economic change, societal multilingualism, creole languages, French, West Indies, St. Barthélemy)
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Naamy, Nazar. "RUNTUHNYADUNIA TAKHAYUL DAN PERKEMBANGAN AGAMA DI NEGARABARATPADA AKHIR ABAD 20." TASAMUH 15, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/tasamuh.v15i1.143.
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The development of religion in the West at the end of the 20th century in Andrew Greeley’s view has increased in some former communist countries, especially Russia. While in other countries has decreased as in England, Netherlands, and France. In some countries it is relatively unchanged, especially the traditional Catholic countries, and in some societies the social democracy has declined and there has been an increase. Whereas in the case of individuals, Greeley finds that religion becomes more important for people as they age. Greeley observed that the survey results showed a lack of interest in religion among young people and tended to ignore it. This is due to the correlation related to lifecycle issues and not a sign of social change. In connection with the disappearance of the real world of superstition in the 17th century scientists tried to eliminate the mystical and superstitious patterns of thought and provide a more scientific and experimental pattern of thought, so that in the west in the 17th century it became history and witness that the era of superstition has begun to disappear. The superstition in western tradition is not easy to destroy because it takes a long time span of about 1563-1762 years.
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Sipos, Regina, and Kerstin Franzl. "Tracing the History of DIY and Maker Culture in Germany’s Open Workshops." Digital Culture & Society 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/dcs-2020-0106.
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Abstract This article presents preliminary research findings on the history of Do-It-Yourself (DIY) and maker culture in Germany. It aims to identify historical, political, economic and societal shifts that have led to the existence of approximately 1000 makerspaces of various kinds in Germany today. The article summarises the beginnings of DIY in the 20th century in West Germany and East Germany. It focuses on how infrastructures supporting DIY were created out of necessity and economic considerations, how tools and spaces were offered as public service, the influence of counterculture movements and expression of political views through DIY and finally the use of DIY as a meaningful way to spend newfound leisure time and the phenomenon of state-funded vocational educational spaces. It aims to inspire further research elucidating the connections between broader societal contexts and DIY throughout the past century and its effects on maker culture today.
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Voss, Karen-Claire, and Antoine Faivre. "Western Esotericism and the Science of Religions." Numen 42, no. 1 (1995): 48–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568527952598756.
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AbstractThe term “esotericism” refers here to the modern esoteric currents in the West (15th to 20th centuries), i.e. to a diverse group of works, authors, trends, which possess an “air de famille” and which must be studied as a part of the history of religions because of the specific form it has acquired in the West from the Renaissance on. This field is comprised of currents like: alchemy (its philosophical and/or “spiritual” aspects); the philosophia occulta; Christian Kabbalah; Paracelsianism and the Naturphilosophie in its wake; theosophy (Jacob Boehme and his followers, up to and including the Theosophical Society); Rosicrucianism of the 17th century and the subsequent similarly-oriented initiatic societies; and hermetism, i.e. the reception of the Greek Hermetica in modern times.
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Avdeev, A. G., E. A. Okladnikova, Yu M. Svoisky, and E. V. Romanenko. "A New Reading of the Inscriptions on the Handles of the Nominal Knives Found on the Sims Bay Shores." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 21, no. 7 (September 8, 2022): 134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-7-134-149.
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Purpose. The article presents a new reading of the inscriptions on two nominal knives found on the coast of Sims Bay in the Laptev Sea. The results of the reading are differs from the readings of paleographers and researchers published earlier. It was possible to give a correct reading of these inscriptions due to the use of the non-contact 3D modeling method developed by the RSSDA Laboratory and used in the Code of Russian Inscriptions (CRI).Results. The reading of the inscriptions on the nominal knives proposed by the authors of this article made it possible to establish their belonging to Gury (baptismal name) – Akaky (prayer? name) Ivanov's son Karzyaev, the likely head of the commercial and industrial expedition in the 20s of the 17th century. The site of polar sailors of the 17th century in the Sims Bay is located in 70 km to the west from the Thaddeus the North island, where in 1940 members of the hydrographic detachment of the East Taimyr hydrographic expedition found similar finds, including 8 other knives. Unfortunately, these knives have only partially preserved handles, and most turned out to be represented only by blades. Inscriptions filled with Slavic script could be found only on two knives from a hut in Sims Bay.Conclusion. According to the official version, both finds belong to the members of the Russian trade and industrial expedition in the 17th century. The rich composition of the archaeological artifacts collected at these two locations makes this site of Russian culture of the 17th century unique.
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Henningsen, Helle. "Ringkøbing i middelalderen." Kuml 53, no. 53 (October 24, 2004): 221–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v53i53.97500.
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Ringkøbing in the Middle Ages The last 25 years have seen frequent archaeological excavations in the medieval market town of Ringkøbing. In this paper, the author presents the results and weighs them against the written and cartographic sources in order to gain an overall picture of the emergence and development of the town during the Middle Ages (Fig. 1). Over the years, several local historians have dealt with the history of Ringkøbing. They based their investigations exclusively on the few medieval sources referring to the town, however, and the main issues they concentrated on were the reason for the town being situated exactly there, the origin of its name, its age, and whether it had grown out of an earlier settlement or had been a planned construction. In the first known reference to Ringkøbing, the town is called “rennumkøpingh,” or “the town at Rindum” (Fig. 2). Rindum, or “rennum,” was the rural parish, which had transferred some of its land to the town. A town prospect from around 1677 depicts the small town as seen from the north, with ships anchored on the fjord (Fig. 3). It gives a good impression of the number of streets and their directions. Nevertheless, the first reliable survey of the market town is from the early 19th century (Fig. 4).Ringkøbing is situated on the northern coast of Ringkøbing Fjord, on the edge of a moraine hill, well protected against floods. From the early days, Ringkøbing’s existence was inextricably linked with the navigation conditions on the fjord. Geologists have pointed out that during the Middle Ages the present islands in the tidal area south of Blåvandshuk continued further north, to Bovbjerg. This row of islands is visible on a chart from the mid-16th century (Fig. 5). On the chart, one of the islands is called “Numit,” which is interpreted as “Nyminde,” or “the new mouth.” Huge floods during the 17th century started a major process of drifting of material from the north along the coast, and the channels between the islands sanded up. Just one channel remained navigable, but it moved southward and eventually closed up completely (Fig. 6), which was a disastrous development for Ringkøbing. Nevertheless, during the Middle Ages, ships could still pass unhindered from the sea into the fjord and to Ringkøbing, where they could trade and take in supplies and water.Ringkøbing is situated in an area which has been inhabited since the last Ice Age, and which was especially rich during the Iron Age. By the mid-13th century the area was divided into districts and parishes, and the market town sprouted up in the middle of a well functioning agricultural region. The first actual excavation took place in Ringkøbing in 1978, when the property of Vester Strandgade 14 was investigated by Ringkøbing Museum. An area measuring 44 square metres was examined, and the excavation revealed part of the medieval town (Fig. 7). At the bottom of the excavated area, several furrows observed in a 15 to 20-cm thick humus layer indicated that the area had been farmed right up until the beginning of the activities there in the medieval period. Of the two ditches registered in the area, the earlier one had been dug into the ploughed field, whereas the later ditch was situated approximately in the middle of the medieval culture layer (Fig. 8). Twenty-three post-holes were found, but unfortunately their relationships to each other could not be determined. An extensive layer with a 3.4-metre diameter turned out to be the remains of a well, the shaft of which had been built from granite boulders (Fig. 9). A small bronze buckle was found at the bottom of the well (Fig. 10), and several sherds of imported pottery from around 1300 were found in the filling around the well shaft.The layer sequence was visible in the walls, with the yellow-brown moraine gravel at the bottom, then the above-mentioned humus layer with furrows, and then the homogeneous, grey, medieval culture layer. Above this an earthen floor from the 17th century was visible in several places. The upper layer, with a thickness of c.60 cm, was modern.The medieval layer contained large amounts of pottery sherds, mainly from locally produced grey-brown globular vessels. The rim sherds were from two main pottery types, A and B. Type A, which constitutes the largest group, has the classical, almost S-shaped rim (Fig. 12), whereas type B is characterized by an outward-folded edge creating a flat inner rim (Fig. 13). Both types exist concurrently throughout the medieval culture layer.The glazed pottery sherds represent two types, locally produced earthenware (Fig. 14), and imported pottery. Both types were present in the Vester Strandgade excavation. Of the imported sherds, 39 are from green-glazed jugs with a “raspberry” decoration (Fig. 15). These jugs were produced in the Netherlands around 1300. Sherds from German stoneware found in the medieval layer date from the same time (Fig. 16).The Vester Strandgade excavation was followed by several large and small investigations in the town centre (Fig. 17). “Dyekjærs Have” contained several traces of medieval structures, for instance a large number of post-holes, some of which were from a small building. The pottery material was abundant and consisted mainly of sherds from greyish-brown globular vessels (Fig. 18), but there were also sherds from imported and locally manufactured jugs. Other important town excavations include that of Marens Maw’, where the numerous traces of medieval structure included a row of post-holes interpreted as the outer wall of a house, and the excavation of Øster Strandgade 4, which revealed a late medieval turf-built well (Fig. 19). The excavation of Bojsens Gård also gave interesting results. It was very close to the street, and in this area the medieval culture layer had a depth of up to 60 cm. A ditch dug into the ploughed medieval field represented the earliest activity on this spot. Several structural traces reflected a continuous settlement going back to the early days of the town. Here, too, sherds from globular vessels dominated, but glazed ceramics and stoneware were also represented. The written sources from the Middle Ages reveal nothing about the medieval appearance of the town. The archaeological excavations, on the other hand, have shown that the settlement consisted of houses made from posts dug into the ground, probably half-timbered constructions with wattle-and-daub outer walls, earthen floors, and thatched roofs. The archaeological excavations have also revealed that Ringkøbing sprang up on a ploughed field during the second half of the 13th century. There are no signs of any settlement prior to this, and it is most likely that the town was laid out all at once according to a fixed town plan. No building traces were found in the streets, on Torvet (the market square), on Kirkepladsen (the church square), or on Havnepladsen (the harbour square), and so these squares must have been planned as such from the beginning. The numerous grooves and ditches are interpreted as boundary markers made when the plots were first established. The earliest ones are dug into the ploughed field, and so they must indicate the very first land-registration of the town.In order to found the new market town, an oblong part of Rindum parish had to be confiscated, and the town was marked out in the western part of this as an area measuring approximately 550 by 250 metres (Fig. 20). The streets were laid out in the still existing regular network. There was no harbour, and the ships would anchor in the shallow water off the town. Goods were transported by barge or horse-drawn carriage.In the town centre the market square was laid out, and behind it the square by the church. Ringkøbing’s church is a small Gothic brick building from around 1400. The townsmen probably used the parish church in Rindum during the first 150 years.At the time when Ringkøbing was founded, the Crown was establishing several small coastal towns throughout the kingdom. There was a notable lack of towns along the west coast of Jutland, and the founding of Ringkøbing probably represents a wish to fill this vacuum. At the same time, it was a friendly gesture directed towards the merchants from Northwest Europe whose large merchant ships sailed along the west coast on their way to and from the major markets in the Baltic. It was in the king’s interest to control the trade in the country, as it enabled him to levy taxes and to oppose the Hanseatic League’s attempt to monopolise foreign trade.Life in medieval Ringkøbing was based on trade and crafts, and the king controlled both through his assignment of privileges. The first preserved trade licence concerning medieval Ringkøbing is from 1443, but that document is in fact a confirmation of a privilege previously granted.The archaeological excavations and the written sources have informed us that the town’s trade interests lay across the North Sea. The town’s own merchants travelled overseas, and foreign merchants passed through. Foreign goods such as glazed jugs, stoneware jugs, and woollen cloth were imported from the Netherlands, Flanders, and Germany. The sources also indicate that a hinterland reaching far into Jutland used Ringkøbing for disembarkation. After the Middle Ages, the sources describe Ringkøbing as a small town, at times rather poor, which often had to ask permission to postpone the tax payments for which it was liable. The earliest depictions and maps also give the impression of a small town taking up less space than it did during the Middle Ages (Fig. 21).It will be interesting to learn whether future excavations in Ringkøbing will radically change the picture of the town presented here.Helle HenningsenRingkøbing Museum Translated by Annette Lerche Trolle
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MENG, MICHAEL L. "After the Holocaust: The History of Jewish Life in West Germany." Contemporary European History 14, no. 3 (August 2005): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777305002523.
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In July 1945, Rabbi Leo Baeck remarked that the Third Reich had destroyed the historical basis of German Jewry. ‘The history of Jews in Germany has found its end. It is impossible for it to come back. The chasm is too great’. Heinz Galinski, a survivor of Auschwitz who led West Berlin’s Jewish community until his death in 1992, could not have disagreed more strongly. ‘I have always held the view’, he observed, ‘that the Wannsee Conference cannot be the last word in the life of the Jewish community in Germany’. As these diverging views suggest, opting to live in the ‘land of the perpetrators’ represented both an unthinkable and a realistic choice. In the decade after the Holocaust, about 12,000 German-born Jews opted to remain in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and comprised about half of its Jewish community. Rooted in the German language and typically married to non-Jewish spouses, they still had some connections to Germany. xSuch cultural and personal ties did not exist for the other half of West Germany’s Jewish community – its East European Jews. Between 1945 and 1948, 230,000 Jews sought refuge in occupied Germany from the violent outbursts of antisemitism in eastern Europe. Although by 1949 only 15,000 East European Jews had taken permanent residence in the FRG, those who stayed behind profoundly impacted upon Jewish life. More religiously devout than their German-Jewish counterparts, they developed a rich cultural tradition located mostly in southern Germany. But their presence also complicated Jewish life. From the late nineteenth century, relations between German and East European Jews historically were tense and remained so in the early postwar years; the highly acculturated German Jews looked down upon their less assimilated, Yiddish-speaking brothers. In the first decade after the war, integrating these two groups emerged as one of the most pressing tasks for Jewish community leaders.
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Schmoeckel, Mathias. "Radikale Frühaufklärung in Deutschland." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung 106, no. 1 (August 27, 2020): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgk-2020-0013.
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AbstractRadical early Enlightenment in Germany. The habilitation paper of Martin Mulsow, now enrichend, provides for a new in-depth look into the scientific discussions of the 17th and 18th century. Though Mulsow treats many subjects and touches issues of law only occasionally, the implication of this new publication reveals many new insights also for legal historians. We see that there was a wide spread belief into the existence of scientific liberty, although there was no law or rule to prove this assumption. Though we find no new Gabriel Naudé, Pierre Bayle, or John Locke, the German professors used their debate in order to extend the topics and opinions which could lawfully be discussed. The hermeneutical issues involve insight also for the history of legal evidence.
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TROPIA, Anna. "From Paris to Gotha: The Circulation of Two Parisian Jesuit Courses between the 16th and the 17th century." Mediterranea. International Journal on the Transfer of Knowledge 4 (March 31, 2019): 75–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/mijtk.v4i0.11470.
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This article traces back the history of a collection of manuscript academic course-notes taken by a German student at the end of the sixteenth century and today preserved at the Research Library of Gotha (Thuringien, Germany). It focuses, in particular, on two of them, which transmit texts dictated in Paris: they testify to the large circulation of academic doctrines through the practice of the copy of the course-notes by students.
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Eckert, Astrid M. "The Transnational Beginnings of West German Zeitgeschichte in the 1950s." Central European History 40, no. 1 (February 27, 2007): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938907000283.
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The study of Zeitgeschichte, or contemporary history, was not an invention of the postwar era. But it was in the wake of the Second World War that it carved out a space in the historical professions of the United States, Great Britain and, most pronouncedly, West Germany. In each country, it came with similar definitions: in West Germany as “the era of those living, and its scholarly treatment by academics”; in the United States as “the period of the last generation or two”; and in Britain as “Europe in the twentieth century” or “the histories of yesterday which are being written today.” Such definitions contained a generational component and left contemporary history open to continuous rejuvenation. Yet during the postwar decades, the above definitions steered interest clearly toward the history of National Socialism, the Second World War, and foreign policy of the 1920s and 1930s. The horrific cost in human lives of Nazi racial and anti-Semitic policies gave an instant relevance to all aspects of Germany's past. The German grip on much of Europe had made National Socialism an integral component in the history of formerly occupied countries, and the Allied struggle to defeat Nazism added yet more countries to the list of those that had seen their histories become entangled with that of Germany. Hence, the academic writing of German contemporary history was never an exclusively German affair. Scholars outside Germany, especially in Great Britain and the United States, were part of the endeavor from the outset. Their involvement was facilitated by the fact that the Western Allies had captured an enormous quantity of German records and archives at the end of the war, part of which would become available to historians over the course of the 1950s and 1960s.
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Cai, Jialiang. "The Vicious circle of the Identity of the East German Masses -- the Dilemma of the Construction of the German Common National Identity." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 2 (November 6, 2022): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v2i.2368.
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After the World War II, Germany was divided into two parts, the East and the West carried out social economy and national construction for half a century under the guidance of planned economy and market economy separately. The longer the division of Germany, the greater the gap between east and west in terms of economic system, political culture and so on. Now, Germany has been unified for more than 30 years, and the economic integration between the East and the West has achieved remarkable results. However, in terms of identity, there are still barriers between east and west that hinder the construction of a common German identity. In order to figure out what factors hinder the German identity forming, through reviewing history of the process of German economic integration, unequal economic developing structure was found that it could be origin of the barriers.
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Giannoulis, Markos. "Die Wiederentdeckung von Byzanz: Die kretische Ikone von Göttingen und die Koimesis-Darstellung in der byzantinischen und postbyzantinischen Epoche." Byzantinische Zeitschrift 113, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 751–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bz-2020-0033.
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AbstractWhat are the similarities and the differences of icons from the same workshop depicting the same subject? An important portable icon with the representation of the Dormition of the Virgin, hitherto unknown, preserved today in the Art Collection of the University of Göttingen, helps answering this question. The studydeals with the fascinating journey of this icon from Venetian-dominated Crete in the 15th century to Germany of the 18th century. Furthermore, this paper shows that the icon of Göttingen belongs to a group of a numerous icons that they all derive from the same icon-workshop of the renowned Cretan painters Andreas and Nikolaos Ritzos in Candia. Finally, it turned out that this icon was also the inspiration for Cretan painters of the 17th CE such as Emmanuel Lambardos and Viktor.
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Zdanevich, Alexander S. "The History of Missionary Activities in South and South-West Africa (mid. 17th — second half of the 19th century)." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 11, no. 2 (2019): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2019.204.
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Werz, Michael. "Instituting Europe: Germany, the Union, and the Legacy of the Short Century." German Politics and Society 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2001): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503001782385607.
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Recent debates about the future of the European Union have focusedin large part on institutional reforms, the deficit of democratic legitimacy,and the problem of economic and agrarian policies. As importantas these issues may be, the most crucial question at the momentis not whether Europe will prevail as a union of nations or as a thoroughlyintegrated federal structure. What is of much greater concernis the fact that political structures and their corresponding politicaldiscourses have lagged far behind the social changes occurring inEuropean societies. The pivotal transformation of 1989 has not beengrasped intellectually or politically, even though its results areincreasingly visible in both the east and west.
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Bernet, Claus. "Das deutsche Quäkertum in der Frühen Neuzeit Ein grundsätzlicher Beitrag zur Pietismusforschung." Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte 60, no. 3 (2008): 213–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157007308784742430.
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AbstractQuakerism is the first Anglo-American religion that has gained ground in Germany, especially in the north, in the second half of the 17th century. Contrary to older church historiography, this was not a marginal phenomenon. Rather, stable congregations developed, as did a Europe-wide network of missionary work and a differentiated culture of polemic writings. These points of encounter allowed the Quakers to establish contact with supporters of Böhme and radical pietists while at the same time enabling an Antiquakeriana campaign against them. At the center of this study lies the question for the religious-historical positioning of Quakerism. The author argues that due to impulses of extra-ecclesiastical pietism, positions arose that transgressed Christianity's frame of reference. Therefore the reference to the early modern understanding of esoterism has proven especially useful.
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Gerasimov, A. P., and M. I. Korzh. "The influence of classicism on urban planning in West Siberia." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 23, no. 3 (June 28, 2021): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2021-23-3-81-97.
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The of direction and style terms are of great importance in architecture and art history. The same names may have sometimes a completely different meaning. Classicism as one of the main trends in world architecture and art is now quite freely interpreted by different authors, which results in inaccurate definitions of architectural style of an object and the time of its construction. All this creates certain difficulties in studying not only historical buildings, but also their restoration or reconstruction.The article raises several questions related to the direction style. The first is the origins of the style that spread throughout Europe and Russia since the mid of the 17th century and continues today. Both classicism and its architectural styles require clarification and understanding. The second issue concerns the architecture and development of Siberian cities. The third question describes the influence of classicism on urban planning in West Siberia.
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А.В., Карабыков,. "«The Plain Discourse of Truth»: The Project of Philosophic Language in the 17th-Century West. Part II: the Fundament and Implementation." Диалог со временем, no. 81(81) (December 24, 2022): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.81.81.005.
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Дизайны реальной, или вещественной, письменности и философского языка стали предельной ступенью в развитии проекта универсального языка. В отличие от более ранних схем всеобщей письменности, призванных дополнить наличные языки удобным посредником между ними, цель этих дизайнов была в том, чтобы заменить эти последние более совершенной всецело искусственной формой в сферах научного познания и обучения. Рассматриваются причины, в силу которых ряд ведущих умов того времени подвергал суровой критике естественные языки и стремился к их замене этой формой. Изучен поиск тех эпистемических и методологических оснований, на которых предлагали её строить, и показана роль схоластического аристотелизма в разработке систем реальной письменности. Creation of the real character and philosophic language schemes became a final stage in a development of the universal language project. If the prior designs of the universal character were to supplement existing languages with an easy-to-use mediator. As opposed to them, a main aim of those schemes was to replace ordinary languages with an entirely artificial system in spheres of scientific work and education. The reasons for which many leading minds of that time harshly criticized ordinary languages and sought to substitute them with the philosophic system are considered. The search for the epistemic and methodological foundations upon that they proposed to construct the real character and philosophic language is described. And the role of scholastic Aristotelianism in their designing is explored.
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Cohen, Gary B. "John Connelly's Long March through East European History." Austrian History Yearbook 52 (April 6, 2021): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237821000175.
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John Connelly, a member of the history faculty at the University of California, Berkeley, for the last quarter century, has produced what will surely stand as a landmark among grand syntheses on the modern history of Eastern Europe. The book title uses the geographical designation favored during the Cold War, but the subject is more precisely East Central Europe, a term that Connelly uses interchangeably with Eastern Europe to designate the lands lying between Germany and Austria in the west and the former components of the Soviet Union to the east.
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SCHICKORE, JUTTA. "Misperception, illusion and epistemological optimism: vision studies in early nineteenth-century Britain and Germany." British Journal for the History of Science 39, no. 3 (August 23, 2006): 383–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087406008387.
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This article compares investigations of the process of vision that were made in early nineteenth-century Britain and the German lands. It is argued that vision studies differed significantly east and west of the North Sea. Most of the German investigators had a medical background and many of them had a firm grasp of contemporary philosophy. In contrast, the British studies on vision emerged from the context of optics. This difference manifested itself in the conceptual tools for the analysis of vision, deception and illusion and shaped the experiments on visual phenomena that were carried out. Nevertheless, both in Britain and in the German lands vision studies were driven by the same impetus, by epistemological concerns with the nature and reliability of knowledge acquisition in experience. The general epistemological conclusions drawn from researches on vision and deception were optimistic. Precisely because mechanisms of deception and illusion could be uncovered, the possibility of acquiring empirical knowledge could be secured.
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Kleimola, A. M. "The Paradoxes of Kozheozero." Russian History 39, no. 1-2 (2012): 232–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633112x627166.
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The Kozheozero Monastery of the Epiphany was founded by the monk Nifont in the mid-16th century. Located in the impenetrable swamps west of the Onega River, it was one of the most remote religious houses in the Russian North and should have remained small in size and insignificant in cultural history. Yet it came to exemplify the complex and seemingly contradictory character of Muscovite religious life in the 17th century, when it attracted about a hundred seekers after solitude to a wilderness community where they found wooden churches surrounded by huts but also a rich sacristy, an extensive library, and an icon collection that reflected the fashions of the capital. Thanks to the support of the new Romanov dynasty, the long residence of the noted ascetic Nikodim, the brief abbacy of the future Patriarch Nikon, and the Moscow connections of the community’s most well-known monk Bogolep L’vov, Kozheozero surprisingly grew into a significant literary and artistic center. The spread of Western cultural influence in court circles and major provincial centers has received considerable attention, but the achievements of Kozheozero demonstrate that the new trends also penetrated the most isolated areas of the Muscovite state.
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Salimov, Aleksey M., Elena A. Romanova, and Vasily V. Danilov. "Unknown church in the western part of Tver Kremlin." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 60 (2021): 224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2021-60-224-236.
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The present paper explores the history of one of the Tver Kremlin cemeteries first surveyed archaeologically in 1998 (figure 1). Based on the analyses of the material gained and its dating the authors indicate the period of the studied part of necropolis functioning as the second quarter of the 16th – the border of the 16–17th centuries (figures 2–5). The cemetery existed by the wooden church which was destroyed probably in the period of “the Time of Troubles” in the early 17th century. The church stood in the western part of the Tver Kremlin, 200 meters to the west of central ensemble of stone temples including the Cathedral of Transfiguration of Our Saviour as well as constructions of Prince’s Yard and the Bishop’s one. The consecration of the necropolis’ church has been determined probably as “the Church of Life-giving Trinity over the Bishop’s Yard” [6, р. 296]. Authors came to the conclusion on the basis of studying several written and archaeological sources.
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Hong, Young-sun. "Cigarette Butts and the Building of Socialism in East Germany." Central European History 35, no. 3 (September 2002): 327–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691610260426489.
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Since the nineteenth century, cleanliness and hygiene have played an integral role in the construction of bourgeois subjectivity and notions of self-governance in Europe. Drawing on this reservoir of potential signification, the spread of a mass consumer society in the twentieth century has capitalized on commodified images of health, hygiene, and cleanliness, while the maintenance and representation of clean bodies for modern men and women became virtually inseparable from consumption. The Nazis both accelerated and gave a racial spin to the idea of a clean, healthy body as the symbol of racially superior, socially productive, and sexually virile Aryans. Whether commodified and sexualized under consumerism or channeled into a murderous project under the Nazis, hygienic and healthy bodies became the object of pleasure and a signifier of superior social and racial identity. When these considerations are taken into account, it is important to inquire into the problems faced by the founding fathers of the GDR with regard to questions of health and consumption. The vision of the socialist “New Man” and the ideal of pure and healthy living that were so frequently invoked in the early years of the GDR must be seen as attempts to forge a positive identity for the new socialist state while avoiding the twin ideological dangers posed by the memory of Nazi racial policies and the implicit connections made between health, consumption, and freedom in the pluralistic consumer society to the west.
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Nawata, Yūji. "Phantasmagoric Literatures from 1827 : Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Sin Chaha, and Kyokutei Bakin1." Jahrbuch für Internationale Germanistik 54, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/jig541_145.
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The magic lantern as a projection technique, which has existed in Europe since the 17th century (at the latest), and phantasmagoria as a large-scale magic lantern occupy a prominent place in the world history of visual culture. As they spread across the world, these technologies encountered written cultures and produced fantastic literature—phantasmagorical literature, so to speak. This article analyzes phantasmagorical literature written or published circa 1827 by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) of Germany, (SIN Chaha, also called [SIN Wi], 1769–18452 of Korea, and (KYOKUTEI Bakin, 1767–1848) of Japan. This is a demonstration of a novel approach to comparative literature, which compares literary works in the light of global technological history, and this is an attempt to give an insight into the world history of visual culture from the perspective of 1827.
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Rowe, Michael. "France, Prussia, or Germany? The Napoleonic Wars and Shifting Allegiances in the Rhineland." Central European History 39, no. 4 (December 2006): 611–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906000203.
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The following article focuses on the Rhineland, and more specifically, the region on the left (or west) bank of the Rhine bounded in the north and west by the Low Countries and France. This German-speaking region was occupied by the armies of revolutionary France after 1792. De jure annexation followed the Treaty of Lunéville (1801), and French rule lasted until 1814. Most of the Rhineland was awarded in 1815 to Prussia and remained a constituent part until after the Second World War. The Rhineland experienced Napoleonic rule first hand. Its four departments—the Roër, Rhin-et-Moselle, Sarre, and Mont-Tonnerre—were treated like the others in metropolitan France, and it is this status that makes the region distinct in German-speaking Europe. This had consequences both in the Napoleonic period and in the century that followed the departure of the last French soldier. This alone would constitute sufficient reason for studying the region. More broadly, however, the Rhenish experience in the French period sheds light on the much broader phenomena of state formation and nation building. Before 1792, the Rhenish political order appeared in many respects a throwback to the late Middle Ages. Extreme territorial fragmentation, city states, church states, and mini states distinguished its landscape. These survived the early-modern period thanks in part to Great Power rivalry and the protective mantle provided by the Holy Roman Empire. Then, suddenly, came rule by France which, in the form of the First Republic and Napoleon's First Empire, represented the most demanding state the world had seen up to that point. This state imposed itself on a region unused to big government. It might be thought that bitter confrontation would have resulted. Yet, and here is a paradox this article wishes to address, many aspects of French rule gained acceptance in the region, and defense of the Napoleonic legacy formed a component of the “Rhenish” identity that came into being in the nineteenth century.
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Kouvarou, Maria. "American Rock with a European Twist: The Institutionalization of Rock’n’Roll in France, West Germany, Greece, and Italy (20th Century)." Historia Crítica, no. 57 (July 2015): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7440/histcrit57.2015.05.
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Cary, Noel D. "From Yalta to Berlin: The Cold War Struggle over Germany." Central European History 39, no. 1 (March 2006): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906350066.
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The Berlin Republic of the twenty-first century, writes W. R. Smyser, is destined to be unlike all previous German states. A status quo power and a stable democracy, it is neither the battleground of others nor dominant over them, neither reticent like Bonn nor arrogant like the Berlin of the late Hohenzollerns. The Cold War was “the essential incubator” of this “new Germany” (p. 402). It provided Germany with the tools of change—a role through which to overcome its past, and time to overcome old wounds. Aiding the incubation were contradictory Communist policies, astute Western statesmanship, and bravely pursued Eastern popular aspirations. Two Germans and two Americans, Smyser avers, stand at the heart of the eventual Communist defeat: East German leader Walter Ulbricht, West German Chancellor Willy Brandt, President Ronald Reagan, and Smyser’s onetime mentor, General Lucius Clay. Mighty assists go to British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin, Soviet leaders Joseph Stalin and Mikhail Gorbachev, and the inspirational Polish Pope. Further down this idiosyncratic hierarchy stand Chancellors Adenauer and Kohl and U.S. President George H. W. Bush.
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Bobkova, Marina. "Jean Boden in Russian Historiography." ISTORIYA 13, no. 1 (111) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840019047-0.
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Jean Boden (1530—1596), the famous French lawyer and politician, historian, economist and philosopher left a rich artistic legacy — ten treatises on a variety of topics: from education to the theory of sovereignty. Abroad, hundreds of works are devoted to the study of the life and work of Boden, and the first of them appeared already at the beginning of the 17th century. The question naturally arises, what was the fate of Boden's ideas in Russia? At first glance, it seems that there can be no question of direct impact. In those few decades, when the name of Boden was still thundering, his works were repeatedly published and translated into foreign languages, the political atmosphere in Russia was not conducive to the perception of the ideas of the French thinker. This was the period of the reign of Ivan the Terrible, Oprichnin, then, followed by Troubles and the accession of the first Romanovs to the Russian throne. When the Russian educated society began to actively assimilate the spiritual riches of the West, Boden's time had already passed and Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, and others became the subject of study of the Russian Enlightenment. But nevertheless, traces of acquaintance with Boden and even his influence can be found in our country at the end of the 17th and especially in the 18th century. The article further examines the Russian tradition of studying Boden's ideas to this day.
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Enssle, Manfred J. "Five Theses on German Everyday Life after World War II." Central European History 26, no. 1 (March 1993): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900019944.
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To order an untidy past, historians identify and interpret significant pivots in the development of nations. One such pivot in the fractured history of twentieth-century Germany was the period between 1945 and 1949. In these brief postwar years, a remarkable “mutation” of German politics and society began under Allied tutelage. In this interregnum between Hitler and Adenauer, a war-devastated West Germany started on the path “from shadow to substance.” As the Bonn Republic endured, historians started to trace its origins back to certain political and economic structures first erected in the postwar years. Increasingly, they emphasized postwar Weichenstellungen, or turning points, which influenced later events. By the 1980s, this structuralist view strongly suggested that contemporaries of the years 1945–1949 had actually lived through the Vorgeschichte, or prehistory, of the Federal Republic, and of affluence.
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Alterauge, Amelie, and Cornelia Hofmann. "Crypt Burials from the Cloister Church of Riesa (Germany) – Changes of Funerary Customs, Body Treatment, and Attitudes to Death." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica, no. 35 (December 30, 2020): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6034.35.05.
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The cloister church of Riesa (Saxony, Germany) contains two burial crypts which were used from the 17th to 19th century AD by local noble families, namely the barons von Felgenhauer, Hanisch/von Odeleben and von Welck. The crypt beneath the altar originally contained 50 inhumations of which about 30 are still preserved at present, either as coffins and/or mummies, while the northern crypt contained eight interments.
During the last two centuries, the crypts have experienced major changes which could partly be reconstructed through historical records, photographs and oral history. The aim of the investigations, supported by the parish and the city museum, was to document the current state-of-preservation and to identify the inhumations by combining different types of evidence.
The coffins were visually inspected and dated by typo-chronological comparisons, and inscriptions were transliterated whenever possible. Material, fabrication, clothing type and dating of the garments were determined during costume analysis. The mummified remains were subjected to a morphological investigation, including X-rays. Different body treatments resulting in natural or artificial mummification could be observed. In selected cases, samples for aDNA analysis were taken to test for kinship between individuals, and stable isotope analysis was performed for the reconstruction of diet, origin and age of weaning. Probable identification could only be achieved for the individuals with contextual information; however, the bioarchaeological analyses are still ongoing.
The coffin ornamentation and inscriptions as well as the garments show chronological changes as well as individual preferences from the 17th to 19th century, most distinctive in the children burials. Faith in God and hope of resurrection remain constant attitudes to death, but familial affiliation becomes an important factor in early modern noble burials.
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Карабыков, А. В. "«The plain discourse of truth»: the project of philosophic language in the 17th-century West Part I: The way to the real character." Диалог со временем, no. 78(78) (April 24, 2022): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.78.78.001.
Full textAbstract:
Будучи уникальным явлением эпохи Научной революции XVI–XVII вв., проект всеобщего и особенно философского языка развивался на стыке интересов столь разных дисциплин, как лингвистика и теология, естествознание и семиотика, метафизика и теория коммуникации. В статье исследуется его история, осмысленная как переход от стено- и криптографических систем к схемам всеобщей и далее реальной письменности. При этом философский язык был фонетическим вариантом систем реальной письменности. Анализ каждой ступени сосредоточен на мотивах и целях создателей этих схем, а также на культурных факторах и интеллектуальных предпосылках, обусловливавших их мышление. Обсуждается вопрос о связях, генетически соединявших этот проект с обсуждением природы адамического языка и возможности его обретения. Доказывается, что авторы схем обоих (всеобщего и реального) типов рассматривали их как паллиатив по отношению к утраченному Ursprache. The project of universal and philosophic language was a unique phenomenon of the epoch of the Scientific revolution of the XVI–XVII cc. It was developed at an intersection of such various disciplines as linguistics and theology, natural philosophy and semiotics, metaphysics and communicational technologies. The history of the project conceived as a transition from steno- and cryptographic systems to schemes of the universal character and then to the real one is studied. The analysis of each stage is focused on motives and aims of creators of the schemes as well as on cultural factors and intellectual premises determining their work and thinking. An issue of the relations genetically connecting that project with discussions of the nature of Adamic language and of possibilities of its recuperation is considered. It is argued that the authors of the schemes of the both (universal and real) kinds regarded them as a palliative substitution of the lost Ursprache.
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Eley, Geoff. "The Past Under Erasure? History, Memory, and the Contemporary." Journal of Contemporary History 46, no. 3 (July 2011): 555–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009411403342.
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This article seeks to explore some particularities of history writing in the present. It considers in turn the meanings of the contemporary interest in memory, the different ways in which ideas about and images of the past circulate through the mass-mediated public sphere of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, the complexities of publicness and the public sphere, and the shifting boundaries between popular ideas of the past and changes in the discipline of history. It then turns to the example of (West) Germany between the 1960s and now. The article concludes with some reflections on changing perceptions of the overall character of the twentieth century.
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Rankin, Alisha. "Empirics, Physicians, and Wonder Drugs in Early Modern Germany: The Case of the Panacea Amwaldina." Early Science and Medicine 14, no. 6 (2009): 680–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138374209x12542104913920.
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AbstractThis essay examines the conflicting approaches towards marvelous cures in sixteenth-century Germany. As pharmaceutical substances flooded in from both east and west, they brought with them a market for "wonder drugs" that would cure any ailment. In this climate, university-trained physicians felt threatened by the rising popularity of cures hawked by empirical practitioners, while at the same time endorsing certain wonder drugs. Using the example of one particularly controversial empiric, Georg am Wald, and his wonder drug, the Panacea Amwaldina, this article parses the various factors that made the medical elite embrace certain cures while deriding others.
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de Viana, Augusto. "Belgian Missionaries in 17th Century Marianas: The Role of Fr. Peter Coomans and Fr. Gerard Bouwens." Philippiniana Sacra 46, no. 136 (2011): 85–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.55997/ps1005xlvi136a4.
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Belgians comprised some of the European missionaries who helped administer the nascent Spanish colony in the Mariana islands. The Christian mission there was founded by Fr. Diego Luis de Sanvitores in 1668 and the task of conversion of the natives to the new faith was entrusted to the Jesuits. Missionaries from Belgium added to those from other nations such as Italy, Germany and Moravia. They were chosen because of their ability to endure harsh conditions. The first decades of the Marianas mission was fraught with extreme difficulties most especially the resistance of the natives to the changes brought by Christianity. Two missionaries, Fr. Peter Coomans and Fr. Balthazar Dubois, paid with their lives while serving as missionaries in the Marianas. Despite the difficulties, they sowed the seeds of the Christian mission in the island and ensured the continued existence of the colony. Fr. Coomans and Fr. Gerard Bouwens played an important part in the islands as superiors in the Mariana Mission. Fr. Bouwens later made recommendations for good governance in the islands. An important role played by these two missionaries was that they recorded the history of the colony and recorded some important aspects of the culture of the native Chamorro people and the challenges faced by the mission including the serious challenges such as the martyrdom of fellow missionaries and the native rebellions which lasted until 1695. For his important role in serving the mission, Fr. Bouwens was hailed as its second founder.
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Stanciu Gorun, Bogdan. "Familia Șorban/Șerban, în secolele XIV–XVII. Schiță genealogică." Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei 34 (December 20, 2020): 371–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47802/amet.2020.34.22.
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"Șorban/Șerban Family in the 14th-17th centuries. Genealogical sketch This article aims to reconstruct the historical route of a lower nobility family, from the first appearance in history to the beginning of the modern era. It is the Sorban/Serban family, with two branches, in the north-western part of Transylvania (in the broader sense), respectively in the south-west part of it, having a common root, in the world of the Maramures knezes, continued by a common strain, among the petty nobility of Chioar. The objective is to contribute to a better knowledge of the lower nobility in the western provinces of present-day Romania, on the background that the nobility of these parts is not yet sufficiently represented in the Romanian historiography. The oldest members of the family can be identified in the first half of the 14th century, as knezes Stan Albu and Locovoy of Cosău. At the beginning of the next century, the knezial family individualized in several branches, including the Sorba of Călineşti. In the 16th century, a member of this family crossed into Chioar District, and his three sons received a diploma of ennoblement in 1609, for services to Prince Gabriel Báthory. During the 17th century, the Sorba(n) family appears in several conscriptions of the Chioar, divided into two branches. At the beginning of the 18th century, a Şorban emigrated to the Mureş Plain, near Arad. There will emerge a strong branch of the family, which changes its name to Şerban and sticks to the Greek Orthodox Church, while the other one keeps its name, but shifts to the Greek Catholic Church. Both branches contribute in the 19th and 20th centuries to the intellectual and political elite of Romanians. Descendants of both branches are now well-known people in the cultural field. Keywords: Romanian-nobility, genealogy, Șorban, Șerban, Locovoy "