Academic literature on the topic 'Germany – Social conditions – 19th century'
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Journal articles on the topic "Germany – Social conditions – 19th century"
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Luh, Andreas. "Großunternehmen und Betriebssport in Deutschland vom Kaiserreich bis in die Gegenwart. Ein (zu) wenig beachtetes sozial- und sporthistorisches Phänomen." STADION 44, no. 2 (2020): 300–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2020-2-300.
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Since the end of the 19th century, company sports appeared as a part of company’s social welfare policy. Large companies in Germany still offer company sport activities as a part of voluntary social benefits today, but their scope, kind and function have changed enormously. The present study focuses on the development of company sports during the German Empire, its expansion and institutionalization as a part of company’s social welfare policy in the Weimar Republic as well as its restructuring in the context of the efforts of the German Labour Front in NS Germany. Furthermore, the study examines the reorganization of company sports based on social partnership concepts and corporate identity - and corporate social responsibility strategies in the Federal Republic of Germany. It asks, what kind of changes took place in company sports in Germany under the conditions of a structural changing economic and capitalist system from the 19th to the 21st century, in four political epochs of German history, from the German Empire to the Federal Republic of Germany?
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Engmann, Birk, and Holger Steinberg. "Some comparative psychiatric studies in the 19th century." Transcultural Psychiatry 55, no. 3 (April 6, 2018): 428–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461518767033.
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This article analyses 19th-century publications which dealt with the social and cultural aspects of psychiatric disorders in different parts of the world. Systematic reviews were conducted of three German medical journals, one Russian medical journal, and a relevant monograph. All these archives were published in the 19th century. Our work highlights the fact that long before Kraepelin, several, mostly forgotten, publications had already discussed cultural aspects, social conditions, the influence of religion, the influence of climate, and also “race” as a trigger or amplifier of psychiatric diseases. These publications also reflect racist notions of the colonial period.
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Chernoukhov, E. A. "THE PHYSICIANS OF GERMAN ORIGIN IN MINING WORKS OF THE URALS IN THE 1ST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 31, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2021-31-1-131-137.
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The article analyzes the contribution of physicians of German origin in the development of the medical sphere in state and private mining districts in the Urals in the first half of the 19th century. Their active involvement to the service in this distant region in the period under consideration is due to the escalating shortage of qualified specialists in the conditions of the new medical system’s emergence for persons who served directly to the state. The author identified 37 such doctors: the Russian Germans, mainly from the Baltic provinces, and the subjects of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, and natives of several German states. This was the fifth part of all doctors who served in the mining plants of the Urals in the first half of the 19th century, which is basically more than the representation of other foreigners. This ratio shows the leading positions of the German medical school at that time. The author systematized the materials on the number, level of education, and motives for admission to the service of doctors of German origin, its place and conditions. M. G. Wolf and K. A. Time made the most successful administrative careers, became medical inspectors of the Ural Mining Board. For three decades, they methodically carried out departmental control of the medical sphere of the region’s private mining plants, sought to fulfill the requirements of legislation. The diverse, including administrative, activity of physicians of German origin made a significant contribution to the process of medicalization in the Urals, which is part of a more global process of social modernization.
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Kuntz, Benjamin, Günter Regneri, Anne Berghöfer, Heinz-Peter Schmiedebach, and Thomas Beddies. "„Die Medizin ist eine soziale Wissenschaft“ – zum 200. Geburtstag von Salomon Neumann." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 144, no. 25 (December 2019): 1789–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0973-6994.
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AbstractSalomon Neumann (1819–1908) is one of the outstanding representatives of 19th century social medicine. As a medical reformer, statistician and city councilor, he made a significant contribution to improving social and hygienic conditions in Berlin. His most famous work was published in 1847 under the title “Die oeffentliche Gesundheitspflege und das Eigenthum” [Public Health and Property]. From 1859 to 1905, Neumann was active in the Berlin City Council for the improvement of the living conditions of the population. He was involved in the construction of municipal hospitals, supported the modernisation of sewage disposal, organised the Berlin censuses of 1861 and 1864 and was active in the field of health and social statistics. Not only was Neumann exposed to anti-Semitic reprisals during his lifetime, a foundation he founded to promote the science of Judaism was dissolved by the National Socialists in 1940. On the occasion of his 200th birthday, this article commemorates the life and work of the democratically minded and socially committed doctor and health politician. Salomon Neumann has rendered great services to social medicine in Germany.
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Mikhel, Dmitriy. "Quarantinism and Sanitarism as Strategies for Social Order’s Management and Epidemic Control in 19th-Century Europe." ISTORIYA 13, no. 9 (119) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840022919-9.
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The history of social order’s management and epidemic control in nineteenth-century Europe provides a wealth of evidence for understanding how and why different countries responded to the challenges of dangerous infectious diseases. The two most significant preventive strategies used in the nineteenth century were quarantinism, which consists in limiting active economic activities, and sanitarism, which involves improving the sanitary conditions of the population. In 1947, the German physician and medical historian Erwin Ackerknecht, for the first time analyzed these strategies and thus initiated a discussion of the determinants of medical knowledge and public health. This debate is still ongoing and has been reinvigorated in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Familiarity with some of the points made in that debate may be very useful today, as it will not only give a fuller impression of how some areas of historical science have developed, but also shed new light on the question of how humanitarians make their judgments about such a significant area as the field of public health. The article examines three plots: 1) the explanatory model of quarantinism and sanitarism proposed by Ackerknecht, 2) use of his model by a new generation of scholars who entered this debate in the last quarter of the twentieth century, and 3) the experience of reinterpreting this model to reflect new approaches, in particular the expansive model proposed by Peter Baldwin.
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Закутня, А. Ю. "Printed advertising of the end of the 19th — the first half of the 20th centuries in the context of a search of a source basis for a detailed description of the Ukrainian urban koine of this period." Studia Philologica, no. 10 (2018): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-2425.2018.10.6.
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The city as a peculiar form of social organization is interesting for the representatives of many trends of scientific research: economists, sociologists, culturologists, historians, linguists. The subject of our interest is the functioning of the Ukrainian language in the cities of Bukovyna and Galicia at the end of the 19th century — the first half of the 20th century, in the urban environment of the Ukrainian diaspora settlement. Historical and socio-political conditions of the formation of the Ukrainian city koinй as one of the preconditions for the development of Ukrainian literature (particularly in the territory of Western Ukraine) — are still one of largely unexplored problems of Ukrainian linguistics — in both theoretical and practical aspects, which predetermines the relevance of the topic of our study. The aim of this article is the analysis of Ukrainian advertising texts at the end of the 19th century — the first half of the 20th century and identification of such lexical and syntagmatic units that can be classified as elements of the city koine. To perform linguistic analysis we have involved over 80 language units (words, nominative word combinations, word variants) used for the nomination of over 30 items of commodity circulation belonging to the following lexical-semantic groups: names of clothing, footwear and other details of the wardrobe; names of household items of urban dwellers (personal use items). For every word of the aforementioned lexical-semantic groups we have provided illustrating contexts, commentaries concerning the meaning, use, origin, their record in different kinds of dictionaries, sometimes giving information from Polish lexicography, Polish and German electronic corpora. We have analyzed the names of urban life items, documented in the Ukrainian advertisement at the end of the 19thcentury — the first half of the 20th century, that certify that the majority of such names are borrowings adapted on the Ukrainian language background: from German, Polish, French, Italian, Spanish, etc. Mainly Polish and German played an intermediary role in the assimilation of these words. We believe that lexical units and nominative word combinations recorded in the advertising texts of the 19th century — the first half of the 20thcentury, may serve as a basis for the register of lexicographic works of a specialized type, for instance, the Dictionary of Ukrainian Advertisement; the Dictionary of Western Ukrainian Variants of Literary Language of the 19th century — the first half of the 20th century, etc.
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Raevskaya, MARINA. "HOMO LOQUENS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: ELISÉE RECLUS AND HIS VISION OF SPAIN." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 2 (June 28, 2016): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2016-2-35-39.
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The aim of the article is to define the contribution of Elisée Reclus, an outstanding French scientist and explorer of the 19th century, in shaping a new image of Spain which was based on the humanistic scientific ideas of the epoch. The paper gives a general overview of the ideas of Elisée Reclus formed under the influence of Karl Ritter, his German teacher. With this aim in view, the author of the article carries out an analysis of the ways of perception and interpretation of the geographic, historical, social and political reality in Spain in the second part of the 19th century in terms of geographic determinism. This approach proceeds from the assumption that the Man, as a constituent part of the natural order, is constantly affected by the environment. To get a better understanding of human habits and characteristics of a particular culture it is necessary to study its geographic conditions. The theoretical basis of the research determined the analytical and synthetic methods used in it. These methods made it possible to study the concrete materials (the authentic text by Elisée Reclus (1876)), to establish the correlation between scientific and philosophical principles of Elisée Reclus and his views on the geographic, eth-nographic, social and political reality in Spain at that time, to account for the conclusions he made on the basis of his ideas and observations in “Nouvelle Géographie Universelle” (“L´Espagne”).
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Baev, Valery G. "Reforms and Reformers on the Question of the Causes, Features and Results of the State-Legal Transformation of Prussia at the Beginning of the 19th Century." Russian Journal of Legal Studies (Moscow) 9, no. 1 (April 12, 2022): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls100330.
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This study aims to analyze and provide a historical and legal assessment of administrative, economic, and social transformations in Prussia in the first half of the 19th century to study the circumstances and conditions of the formation of a new political, legal, and economic reality of the country. Moreover, the role of specific personalities who made a mark in history during this period is explored to obtain an idea of what administrative, legal, and economic patterns they reshaped in the management system. The author focuses not on the transformations but on the personalities whose hands have produced those transformations (an objective series of events) in Prussian Germany. Reformers-researchers (first, Stein, Gardenberg, V. Humboldt) realized their own private interest, but the totality of personal interests was already of public interest, and they themselves acted as its subjects. The success of the reformation was also determined by the prevailing atmosphere in the country, which was filled with great philosophers, historians, and writers with their ideas and deeds. The author concludes that science in Germany was more than science. She actively participated in the process of transformation in the country.
The author proves that the Prussian reformation, despite the different ideas of the participants about its goals, objectively contributed to the creation of the foundations of the bourgeois state on the basis of the monarchical form of government. As a legacy of the reformation stage, the Prussian statehood created in the second half of the 19th century was passed into the hands of Otto von Bismarck. Thus, it was not Bismarck who paved the way for Hitler. The reformers handed him a state building almost built according to their schemes which even the iron chancellor could not rebuild. In addition, we must consider that the modernization of Prussia developed in opposition to the counter-reformation, its legal expression was the so-called Carlsbad resolutions, which decelerated the dynamics of reforms.
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Põltsam-Jürjo, Inna. "Paganate kookidest seakõrvadeni. Transkultuuriline rännak ühe toidu jälgedes läbi sajandite ja kokaraamatute." Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat, no. 60 (October 12, 2017): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33302/ermar-2017-001.
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From “heathens’ cakes” to “pig’s ears”: tracing a food’s journey across cultures, centuries and cookbooks It is intriguing from the perspective of food history to find in 19th and 20th century Estonian recipe collections the same foods – that is, foods sharing the same names – found back in European cookbooks of the 14th and 15th centuries. It is noteworthy that they have survived this long, and invites a closer study of the phenomenon. For example, 16th century sources contain a record about the frying of heathen cakes, a kind of fritter, in Estonia. A dish by the same name is also found in 18th and 19th century recipe collections. It is a noteworthy phenomenon for a dish to have such a long history in Estonian cuisine, spanning centuries in recipe collections, and merits a closer look. Medieval European cookbooks listed two completely different foods under the name of heathen cakes and both were influenced from foods from the east. It is likely that the cakes made it to Tallinn and finer Estonian cuisine through Hanseatic merchants. It is not ultimately clear whether a single heathen cake recipe became domesticated in these parts already in the Middle Ages. In any case, heathen cakes would remain in Estonian cuisine for several centuries. As late as the early 19th century, the name in the local Baltic German cuisine referred to a delicacy made of egg-based batter fried in oil. Starting from the 18th century, the history of these fritters in Estonian cuisine can be traced through cookbooks. Old recipe collections document the changes and development in the tradition of making these cakes. The traditions of preparing these cakes were not passed on only in time, but circulated within society, crossing social and class lines. Earlier known from the elites’ culture, the dish reached the tables of ordinary people in the late 19th and early 20th century. In Estonian conditions, it meant the dish also crossed ethnic lines – from the German elite to the Estonian common folk’s menus. In the course of adaptation process, which was dictated and guided by cookbooks and cooking courses, the name of the dish changed several times (heydenssche koken, klenätid, Räderkuchen, rattakokid, seakõrvad), and changes also took place in the flavour nuances (a transition from spicier, more robust favours to milder ones) and even the appearance of the cakes. The story of the heathen cakes or pig’s ears in Estonian cuisine demonstrates how long and tortuous an originally elite dish can be as it makes its way to the tables of the common folk. The domestication and adaptation of such international recipes in the historical Estonian cuisine demonstrates the transregional cultural exchange, as well as culinary mobility and communication.
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Golikov, Alexander, and Sergey Golikov. "Max Weber's Heuristics About University and Education and The Challenges of the XXI Century." Filosofiya osvity. Philosophy of Education 26, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31874/2309-1606-2020-26-2-4.
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The article is devoted to the study of Max Weber's view of the problems of education and the university in the light of its latest actualizations. The chosen subject is studied using both philosophical and sociological tools. Max Weber's concept is studied in the context of its historical conditions of formation and development, in comparison with classical and modern concepts, as well as in terms of its heuristic capabilities in describing, analyzing and explaining modern problems and challenges in the field of education in general and in the university world in particular. On the basis of the historical and cultural retrospective of Weber's Germany at the end of the 19th century, the prerequisites for the formation of the Weberian concept are studied and compared with the socio-cultural situation at the beginning of the 21st century. The authors of the article, critically approaching Weberian epistemologiсs, separately focus on the theoretical and methodological limitations and vulnerabilities of the application of the Weberian concept in the modern world, while pointing out the epistemological advantages and opportunities that it offers. Such subjects as the importance of the political in educational activities; perspectives of the university in the society of commodification; the importance of the worldview component in comparison with generally significant knowledge; place of scientific asceticism and its limitations are revealed. Weber's ethical concepts (“absolute ethics”, “ethics of persuasion”, “ethics of responsibility”) and their heuristic possibilities in the analysis of transformations of the university and education are analyzed in detail. The logical and epistemological gaps in Weber's concept are critically examined, its internal complexity is shown, built on the basis of the ontology of the plurality of social orders. A conclusion is made about the potential of Weber's concepts and ideas for analyzing the current state of the university, science and education.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Germany – Social conditions – 19th century"
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Böttcher, Judith Lena. "Vowed to community or ordained to mission? : aspects of separation and integration in the Lutheran Deaconess Institute, Neuendettelsau, Bavaria." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:75ce64eb-5a38-4d36-84d7-c48071df089c.
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This study offers an overdue exploration of the early years of the deaconess community in Neuendettelsau from a gender perspective. Drawing on rich archival material, it focuses on the process of the formation of a distinctive collective identity. Central to this study is the assumption, drawn from the social sciences, that collective identity is a social construction which requires the participation of the whole group through identification and which is consolidated by developing specific rituals, symbols, codes and normative texts, which facilitate integration, and by constructing external boundaries, which separate from the world and wider church. The centrifugal forces which came into play when deaconesses were sent out in isolation were counterbalanced by a communal life which offered forms of participation and identification for the individual members and which consolidated their sense of belonging. The first chapter introduces the methodology. Chapter Two explores the social, cultural and theological context of the foundation of the Deaconess Institute, and offers a brief outline of the institution's historical development. The third chapter offers an in-depth analysis of the initiation ceremony as a rite which both admitted into the community and conferred an ecclesiastical office. Chapter Four analyses formative and normative texts that shed light on the community's norms, values, and expectations. In the fifth chapter, non-literary means of consolidating and affirming the deaconesses' collective identity are explored. This study concludes that the process of the emergence of a specific deaconess culture was pervaded by bourgeois norms, values, patterns of behaviour and notions about gender roles which measured out the women's radius of action and were at times difficult to reconcile with the deaconess profession.
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Kersting, Felix. "The Political Economy of Social Identity in 19th Century Germany." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22246.
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Diese Dissertation besteht aus vier Kapiteln, die sich mit verschiedenen Aspekten sozialer Identität im Deutschland des 19. Jahrhunderts befassen.
Das erste Kapitel analysiert den Effekt früher Nationsbildung. Daten über die Vornamenswahl der Eltern in acht deutschen Städten und die Klassifizierung der Vornamen erlauben es, Veränderungen der nationalen Identität zu fassen. Anhand der Variation in Familien über die Zeit und des Vergleichs von Städten, die 1815 Teil Preußens werden, mit anderen Städten, die außerhalb Preußens blieben, wird der insgesamt positive Effekt ermittelt.
Das zweite Kapitel untersucht die Wirkung von Bismarcks Zuckerbrot-und-Peitsche-Politik auf den Wahlerfolg der Sozialdemokratie. Für die empirische Analyse nutze ich Varianz in bereits bestehenden Krankenversicherungen sowie Informationen zu verbotenen Vereinen in einem Differenz-in-Differenzen Ansatz. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es Bismarck’s Politiken zu steigendem Erfolg für die Sozialdemokratie geführt haben.
Das dritte Kapitel untersucht die „Getreideinvasion“ der ersten Globalisierung. Die empirischen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Handelsschocks in der Landwirtschaft die Wirtschaft der ländlichen Kreise in Preußen belasten. Entscheidend ist indes, dass dieser Handelsschock aufgrund starker Arbeitsmigration nicht zu einem entsprechenden Rückgang des Pro-Kopf-Einkommens oder einer Zunahme der politischen Polarisierung führte.
Im vierten Kapitel wird Max Webers Hypothese einer protestantischen Ethik überprüft. Die empirische Analyse zeigt, dass Protestantismus nach 1870 weder für das Einkommensniveau noch für die Ersparnisse oder die Alphabetisierungsraten in den preußischen Kreisen eine Rolle spielte. Stattdessen ist, so das Argument, Nationalismus sowohl für die Interpretation von Webers protestantischer Ethik als auch für deren empirische Überprüfung von entscheidender Bedeutung.This dissertation is composed of four chapters which deal with various aspects of social identity in 19th century Germany. The first chapter analyzes the effect of nation-building in cities that became part of Prussia in 1815. Data on first name choices by parents in eight German cities allow to elicit changes in national identity. Using within-family variation and comparing cities that become part of Prussia with other cities that stayed outside Prussia identifies the overall positive treatment effect. The second chapter investigates the effect of Bismarck’s carrot and stick policies on the electoral success of the socialist party. For identification, I exploit spatial and industry specific variation in treatment intensity due to ex-ante existing local health insurance. The results show that Bismarck failed in reducing the support for the socialist party. The third chapter studies the “grain invasion” – the “China shock” of the first globalization. The empirical results show that trade shocks in agriculture depress the economy of rural counties in Prussia. Crucially, there is no indication of a corresponding decline in income per capita or a rise in political polarization which is attributed to high levels of labor migration. The fourth chapter revisits Max Weber's hypothesis on the role of Protestantism for economic development in its contemporary context. The empirical analysis provides evidence that Protestantism neither mattered for income levels, nor savings, nor literacy rates across Prussian counties after 1870. Instead, the chapter argues that nationalism is crucial for both the interpretation of Weber’s Protestant Ethic and empirical tests thereof. While covering different contexts in 19th century Germany, these chapters are united in dealing with various aspects of social identity – either exploring potential political and economic causes of changes in social identities (chapter 1, 2, and 3) or possible consequences of social identity (chapter 4).
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Kersting, Felix [Verfasser]. "The Political Economy of Social Identity in 19th Century Germany / Felix Kersting." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1224883233/34.
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Ferrebeuf, Florian. ""Au pays des sombres forêts et des lacs cristallins" : le district de Königsberg en Prusse-Orientale : aspects d'histoire économique, sociale et politique (1850-1914)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG024/document.
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Le district de Königsberg est un territoire atypique au coeur de la Prusse. Bien que ses structures économiques et sociales soient encore largement traditionnelles, avec un pouvoir fort des grands propriétaires, nobles ou bourgeois, et du clergé, on voit néanmoins se mettre en place des innovations économiques, au niveau agricole notamment. Celles-ci restent cependant presque exclusivement aux mains de la grande propriété foncière, quand la petite et moyenne paysannerie restent dans un dénuement souvent marqué. Au niveau social, les paysans sont largement sous la coupe des seigneurs locaux. Mais au fil du temps, ils réussissent à devenir un pion important de la vie politique locale, devenant les alliés objectifs des grands propriétaires conservateurs en échange d’avantages minces mais bien réels qui leur permettent d’augmenter légèrement leur niveau de vie. Les minorités ethniques et les socialistes jouent aussi un rôle important en Prusse-Orientale. Enfin, le rôle joué par la capitale de la province, Königsberg, est des plus importants à tous les niveauxThe district of Königsberg is an atypical territory in the heart of Prussia. Although its economic and social structures are still largely traditional, with a strong power held by the great noble or bourgeois landowners and the clergy, economic innovations can be seen, notably at agricultural level. These remain nonetheless almost exclusively in the hands of the large landed property, when the small and middle peasantry remain in often manifest destitution. At social level, peasants are largely under the control of local lords. Over time, however, they succeed in becoming an important pawn in the local political life, becoming the objective allies of the conservative great landowners in exchange for marginal but real benefits which allow them to slightly increase their living standards. The ethnic minorities and the socialists also play an important role in East Prussia. Finally, the role played by the province’s capital, Königsberg, is very important at all levels
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Mathien, Julie. "Children, families, and institutions in late 19th and early 20th century Ontario." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ58891.pdf.
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鄭秀儀 and Sau-yi Joan Cheng. "Women in China and Japan from the late 19th century to the 1930s." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42574821.
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Day, Joseph. "Leaving home and migrating in nineteenth-century England and Wales : evidence from the 1881 census enumerators' books (CEBs)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283973.
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Southern, Richard Lloyd Vaughan. "Industrialisation, residential mobility and the changing social morphology of Edinburgh and Perth, c. 1850-1900." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13815.
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The aim of this research is to advance the understanding of the impacts of the industrial revolution on urban space during the period 1850-1900. This was a period of great dynamism with high levels of social and economic change, political radicalism and urban growth that had profound effects on the urban landscape. In contrast to much previous research on Victorian urban space, the case study settlements used are Edinburgh and Perth, Scottish burghs with diverse economies not dominated by a heavy industrial sector. The analysis uses data from a variety of sources including the census, valuation rolls and the Register of Sasines. It also draws insights from structuration theory by examining the spatial outcome of various processes in terms of the reflexive relationship between structural factors such as class and capitalism and the residential movements of individuals (agents). Three scales of analysis are used. Thus, meso-scale socio-spatial change is seen as affected by both macro-scale structures and micro-scale actions of agents. By constructing a series of maps and measures of the distribution of social groups at various times over the half century, the thesis demonstrates that socio-spatial differentiation increased markedly over the period. The processes driving this socio-spatial change are identified as the operations of the housing market, structured feeling and mobility. The detailed roles of each is examined. Together, it is argued these are the modalities which link structures and agents and are thus the proximate determinants of socio-spatial change.
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Hambridge, Katherine Grace. "The performance of history : music, identity and politics in Berlin, 1800-1815." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283937.
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Breashears, Margaret Herbst. "An Analysis of Status: Women in Texas, 1860-1920." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279203/.
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This study examined the status of women in Texas from 1860 to 1920. Age, family structure and composition, occupation, educational level, places of birth, wealth, and geographical persistence are used as the measurements of status. For purposes of analysis, women are grouped according to whether they were married, widowed, divorced, or single.
Books on the topic "Germany – Social conditions – 19th century"
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Tenement cities: From 19th century Berlin to 21st century Nairobi. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2011.
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W, Scribner Robert, and Ogilvie Sheilagh C, eds. Germany: A new social and economic history. London: Arnold, 1996.
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Soziale Emanzipation: Kollektivismus und Demokratie im Umbruch von der ständischen zur bürgerlichen Gesellschaft in Deutschland. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1994.
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1949-, Burns Rob, ed. German cultural studies: An introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
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Longing to belong: The parvenu in nineteenth-century French and German literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
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Industrial culture and bourgeois society: Business, labor, and bureaucracy in modern Germany. New York: Berghahn Books, 1999.
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Respectability and deviance: Nineteenth-century German women writers and the ambiguity of representation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
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An exiled generation: German and Hungarian refugees of revolution, 1848-1871. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
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Sex and control: Venereal disease, colonial physicians, and indigenous agency in German colonialism, 1884-1914. New York: Berghahn, 2015.
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The word unheard: Legacies of anti-Semitism in German literature and culture. Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Germany – Social conditions – 19th century"
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Ringer, Fritz. "Theories of History and of Education in Germany and France During the 19th Century." In Methodology of the Social Sciences, Ethics, and Economics in the Newer Historical School, 491–509. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59095-5_19.
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Ghaemi, S. Nassir. "Historical Insights in Psychopharmacology." In Clinical Psychopharmacology, edited by S. Nassir Ghaemi, 508–11. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199995486.003.0047.
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The writings of two classic thinkers in psychiatry in the 19th and 20th centuries, Emil Kraepelin and Aubrey Lewis, are provided and examined for insights they provided into continuing problems in the diagnostic and treatment of psychiatric conditions today. Kraepelin was the famed great late 19th-century psychiatric leader from Germany who identified the basic distinction between schizophrenia (dementia praecox) and manic-depressive illness. He laid the foundations of much of psychiatric diagnosis that remains relevant today, and he was a committed defender of the biological approach to psychiatry, although he was conservative with the use of drugs, which were ineffective in his day. Lewis (1900–1975) was the most prominent figure in British psychiatry through most of the 20th century. He was the leader of the Institute of Psychiatry at the Maudsley Hospital for much of the middle of the 20th century. That institution in London was the most influential educational center for psychiatry in the nation. Through his leadership there, Lewis was extremely influential. He tended to be skeptical about the use of psychotropic medications, and emphasized social aspects of psychiatric illness.
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"Protestant nursing care in Germany in the 19th century: Concepts and social practice." In Routledge Handbook on the Global History of Nursing NIP, 177–92. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203488515-19.
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Lebeloane, Lazarus D. M. Oupa. "Scientific Basis of Social Pedagogy." In Handbook of Research on Pedagogies and Early Intervention Strategies for Combatting Socio-Pathological Behaviors, 30–46. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8509-2.ch003.
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The scientific basis of social pedagogy was developed between the 19th and 20th centuries. Its development was propelled by the era's poor socio-economic conditions. The society was emancipated from traditional ways of life in rural areas to industrialization, urbanization, and modern forms of lifestyles. This chapter discusses the scientific basis of social pedagogy in countries in Europe, which include but are not limited to Germany, Sweden, Finland, and France. It covers this background, but the focus of the chapter is the position of social pedagogy in the system of science, its research areas, the education of social pedagogues, and the areas of work of social pedagogues.
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Köroğlu, Muhammet Ali, and Cemile Zehra Köroğlu. "Information Technologies and Social Change." In Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Artificial Intelligence, Computer Simulation, and Human-Computer Interaction, 854–63. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7368-5.ch063.
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Since the 19th century, the whole world has experienced the effects of the Information Revolution in varying degrees. Information science and technologies have become areas that their communities give the greatest importance, and they make maximum investments to them in the globalized world conditions. Industrial society left its place to post-industrial society which is an information society in a sense. This chapter explores information technologies and social change.
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Cropf, Robert A. "The Virtual Public Sphere." In Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition, 1525–30. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch206.
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The public sphere does not exist and operate in the same way everywhere. Every country is different with regard to its own economic, social, political, and cultural characteristics and relations; therefore, each country’s public sphere has its own roots which grow and develop within a unique set of conditions and circumstances. As a result, the impact of information technology (IT) on a public sphere will also vary considerably from one country to another. According to the German social theorist, Jürgen Habermas (1989,1996), the public sphere serves as a social “space,” which is separate from the private sphere of family relations, the commercial sphere of business and commerce, and the governmental sphere, which is dominated by the activities of the state. Its importance is that it contributes to the strengthening of democracy by, in effect, serving as a forum for reasoned discussion about politics and civic affairs. Furthermore, Habermas regards the public sphere as embodying such core liberal beliefs as individual rights, that is, the freedoms of speech, press, assembly and communication, and “privacy rights” (Cohen & Arato 1992, p. 211), which he thought were needed to ensure society’s autonomy from the state. Thus, for the purposes of this article, public sphere is defined as a “territory” of social relations that exist outside of the roles, duties, and constraints established by government, the marketplace, and kinship ties. Habermas’ conception of the public sphere is both a historical description and an ideal type. Historically, what Habermas refers to as the bourgeois public sphere emerged from the 18th century Enlightenment in Europe, for example, England and France, as well as early America, and which went into decline in the 19th century as a result of the increasing domination of the mass media, which transformed a reading public that debated matters of culture into disengaged consumers (Keane, 1998, p. 160). Along the way, active deliberation and participation were replaced by passive consumption of mass culture. As an ideal type, however, the public sphere represents an arena, absent of class and other social distinctions, in which private citizens can engage in critical deliberation and reasoned dialogue about important matters regarding politics and culture. The emergence of IT, particularly in the form of computer networks, as a progressive social force coincides with the apex of mass media’s domination of the public sphere in liberal democracies. Since the creation of the World Wide Web (WWW) in the early 1990s, various observers have touted IT’s potential to strengthen democratic institutions (e.g., Barber 2003; Becker & Slaton, 2000; Benkler, 2006; Cleveland, 1985; Cropf & Casaregola, 1998; Davis, Elin, & Reeher, 2002). The WWW, it is thought, provides citizens with numerous opportunities to engage in the political process as well as to take a more active role in the governance process. Benkler (2006), for example, asserts the WWW encourages a more open, participatory, and activist approach because it enables users to communicate directly with potentially many other users in a way that is outside the control of the media owners and is less corruptible by money than are the mass media (p. 11). Fulfilling the promise of the virtual public sphere, however, depends on political will; governments must commit the resources needed to facilitate public access to the technology and remove legal and economic barriers to the free flow of information inside and outside national boundaries.
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Ershov, Bogdan. "Revolutionary Upheavals in Russia in the Early 20th Century." In Political, Economic, and Social Factors Affecting the Development of Russian Statehood, 61–76. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9985-2.ch004.
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This chapter examines the social contradictions and the inability of the government to solve the main political problems that led to the deep socio-political crisis of Russia in the early 20th century. This was expressed in the struggle of the workers against the autocratic police system, in the creation of radical, left-wing political parties and liberal opposition unions, in disputes within the ruling elite, and fluctuations in the government's course. All these sociopolitical contradictions and problems were aggravated in the conditions of the deep economic crisis that Russia, like all other European powers, experienced in the early 20th century. Particular attention is drawn to the fact that in the late 19th to early 20th centuries in Russia, as in other capitalist countries, monopolistic associations in industry, commerce, and transport became widespread.
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Poór, Judit, and Éva Tóth. "The Viti-viniculture Sector of the Festetics Estate at the Beginning of the 19th Century." In Economic and Social Changes: Historical Facts, Analyses and Interpretations, 89–94. Working Group of Economic and Social History, Regional Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Pécs, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/seshst-01-10.
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At the end of the 18th century, only 3-4 % of the cultivated area was covered with vineyards. However, the importance of viticulture was not proportionate with the extent of its territorial size - due to the poor public health conditions, most of the waters were non-drinkable, so people usually drunk wines with a 4-5 % alcohol content. The wine production was 13-17 million hectoliters in the first third of the 19th century. During this period, several large estates switched from the former taxation approach to income-oriented market production, in which winemaking played a key role, as it had been an important vital market product before. According to Kaposi, lordships’ cellar economy of lordships was engaged in the storage and treatment operations of wine community customs duty, ninth wine, the supply of wine to inns and public houses, and other wine sales.1 In our study, we examined the most important characteristics of the viticulture and wine sector of the Keszthely-based Festetics estate in the period between 1785-1807, both in terms of production and profitability. We concluded that the share of income from wine within the total income decreased at the beginning of the 1800s, besides high production fluctuation characterized the production of lordships as well as production of the estate; however, the production of the lordships could compensate each other to confirm the diversified production in space.
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Köroğlu, Muhammet Ali, and Cemile Zehra Köroğlu. "Information Technologies and Social Change." In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition, 4715–22. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3.ch409.
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There are turning points in human history changed the destiny of humanity: Representing the transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture, Agricultural Revolution or the Neolithic Revolution. French Revolution that took place in 18th century and the Industrial Revolution providing the transition from the agricultural economy to industrial economy. From 19th century, Information Revolution, the whole world has experienced the effects of it in varying degrees. Information Science and technologies have become areas that their communities give the greatest importance for them and they make maximum investments to them in the globalized world conditions. As Daniel Bell describes, Industrial society left its place to Post-industrial society which is an Information society in a sense.
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Szabó, Máté. "From the Manorial Village to the Regional Center. The Economic Development of Barcs in the Period of Dualism." In Economic and Social Changes: Historical Facts, Analyses and Interpretations, 148–60. Working Group of Economic and Social History, Regional Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Pécs, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/seshst-01-17.
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At the very beginning of my essay I point out that what kind of natural and economical conditions Barcs have had in the 19th centuries. This is important becouse I had to place Barcs into this medium, which in the beginning of the 19th was a simple manorial village situated in the flood plain of the Drava. The Drava river had a great impact on the improvement of the village. This little manorial village by the end of the century became one of the determinative villages in the region of southern Transdanubia. I show why was the location of the village so importan at that time. As a vehicular interchange and with its warehouse capacity by the beginning of the 19th century it was significant too. There were five railway lines that are met in Barcs in the begining of the 20th century. So it was a significant vehicular intersection at that time. Furthermore after Kaposvár it was the second biggest industrial centre of the county. By this time it was famous about its wood and mill industries across Europe. Moreover it had a regional centre role at different types of food industries. I introduce to what kind of economical processies and infrastructural investments helped the large economical developement of the village. At the end of my essay I want to show the series of events
Conference papers on the topic "Germany – Social conditions – 19th century"
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Zulmane, Linda. "Communication and Loneliness in Student Environment Nowadays and in Andrievs Niedra’s Prose." In 80th International Scientific Conference of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2022.72.
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The theme of communication and loneliness is currently emerging as one of the main themes affecting everyone in the existing political, economic, social, etc. situation. The research reflects one of the most important questions of today (compared to Andrievs Niedra’s texts written more than a century ago): how to communicate in the conditions of the transition period in the student environment, how to recognize, compare, solve the feelings of loneliness. The aim of the research is to describe and compare communication models and the presence of loneliness in today’s student environment and in Niedra’s prose. To carry out the research, various studies of different countries (Latvia, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, etc.) on loneliness in the student environment have been reviewed, as well as the analysis of Niedra’s prose texts from the perspective of psychoanalytical, postcolonial, new historicism and comparative approaches has been implemented, a survey has been conducted at Liepāja University. When surveying students on the current topic, results have been collated and conclusions have been drawn in a comparative aspect, which allows us to propose a hypothesis that communication models and perceptions of existential crisis situations related to loneliness issues always repeat, but especially in times of change.
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Soare, Ioanlaurian, and Mariacristina Munteanubanateanu. "MULTILINGUALISM AND MINORITY LANGUAGE TEACHING. BETWEEN TRADITION AND REVITALIZATION." In eLSE 2019. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-19-130.
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Language variety (multilingualism) gains today more and more significance in our community. Children in their early school years have already access to different language sources. There is a friendly educational environment that allows further students fit into new practices whereas languages are able to help them (re)orienting their educational frame. In times past the rigid curriculum of the school system restricted language variety. The decision to exclude Low German (Niederdeutsch) in schools in the 19th century led to a partial extinction of the language and its dialects in Northern Germany nowadays, whereas miles away in South Europe the Basque language reshaped its ideological terrain and turned from a banned language in Franco's dictatorship (about 40 years ago) into a co-official regional language in nowadays Spain with an increasing number of speakers. This paper investigates firstly the status of a language as a minority/local/regional language in opposition to a dominant/national/official language, whereas denominations such as: minority or official languages need further explanations. In Ireland the Irish language has the status of an official language, on the other hand the number of people who declared they speak the language amounts to 6-7% in the whole population. This gives Irish both a minority and an official status, nevertheless: the name of a so called minority language can vary depending on region and tradition. Low German, also known as Nether German or Low Saxon (Niederdeutsch, Plattdeutsch, Nedersaksisch) is still competing for an official name. Whereas in Spain there is Euskera or el Vasco. Secondly, the paper analyses the role of two minority languages within the national educational system of Spain, France and Germany. The two languages are: the Basque language which is spoken in Northern Spain (more exactly in the Basque Country and northern Navarre) and France (in the French Basque Country), the second language is: Low German (spoken mainly in northern parts of Germany). Thirdly, the present paper concludes the fact that within a multilingual/bilingual/monolingual milieu of nowadays Europe a revitalization of a minority language can be achieved due to certain social mechanisms. There is the school system on one hand, then the tradition and identity values a certain group of people may perform and of course there are the authorities and the language policies they develop on the other hand. Accordingly, by means of a collaboration of these mechanisms a revitalization of the Basque language was possible in Spain, respectively because of a malfunction of these structures we notice a decline of Low German in Germany.
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Carneiro De Carvalho, Vânia. "Decoration and Nostalgia - Historical Study on Visual Matrices and Forms of Diffusion of Fêtes Galantes in the 20th Century." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001365.
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In São Paulo/Brazil, between the years 1950 and 1980, porcelain sculptures representing courtesy scenes were fashionable in wealthy and middle-class homes. Several Brazilian factories started to produce such images and many others were imported, the most of them from Germany. These representations were inspired by the fêtes gallants, a rococo style genre from the 18th century. Factories like Meissen, Limoges and Capodimonte produced thousands of copies which circulated in Western Europe and the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, from French institutional policies, the fêtes galantes were revalued along with the recovery of the rococo. This political and cultural movement resulted not only in domestic interiors decorated with authentic pieces from the 18th century gathered together by collectors, but also in the production of new objects. Following decorative practices, studies anachronistically reclassified 18th artisans as artists, constructing their biographies, circumscribing their peculiarities, and identifying their works. Many pieces from the privates collections ended in museums. The porcelain aristocratic figures won the world and are produced until today. It was at the end of the 19th century, in the region of Thuringia, that the technique of lace porcelain emerged. Produced by women in a male-dominated environment, the technique involved the use of cotton fabric soaked with porcelain mass which was then sewed and molded over the porcelain bodies of male and female figures. After that, the piece was placed in the oven at high temperature, burning the fabric and leaving the lace porcelain. It is significant and relevant for the purposes of this research that the lace porcelain technique was never recognized as a object of interest by the academic literature on porcelain. It is likely that the presence of the female labor, the practice of sewing and the use of fabric have been interpreted by the male academic and amateur elite as discredit elements. Added to this, the lace porcelain became very popular in the 20th century. The reinterpretation of rococo in the 20th century was also understood as a lack of artistic inventiveness associated with marketing interests, which resulted in the marginalization of these sculptures. What is proposed here is to study these objects as pieces of domestic decoration practices, recognizing in them capacities to act on the production of social, age and gender distinctions. I intend, therefore, to demonstrate how these small and seemingly insignificant objects were associated with decorative practices of fixing women in the domestic space in Brazil during the 20th century. They acted not alone but in connection with other contemporary phenomena such as post-war fashion, the glamorization of personalities from the American movie and European aristocracy and the rise of Disney movies, which promoted the gallant pair as a romantic idea for children in the western world.
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Szczerek, Eliza. "Revitalisation of large-panel housing estates as a chance for the creation of continuity and complementarity of public space in the contemporary city." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8082.
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Large-panel housing estates have become a permanent element in the landscape of numerous European towns and cities, especially in the eastern part of the continent. Initially, they evoked delight and gave hope for a better housing environment. Then their picture changed radically, when it turned out that in numerous cases they were becoming a place of spatial and social pathology. The search of solutions to the problem, and – depending on capacities – undertaking remedial measures – this is the next stage in their existence. Nevertheless, it pertains most of all to wealthier European states, with Germany being in the lead in this respect.
In Poland, such housing estates are still referred to as crisis areas, but so far no systematic approach to the improvement of their situation has been adopted. This could be changed by works undertaken predominanly in the second decade of the 21st century at the governmental level, devoted to an efficiently functioning system allowing for systematic revitalisation activities. In the context of housing estates, they can constitute a chance not only for the crisis elimination, but also for the creation of a high-quality housing environment, corresponding to new and constantly changing needs of the 21st-century society and complementary towards other housing structures of the city.
The goal of this paper is to present a synthesis of issues connected with the revitalisation of large-panel housing estates depending on their characteristics and conditions, which constitutes a case study upon the example of two housing estates located in Cracow. These problems are also demonstrated in the context of methods of improving of the quality and building of the continuity of urban public spaces using the potential offered by the space of open housing estates.
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Zuzulova, Andrea, Dominika Hodakova, Silvia Capayova, Tibor Schlosser, and Jiri Grosek. "CLIMATIC INFLUENCES CONSIDERED IN PAVEMENT DESIGN METHODOLOGY." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/4.1/s19.52.
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Climate change is a global problem with serious social, economic and distributional effects on the environment. It is one of the main current challenges for humanity. Changing climate conditions in the long term, as well as short-term fluctuations and non-standard variation of temperature characteristics, have a significant impact on the behavior of pavement structure. Since the end of the 19th century, average temperatures have risen to 0.6 �C. The article describes the results of measurements and evaluations of non-standard climatic situations occurring in the territory of Slovakia and the assessment of their impacts on road pavement structure. For the design of pavements structures in the calculations, we consider the deformation of materials for equivalent temperatures derived from actual measured temperatures. The most important characteristics of the asphalt pavement temperature are considered to be the average annual temperature of the asphalt layer, the average daily temperature, and their average values in each of the seasons. The strain and stresses in concrete slabs are important/significant temperature gradients - the temperature difference at the top and bottom surfaces. The requirement from practice was to re-evaluate the behavior of pavement structures with respect to changes in the effects of the temperature regime by measuring temperatures with an analysis of their behavior. In the paper are examples of calculations and impact of standard and changing weather conditions on the dimensions of the structures and pavements lifetime. Some pavement structural design problems and solutions with respect to their temperature regime and climatic change conditions are described in sections dealing with asphalt pavements and pavements with cement concrete slabs.
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Arno, Matthew G., Janine Katanic Arno, Donald A. Halter, Robert O. Berry, and Ian S. Hamilton. "Radiological Characterization of a Copper/Cobalt Mining and Milling Site." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16322.
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Extensive copper and cobalt ore deposits can be found in the Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo near the city of Kolwezi. These deposits have been mined via open pit and underground mines since the 19th century with many changes in control of the mines including colonial industrial control and Congolese government control. With the recent re-establishment of a relatively stable democratic government in the DRC, foreign investors returned to the area to restart mining activities that were abruptly terminated in the 1990’s due to political turmoil. Some of these new projects are being performed in accordance with World Bank and International Finance Corporation Social & Environmental Sustainability standards. As part of these standards, radiological characterization of the mines, processing facilities, and surrounding environment was conducted to establish current conditions, evaluate human health and ecological risks, and provide a basis for establishment of radiation safety and environmental remediation programs. In addition to naturally occurring radioactive materials associated with the copper/cobalt ore, the site was reputedly historically used to store ore from the Shinkolobwe uranium mine, the source of the uranium ore for the World War II Manhattan project. The radiological characterization was conducted via extensive gamma radiation surveys using vehicle-mounted sodium-iodide detectors, random grid composite soil sampling, biased soil sampling of areas with elevated gamma radiation levels, and sampling of surface water features. The characterization revealed broad areas of elevated gamma radiation levels of up to 160 μGy/hr in two distinct areas believed to be the Shinkolobwe uranium mine ore storage locations. Other areas, with gamma radiation levels of up to 80 μGy/hr, were detected associated with copper/cobalt ore refinery tailings and waste rock (overburden) sediments. The gamma radiation surveys revealed that elevated radiation levels were largely confined to areas previously disturbed by mechanized mining activities. Radiological contaminants in local surface water sources were within drinking water standards with the exception of one river heavily polluted with both uranium and other metals by waste streams from an ore processing and refining facility. Surrounding areas that appeared to be undisturbed by mining, including agricultural areas, native villages, and urban colonial-architecture cities, exhibited soil concentration and gamma radiation levels consistent with expected background levels.