Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Germany, United-Kingdom, France'
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1
Herolf, Gunilla. "France, Germany and the United Kingdom : cooperation in times of turbulence /." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Political Science, Stockholm University [Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, Stockholms universitet], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-227.
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Dobbernack, Jan. "The politics of cohesion in France, Germany and the United Kingdom." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/038fa527-d698-4876-946b-0eb758e0039a.
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Over the last two decades, social cohesion has become a widespread political concern. Governments across Western Europe consider how social cohesion may be at risk and propose political initiatives to safeguard cohesion. This objective is usually seen to require the active contribution of citizens who are called upon to evince responsibility for social unity. Cohesion agendas have been developed with the intention to instil this responsibility through measures of social activation. The proximity between cohesion and activation, however, has rarely been explored. While their mutual dependence tends to be considered as a given or a natural fact, this thesis seeks to show how the two orientations have been conjoined as a result of changing conceptualizations of society in political debate. In studies of such debates and of agenda-setting moments, the thesis examines the development of new concerns, concepts and political measures in France, Germany and the United Kingdom. Cohésion sociale was introduced in the context of ambiguous definitions of social exclusion that had emerged in French political discourse since the early 1980s. It was developed as a political objective that would respond to Jacques Chirac’s diagnosis of fracture sociale. Bürgergesellschaft in Germany was defined against the background of anxiety about collective immobility, social sclerosis and political apathy. In the early 2000s, it proved to be a vehicle for a turn towards activation in welfare state reform. In Britain, community cohesion was introduced in response to a spate of unrest in the English North. In its most prominent conceptualisations, it responded to the diagnosis that these and other social problems were the result of misguided multicultural objectives and behavioural deficiencies among ethnic minority populations. The thesis treats the formation of these agendas as a challenge that requires both interpretation and critique. It proposes a perspective on how society is imagined in the course of the formation of social cohesion agendas. It suggests that in particular the imaginary coincidence of disintegration and unity is characteristic of this social imaginary and provides for a sense of urgency that frequently underpins remedies of activation. The thesis concludes that where cohesion is said to be lacking, populations are selectively targeted and ethnic minority groups, welfare recipients, or the unemployed are being subjected to new demands. The critical concern of the thesis is to explore how new concerns with social unity have led to the adoption of requirements that are placed on the doorstep of those that are less able to comply.
3
Diaz, Pablo F. "Labor market integration of immigrants in France, Germany and the United Kingdom." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Mar/10Mar%5FDiaz%5FPablo.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Europe and Eurasia))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010.Thesis Advisor(s): Siegel, Scott ; Shore, Zachary. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 26, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Labor Market Integration, Immigrants, France, Germany, United Kingdom Institutional Racism, Education, Language. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-88). Also available in print.
4
Glenn, Victoria. "Comparative Roles in the European Union: France, Germany, and the United Kingdom." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/757.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucfBachelors
Arts and Sciences
Political Science
5
Cavins, Edward M., Georgios Ratsikas, Orlando R. Aponte, Edward M. Cavins, and Georgios Ratsikas. "International cooperative research and development between the United States and France, Germany, and the United Kingdom." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/9921.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedMBA Professional Report
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
With defense budgets shrinking throughout the world and coalition forces facing interoperability issues while conducting asymmetric warfare in a post Cold-War environment, many nations are seeking ways to acquire economical weapon systems that are interoperable with allies and coalition members. One method of addressing these concerns is International Cooperative Research and Development (ICRandD). This MBA Project will evaluate the current ICRandD process and make recommendations to enhance the ICRandD process by examining ICRandD between the U.S. and NATO Members, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Case studies were used for comparisons in order to determine the advantages and concerns pertaining to ICRandD and to recommend appropriate ICRandD strategies.
6
Praudins, Atis. "The Dynamics of Equity Risk Premium : The case of France, Germany, Sweden, United Kingdom and USA." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18270.
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Equity risk premium is a financial variable that is surrounded by mystery. Starting from the almost 30 year old equity premium puzzle caused by considerations that equity premium values which are observable in past data imply an implausibly high risk aversion to more recent statements that equity premium does not exist anymore. The purpose of this paper is to find out more about the traits and characteristics of equity risk premium, its current status and interactions of its values across international markets by conducting data analysis on mature equity markets using optimal methods as suggested in academic literature. This paper attempts to clear some of the confusion regarding equity premiums by analyzing equity excess returns in the mature equity markets of France, Germany, Sweden, United Kingdom and USA from 1970 to 2012. It is concluded that equity premium follows a mean reverting process however in short-term and mid-term its values can be volatile and in March 2000 there might have been a structural break. The obtained current equity premium values are significantly higher than zero. At the same time they are lower than popularly used values that are based on longer periods of past data. The paper also finds out that equity premiums in different countries are highly correlated not only due to shared global influence but also due to some direct causality relationships between them, most of which are positive. A panel data analysis is conducted as well to test the explanatory power of some macroeconomic and financial variables on the equity risk premium values and it is concluded that risk-free rate and unemployment rate have some explanatory power for equity risk premium values. This paper manages to clear a part of the mystery that surrounds the equity risk premium.
7
Bolle, Caroline. "A comparative overview of the mandatory bid rule in Belgium, France, Germany and the United Kingdom." Baden-Baden Nomos, 2007. http://d-nb.info/98945763X/04.
8
Schmidt, Sandra Erika. "Towards a common European immigration policy? : a comparative analysis of Germany, France and the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326767.
9
Schoettelndreyer, Friedrich. "France, Germany, Greece and the United Kingdom an analysis and comparison of budget deficits and defense spending." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5546.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.This thesis documents findings on the relationship of government budget deficits and defense spending for France, Germany, Greece, and the United Kingdom in detail and for NATO and OECD country collectives. The thesis topic is relevant, as many European countries are justifying their recent cuts in defense spending with high government budget deficits. The author looked at different data sources and metrics to graphically analyze the developments in government budget deficits and defense expenditures for the selected countries over a fifteen-year period and statistically analyze possible interactions between lagged budget deficits and defense expenditures for NATO and OECD country collectives. Six regression models were developed and applied to the country collectives with different time periods, from 1975 to 2009. A fixed effects regression analysis was used to determine the significance levels and the standard errors of the independent variables. The research method consisted of four activities: review of related research, analysis of government budget spending levels, analysis of defense spending levels and graphical and statistical analysis of government budget deficit and defense spending relationship. The literature survey focused on data research, theories on government budget deficits and defense spending and the European Union's Stability and Growth Pact.
10
Schulze, Heidi. "The Spitzenkandidaten in the European Parliament Election Campaign Coverage 2014 in Germany, France, and the United Kingdom." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-203491.
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Elections to the European Parliament are characterised by a steady decline in voter turnout. To tackle this problem, in 2014, several groups of the European Parliament nominated pan-European Spitzenkandidaten who were expected to personalise the elections and mobilise European voters. Based on this development, this study analyses the media cov-erage of the 2014 EP elections with special focus on the role of the Spitzenkandidaten. A quantitative content analysis of European election campaign coverage in the opinion leading newspapers of three influential EU member states, Ger-many, France, and the United Kingdom was carried out. The results show large candidate- and country-specific differ-ences regarding the visibility and thematic coverage of the EP elections in general as well as the presentation of the Spitzenkandidaten. The Spitzenkandidaten were not very visible in either the German, French, or British newspaper cov-erage. With respect to the presence and media personalisation of the Spitzenkandidaten, the newspaper coverage of the EP election does not demonstrate any mobilising effect and thus does not reflect the high expectations the European Parliament attributed to the nomination of the Spitzenkandidaten.
11
Zingoni, Letizia. "National security implications of Chinese FDIs: United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and France as host states (2006-2016)." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/203395.
12
Schmidt, Florian. "The Impact of the Euro Crisis on Corporate Capital Sources in France, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-277259.
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This study investigates the effect of the European sovereign debt crisis on alternative capital sources of public companies from France, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Specifically, it studies which financing choices expose a company to potential bank lending and demand shocks during the Euro crisis. To this end, the study employs average treatment effect estimations and difference-in-differences regressions to show whether financially more (less) constrained companies use more (less) alternative capital than matching control companies. I find that two of three financially more constrained company groups show higher use of alternative capital sources than matched companies due to evidence for bank lending shocks in Germany and France. Companies with a high financial dependence behave against the expectation because of high cash holdings and lower need for alternative capital. Companies with high cash holdings showed signs of a demand shock. Swiss and British companies appear to be much less affected by the Euro crisis because of weaker financial ties with the most affected southern Eurozone economies.
13
Reisloh, Christian [Verfasser]. "Influence of National Culture on IFRS Practice : An Empirical Study in France, Germany and the United Kingdom / Christian Reisloh." Frankfurt : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1042412812/34.
14
Gheorghiev, Olga. "The Economic Nationalism within the European Union and the Single Market - case study of France, Germany and the United Kingdom." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193381.
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This paper examines the phenomenon of economic nationalism within market interactions of different economic models of governance in the European Union. The first section offers a retrospective of economic nationalism interpretations at different periods of time, with a focus on the past century. It also introduces the reader to new forms of economic nationalism, particular for the European integration context and which ultimately represent the subject of this paper. Next the study focuses on the particularities of the European economic model and its relation to state interventionism. It also attempts to identify EU's mandate of action and instruments in this direction, with a special attention to the key economic sectors and dominant forms of interventionism. The last chapter provides a closer look at national regulatory traditions of three economic models: British, German and French and traces approaches to economic nationalism within these distinct models of economic governance.
15
Fortes, Hilary Jack. "A comparative study and critical evaluation of group accounting in Germany, France and the United Kingdom : the limitations of quantative analysis." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2000. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/7996/.
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The importance of a form of international accounting standard has been well documented over the past twenty years. In the area of research the predominant focus has been on the measurement of the degree of harmonisation between countries. This research, whilst qualitative in nature, has, in the main, relied on a quantitative assessment of accounting practices in the countries being reviewed. In doing this, reliance has been placed on surveys, questionnaires and reviews of financial statements. Each has its own set of problems. This is all illustrated and highlighted in the literature survey where argument and counter argument is evident over twenty years. In all this, little has been done to review the foundation from which the data is extracted and it is argued that the very aspect of a qualitative work has been ignored completely in favour of the more high profile quantitative research. The research sets out to investigate whether, in point of fact, there is a need to undertake a more searching and detailed examination of accounting practices in each country before any attempt is made of a measurement study or a classification study. Clearly the answer is that this must be done as only in so doing can the playing field be levelled and can the very basis for measurement or classification be fully understood in advance. It was necessary to undertake a full sampling of groups of companies in the three member states and to draw the smaller sample from those final lists. This was to prevent any aspect of bias being present and to ensure that only random sampling was undertaken in the final selection. The initial response to requests for financial statements and the subséquent follow ups resulted in a staggering response of 77% over the three member states and from thèse a sample equivalent to approximately 20% was drawn for further analysis. It is to be hoped that with further funding and additional resources, further investigation can be conducted into the remainder of the sample which would be brought up-to-date. The results of the research indicate positively that the qualitative work must be undertaken first and foremost and that any quantitative work can only be of value if cognisance is taken of the many diverse problems that can, and do arise in accounting practice. These problems are detailed in the research and while not claiming to be exhaustive, they nevertheless provide an imposing array of the multitude of problems that do arise in undertaking either a measurement study or a classification between countries. This work fills an important gap in the literature and examines an area not covered by previous research. It highlights the underlying problems of quantitative work and while not attempting to underrate that work, it nevertheless suggests that research of a qualitative nature should not be ignored or undervalued. The thesis consists of nine chapters together with a number of appendices. The chapters are designed to underpin the base of knowledge of the five accounting practices dealt with in the thesis and to explain the workings of the important bodies who nave played a vital role in accounting harmonisation. Even as the concluding words are written the European Commission is moving ahead with their plan for a more harmonised Europe. They are joined by the International Accounting Standards Committee who are moving ahead in their plan for a worldwide set of accounting standards. Chapter 1 introduces the study while Chapter 2 explains why this area of research was undertaken. Chapter 3 examines the literature dealing with both measurement and classification studies. The investigation of the three member states naturally requires an understanding of the workings of the European Union and this is dealt with in Chapter 4 while Chapters 5 and 6 examine the Directives issued and the diversity of accounting practice within the three member states. This is accompanied by a more in-depth discussion on the five accounting practices, which are the subject matter of the work. Chapter 7 takes a deeper look into the accounting practices of France, Germany and the United Kingdom before moving on to Chapter 8 which examines the five topics of deferred taxation, foreign currency translation, goodwill, leases and pensions. This chapter analyses the sample groups of listed companies so as to determine if the original hypothesis was in fact correct. The chapter concludes with a number of lessons to be learnt from each of the five topics. Chapter 9 analyses these lessons and draws a conclusion which is well illustrated by a list of problems that have been deduced from this work.
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Freiherr, von Nostitz Felix-Christopher Otto Arnold. "The merits and perils of intra-party democracy : assessing the effects of party reform in Germany, France and the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/26677.
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Over the past decades, European democracies have experienced diminishing trust in their political representative institutions leading to a decline in party membership as well as both reduced electoral turnout and overall political participation (Van Biezen et al., 2012). In response, many European parties began reforming themselves allowing for the direct participation of party members or even non-members in various intra-party arenas, such as leadership selections through primaries. Parties claim that such reforms increase intra-party democracy (IPD) by making internal organisation more inclusive and by providing all party members or even non-members with decision-making power perilously reserved to the party elites (Hazan and Rahat, 2010). However, the positive effect of increased IPD on membership is highly contested and surprisingly few relevant empirical and comparative studies exist. The central research question of this thesis is what are the (different) consequences of adopting different types of primary rules for party members? Hence, my aim is to examine whether the introduction of primaries is in fact as negative for party members as outlined by Katz and Mair (1994), Lefebvre (2011) or Hopkin (2001) or, alternatively, whether it represents a chance to revitalize parties as membership organizations (Macpherson, 1977; Ware, 1979; Bille, 2001). Primaries are defined as selection process for party leaders and candidates in which the final vote rests with either party members in closed primaries, or loosely defined group of party supporters or the wider electorate, open primaries. Thus, introducing a primary leads to a change in the level of intra-party democracy, as it shifts power from a more exclusive selectorate to either of the two selectorates outlined above. While this project focuses on primaries that select top-executive candidates, the theory and conceptual framework developed can be applied to primaries more broadly. The general argument put forward is that to capture the differentiated effects of party primaries we have to study the interplay between the rules determining who can vote (selectorate) and who can run (candidacy requirements) in primaries. This thesis answers its central research question by developing a conceptual framework that combines these two dimensions for party primaries that select the party leader in public office. First, it outlines the underlying logic of the conceptual framework that links the two dimensions and then provides a theoretical discussion of its consequences for party members looking specifically at the interaction between the two. To assess the consequences of different primary reforms, the thesis focuses on four dimensions of party membership: the party membership level, the turnout in primaries, the quality of membership and the attitude towards the leadership. This perspective highlights that different combinations of selection rules and candidacy requirements in primaries result in four distinct types of intra-party democracy from the perception of party members. In turn, these types lead party members to respond in a distinct fashion. Using a mixed-method case study approach, the second part of the thesis tests the theoretical framework for various Western European parties. The analysis will mainly use primary and secondary document analysis as well as new and existing survey data complemented by qualitative in-depth membership surveys. The main conclusion is that only some combinations of primary rules can lead to a positive effect for members while others do not. For example, closed primaries with open candidacy requirements will lead to more active participation of members, while open primaries with open candidacy requirements will reduce membership participation considerably.
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Ulrici, Mark. "Bioenergy adoption barriers across 7 EU countries : A comparison of Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254803.
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Europe is trying to switch away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy. Bioenergy is well positioned to play a large role in this. However, bioenergy as a share of total energy used differs substantially between European countries. What causes these differences and what the barriers are to bioenergy implementation is researched in this thesis for seven EU countries: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the UK. The systemic barriers to bioenergy implementation are categorised in the five categories, infrastructure, market problems, interactions, institutions, and capabilities. A literature review gives the first insight into the barriers, which is then followed by ananalysis of current policy in the seven countries. Afterwards, industry specialists are interviewed from five of the seven countries. The interviews mainly took place by email. However, one was over the phone. A semi-structured approach was used in the interviews. Lastly, voting behaviour of MEPs and the influence of the oil industry are analysed. This was done by using the Forbes most valuable companies list and ranking the biggest European oil and gas companies. These were then compared to the voting behaviour by members of the EU parliament of the countries where the companies are domiciled. The results show no systemic barriers for Denmark and Sweden. In every country a different set of problems was in the way of bioenergy. Negative public opinion may start playing an increasing role in the implementation of bioenergy in western European countries, such as the Netherlands and Germany. Currently, the UK and Belgium have policy barriers to bioenergy implementation, while France’s bioenergy sector struggles with infrastructure, market and capability problems. Germany also suffers from market problems. The oil industry does not seem to influence the behaviour of politicians significantly concerning bioenergy. Politicians from countries with large oil industry did not vote morenegatively on bioenergy directives in the EU parliament than those from countries without a large oil industry. Moreover, the public opinion towards bioenergy can have large effects on the implementation, as was observed in the Netherlands. Where this negative public opinion on bioenergy comes from is not clear. No final conclusion can be drawn on what causes the difference in bioenergy adoption in the seven countries. More research is needed into what influences the public opinion in these countries concerning bioenergy.Europa försöker göra en omställning från fossila bränslen till förnybar energi. Bioenergi är väl positionerat för att spela en viktig roll i detta. Bioenergi är en mindre intermittent energikälla än vind och solenergi och kan därmed komplettera dessa. Bioenergi som andel av den totala energianvändningen skiljer sig emellertid väsentligt mellan europeiska länder. Vad som orsakar dessa skillnader och vilka hinder som finns för implementering av bioenergi undersöks i denna rapport för sju EU-länder: Belgien, Danmark, Frankrike, Tyskland, Nederländerna, Sverige och Storbritannien. Hindren på systemnivå för implementering av bioenergi kategoriseras i de fem kategorierna, infrastruktur, marknadsproblem, interaktioner, institutioner och kapacitet. En litteraturöversikt ger den första insikten om hinder, som sedan följs av en utläggning gällande den nuvarande lagstiftningen i de sju länderna. Efter det intervjuas branschspecialister från fem av de sju länderna. Slutligen analyseras röstbeteende i Europaparlamentet och oljeindustrins inflytande. Resultaten visar att oljebranschen inte verkar påverka politikernas beteende i betydande utsträckning beträffande bioenergi. Politiker från länder med stor oljeindustri röstade inte mer negativt gällande bioenergidirektiv i EU-parlamentet än de från länder utan stor oljebransch. Däremot kan den allmänna opinionen mot bioenergi få stora effekter på genomförandet, vilket observerades i Nederländerna. Ingen slutsats kan dras gällande varför utbredningen av bioenergi skiljer sig åt mellan de sju länderna. I varje land fanns det en rad olika hinder i vägen för implementering av bioenergi. Sverige och Danmark har inga systemproblem för implementering av bioenergi. Om den allmänna opinionen är negativt inställd till bioenergi kan det börja spela en större roll för utbredningen av bioenergi i västeuropeiska länder, som Nederländerna och Tyskland.
18
Li, On-ki, and 李安琪. ""Mental Bloc": Western European constructionsof Eastern Europe and the integration project, 1945 to 2002, withparticular reference to Germany, France and United Kingdom." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29245837.
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Read, Peter Frederick [Verfasser]. "On culture and commerce: a comparison of government support for book publishing in Canada, France, Germany and the United Kingdom / Peter Frederick Read." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2016. http://d-nb.info/110350357X/34.
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Eulriet, Irène. "Public rhetorics and sexual differentiation : an analysis of the disputes over women's recruitment in the military in France, Germany and the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425122.
21
Emenyonu, Emmanuel Ndubuisi Okechukwu. "International accounting harmonisation in developed stock market countries an empirical comparative study of measurement and associated disclosure practices in France, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, and the United States of America /." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 1993. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/798/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 1993.Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Faculty of Law and Financial Studies, Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Glasgow, 1993. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
22
Ridard, Basile. "L'encadrement du temps parlementaire dans la procédure législative : étude comparée : Allemagne, Espagne, France, Royaume-Uni." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D075.
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Le temps constitue un enjeu essentiel pour le Parlement et se trouve généralement étudié dans une perspective très politique. Il serait ainsi au cœur de l’affrontement entre les membres des assemblées parlementaires, dont la motivation serait de prolonger la procédure, et les membres du Gouvernement, qui tenteraient au contraire de l’écourter. Si un tel constat apparait pertinent au regard de la réalité sociopolitique du Parlement, celui-ci relève toutefois essentiellement de l’étude des stratégies partisanes et non de celle des règles parlementaires.Or, le grand nombre de normes consacrées au temps parlementaire, issues des textes constitutionnels et des règlements des assemblées, témoigne de son importance au cours de la procédure législative. En conséquence, la présente recherche se propose de mener une analyse strictement juridique de l’encadrement temporel de la procédure législative dans les parlements allemands, britanniques, espagnols et français.Le recours à la méthode comparative permet de distinguer deux types de normes relatives au temps parlementaire. Des normes impératives qui imposent aux parlementaires et aux ministres d’intervenir dans des délais précisément déterminés et des normes dispositives qui les habilitent à agir sur la durée de la procédure législative. Dès lors, cette classification juridique permet de comprendre que, en dépit des apparences, les règles temporelles sont pour la plupart très précisément déterminées et que même si certaines d’entre elles ne sont pas toujours respectées, il est essentiel de partir de leur analyse pour reconsidérer la pratique parlementaireTime is a major element in the Parliament and is usually analyzed from a very political perspective. Time is at the core of the clash between members of parliaments, whose aim would be to prolong the procedure, and members of the Government, who in contrary would attempt to shorten it. While such statement seems to be pertinent talking about the political reality of the Parliament, it can only result from the research of the political parties strategies and not of parliamentary rules.Yet a large number of norms are devoted to parliamentary time, including constitutional texts and rules of procedure of parliaments, which shows its importance for the legislative process. Consequently, this research proposes to conduct a strictly legal analysis of the temporal framework of the legislative procedure in the British, French, German and Spanish parliaments.The use of the comparative method allows to distinguish between two types of legal norms concerning the parliamentary time. Peremptory norms, which impose to parliamentarians and ministers precisely determined deadlines for actions and dispositive norms, that empower them to act throughout the legislative procedure. This legal classification allows to see that temporal rules are mostly very precise though not always respected. Therefore in order to be able to reassess the parliamentary practice, it is essential to start with the analysis of these rules
23
Ferreira, Mariana Ribeiro Jansen. "Tendências e contratendências de mercantilização: as reformas dos sistemas de saúde alemão, francês e britânico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6135/tde-06042016-142523/.
Abstract:
Ao longo dos últimos trinta anos, entre meados das décadas de 1980 e 2010, os sistemas de saúde da Alemanha, França e Reino Unido foram reformados, gerando uma crescente mercantilização no financiamento e na prestação de serviços. O trabalho analisa as raízes dessas mudanças, assim como identifica que a mercantilização não ocorreu nem mediante os mesmos mecanismos e nem com a mesma profundidade, havendo importante inércia institucional. As diferenças observadas atestam as especificidades de cada país, em termos de seu contexto econômico, de seus arranjos políticos, das características institucionais de cada sistema e das formas que assumiram os conflitos sociais (extra e intra sistema de saúde). Os sistemas de saúde alemão, francês e britânico, enquanto sistemas públicos de ampla cobertura e integralidade, são frutos do período após a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Um conjunto de fatores contribuiu para aquele momento histórico: os próprios impactos do conflito, que forjaram a ampliação na solidariedade nacional e a maior pressão por parte dos trabalhadores; a ascensão socialista na União Soviética; o maior apoio à ação e ao planejamento estatal; o forte crescimento econômico, fruto da emersão de um regime de acumulação fordista, pautado na expansão da produtividade. A acomodação do conflito capital-trabalho, neste contexto, ocorreu mediante a expansão dos salários reais e ao desenvolvimento do Estado de bem-estar social, ou seja, de políticas públicas voltadas à criação e/ou ampliação de uma rede de proteção social. No entanto, a crise econômica da década de 1970 corroeu a base de financiamento e gerou questionamentos sobre sua eficiência, em meio à transformação do regime de acumulação de fordista para financeirizado, levando à adoção de reformas constantes ao longo das décadas seguintes. Além disso, as transformações específicas do setor saúde complexificaram a situação, tendo em vista o crescente envelhecimento populacional, a demanda por cuidados mais amplos e complexos e, principalmente, os custos derivados da incorporação tecnológica. Este cenário impulsionou a implementação de uma série de alterações nesses sistemas de saúde, com destaque para a incorporação de mecanismos de mercado (como a precificação dos serviços prestados, a indução à concorrência entre prestadores de serviços), o crescimento da responsabilidade dos usuários pelo financiamento do sistema (como o aumento nos co-pagamentos e a redução na cobertura pública) e a ampliação da participação direta do setor privado na prestação dos serviços de saúde (realizando os serviços auxiliares, a gestão de hospitais públicos, comprando instituições estatais). No entanto, de forma simultânea, as reformas ampliaram o acesso e a regulamentação estatal, além da modificação na base de financiamento, principalmente na França. Isto significa que a mercantilização não foi o único direcionamento das reformas, em decorrência de dois fatores principais: a própria crise econômica expulsou parcela da população dos mecanismos pós-guerra de proteção à saúde, demandando reação estatal, e diferentes agentes sociais influenciaram nas mudanças, bloqueando ou ao menos limitando um direcionamento mercantil único.Over the last thirty years, between mid-1980 and 2010 decades, Germany, France and the United Kingdom healthcare systems have been renovated, creating a growing marketisation in the financing and provision of services. This Thesis analyzes the roots of these changes, and identifies that marketisation did not take place or by the same mechanisms nor with the same depth, with important institutional inertia. The observed differences attest to the specificities of each country in terms of its economic context, their political arrangements, the institutional characteristics of each system and the different social conflicts (intra and extra healthcare system). The German, French and British health systems, while public systems of broad coverage and completeness, are the result of the period after the II World War. A number of factors have contributed to that historic moment: the very impact of the conflict, which forged the expansion on national solidarity and greater pressure from workers; the rise of socialism in the Soviet Union; a bigger support for action and state planning; strong economic growth, thanks to the emergence of a Fordist accumulation regime, based on the productivity expansion. The accommodation of the capital-labor conflict in this context occurred through the real wages expansion and the development of the Welfare State, ie public policies for the creation and / or expansion of a social safety net. However, the 1970s economic crisis eroded the funding base and raised questions about its effectiveness amid the transformation of Fordist accumulation regime in a finance-led one, leading to adoption of constant reforms over the next several decades. In addition, specific health sector transformation complicate the situation, given the growing population aging, the demand for broader and more complex care, and especially the costs derived from technological resources. This scenario boosted the implementation of a number of changes in the three systems, with emphasis on the incorporation of market mechanisms (such as the pricing of services, the induction of competition between service providers), the growth of the responsibility of users for funding the system (such as the increase in co-payments and the reduction in public coverage) and the expansion of the direct participation of the private sector in the provision of health services (performing ancillary services, public hospitals management, purchasing state institutions). However, simultaneously, the reforms expanded access and state regulation in addition to the change in funding base, mainly in France. This means that marketisation was not the only direction of the reforms, due to two main reasons: the very economic crisis drove portion of the population of postwar health protection mechanisms, requiring state reaction, and different actors influenced the changes, blocking or at least limiting a single market direction.
24
Oehmichen, Anna. "Terrorism and anti-terror legislation: the terrorised legislator? : a comparison of counter-terror legislation and its implications on human rights in the legal systems of the United Kingdom, Spain, Germany and France /." Antwerpen [u.a.] : Intersentia, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=018699344&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
25
Zibell, Laurent. "Outcome predictors of co-operative R & D in Europe: organisational capabilities and cultures." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2010. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/5613.
Abstract:
This research investigates organisational capabilities and cultures of both partners as
potential explanatory factors of co-operative R&D projects outcomes.
Contributions to theory are (1) a justification for the existence of organisational
capabilities and 'world views', (2) a parsimonious typology of 'world views' and (3) a
method to measure organisational capabilities.
The survey covers 514 projects in the electronics industry, in Germany, France, the
United Kingdom and Finland. It obtains 120 full answers, each of which coupling
responses from a matched pair of project managers having co-operated on the same
R&D project. The survey refers to the organisation's capabilities, to those of the partner,
to its 'world view', and to project outcomes.
None of the traditional explanatory factors (geographic distance, difference in
nationality, size or legal status, strategic compatibility) has any significant influence on
any of the outcomes being studied (save one).
The explanatory factors introduced by the research (organisational capabilities and
'world views') have a significant influence on almost all outcomes being considered of
the co-operative R&D projects: attainment of concrete results, compliance with budget
and schedule, creation and transfer of knowledge, learning (modification of
capabilities). Cultural diversity, 'absorptive capacity', and teaching effects, selective
according to the capability in question, are evidenced. Commonalities between partners
are shown to be more important than distance. These results validate empirically
organisational capabilities and 'world views' as descriptors of inter-organisational
capabilities, and their operationalisation.
26
Bonati, Charles. "Essais sur les déterminants des dépenses publiques en France, Allemagne, Italie, et Royaume-Uni (UE-04), du XIXe siècle à nos jours." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010042.
Abstract:
L'objet de ce travail est d'analyser, du XIXe siècle à 2010, les déterminants politico-économiques du niveau des dépenses publiques, exprimé en pourcentage du PIB, pour les quatre principaux pays de l'Union européenne. (la France, l'Allemagne, l'Italie et le Royaume-Uni ; groupe que l'on notera « UE-04 »). Dans le chapitre 1, nous présentons les différentes mesures de la « taille de l'État », et mettons en évidence la croissance des dépenses publiques depuis le début du XIXe siècle. Nous recensons et testons les principaux modèles monofactoriels de détermination du niveau des dépenses publiques : loi de Wagner, modèle de développement de Rostow, effet de déplacement de Peacock et Wiseman, Granger-causalité entre dépenses et recettes, et interactions budgétaires internationales. Ces modèles ne peuvent expliquer que partiellement et superficiellement l'évolution séculaire des dépenses : ils sont trop simples pour appréhender la profonde complexité des processus. Les niveaux de dépenses publiques sont de plus en plus interdépendants, du fait de l'intensification du processus de globalisation. Ils varient de plus en plus de manière similaire : ce co-mouvement (ou cycle international) est probablement lié à l'émergence d'un « fédéralisme budgétaire européen » et à l'amplification de l'intégration. Enfin, ils ne semblent pas converger, du fait de la persistance de fortes et anciennes différences, notamment institutionnelles. Le chapitre 2 propose une première étude systématique des épisodes de baisse des dépenses publiques depuis le XIXe siècle. Après une recension de la littérature, nous procédons à une analyse quantitative. Le nombre d'années de hausse des dépenses est approximativement égal à celui des baisses. En revanche, l'intensité moyenne des hausses est supérieure à celle des baisses. Ces mouvements sont de plus en plus coordonnés entre les économies. La chronique politico-économique atteste que le PIB et les dépenses liées aux guerres constituent des facteurs fondamentaux, et que sur la période contemporaine les configurations institutionnelles et la volonté des dirigeants politiques exercent une influence essentielle. Enfin, les épisodes de baisse durable sont peu nombreux et sont généralement mis en œuvre lorsque la conjoncture économique est favorable, par des réductions opérées dans les trois grandes catégories de dépenses publiques : consommation, investissement et transferts. Dans le chapitre 3, nous effectuons une ample recension de la littérature sur les déterminants des dépenses publiques. Il existe plusieurs dizaines de facteurs potentiels. Les processus de détermination des dépenses publiques étant très complexes, le contenu interprétatif des modèles théoriques est limité. La littérature néglige deux éléments pourtant désormais fondamentaux : les interactions budgétaires entre les pays, et l'influence des institutions de l'Union européenne. Le creusement de la dette et la crise des finances publiques ont conduit à une homogénéisation des gouvernements : les décisions budgétaires sont désormais largement déconnectées du positionnement idéologique des dirigeants ainsi que du niveau de soutien dont ils disposent. Une analyse économétrique en panel des déterminants des catégories de dépenses publiques sur la période 1992-2010 pour l'UE-04 indique que la croissance du PIB agit de manière significativement négative. Les autres variables politico-économiques traditionnelles peinent à expliquer les évolutions des dépenses. Un panel dynamique permet d'apprécier le rôle joué par la variable dépendante retardée. Pour le total des dépenses publiques, il existe une force de rappel, pour laquelle les transferts jouent un rôle prépondérantThe purpose of this thesis is to analyze, from the 19th century to 2010, the politico-economic determinants of the public expenditures level, expressed in percentage of GDP, of the four major European countries. (France, Germany, Italy, and United Kingdom; group that will be abbreviated "UE-04") In Chapter 1, a presentation of the various measures of the "size of government" is undertaken, and the increase of public expenditures since the 19th century is highlighted. The most important monofactorial models determining public expenditures are reviewed and tested: Wagner's law, Rostow's development model, Peacock and Wiseman's Displacement effect, Granger causality between expenditures and receipts, and international budgetary interactions. These models can only explain partially and superficially the long-term evolution of expenditures: they are too simple to grasp the deep complexity of the determination processes. Public expenditures levels are more and more interdependent, because of the intensification of the globalization process. The levels vary more and more in a similar way: this comovement (or international cycle) is probably linked to the emergence of a "European budgetary federalism" and to the expansion of the integration. Finally, they do not seem to converge, because of the persistence of strong and old differences, especially institutional ones. Chapter 2 is a first systematic analysis of the episodes of the public expenditures' reduction from the 19th century. The literature is reviewed, and a quantitative analysis is carried out. The number of years of increase is approximately equal to the number of years of reduction. Nonetheless, the average intensity of increases is greater than the average intensity of reductions. These movements are more and more coordinated across economies. The politico-economic chronicles establishes that GDP and war-related expenditures are fundamental factors, and that in the contemporary period the institutional configurations and the will of the political leaders exert a major influence. Finally, there are few episodes of sustainable reduction. They are generally implemented when the overall economic situation is favorable, and cuts are then employed in the three major categories of public expenditures: consumption, investment, and transfers. In Chapter 3, the abundant literature related to the determinants of public expenditures is reviewed. There are several dozens of potential factors. The determination process of the public expenditures is very complex, and thus the interpretive content of theoretical models is rather limited. The literature disregards two elements that are henceforth fundamental: the budgetary interactions between countries, and the influence of the institutions of the European Union. The growing public debt and the public finance crisis have led to a homogenization of governments: budgetary decisions are henceforth largely unrelated to the ideological orientation of political leaders, as well as to the level of popularity that these leaders enjoy. An econometric analysis of panel data is performed to study the determinants of the main categories of public expenditures on the period 1992-2010 for the UE-04. GDP growth's impact is significantly negative. The other traditional politico-economic variables barely explain the evolution of public expenditures. The role played by the lagged dependent variable is estimated using a dynamic panel. There is a restoring force for the total of public expenditures, for which the transfers play a paramount role
27
Bilger, Leslie. "The reorientation of iranian trade from west to east since 1979." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/821.
Abstract:
Iran, with its attractive geographical position and its abundant natural resources, has had an undeniable attraction for the world's greatest powers over the history. Well before the creation of the Islamic Republic of Iran, this country established high level of economic interactions with a great variety of political partners. In recent years, the country's change of regime has had a crucial impact on those relationships. By analysing the trade data between Iran and Western countries (the U.S.A., Canada, the U.K., France, Germany, and Italy) as well as the major Eastern countries (China, Russia, and India), it is possible to establish a better understanding of how political events have impacted Iran's commerce with the world's major economic players. It is also possible to understand how the change of direction of the Iranian's imports and exports can impact the behavior of the other nations studied. This research focuses on the analysis of Iranian trade since 1969, ten years before the revolution and until 2009.B.A.
Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science
28
Griffaton-Sonnet, Léo. "L'accès aux informations détenues par les agents publics : Allemagne, France, Royaume-Uni." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D091.
Abstract:
L’objet de la présente thèse est de déterminer si les droits constitutionnels allemand, français et britannique garantissent à leurs citoyens un droit d’accès aux documents administratifs et de comparer les mécanismes juridiques en cause. La question de l’accès aux documents administratifs et aux informations qu’ils contiennent est désormais bien connue en droit administratif. Elle a occupé le législateur français (loi du 17 juillet 1978), le législateur fédéral allemand (loi du 5 septembre 2005) mais encore le Parlement britannique (loi du 30 novembre 2000). Au contraire, la question de la conformité des dispositions législatives ainsi adoptée aux cadres constitutionnels nationaux a été largement laissée de côté. Ainsi, la question de leur inconstitutionnalité, par une ouverture insuffisante ou exagérée du droit d’accès, n’est pas tranchée. En premier lieu, la Cour constitutionnelle fédérale allemande n’a jamais tranché clairement entre existence et inexistence d’un droit à l’accès aux documents administratifs opposable au législateur. En deuxième lieu, le Conseil constitutionnel français n’a jamais eu l’occasion de se prononcer sur le cadre législatif désormais contenu dans le Code des relations entre le public et l’administration. En troisième lieu, la jurisprudence britannique ne clarifie pas pleinement les rapports entre droit non écrit et la législation primaire de 2000. L’analyse comparée permet une meilleure connaissance du droit constitutionnel de l’accès aux informations détenues par les agents publics. En Allemagne, d’abord, il apparaît impossible de fonder un droit général d’accès aux documents administratifs sur les dispositions de la Loi fondamentale ; l’établissement d’un régime législatif de l’accès aux documents administratifs est donc laissé à la discrétion du législateur. En France, au contraire, un tel droit peut être appuyé sur l’article 15 de la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen, de telle sorte que le régime législatif existant pourrait être contesté comme insuffisamment libéral, par la voie d’une question prioritaire de constitutionnalité. Au Royaume-Uni, les conflits doctrinaux relatifs à la valeur des sources de droit de prérogative et de droit commun ne remettent pas en cause la pleine validité du régime établi en détail par la loi sur la liberté de l’information de 2000. Plus précisément, les États du champ de comparaison connaissent respectivement une habilitation du législateur à établir ou non un droit d’accès du public aux informations détenues par les agents publics (Allemagne), un droit général d’accès garanti mais largement indéterminé (France) et un droit d’accès non général mais précisément déterminé (Royaume-Uni)This thesis aims at finding if the constitutional law of Germany, France and the United- Kingdom allows the citizens of these countries to access information held by public authorities, and to compare the legal mechanisms involved. The question of the existence of a general right of access to information held by public authorities is well known in the field of administrative law. The French (17 July 1978), German (5 September 2005) and British (30 November 2000) legislators have answered to this question. On the contrary, the question of the conformity of these legislative texts (with the exception of the British act) to the local constitutional law has been largely left unanswered. Indeed, a possibility exists that those laws are unconstitutional, be it by creating a too wide or too narrow right of access. Firstly, the German Federal Constitutional Court never clearly stated the existence or non-existence of a constitutional right of access to administrative documents that could be invoked against the legislator. Secondly, the French Constitutional Council never had a say as to the constitutionality of the 1978 law or the recent Code Regarding the Relations Between the Public and the Administration. Thirdly, the British case law is still divided regarding the relationships between the various sources of law on the matter, so that the exact relationship between the Freedom of Information Act 2000, common law and the royal prerogative remains unclear. A comparative analysis allows for a better understanding of the constitutional law regarding access to the information held by public authorities. Through that lens, it appears that in Germany, it is impossible to invoke a general right of access to such information through relying on the words of the Fundamental Law. The legislator is left free. In France, on the contrary, such a right exists within the article 15 of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, so that the constitutionality of the laws on the matter could be challenged through individual constitutional litigation. In the United-Kingdom, the said disagreements regarding the ranks and validity of prerogative powers and common law do not weigh on the validity of the Freedom of Information Act 2000, which can be considered as the sole constitutional source of public information law. More precisely, the constitutional laws of the compared states present the following situations: a delegation to the legislator of the power to create or not to create a general right of access to information held by public authorities (Germany), a general but highly imprecise right of access (France) and a non-general but highly precisely stated right of access (United-Kingdom)
Der Zweck dieser Doktorarbeit ist zu bemessen, ob die Verfassungen Deutschlands,Frankreichs und des Vereinigten Königreiches den Bürgern dieser Staaten einen Anspruch aufZugang zu Informationen, die im Besitz öffentlicher Stellen sind, vermitteln. Im Zuge dessenwerden auch die damit einhergehenden juristischen Mechanismen verglichen. Die Frage desZugangs zu öffentlichen Dokumenten und den darin enthaltenen Informationen ist heutzutageein wesentliches Themenfeld der Verwaltungsrechtslehre. Sowohl der französische Gesetzgeber (Gesetz vom 17. Juli 1978) als auch der deutsche Bundesgesetzgeber (Gesetz vom 5. September 2005) und das britische Parlament (Gesetz vom 30. November 2000) haben sich damitbefasst. Ob diese Gesetzte dem Einzelnen zu viel oder zu wenig Zugang gewähren und damitgegen die Verfassung verstoßen, ist weitgehend (mit Ausnahme des britischen Gesetzes) ungeklärt geblieben. Zunächst hat das deutsche Bundesverfassungsgericht nie eindeutig geklärt, obsich aus dem Grundgesetz ein Anspruch ableiten lässt, der durch das erlassene Gesetz nichterfüllt wird. Zweitens wurde der französische Verfassungsrat nie mit der Frage der Verfassungsmäßigkeit des Zugangsanspruches befasst. Dieses Problemwurde weder mit dem Gesetzvom 17. Juli 1978 noch mit dem Gesetzbuch über die Beziehungen zwischen Bürgern und Verwaltung aufgelöst. Drittens klärte die britische Rechtsprechung nie völlig die Rechtsbeziehungen zwischen dem ungeschriebenen Recht und dem Gesetz von 2000.Durch eine rechtsvergleichende Analyse wird es möglich, solche Fallkonstellationenbesser zu verstehen und diese verfassungsrechtlichen Fragen zu beantworten. In Deutschlandist es heutzutage nicht möglich, einen allgemeinen verfassungsrechtlichen Anspruch auf Zugang zu Informationen geltend zu machen; die Schaffung eines Verwaltungsinformationsrechtssteht dem Gesetzgeber offen. Im Gegensatz dazu, besteht in Frankreich ein solcher Anspruchaus dem Artikel 15 der Erklärung der Menschen- und Bürgerrechte, so dass das gesetzlicheRecht auf Zugang durch individuale Verfassungsbeschwerde geltend gemacht werden kann. ImVereinigten Königreich haben die Meinungsverschiedenheiten in der Lehre über Wert und Geltung der Rechtsquellen keinen Einfluss auf die Wirkung des Gesetzes aus dem Jahr 2000.Durch den Vergleich der Verfassungsrechte wird deutlich, dass der Gesetzgeber zur Schaffungeines Rechts auf Zugang zu Informationen im Besitz öffentlicher Stellen ermächtigt wird(Deutschland), dass ein allgemeines, aber unbestimmtes Recht auf Zugang besteht (Frankreich)oder ein nicht allgemeines, aber voll bestimmtes Recht auf Zugang existiert (Vereinigtes Königreich)
29
Dunbar, Cameron A. "Walking a Fine Line: Britain, the Commonwealth, and European Integration, 1945-1955." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1505144142763366.
30
Ferro, Coline. "L'image des services de renseignement et de sécurité : France, Royaume-Uni, Allemagne et Belgique." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020109/document.
Abstract:
Depuis les attentats du 11 septembre 2001, les dispositifs nationaux de renseignement ont été considérablement renforcés dans de nombreux États. C’est notamment le cas en France et chez les voisins britannique, allemand et belge. Ils ont aussi été réagencés. Par ailleurs, les législations antiterroristes adoptées depuis ont octroyé aux services de renseignement de nouveaux moyens ainsi qu’un cadre d’action plus large. Ces services ont alors été projetés sous la lumière des projecteurs médiatiques. Plus encore, l’exigence de transparence formulée par les citoyens et les parlementaires s’est faite de plus en plus pressante ces dernières années. Cela les a contraint à sortir de l’ombre. C’est alors que la question de l’image de ces services s’est posée. Cette image,produit d’une histoire et d’une culture particulière, est la proie des médias, des aléas de l’actualité, de la visibilité de certaines actions. Or, bien souvent, ce sont les échecs qui sont médiatisés, plus que les succès. Cette image est devenu un enjeu pour les services de renseignement. Car, qu’elle soit positive ou négative, elle a des répercussions au niveau politique, organisationnel et législatif. C’est ainsi que la plupart des services français,britanniques, allemands et belges ont développé une politique de communication et une vraie stratégie. Publication de rapport d’information, sites Internet, expositions temporaires, produits dérivés… Les services de renseignement ont recours à un large panel de supports. Toutefois, leurs efforts de communication sont disparates. Le Royaume-Uni et l’Allemagne ont un temps d’avance en la matière. La France est plus timide, et la Belgique encore davantageSince the 9/11 attacks, the national intelligence communities have been considerably strengthened in many states, for example in France, in the United Kingdom, in Germany or in Belgium. These also have been reorganised. Furthermore, the intelligence services have been provided with additional means and a larger legal framework following the adoption of the antiterrorism legislation. This exposed the services to the media. Moreover, the information and transparency requirements made by citizens and parliamentarians increased in the last years. This made the intelligence services emerge from the shadows. The question about the services' image then arose. This image is a product of history and culture, but now it also evolves in function ofthe media, the news and the visibility of some actions. However, the failures are more mediatised than the successes. This image has become a challenge for the intelligence and security services because, whether positive or negative, it has consequences on political, organizational and legislative issues. Therefore, most of the French, British, German and Belgian services developed a communication policy and a real strategy: the publication of reports, websites, exhibitions,merchandising... The intelligence services use a wide range of tools. However, their communication efforts are disparate. The UK and Germany have a head start in the field. France is more shy, and Belgium even more
31
Cieslarová, Andrea. "Analýza vývoje sazeb DPH a zdanění příjmů ve vyspělých zemích." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-114679.
Abstract:
This thesis is dealing with development and analysis of value added tax rates and income tax rates in developed countries. Developed countries are member states of European Union and member states of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Standard value added tax rates are analysed during period 1971 till 2011 for both formations with following comparison. The development of corporate tax rates is observed from 1981 to 2011 again for both formations with comparison afterwards. For the same period of time are analysed free marginal rates of personal income tax but only within OECD. Next can be found analysis and comparisons of rates mentioned above from seven chosen states including the Czech Republic. In the final part, the development of tax rates in chosen states with respect to the development of GDP in these states is presented. The development in chosen states is surveyed for the period 1981-2011.
32
Bihet, Karine. "De la social-démocratie au social-libéralisme. Les débats au sein de la social-démocratie européenne : 1990-2010." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020006.
Abstract:
La thèse vise à appréhender la situation de la social-démocratie européenne et son évolution au cours des deux dernières décennies. Adoptant une approche comparatiste, elle repose sur l’étude du Parti socialiste français, du Parti social-démocrate allemand et du Parti travailliste britannique. En partant du projet de Troisième voie proposé par Tony Blair et les modernisateurs du New Labour, il s’agit de montrer la mutation doctrinale et programmatique de ces partis. Ceux-ci, avec des divergences et des spécificités nationales, ont, dans les programmes adoptés et les politiques gouvernementales menées, convergé vers une même orientation d’ensemble, marquée par un accueil beaucoup plus favorable aux thèses libérales. Cette prise de distance par rapport au modèle traditionnel pour tendre vers un paradigme social-libéral ne signifie pas pour autant l’abandon des valeurs propres à la social-démocratie. Les partis concernés ont essayé de s’adapter au nouveau contexte économique et social tout en préservant les principes et les idéaux sociaux sur lesquels ils se sont construits. Le socle identitaire de cette famille politique demeure ainsi largement préservé. Cette évolution idéologique s’accompagne d’une mutation des organisations partisanes qui l’accomplissent. Celles-ci ont connu à la fois une modification de leur sociologie, électorale et militante(caractérisée par une désaffection des soutiens traditionnels), et une diminution de leur ancrage dans la société liée à la baisse du nombre d’adhérents et à l’éloignement par rapport aux syndicats. Leur place au sein des systèmes partisans nationaux est également remise en cause : dans la recherche du bon positionnement sur l’échiquier politique, la question des alliances avec les autres partis constitue alors un enjeu essentiel. Le mode de fonctionnement de ces organisations a enfin lui aussi connu des modifications significatives. Les réformes internes menées par les dirigeants tendent à valoriser l’adhérent et accroître son rôle ; de nouvelles pratiques militantes, plus individualistes, apparaissent. La fonction et la spécificité de ces partis s’en trouvent diminuéesThe thesis aims to understand the situation of european social democracy and its evolution over the last two decades. Taking a comparative approach, it is based on the study of French Socialist Party, the German Social Democratic Party and the British Labour Party. Beginning from the Third Way project proposed by Tony Blair and New Labour modernizers, the matter is to show the doctrinal and programmatic transformation of these parties. These, with some differences and national characteristics, in the programs and policies undertaken, have converged towards the same overall direction, marked by a much more favorable reception to liberal theories. This distancing from the traditional model to move towards a social-liberal paradigm does not necessary mean the abandonment of values belonging to the Social Democrats. The parties involved have tried to adapt to new economic and social context while preserving the principles and social ideals on which they are built. The base of this political family’s identity remains largely well preserved. The ideological evolution goes with a mutation of partisan organizations who realize it. These have experienced both a change in their sociology, electoral and activist (characterized by a dis like of traditional supporters), and a decrease from their roots in society related to the decline in membership and distance against unions. Their position within the party systems is also questionned : in search of good positioning on the political spectrum, the question of alliances with other parties is then a key issue. The modus operandi of these organizations has finally also experienced significant changes. Internal reforms undertaken by the leaders tend to enhance the member and increase its role and new militant practices, more individualistic, appear. The function and specificity of these parties have diminished
33
Auzanneau, Marjolaine. "L'obligation de sécurité de l'employeur : étude de droit comparé." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ASSA0014.
Abstract:
Le domaine de la santé et de la sécurité au travail est en perpétuelle expansion. Parallèlement, la prévention des risques professionnels est un objectif majeur pour les entreprises, un véritable impératif. Ainsi, l’obligation de l’employeur d’assurer la santé et la sécurité de ses salariés est devenue une obligation essentielle découlant de la relation de travail. La recherche de responsabilité de l’employeur, en cas de survenance d’un risque professionnel ou d’un simple manquement à ses obligations de prévention s’articule autour de cette notion essentielle qu’est l’obligation de sécurité. Si cette obligation est également consacrée par la législation de nos voisins allemands et anglais, elle connaît, en France, un développement inégalé, en faisant une obligation au régime juridique inédit et originalThe field of occupational health and safety is constantly expanding. At the same time, the prevention of occupational hazards is a major objective for companies, a real imperative. Thus, the employer's obligation to ensure the health and safety of his employees has become an essential obligation arising from the employment relationship. The employer's liability in the event of the occurrence of an occupational hazard, or a simple failure to meet his preventive obligations, hinges on the essential notion of the safety obligation. While this obligation is also enshrined in the legislation of our German and English neighbours, it has undergone an unprecedented development in France, making it unique and original obligation
34
Chiou, Theodoros. "Vers un droit européen des contrats d'exploitation de propriété intellectuelle." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAA005/document.
Abstract:
Le rôle des propriétés intellectuelles au sein d’une économie de l’immatériel et de l’innovation est essentiel. Les contrats d’exploitation constituent les instruments juridiques permettant la circulation de ces sources de richesse et favorisent l’optimisation de leur exploitation, tant au niveau national qu’au niveau européen. La présente thèse traite la question de l’amélioration du cadre juridique actuel des contrats d’exploitation en Europe. Plus précisément, elle a pour objectif de démontrer que, d’une part, l’insuffisance du droit des contrats d’exploitation en Europe est globale et pose problème et, d’autre part, que ce problème devrait être traité à travers la (re)construction du droit spécial des contrats d’exploitation de manière transversale et dans une perspective européenne. L’analyse a pour point de départ l’examen du statu quo à partir des droits grec, français, allemand, britannique et communautaire et aboutit à la recommandation de certaines pistes de (re)construction et d’européanisation, vue de la construction d’un véritable et cohérent droit commun européen des contrats d’exploitationIntellectual Property plays an essential rοle in the modern economy based on innovation and intellectual capital. Exploitation contracts of IP rights are the legal instruments that allow the circulation of these assets and enhance their exploitation both at national and European level. This thesis discusses the question of improvement of the actual legal framework of exploitation contracts of IP rights in Europe. More precisely, it aims at demonstrating that, on the one hand, the insufficiency of the law of exploitation contracts is real and far-reaching and, on the other hand, that the insufficiency problem should be dealt with the transversal (re)construction of the specific legal framework of exploitation contracts in a European perspective. The analysis starts with the examination of the deficiencies of the status quo, as reflected in Greek, French, German, British laws, and European acquis and concludes with the recommendation of further steps to be taken for the construction of a true and consistent European law of exploitation contracts of IP rights
35
Khan, Shaghaghi Legrand Richard. "La régulation de l'accès aux médicaments (aspects de droit comparé)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB099.
Abstract:
Alors que les pays européens font face à des dépenses croissantes en matière de médicaments, la prise en charge d'un nouveau produit de santé par les financeurs publics apparaît comme un enjeu primordial dans le contrôle de ces dépenses. La plupart des pays, comme la France, utilisent alors des listes explicites définissant les produits pris en charge ou non pris en charge par le biais de financements publics. L'idée sous-jacente d'un tel procédé est de concentrer la prise en charge publique sur des produits dits « utiles », c'est-à-dire qui non seulement participent au traitement de pathologies jugées importantes, mais qui se montrent également efficaces et, le cas échéant, les moins onéreux. Si cette idée est simple, l'élaboration en pratique de telles listes reste complexe. La définition des critères adoptés pour déterminer les contours d'un panier de médicaments remboursables ainsi que les méthodes utilisées pour évaluer si un produit répond à ces critères, représentent des enjeux importants pour les décideurs publics et peuvent avoir des répercussions directes sur la qualité et les coûts des prescriptions médicamenteuses. Dans l'absolu, la décision de prendre en charge un médicament peut s'appuyer sur de nombreux critères : efficacité, rapport coût-efficacité, gravité de la pathologie, symptômes traités, impact sur les budgets consacrés à la santé, etc. De plus, les évaluations présentent toute une série de difficultés méthodologiques et techniques auxquelles viennent s'additionner le contexte politique et le pouvoir de négociation des laboratoires pharmaceutiques, qui influencent également les décisions de prise en charge. La présente étude s'organise autour de la présentation de la notion de médicament, des modalités de prise en charge de ces derniers et de la procédure de leur mise sur le marché sous un angle comparé entre le droit français et divers autres systèmes juridiques relevant du cadre communautaire. Une telle analyse soulève certaines interrogations dont la mise en cause du système actuel de régulation des médicaments. À travers ce travail de recherches, il est permis de constater plusieurs défaillances non seulement dans le mécanisme de régulation des dépenses, mais aussi dans le système de prise en charge lui-même. Si la question d'un réajustement de la politique de régulation des médicaments est alors au cœur du débat, des perspectives d'évolution se dessinent néanmoinsWhile the European countries face increasing spending regarding medicine, the coverage of a new product of health by the public financiers appears as an essential stake in the control of these spending. Most of the countries, as France, use then explicit lists defining products taken care or not taken care by means of public financing. The underlying idea of such a process is to concentrate the public coverage on "useful" said products, that is which not only participate in the treatment of pathologies considered important, but which show themselves also effective and, where necessary, the least expensive. If this idea is simple, the elaboration in practice of such lists remains complex. The definition of the criteria adopted to determine the outlines of a basket of refundable medicine as well as the methods used to estimate if a product answers these criteria, represent stakes important for the public decision-makers and can have direct repercussions on the quality and the costs of the medicinal prescriptions. Theoretically, the decision to take care of a medicine can lean on numerous criteria: efficiency, cost efficiency ratio, revolved by the pathology, the handled symptoms, the impact on the budgets dedicated to the health, etc. Furthermore, the evaluations present a whole series of methodological and technical difficulties to which come to add up the political context and the bargaining power of pharmaceutical companies, which also influence the decisions of care. The present study gets organized around the display of the notion of medicine, modalities of care of the latter and the procedure of their launch on the market under a compared angle enter the French and diverse law other legal systems being a matter of the community frame. Such an analysis lifts certain questioning of which the questioning of the current system of regulation of medicine. Through this research work, it is allowed to notice several failures not only in the mechanism of regulation of the spending, but also in the system of care itself. If the question of an adjustment of the policy of regulation of medicine is then at the heart of the debate, perspectives of evolution take shape nevertheless
36
Huang, Hsin-Yi, and 黃馨儀. "Country-level Governance and Corporate Cash Holdings: Evidence in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and France." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59246433506957149184.
Abstract:
碩士國立交通大學
財務金融研究所
99
Based on the free cash flow hypothesis, firms that have more free cash flow are prone to agency problem. However, previous empirical studies suggest that a country with better country-level governance has higher shareholder rights and lower financial constraints; therefore, it is able to improve its corporate governance and avoid agency problem. Because the level of protection to shareholders in the common-law and in the civil-law countries is different, we use ordinary least-squares regression and panel regression to analyze whether country-level governance affects corporate cash holdings in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and France. We find that the common-law countries have more cash holdings than the civil-law countries. Our study reveals that higher country-level governance can decrease sensitivity between agency problem and corporate cash holdings.
37
Huang, Hui-Chun, and 黃惠君. "The Granger Causality Relationship between GDP, Exports and Energy Consumption－Evidence from Germany, France and United Kingdom." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86163465815851840893.
Abstract:
碩士中國文化大學
國際貿易學系
101
This study selected Germany, France and the United Kingdom for the period of 1970-2011. The time series are used to investigate the causality between gross domestic product (GDP), export and energy consumption. Unit Roots Test, Co-integration Test, Granger Causality Test are applied. The empirical results in Germany and France indicated the existing of unidirectional causality running from export to energy consumption. The government may encourage manufacturers to produce the low-energy with high-value exports. On the other hands, the United Kingdom has the unidirectional causality running from export to GDP and from GDP to energy consumption. The government should support manufacturers to export, provide tax incentives for export industries to expand and improve the export economies of scale. Also, at the same time, the domestic industries should be continually encouraged for service-oriented industries to reduce energy consumption.
38
Wang, Chun-Ju, and 王淳儒. "The Sudy of the Interrelationships of the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, France, and the Asia-Pacific Emerging Stock Market." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43504574367199088607.
Abstract:
碩士中國文化大學
國際企業管理研究所
86
The Asia-Pacific stock markets rose abruptly in early 80'' with their rapideconomics growth and became a focus of investors. The requirement of investorsthat want to invest the stocks in international markets increased day by day, sothe analysis and compare of the international stock markets will make theinvestors understood the international stock markets more clearly. This thesisexamines the correlations, interdependencies, and lead-lag relationships amongstock price indices of the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany,France, and the Asia-Pacific Emerging Stock Market. An empirical investigationapplying vector-autoregression (VAR) analysis is conducted by using daily dataon the stock market indices from January 5, 1993 through December 31, 1997. The empirical analysis shows that the United States market leads all theother twelve markets, while none of these other countries leads the U.S. market.The results indicate that the U.S. market can be used as a leading indicator forthe other financial markets. According to impulse response analysis and forecast error variancedecomposition of the thirteen stock markets, the U.S. market is found to be themost influential in the world. Taiwan market is less affected by internationalfactors. The status of Hong Kong market has promoted. Also, the dynamic responsepattern supports the notion of informationally efficient international stockmarkets. International factors and its own national factors affect each of thenational stock markets. This implies the international stock markets are weaklysegmented. In addition, correlations among returns to nation stock markets arelow, which supports the fact that the risk of investment portfolio can bereduced by international diversification.
39
Trouille, Jean-Marc. "L’impact du Brexit sur la relation franco-allemande." 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/16835.
Abstract:
YesLe Brexit représente le changement le plus important dans les relations que le Royaume-Uni a entretenu avec l’Europe et le monde depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. La décision britannique de mettre fin à plus de quatre décennies de participation au projet européen, la détermination du gouvernement de Theresa May à extraire son pays de l’Union Européenne (UE), mais aussi de l’Union douanière, du Marché intérieur, de la juridiction de la Cour Européenne de Justice, de l’ensemble des règlementations européennes, et même de la Convention Européenne des Droits de l’Homme, ont des implications multiples et lourdes de conséquences dans de vastes domaines. Le Royaume-Uni est certes le premier pays affecté, et ce sur tous les plans. Toutefois, la France et l’Allemagne, ainsi que le projet européen, sont aussi directement concernés par ce divorce qui laisse présager d’importantes répercussions économiques et politiques, mais aussi un déclin progressif de leur voisin d’outre-Manche, avec les conséquences qui pourront en découler.
40
Wei, Chung, and 叢蔚. "The Relationship among Firm Performance, R&D Human Resource and Expenditure in European Enterprise-Evidence from Germany, United Kingdom, and France." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yx6kb4.
Abstract:
碩士淡江大學
歐洲研究所碩士班
104
This study adopts the empirical model of Gonza''lez, Teräsvirta and van Dijk (2004, 2005) to verify whether the panel smooth transition effect exists in the excess of human capital variable. This research uses regression model to analyze the nonlinear impact of human resource on firm performance of public traded company in Germany, France, and in United kindom. And we further analysis the relationship between financial variables and firm performance. The results show that there is a significant asymmetric non-linear relation between human resurce and firm performance, and most offinancial variables are significant association with firm performance for threshold effect. The financial variables is current ratio, long debt, sales growth, M/B ratio, operating cash flow growth, firm size, and R&D expenditure.
41
Geppert, M., K. Williams, M. Wortmann, J. Czarzasty, D. Kağnıcıoğlu, H.-D. Köhler, Tony Royle, Y. Rückert, and B. Uckan. "Industrial relations in European hypermarkets: Home and host country influences." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6599.
Abstract:
YesIn this article we examine the industrial relations practices of three large European food retailers when they transfer the hypermarket format to other countries. We ask, first, how industrial relations in hypermarkets differ from those in other food retailing outlets. Second, we examine how far the approach characteristic of each company’s country-of-origin (Germany, France and the UK) shapes the practices adopted elsewhere. Third, we ask how they respond to the specific industrial relations systems of each host country (Turkey, Poland, Ireland and Spain).
42
Rouček, Martin. "Proměny britského, německého a francouzského trhu práce v letech 2007-2010." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-357460.
Abstract:
The MA thesis called "Transformation of the labour markets in the United Kingdom, Germany and France in 2007-2010" tests the theory underlying models of capitalism in the context of the EU's Europeanization policies. The theoretical concept is analysed through labour market reforms in the UK, Germany and France between 2007 and 2010. For the purposes of this work, the United Kingdom represents a liberal market economy, Germany a coordinated market economy and France is considered a state-influenced market economy. The time span of the present study is linked to the concept of flexicurity, i.e. the EU's policy aiming to modernize and harmonize the Member States' labour markets, implemented in 2007-2010 within the Lisbon Strategy. The primary objective of the present work is to verify whether the labour market reforms introduced by the British, German and French governments corresponded to their national models of capitalism in the period from 2007 to 2010. The present thesis also explores the degree to which the national governments and socials partners of the UK, Germany and France identified with the concept of flexicurity in 2007-2010. Using the method of a comparative synchronous case study, the research shows that not all labour market reforms were in full compliance with the national models....
43
Kulichkina, Mariia. "European Defence Industry in Times of Austerity." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-357950.
Abstract:
EUROPEAN DEFENCE INDUSTRY IN TIMES OF AUSTERITY ABSTRACT The end of the Cold War has marked the shift in bipolar world order. Changing geopolitical, economic and social environments, as well as rapid technological progress, have led to deep restructure of defence entities in Europe. The process of gradual national defence industries restructure and consolidation has been spreading across European borders, affecting every defence industrial sector. Thereof, this thesis aims to analyse the process of European Defence Industry's restructuring and integration process. It scrutinizes the process in terms of the European Defence Industrial Base on the one side and international integration efforts on the other. It investigates drivers of change for the defence industry, particularly: decreasing budgets, changing relationship between state and defence industry, advancement of technological innovations, importance of civil sector and internationalization of national defence companies. Regarding the restructuring process, the thesis examines National Defence Policies of Germany, France and the United Kingdom towards their respective National Defence Technology Industrial Bases along with the applications of these policies on the defence integration process within the EU. Key words: Defence industry, European Defence...
44
Al-Turki, Khalid Hamad. "Corporate governance in Saudi Arabia: overview and empirical investigation." Thesis, 2006. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/16129/.
Abstract:
primary objectives ofthis thesis are: (i) to review the ongoing practices of
corporate governance in six developed and emerging markets that represent a broad
and diverse sample that varies in terms of historical, légal, économie and cultural
Systems; (ii) to assess comprehensively the effectiveness of corporate governance in a
unique developing country, Saudi Arabia; and (iii) to identify whether there are
significant différences in the perceptions among the involved four samples (board of
directors' members, chief executive officers 'CEOs', audit committee members and
shareholders) towards the four mechanisms of corporate governance investigated in
this study, namely: shareholders' rights; board of directors; audit committees and
internai audit; and disclosure and transparency.
45
Zidane, Samir Costa. "A liderança na política comum de segurança e defesa da União Europeia: evolução e perspetivas no horizonte do Brexit." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/69222.
Abstract:
Dissertação de mestrado em Relações InternacionaisCom a queda do Muro de Berlim e consequente fim da Guerra Fria, o quadro securitário europeu alterou-se profundamente. A reunificação da Alemanha colocou a roda comunitária em andamento a uma grande velocidade durante a década de 90 e a Declaração franco-britânica de Saint-Malo, em 1998, oficializou o compromisso e liderança entre as duas maiores potências europeias para a criação de bases sólidas para o desenvolvimento do vetor securitário comunitário. Volvidos quase vinte anos, o Reino Unido, através de referendo popular, optou pela saída da União Europeia deixando um vácuo de liderança, em especial, na Política Comum de Segurança e Defesa. Esse vazio, além de colocar desafios financeiros e militares de grande escala, representa, ao mesmo tempo, a oportunidade para outros Estados assumirem o lugar deixado pelos britânicos. Assim sendo, esta dissertação tem como propósito analisar a evolução da liderança no âmbito da Política Comum de Segurança e Defesa da União Europeia, desde a iniciativa anglo-francesa que resultou na Declaração de Saint-Malo de 4 de dezembro de 1998 até março de 2019. Recorrendo ao método de process-tracing e com base no quadro-teórico de Oran R. Young sobre diferentes tipos de liderança, constatamos que a liderança no quadro da Política Comum de Segurança e Defesa assentou, essencialmente, no contributo entre Paris e Londres, embora fragmentado por diversas vezes fruto de crises intraeuropeias. Contudo, após a crise financeira de 2008, a Alemanha tem vindo, gradualmente, a assumir um papel de maior influência no quadro securitário europeu, em especial após o resultado do referendo britânico, fortalecendo o eixo Berlim-Paris em matéria de segurança e defesa. Tendo em conta que a componente de segurança europeia é um produto inacabado e em constante evolução, é possível traçar três cenários. O eixo Berlim-Paris prevalecerá com a principal força motriz do vetor de segurança europeu, a possibilidade de outro Estado se juntar aos franceses e alemães como terceiro líder ou a possibilidade de o Reino Unido continuar a exercer influência através de um acordo de segurança extracomunitário.
With the fall of the Berlin Wall and the consequent end of the Cold War, the European security framework has changed profoundly. The reunification of Germany set the Community wheel in motion at great speed during the 1990s, while in 1998, the Saint-Malo Declaration, celebrated between the United Kingdom and France, made official the commitment and leadership between the two major European powers for the creation of solid ground for the development of a European security vector. Almost twenty years later, the United Kingdom through a referendum opted to leave the European Union, creating a leadership vacuum, especially in the Common Security and Defence Policy. This vacuum, in addition to posing large-scale financial and military challenges, represents at the same time the opportunity for other states to take the place vacated by the British. Therefore, this dissertation aims to analyse the evolution of leadership within the scope of the Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union, since the Anglo-French initiative that resulted in the Saint-Malo Declaration of 4 December from 1998 to March 2019. Using the process-tracing method based on Oran R. Young's theoretical framework on different types of leadership, we find that leadership within the framework of the Common Security and Defence Policy was essentially based on the contribution between Paris and London, although fragmented several times due to intra-European crises. However, since the 2008 financial crisis Germany has gradually taken on a more influential role in the European security framework, especially after the outcome of the British referendum, strengthening the Berlin-Paris axis in terms of security and defence. Bearing in mind that the European security component is an unfinished product and in constant evolution, it is possible to outline three scenarios: firstly, the prevalence Berlin-Paris axis as the main force driving the European security vector; secondly, the possibility of another state to join the French and Germans as the third leader; and thirdly, the possibility of the United Kingdom to continue to exercise influence on a security agreement outside the scope of the European Union.
46
OGER, Helene. "Constitutionalising multi-level euro-denizenship." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6368.
Abstract:
Defence date: 15 September 2006Examining board: Prof. Neil Walker (Supervisor, European University Institute) ; Prof. Virginie Guiraudon (European University Institute) ; Prof. Elspeth Guild (University of Nijmegen) ; Dr. Ryszard Cholewinski (International Organisation for Migration, Geneva)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
47
Cusson, Jean-Christophe. "Le centenaire de la Grande Guerre au prisme des médias : le cas des quotidiens The Guardian, Le Monde et die Süddeutsche Zeitung." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23766.
Abstract:
Cette recherche montre que l’espace médiatique, en temps de commémoration, est un lieu privilégié pour un.e historien.ne qui souhaite capturer les dynamiques mémorielles d’une collectivité. Notre cas d’étude est la couverture médiatique du centenaire de la Première Guerre mondiale au prisme du The Guardian, Le Monde et Die Süeddeutsche Zeitung. Dans les sections en ligne First world war, Centenaire 14-18 et Erster Weltkrieg, nous avons analysé la couverture de presse sur une période allant de juin 2014 à juillet 2017.
Cette étude utilise une définition opératoire de la mémoire collective qui nous aide à comprendre qu’il est nécessaire en histoire de la mémoire d’étudier le journalisme non pas comme une simple source d’archives, mais aussi comme un espace discursif où diverses représentations complexes du passé se rencontrent et communiquent afin de se redéfinir. Cet espace discursif possède deux points de jonction : l’histoire pratiquée et le mythistoire. Ce sont les dynamiques dans cet espace qui ont été étudiées pour chaque média dans ce mémoire.
Nous identifions d’abord les grandes configurations historiographiques de la Grande Guerre, le rôle des historiens dans la couverture et tentons de voir dans quelle mesure ces configurations s’expriment dans les trois journaux étudiés. Pour terminer, les intentions commémoratives des journaux sont identifiées et mise à l’épreuve au moyen d’une étude des flux de nouvelles et des champs lexicaux de la couverture médiatique.This mémoire aims to show that media space, in times of commemoration, is a privileged place for historians who want to capture the dynamics of a community’s memory. Our case study is the media coverage of the centenary of the First World War through the lens of The Guardian, Le Monde and Die Süeddeutsche Zeitung. We analysed in these newspapers the press coverage from June 2014 to July 2017 in the online sections First world war, Centenaire 14-18 and Erster Weltkrieg. This study uses an operative definition of collective memory that allows us to understand the necessity, in the history of memory field, to study journalism not simply as an archive, but also as a discursive space where various complex representations of the past meet and communicate in order to redefine themselves. This discursive space has two points of junction: Practiced history and “mythistory”. The dynamics of this space have been studied for each publication in this research. First, we identify the major historical configurations of the Great War, the role of historians in the coverage, and try to see to which extent these configurations are expressed in the three newspapers studied. Finally, the commemorative intentions of the newspapers are identified and then tested through a study of news-flow and an analysis of the lexical fields of the respective media coverage.
48
Loi, Stefano. "A evolução da Instituição do Estado-Maior, 1806-1918: os casos alemão, francês, inglês e português em perspetiva comparada." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/15642.
Abstract:
A presente tese de doutoramento visa propor uma análise da Instituição militar do Estado-Maior em
sentido comparado e diacrónico. Esta análise desenvolve-se a partir do surgimento deste órgão militar
até à Primeira Guerra Mundial e aborda quatro casos, ou seja, o Estado-Maior prussiano-alemão, o
francês, o britânico e o português. Finalmente, o objetivo desta investigação é oferecer uma definição
deste órgão militar que seja historiograficamente alicerçada e que possa ser aplicada também aos
Estados-Maiores aqui não abordados.
Procura-se, na presente tese, investigar as razões que induziram as chefias políticas dos países
analisados a implementar nos seus sistemas militares o órgão militar alvo de estudo. Foram analisados
os fatores que determinaram a evolução dos Estados-Maiores, como se articulavam do ponto de vista
organizativo, como se relacionavam com as chefias militares e políticas e que papel desempenharam
no período de crise que conduziu à Primeira Guerra Mundial, para além das atividades que realizaram
nas primeiras fases daquele conflito.
Esta investigação apresenta elementos inovadores a respeito dos estudos histórico-militares. A
escolha de princípios teórico-metodológicos que foram pouco aproveitados relativamente à análise dos
Estados-Maiores permitiu oferecer um olhar novo sobre esta Instituição, sobretudo se comparado com
os poucos estudos sobre este assunto encontrados na literatura científica. A abordagem diacrónica dos
quatro casos analisados permite obter informações específicas sobre o surgimento e a evolução do
órgão militar objeto da presente tese, informações essas que irão constituir os elementos para chegar a
uma definição desta Instituição que seja sintética e historiograficamente sólida.This PhD thesis aims to analyse the military institution of the General Staff from a comparative and diachronic perspective. This analysis spreads from the birth of this military institution until the First World War and examines four different cases, i.e., the Prussian-German, the French, the British and the Portuguese General Staffs. Finally, the main goal of this investigation is to formulate a definition of this military institution, definition that aims to be historically grounded and that can be applied also to other General Staffs not investigated in this thesis. In the present analysis, the reasons that lead to the institution of the General Staffs in the researched countries will be studied. Furthermore, the elements that determined the evolution of the General Staffs will be examined, how they were articulated from an organizational point of view, which relations they had with politics and the other military agencies, which role they played before the beginning of the First World War and which activities they performed in the first stages of that conflict. This investigation has innovative elements, when compared to other works of military history. The theoretical and methodological principles that were chosen are not usual for the studies concerning the General Staffs, and this choice allows to provide a new vision on this Institution, especially when compared to the few works on this matter. The diachronic approach in the four analysed cases allows to gather specific evidences to explain the birth and evolution of the General Staffs, and these evidences shall be considered as the main elements to formulate a definition of General Staff that is concise and historically grounded