Journal articles: 'Germany Rates'

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Walter, Nike, Volker Alt, and Markus Rupp. "Lower Limb Amputation Rates in Germany." Medicina 58, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58010101.

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Background and Objectives: The current epidemiology of lower limb amputations is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine (1) lower extremity amputation rates as a function of age, gender, and amputation level between 2015 and 2019, (2) main diagnoses indicating amputation, (3) revision rates after lower extremity amputation. Materials and Methods: Lower extremity amputation rates were quantified based on annual Operation and Procedure Classification System (OPS) and International Classifications of Disease (ICD)-10 codes from all German medical institutions between 2015 through 2019, provided by the Federal Statistical Office of Germany (Destatis). Results: In 2019, 62,016 performed amputations were registered in Germany. Out of these 16,452 procedures (26.5%) were major amputations and 45,564 patients (73.5%) underwent minor amputations. Compared to 2015, the incidence of major amputations decreased by 7.3% to 24.2/100,000 inhabitants, whereas the incidence of minor amputation increased by 11.8% to 67.1/100,000 inhabitants. Highest incidence was found for male patients aged 80–89 years. Patients were mainly diagnosed with peripheral arterial disease (50.7% for major and 35.7% for minor amputations) and diabetes mellitus (18.5% for major and 44.2% for minor amputations). Conclusions: Lower limb amputations remain a serious problem. Further efforts in terms of multidisciplinary team approaches and patient optimization strategies are required to reduce lower limb amputation rates.

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Dziwisch, Alexander, Philippe Krahnhof, and Alexander Zureck. "Empirical determination of sustainable withdrawal rates considering historical yields and inflation rates in Germany." Zeitschrift für die gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft 110, no. 2-3 (September 24, 2021): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12297-021-00504-1.

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AbstractOn account of the current low interest rate phase, which is most likely to continue in the coming years, the average yields to be achieved in the bond, time deposit and savings product sectors are declining, so that risk-averse investors in particular have few opportunities to generate return-oriented retirement provisions.This scientific article analyzes the level of a possible safe withdrawal rate for diversified pension portfolios, considering historical returns and inflation rates. Consequently, this article provides immediate practical added value for a possible retirement provision.The evaluation is based on the consideration of historical returns of the stock and bond market in Germany. To determine a safe withdrawal rate, the development of portfolios with different compositions and inflation-adjusted withdrawal rates are simulated over periods of 15 to 35 years. In this simulation, the risky part of the portfolio is represented by German equities, the low risk part by German government bonds.To sum up, the empirical results show a maximum safe withdrawal rate of 4%. The underlying portfolio is composed of 50% equities and 50% government bonds. Particularly due to the outlined demographic change in Germany as well as the ongoing low-interest phase, the empirical study can provide significant theoretical and practical insights.

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Vogel, Nina, Denis Gerstorf, Nilam Ram, Jan Goebel, and Gert G. Wagner. "Terminal decline in well-being differs between residents in East Germany and West Germany." International Journal of Behavioral Development 41, no. 1 (July 10, 2016): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025415602561.

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Lifespan research has long been interested in how contexts shape individual development. Using the separation and later reunification of Germany as a kind of natural experiment we examine whether and how living and dying in the former East or West German context has differentially shaped late-life development of well-being. We apply multi-level growth models to annual reports of life satisfaction collected over 20+ years since German reunification from 4,159 deceased participants in the Socio-Economic Panel ( NWest= 3,079, Mage at death = 73.90, 47% women; NEast= 1,080, Mage at death = 72.23, 48% women). We examine differences between East and West Germany in levels, rates of change, and onset of terminal decline in well-being and the role of age at death, gender, education, disability and time spent in reunification. Analyses revealed that West Germans reported higher life satisfaction than East Germans, and that these differences get smaller both with passing time since reunification and in late life. The gap between East and West Germany diminishes over the last 10 years of life by more than 25%. Taking into account key individual characteristics only slightly attenuated this pattern, with education and age at death moderating late-life well-being level and decline in East Germany. Our results are consistent with long-standing notions that contextual factors shape individual development and illustrate the plasticity of human development. After having experienced disadvantages in life circumstances for up to 40 years through living in East Germany, effects of this natural experiment diminish considerably with passing time since reunification.

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Braun, Sebastian, and Toman Omar Mahmoud. "The Employment Effects of Immigration: Evidence from the Mass Arrival of German Expellees in Postwar Germany." Journal of Economic History 74, no. 1 (February 24, 2014): 69–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050714000035.

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This article studies the employment effects of one of the largest forced population movements in history, the influx of millions of German expellees to West Germany after World War II. This episode of forced mass migration provides a unique setting to study the causal effects of immigration. Expellees were not selected on the basis of skills or labor market prospects and, as ethnic Germans, were close substitutes to native West Germans. Expellee inflows substantially reduced native employment. The displacement effect was, however, highly nonlinear and limited to labor market segments with very high inflow rates.

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Hellmann, Jens H., Boris Forthmann, Judith Knausenberger, Deborah F. Hellmann, Jonas H. Rees, Eva Gansel, Mitja D. Back, and Gerald Echterhoff. "Support for Refugee Integration in West and East Germany." Social Psychology 51, no. 2 (March 2020): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000397.

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Abstract. Prior research has reported less favorable attitudes toward and more violent crimes against ethnic out-group members in East (vs. West) Germany. We conducted two pre-registered lost letter studies in West versus East German cities (Study 1, N = 400) and in West versus East German rural areas (Study 2, N = 400). To investigate supportive behavior regarding refugee integration, we manipulated the addressee (refugee-integration vs. immigration-stop projects). Contrary to predictions, letter return rates did not differ between West and East Germany. Across western and eastern German regions, return rates were higher for the refugee-integration project in urban areas while no differences emerged in rural areas. A pooled analysis found greater support for the refugee-integration (vs. immigration-stop) project.

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Hübner, Joachim, Alexander Katalinic, Annika Waldmann, and Klaus Kraywinkel. "Long-term Incidence and Mortality Trends for Breast Cancer in Germany." Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 80, no. 06 (June 2020): 611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1160-5569.

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Abstract Introduction Changes in risk factors and the introduction of mammography screening in 2005 have led to dramatic changes in the breast cancer-associated burden of disease in Germany. This study aimed to investigate long-term disease-related incidence and mortality trends in women from East and West Germany since the reunification of Germany. Methods Total and stage-specific incidence rates were evaluated based on data obtained from selected cancer registries. Sufficiently complete data going back to 1995 were available for 4 East German and 3 West German regions. The figures were weighted for population size, and rates were calculated for the whole of Germany based on the rates for East and West Germany. The study particularly focused on 3 different age groups: women eligible for mammography screening (50 – 69 years), younger women (30 – 49 years) and older women (70+ years). All rates were standardised for age. The mortality rates obtained from the official statistics on cause of death since 1990 were processed accordingly. Results Incidence rates in the observation period increased, as they were affected by the increasing number of cases with early-stage cancers being diagnosed in the screening age group. The total incidence for this group, which included the incidence of non-invasive breast cancers, increased by 14.5% between 2005 and 2016. Early-stage cancers (UICC stages 0 and I) increased by 48.1% while late-stage diagnoses (UICC stages III and IV) decreased by 31.6%. Qualitatively similar changes were noted for the other age groups, although they were less pronounced. The decrease in breast cancer mortality observed since the mid-1990s ended around 2008 for the group of younger women but continued in the screening age group. After 2008, an increase in mortality was observed in the group of older women. The differences in disease burden between East and West Germany (in favour of East Germany) decreased in younger women during the observation period but tended to increase in the group of older women. Conclusion The analysis suggests that the introduction of mammography screening contributed to a decrease in the incidence of advanced-stage breast cancers and in breast cancer-related mortality rates but also resulted in a substantial number of overdiagnoses. The relatively unfavourable incidence trend in the group of younger women, particularly in East Germany, should be interpreted in the context of lifestyle changes. The slight increase in mortality observed in the group of older women after 2008 requires further analysis.

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Auspurg, Katrin, Josef Brüderl, and Thomas Wöhler. "Does Immigration Reduce the Support for Welfare Spending? A Cautionary Tale on Spatial Panel Data Analysis." American Sociological Review 84, no. 4 (July 10, 2019): 754–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122419856347.

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There has been a long-lasting debate over whether increasing ethnic diversity undermines support for social welfare, and whether this conflict thesis applies not only to the United States, but also to European welfare states. In their 2016 ASR article, Schmidt-Catran and Spies analyzed a panel (1994 to 2010) of regional units in Germany and concluded that this thesis also holds for Germany. We argue that their analysis suffers from misspecification: their model specification assumes parallel time trends in welfare support in all German regions. However, time trends strongly differed between Western and Eastern Germany after reunification. In the 1990s, Eastern Germans’ attitudes adapted to a less interventionist Western welfare system (“Goodbye Lenin effect”). When allowing for heterogeneous time trends, we find no evidence that increasing proportions of foreigners undermine welfare support, or that this association is moderated by economic hardship (high unemployment rates). We conclude with some general suggestions regarding the conceptualization of context effects in spatial analyses.

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Weyermann, Maria, Silke Knorr, and Saskia E. Drösler. "78 Asthma Admission Rates in Germany." World Allergy Organization Journal 5 (February 2012): S25—S26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wox.0000411823.62129.eb.

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M�ller, Daniela, Peter Wutzler, and Thomas D. Szucs. "Influenza Vaccination Coverage Rates in Germany." Medizinische Klinik 100, no. 1 (January 2005): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00063-005-1113-2.

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von Oertzen, Christine, and Almut Rietzschel. "Comparing the Post-War Germanies: Breadwinner Ideology and Women's Employment in the Divided Nation, 1948–1970." International Review of Social History 42, S5 (September 1997): 175–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085900011483x.

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In 1989, when Germany became reunified after forty years of separation, no one could overlook the fact that East and West Germany differed greatly with regard to the position of women. The most striking difference of all seemed to lie in the rates of female employment: 91 per cent of all East German women under the age of 60 were counted as being employed, compared to only 55 per cent in West Germany.

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Kehoe, Thomas J., and Elizabeth M. Greenhalgh. "Bias in the Treatment of Non-Germans in the British and American Military Government Courts in Occupied Germany, 1945–46." Social Science History 44, no. 4 (2020): 641–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2020.25.

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AbstractNon-Germans—particularly “displaced persons”—were routinely blamed for crime in occupied western Germany. The Allied and German fixation on foreign gangs, violent criminals, and organized crime syndicates is well documented in contemporary reports, observations, and the press. An abundance of such data has long shaped provocative historical narratives of foreign-perpetrated criminality ranging from extensive disorder through to near uncontrolled anarchy. Such accounts complement assertions of a broader and more generalized crime wave. Over the last 30 years, however, a literature has emerged that casts doubt on the actual extent of lawlessness during the occupation of the west and, in turn, on the level non-German participation in crime. It may be that extensive reporting of non-German criminality at the time reflected the preexisting bigotries of Germans and the Allies, which when combined with anxieties about social and societal integrity became focused on the most marginalized groups in postwar society. This process of “group criminalization” is common and can have different motivations. Regardless of its cause, it was clearly evident in postwar western Germany and we hypothesized that it should have created harsher outcomes for non-German versus German criminal defendants when facing the Allied criminal justice system, such as greater rates of conviction and harsher punishments. This hypothesis was tested using newly collected military government court data from 1945 to 1946. Contrary to expectations, we found a more subtle bias against non-Germans than expected, which we argue reveals important characteristics about the US and British military government criminal justice system.

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Köhler, Judith, Ines Heinz, Roland Mergl, Anne Elsner, and Ulrich Hegerl. "The German Alliance Against Depression and suicide rates: A retrospective analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): e0254133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254133.

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Supported by the German Alliance Against Depression, 82 regions in Germany launched their own community-based multi-level intervention programs targeting both depression and suicidal behavior prior to January 2016. Sixteen of these regions have implemented the full 4-level intervention program comprising 1) training of General Practitioners, 2) a public awareness campaign, 3) training of community facilitators and 4) support for depressed patients and their relatives for at least three years. The aim of the study was to examine possible suicide prevention effects in these sixteen 4-level intervention regions (comprising a population of 6,976,309) by 1) comparing the annual suicide rates during the 3-year intervention period to a 10-year baseline and 2) comparing these differences to corresponding trends in Germany after excluding all intervention regions (Germany-IR). Primary outcome was the annual rate of suicides. Analyses included negative binomial regression models. When examining differences between suicide rates during the intervention period compared to the baseline period, only a trend towards a significant reduction was found. This reduction of suicides in the sixteen 4-level intervention regions did not differ from that in Germany-IR as control. The interpretation of these findings has to take into account that the training of General Practitioners, police and other community facilitators might have improved the recognition of suicides, thus increasing detection rates. Furthermore, destigmatizing effects of the public awareness campaigns might have increased the number of suicides by lowering suicide threshold (“normalization”) for those at risk and by decreasing the rate of suicides deliberately hidden by suicide victims or their relatives.

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Bade, Verena, Hendrik Schmitz, and Beatrice Baaba Tawiah. "Regional variations in vaccination against COVID-19 in Germany." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (April 18, 2024): e0296976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296976.

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Vaccination willingness against COVID-19 is generally perceived as low. Moreover, there is large heterogeneity across and within countries. As a whole, Germany has average vaccination rates compared to other industrialized countries. However, vaccination rates in the 16 different German federal states differ by more than 20 percentage points. We describe variation in vaccination rates on the level of the 400 German counties using data on all vaccinations carried out until December 2022. Around 52-72% of that variation can be explained by regional differences in demographic characteristics, housing, education and political party preferences. We find indications that the remaining part may be due to differences in soft factors such as risk aversion, trust in the German government, trust in science, and beliefs in conspiracy theories regarding the origins of the Corona virus. We conclude that improving the trust in science and the fight against conspiracy theories may possibly be effective tools to improve vaccination rates and effectively fight pandemics.

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Savelyev, Mikhail, Valery Ivanov, and Yury Polyakov. "The effect of institutional differences on the economic development of German-speaking countries." E3S Web of Conferences 222 (2020): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022205009.

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The growth rates and sustainability of economic development of five German-speaking countries: Austria, German Democratic Republic (GDR), Luxembourg, Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and Switzerland in the period 1947-1990 are investigated. The comparison is carried out for five economic cycles of the united Germany over this period. The indicators of the standard deviation of the growth rates of real GDP and national income are used as a sustainability performance. It is revealed that the GDR’s institutional system showed in a sustained way high growth rates, and after the isolation of West Berlin – favorable risks and firmness of prices. This system may even be regarded as the best institutional model of economic development for the German nation. At the moment of accession into the blocs, the member countries of the military and political bloc obtained benefits of development; during the exacerbation of the military and political situation, Switzerland, which was far from the contact of the blocs, became the winner, and during the detente – border Austria. Countries with smaller economies demonstrated greater institutional mobility.

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Saltus, Catherine W., Brian Calingaert, Sean Candrilli, Maria Lorenzo, Yulia D’yachkova, Thorsten Otto, Uwe Wagner, and James A. Kaye. "Epidemiology of Adult Soft-Tissue Sarcomas in Germany." Sarcoma 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5671926.

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We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data compiled from the regional German cancer registries by the Centre for Cancer Registry Data (ZfKD) at the Robert Koch Institut (RKI) to describe the epidemiology of adult soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) in Germany in 2003–2012, focusing on advanced STS. We identified 33,803 incident adult cases of STS (other than the Kaposi sarcoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumors). The incidence of STS was 6.05 (95% confidence interval (CI), 5.82–6.29) per 100,000 in 2012 (4,079 cases). During 2003–2012, the most common histologic categories were leiomyosarcoma (19%), liposarcoma (16%), and STS not otherwise specified (14%). The overall STS-specific mortality rate in 2012 was 2.31 (95% CI, 2.06–2.57) per 100,000, and the median overall survival from initial diagnosis was 5.83 (95% CI, 5.50–6.08) years. Using STS mortality rates as a proxy for incidence of advanced STS in Germany and applying the age- and sex-specific rates to the corresponding German population, we estimated that 1,581 incident adult advanced STS cases occurred in Germany in 2012. Our findings contribute to a refined understanding of the population burden of STS in Germany, including the number of patients with advanced STS who may be candidates for systemic treatment.

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Lester, David. "Murder Rates in the Regions of Germany." Psychological Reports 90, no. 2 (April 2002): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.90.2.446.

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Zettelmeyer, Jeromin. "EMU and Long Interest Rates in Germany." IMF Working Papers 96, no. 133 (1996): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451855449.001.

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Damm, O., A. Krefft, J. Witte, M. Batram, and W. Greiner. "PIN116 Influenza Vaccination Coverage Rates in Germany." Value in Health 23 (December 2020): S563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2020.08.957.

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Cebula, Richard J. "Budget deficits and interest rates in Germany." International Advances in Economic Research 9, no. 1 (February 2003): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02295302.

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Fehr, Hans, and Daniela Ujhelyiova. "Fertility, Female Labor Supply, and Family Policy‡." German Economic Review 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2013): 138–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2012.00568.x.

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Abstract The present paper develops an overlapping generations general equilibrium model for Germany in order to study the impact of public policy on household labor supply and fertility decisions. Starting from a benchmark equilibrium which reflects the current German family policy regime we introduce various reforms of the tax and child benefit system and quantify the consequences for birth rates and female labor supply. Our simulations indicate three central results: First, higher transfers to families (either direct, in-kind or via family splitting) may increase birth rates significantly, but they may come at the cost of lower female employment. Second, the introduction of individual taxation (instead of joint taxation of couples) would increase female employment but might further reduce current birth rates in Germany. Third, it is possible to increase birth rates and female employment rates simultaneously if the government invests in child care facilities for children of all ages.

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Clark, William A. V., and Anita I. Drever. "Residential Mobility in a Constrained Housing Market: Implications for Ethnic Populations in Germany." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 32, no. 5 (May 2000): 833–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3222.

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The rates of residential mobility in Germany are significantly lower than in the United States, and even lower than in some other European countries. The lower mobility rates can be viewed as outcomes of a ‘tight’ housing market. It can be hypothesized that, because ethnic minorities (‘foreigners’ in German terminology) have lower incomes and face discrimination, they are likely to be more constrained than the native-born German population, and so have even lower mobility rates. The authors use data from the German Socio-Economic Panel and a series of logistic regression models to examine the interaction of nationality and residential mobility. They show that in fact the foreign-born population is slightly more mobile than the native German population, and that the constrained housing market does not appear to affect the foreign-born population differentially. At the same time, the greater mobility of the foreign-born population can be explained by their attempts to overcome higher rates of crowding.

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Kacperska, Elżbieta, and Jakub Kraciuk. "Changes in the Stock Market of Food Industry Companies during the COVID-19 Pandemic—A Comparative Analysis of Poland and Germany." Energies 14, no. 23 (November 24, 2021): 7886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14237886.

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The COVID-19 pandemic had a dramatic effect on the world economy, leading to disturbances in the global agri-food system. Disrupted supply chains caused instability in the market resulting in mixed reactions among market participants. The balance in the access and availability of food was disturbed at various levels starting from local up to international. Partial lockdowns of economies affected the equilibrium on the labor market in the food sector, the level of income and food security. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of shock caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on rates of return from shares of companies in the agri-food sector listed in Poland and Germany, as well as indicate dependencies between restrictions imposed by the investigated countries and changes in the rates of return from shares as a result of the pandemic. The source of data for the analyses of the capital markets in Poland and Germany was the Thomson Reuters database. In order to determine the effect of shock caused by the coronavirus pandemic and restrictions imposed by the states on the capital market the abnormal rates of return were calculated for shares of 24 Polish and 23 German companies from the food sector. The investigated Polish companies were listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange, while the German companies were listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and other stock exchanges in Germany. Calculations were based on stock market indexes: for the Polish stock exchange it was WIG and WIG-food, while for the German capital market it was DAX and DAX Food & Beverages. In this study the Stringency Index was also used as a tool to follow the response of the governments to the coronavirus pandemic. The results indicate that following the pandemic outbreak large reductions were observed for cumulative rates of return from shares as a consequence of the pandemic both in Poland and Germany. Abnormal cumulative rates of return for the investigated companies were comparable. Markedly greater increases in abnormal rates of return were recorded for the Polish companies of the food sector listed at the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The Stringency Index indicates that restrictions imposed by the German authorities in response to the coronavirus pandemic were slightly more radical than those introduced by the Polish government.

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Carroll, Glenn R., Peter Preisendoerfer, Anand Swaminathan, and Gabriele Wiedenmayer. "Brewery and Brauerei: The Organizational Ecology of Brewing." Organization Studies 14, no. 2 (March 1993): 155–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/017084069301400201.

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Germans and Americans differ in their beer drinking habits and customs. The organizational structures of their brewing industries also differ: Germany is notable for the highly fragmented nature of its industry, which contains many more breweries than the larger American industry. Yet the historical evolution of the two brewing industries is remarkably similar. In both Germany and the U.S., the number of breweries grew slowly for a long period, then expanded rapidly in the late 19th century, and finally declined severely for almost a century. Intrigued by this common pattern, we attempt to explain long-term organizational change in the two industries using the ecological perspective on organizations. We focus on the organizational ecology model of density-dependent legitimation and com petition. Our tests use life history data on all breweries known to have operated in the U.S. and Germany during the period 1861 to 1988. We estimate and report specific tests of the density model using stochastic rates of organizational founding and mortality. The findings are generally supportive of the model and suggest that the organizational evolution of both the German and American brewing industries was density dependent.

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Klier, Thomas, and Joshua Linn. "Using Taxes to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions Rates of New Passenger Vehicles: Evidence from France, Germany, and Sweden." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 212–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20120256.

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France, Germany, and Sweden link taxes to passenger vehicles' carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions rates. Based on new vehicle registration data from 2005 to 2010, we find that CO2 taxes reduce registrations. The effect is larger in France than in either Germany or Sweden, and the French results are robust to alternative estimation models. Compared with those of France, the German results vary somewhat more, and the Swedish estimates are the least robust. We find some evidence that the French tax affected the mix of new vehicles that vehicle manufacturers offered in the French market. (JEL H23, L62, Q54, Q58)

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Götzinger, Felix, Marita Kieble, Ulrich Laufs, Felix Mahfoud, and Martin Schulz. "DECLINING RATES OF FIXED-DOSE COMBINATION PILLS FOR HYPERTENSION IN GERMANY FROM 2016 TO 2023." Journal of Hypertension 42, Suppl 1 (May 2024): e258-e259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0001022152.56643.c7.

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Objective: Current guidelines recommend the usage of fixed-dose combination (FDC) pills in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Current data on the implementation of these recommendations in German clinical practice are scarce. The objective was to assess the use of antihypertensive FDCs in Germany from 2016-2023. Design and method: We analysed claims data from the German Institute for Drug Use Evaluation from January of 2016 to September of 2023, containing information on dispensed drugs in an outpatient care setting of approx. 87% of the German population (excluding private insurance) and evaluated the use of antihypertensive FDC pills according to time, age of the insured persons, and active substances contained in the FDC. Results: The use of FDC pills decreased from 2016 to 2022 from 22.2 million packages to 15.6 million packages, while the absolute number of antihypertensives prescribed increased from 143.8 million packages to 155.9 million packages. Consequently, the proportion of FDC pills in all antihypertensives decreased from 15.4% in 2016 to 10.0% in 2022. The amount of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) containing FDC pills decreased from 2016 to 2022 (from 18.9 million packages to 11.0 million packages), while the amount of FDC pills that do not contain HCT increased from 2016 to 2022 (from 3.3 million packages to 4.7 million packages). Use of FDC pills has been declining in all age groups. FDC pills are used infrequently in patients over 80 years of age. Conclusions: Despite guideline recommendations, use of antihypertensive FDC pills in Germany is declining, showing continuing guideline inertia. The decrease is mainly driven by decreased prescriptions of HCT-containing FDC pills. Assumed higher medication cost for FDC compared to single pills and fear of non-melanoma skin cancer for HCT are potential reasons. Use of FDC pills should be advised and implemented in outpatient care in Germany.

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Scholle, Oliver, Marieke Asendorf, Christoph Buck, Susann Grill, Christopher Jones, Bianca Kollhorst, Oliver Riedel, Benjamin Schüz, and Ulrike Haug. "Regional Variations in Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing in Germany: A Small Area Analysis Based on Claims Data." Antibiotics 11, no. 7 (June 22, 2022): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070836.

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A comprehensive small area description of regional variations in outpatient antibiotic prescribing in Germany is lacking. Using the German Pharmacoepidemiological Research Database (GePaRD), a claims database covering ~20% of the German population, we determined the age- and sex-standardized prescription rates of antibiotics (number of outpatient prescriptions per 1000 persons/year). We calculated these prescription rates overall and on the level of 401 German districts for the calendar years 2010 and 2018. In 2018, the standardized prescription rate of antibiotics in the total study population was 23% lower than in 2010 (442 vs. 575 per 1000 persons/year). Among 0–17-year-olds, prescription rates across districts ranged from 312 to 1205 in 2010 and from 188 to 710 in 2018 per 1000 persons/year; among adults (≥18 years), they ranged from 388 to 841 in 2010 and from 300 to 693 in 2018 per 1000 persons/year. Despite the overall decline in outpatient antibiotic prescribing between 2010 and 2018, regional variations at the district level remained high in all age groups in Germany. Identifying reasons that explain the persistently high prescription rates in certain regions will be helpful in designing effective and tailored measures to further improve antibiotic stewardship in these regions.

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Coën, Alain, and Benoit Lefebvre. "Money supply, exchange rates and office market dynamics: comparative evidence from the UK and Germany." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 40, no. 2 (November 16, 2021): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpif-03-2021-0025.

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PurposeThe aim of this study is to shed light on the relative importance of money supply and exchange rates variations on office markets prices dynamics.Design/methodology/approachUsing a parsimonious real estate asset pricing model, the authors focus on the two biggest European office markets; namely the United Kingdom and Germany. The authors use a panel approach based on a robust econometric methodology (GMM with correction errors-in-variables). The authors take into account the variations of exchange rates and money supplies for the most important currencies.FindingsThe results highlight the impact of money supplies and exchange rates on office prices after the Global Financial Crisis. The authors report that the monetary policies in the UK and in Germany (Euro zone) have had significant influences in the real estate sector after the Global Financial Crisis. However, the authors identified significant differences between British and German office markets for the 2009–2019 period regarding the impact of money supply and exchange rates variations on the office prices dynamics.Practical implicationsThe results highlight the impact of money supplies and exchange rates on office prices after the Global Financial Crisis. The detailed and exclusive database (composed of the main office markets in the United Kingdom and in Germany) allows the authors to identify significant differences and opportunities for investors.Originality/valueThe authors use a parsimonious model and apply a panel approach based on a robust econometric methodology to analyse the impact of exchange rates and money supply variations on the office prices dynamics. The detailed and exclusive database (composed of the main office markets in the United Kingdom and in Germany) allows the authors to identify significant differences for investors.

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Ernst-Moritz-Arndt, Frank, and Carsten Schmidt. "Die deutsche Steuerbelastung im internationalen Vergleich: Warum Deutschland (k)eine Steuerreform braucht." Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik 2, no. 1 (February 2001): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2516.00031.

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Abstract This paper attacks the widespread view that the latest (corporate) income tax reform in Germany was urgently needed to reduce the tax burden on the German economy. In the run-up to this tax reform, the public debate focused on nominal income tax rates and hence neglected the determination of the tax base. Empirical results on effective tax burdens in OECD countries show that a reform of German (corporate) capital taxation cannot be justified on the grounds of the tax burden. The international comparison of effective average tax rates shows that the corporate tax burden in Germany steadily declined from 1980 and was in 1996 lower than in most other industrialised countries. However, we argue that not only the actual tax burden but also the complexity of a tax system determines its international competitiveness. A German tax reform was - and still is - necessary due to the lasting complexity of the tax system and the relatively high tax burden on labour.

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Narumiya, Kosuke, Elfriede Bollschweiler, Arnulf H. Hölscher, Masakazu Yamamoto, Uta Drebber, Hakan Alakus, Ralf Metzger, and Ute Warnecke-Eberz. "Different response rates to chemotherapy between Japanese and German esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: patients may be influenced by ERCC1 or ABCB1." Future Oncology 16, no. 27 (September 2020): 2075–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fon-2020-0489.

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Aim: To find out differences in biomarkers between Japanese and German patients responsible for response after neoadjuvant radio/chemotherapy and survival for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Materials & methods: A total of 60 patients from Japan and 127 patients from Germany with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were analyzed according to three SNPs by real-time PCR. Results: The distribution of the genotypes of ERCC1 rs16115 and ABCB1 C3435T rs1045642 was significantly different between both patients’ groups. Japanese patients had significantly less good response to 5-fluorouracil/cisplatin chemotherapy. The influence of the three SNPs on response varied between patients from Japan and Germany. Conclusion: Different expressions of ERCC1 and ABCB1 SNPs of Japanese patients compared with the German patients partially explain the different response.

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Arun Kishore R N and Gayatri Devi R. "Knowledge and awareness about low Covid-19 mortality rate in Germany - A survey." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (August 17, 2020): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.2827.

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The recent news has all been about COVID 19. There are no vaccines or cure for this disease. The main aim of this study is to assess the knowledge and awareness about the mystery behind the low 19 Germany population Among south Indian population. COVID-19 started in December 2019, like a viral outbreak in Wuhan city of central China. Now it has become a pandemic all over the world and the world. The main aim of this study is to determine the awareness level of the mystery behind low 19 Germany mortality rates among Chennai population a survey. Questions were prepared and distributed among participants. And were distributed in an online survey. The results were later obtained and carefully . From the results obtained and the majority of the participants knew about the symptoms of COVID-19 and precautionary measures that had to be taken. The participants also have knowledge of Germans' low mortality rates during 19 pandemic. From this survey, we can conclude that the Chennai population does have knowledge and awareness about the mystery behind low COVID-19 Germans mortality rates.

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Lester, David. "Regional Variation of Divorce in Germany." Perceptual and Motor Skills 95, no. 3 (December 2002): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.95.3.886.

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Perleth, Matthias, Hermann Mannebach, Reinhard Busse, Ulrich Gleichmann, and Friedrich Wilhelm Schwartz. "CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION IN GERMANY." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 15, no. 4 (October 1999): 756–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462399154151.

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Objective: To describe the diffusion of cardiac catheterization technologies and time trends of their use according to setting and geographic region in Germany during a 13-year period. It is hypothesized that the cardiac catheterization technology has matured from an experimental state to a broadly accepted technology.Methods: Data come from the annual survey of the German Society for Cardiovascular Research. All German cardiac catheterization units are requested to provide data on volume and type of catheterization procedures. Data are available from 1984 to 1996. Number and type of procedure, type of unit, diagnoses, and complications are all recorded. The overall response rate is 90%, on average.Results: The total number of catheterization units was 324 in 1996, or an average of 3.69 units per 1 million population. In 1996, all of the East German Länder and districts were below average. Utilization of cardiac catheterization procedures increased exponentially during the study period. The number of angiographies rose from about 45,000 in 1984 to more than 450,000 in 1996; the number of angioplasties increased almost by a factor of 50 to 125,000 procedures in 1996. Inverse correlations between the rates per million population of either coronary angiographies or PTCAs and mortality rates from ischemic heart disease were observed at the level of the German Länder.Conclusion: Further studies taking patient characteristics, long-term outcomes, and other factors in account are necessary to clarify the large geographic variations and the negative relationship between utilization rates and coronary heart disease mortality found in this study.

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Strenge, Hans, Cokorda Bagus Jaya Lesmana, and Luh Ketut Suryani. "Random Number Generation in Bilingual Balinese and German Students: Preliminary Findings from an Exploratory Cross-Cultural Study." Perceptual and Motor Skills 109, no. 1 (August 2009): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.109.1.61-75.

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Verbal random number generation is a procedurally simple task to assess executive function and appears ideally suited for the use under diverse settings in cross-cultural research. The objective of this study was to examine ethnic group differences between young adults in Bali (Indonesia) and Kiel (Germany). 50 bilingual healthy students, 30 Balinese and 20 Germans, attempted to generate a random sequence of the digits 1 to 9. In Balinese participants, randomization was done in Balinese (native language L1) and Indonesian (first foreign language L2), in German subjects in the German (L1) and English (L2) languages. 10 of 30 Balinese (33%), but no Germans, were unable to inhibit habitual counting in more than half of the responses. The Balinese produced significantly more nonrandom responses than the Germans with higher rates of counting and significantly less occurrence of the digits 2 and 3 in L1 compared with L2. Repetition and cycling behavior did not differ between the four languages. The findings highlight the importance of taking into account culture-bound psychosocial factors for Balinese individuals when administering and interpreting a random number generation test.

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Bartels, Charlotte. "Top Incomes in Germany, 1871–2014." Journal of Economic History 79, no. 3 (July 31, 2019): 669–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050719000378.

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This study provides new evidence on top income shares in Germany from industrialization to the present. Income concentration was high in the nineteenth century, dropped sharply after WWI and during the hyperinflation years of the 1920s, then increased rapidly throughout the Nazi period beginning in the 1930s. Following the end of WWII, German top income shares returned to 1920s levels. The German pattern stands in contrast to developments in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, where WWII brought a sizeable and lasting reduction in top income shares. Since the turn of the millennium, income concentration in Germany has been on the rise and is today among the highest in Europe. The capital share is consistently positively associated with income concentration, whereas growth, technological change, trade, unions, and top tax rates are positively associated in some periods and negative in others.

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Funke, Norbert, and Akimi Matsuda. "Macroeconomic News and Stock Returns in the United States and Germany." German Economic Review 7, no. 2 (May 1, 2006): 189–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2006.00152.x.

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Abstract Using daily data for the January 1997 to June 2002 period, we analyze similarities and differences in the impact of macroeconomic news on stock returns in the United States and Germany. We consider 27 different types of news for the United States and 12 different types of news for Germany. For the United States, we present evidence for asymmetric reactions of stock prices to news. In a boom (recession) period, bad (good) news on GDP growth and unemployment or lower (higher) than expected interest rates may be good news for stock prices. In the period under consideration there is little evidence for asymmetric effects in Germany. However, in the case of Germany, international news appears at least as important as domestic news. There is no evidence that US stock prices are influenced by German news. The analysis of bi-hourly data for Germany confirms these results.

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Ambros, Maximilian, and Michael Frenkel. "What Determines COVID-19 Vaccination Rates in Germany?" Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 242, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2021-0064.

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Abstract We study the driving forces behind COVID-19 vaccination in German counties using a cross-sectional and a panel approach. We identify several factors that have a significant impact on vaccination rates. Our results are robust to different model specifications.

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Pütter, Carolin, Jürgen Stausberg, Olga von Beckerath, Holger Reinecke, Erika Schäfer, and Knut Kröger. "Determinants of decreasing major amputation rates in Germany." Vasa 45, no. 4 (July 2016): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000543.

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Abstract. Background: We analysed a potential association between the decrease in major amputations in Germany and the number of doctors, prescribed podologic foot care (PFC) and antidiabetic drugs, and performed percutaneous endoluminal angioplasties (PTA). Patients and methods: Data of all lower limb major amputations between 2007 and 2011, the cases hospitalised with an additional diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, and the numbers of PTAs, and the number of doctors in private practices and in hospitals were obtained from the Federal Statistical Office. Furthermore, the number of PFC treatments and prescribed antidiabetics for each of the five years were derived from the federal report of the statutory health insurance. Results: Within the 5 year time period, major amputations decreased by 19.0%, from 17,846 in 2007 to 14,463 in 2011. There is an inverse relation between the number of major amputations and the increasing number of prescribed PFC, of doctors working in hospital and of below-the-knee PTA in the multiple Poisson regression analysis. The number of prescribed antidiabetics and that of all PTA showed a positive relation. In the multiple linear regression analysis with the dependent variable ratio of amputations and the cases hospitalised with an additional diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, only numbers of prescribed PFC and below-the-knee PTA still showed an inverse relation that reached a level of significance. Conclusions: While substantial improvements in patients care by doctors, endovascular interventions, prescriptions of PFC and antidiabetic drugs are under discussion to reduce major amputation rates, in this approach including comprehensive data from Germany, only prescriptions of PFC and the number of below-the-knee PTA had an independent and significant impact on the reduction of major amputations. It has to be pointed out that such a statistical association does not prove any causality.

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Neumayer, E. "“Recessions lower (some) mortality rates: evidence from Germany”." Social Science & Medicine 59, no. 9 (November 2004): 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.02.018.

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Hanewald, Katja. "Factors driving aggregate mortality rates in postwar Germany." Zeitschrift für die gesamte Versicherungswissenschaft 99, no. 2 (April 10, 2010): 211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12297-010-0086-2.

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Bessler, Wolfgang, and John R. Norsworthy. "A cointegration analysis of interest rates in Germany." Managerial Finance 24, no. 4 (April 1998): 68–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03074359810765480.

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Baehner, F., C. Schmiedeskamp, F. Krummenauer, E. Miebach, M. Bajbouj, C. Whybra, A. Kohlschütter, C. Kampmann, and M. Beck. "Cumulative incidence rates of the mucopolysaccharidoses in Germany." Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 28, no. 6 (December 2005): 1011–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10545-005-0112-z.

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Blaufus, Kay, Jonathan Bob, Jochen Hundsdoerfer, Christian Sielaff, Dirk Kiesewetter, and Joachim Weimann. "Perception of income tax rates: evidence from Germany." European Journal of Law and Economics 40, no. 3 (April 30, 2013): 457–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10657-013-9389-9.

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Barrell, Ray, Bob Anderton, and Jan Willem In't Veld. "Chapter II. The World Economy." National Institute Economic Review 138 (November 1991): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019113800103.

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Business cycle developments in the major seven economies have not been particularly well synchronised in the last two years. The US, Canada and the UK have been in recession, whilst Germany and Japan have been growing strongly. We are predicting that this asynchronicity will continue over the next eighteen months, with growth slowing in Japan and Germany whilst a mild recovery takes place in the English speaking world. However there are some signs that the recovery, at least in the US, is likely to be rather slower than we had anticipated in our August forecast. The Federal Reserve in the US has clearly been concerned about the most recent signals from the American economy, and it encouraged a cut in interest rates on 6th November. The Japanese authorities have also cut interest rates in this quarter, and we anticipate that there will be no substantial increases in German interest rates.

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Stang, Andreas, Freddie Bray, Klaus-Peter Dieckmann, Joannie Lortet-Tieulent, and Carsten Rusner. "Mortality of Testicular Cancer in East and West Germany 20 Years after Reunification: A Gap Not Closed Yet." Urologia Internationalis 95, no. 2 (2015): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000381883.

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Background: The decline of testicular cancer mortality in East Germany began in the 1980s, about 10 years later than that recorded in West Germany. We aimed at providing up-to-date time trends of testicular cancer mortality rates in Germany. Material and Methods: Mortality data from East Germany (1971-2010) and West Germany (1954-2010) were provided by the Federal Bureau of Statistics. We estimated age-specific and age-standardized mortality rates using the World Standard Population. Results: Despite the declining trend in the 2000s, the mortality rates of testicular cancer remained higher in East than in West Germany. These rates were 5.5 and 2.6 per million person-years in 2010, respectively. Age-specific mortality trends by period and birth cohort showed that the mortality decline was larger among younger (15-44 years) than elderly men. Conclusion: The mortality of testicular cancer is still higher in East than West Germany. Despite very similar densities of hospital beds, urologists and oncologist per million male population in both parts of Germany, we hypothesized that a paucity of centers of expertise for treating testicular cancers in the East could account for this particular pattern.

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Alfaar, Ahmad Samir, Anas Saad, Peter Wiedemann, and Matus Rehak. "The epidemiology of uveal melanoma in Germany: a nationwide report of incidence and survival between 2009 and 2015." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 260, no. 5 (October 4, 2021): 1723–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-021-05317-7.

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Abstract Purpose To calculate the overall incidence of uveal melanoma in Germany and to compare incidences in different German states. In addition, we computed the overall and cancer-specific survival rates nationwide. Methods Incidence data for the period between 2009 and 2015, covering the entire German population, was collected through the German Center for Cancer Registry. ICD-O-3 topography codes C69.3-C69.4 and histology codes for melanoma subtypes were used to collect the incidence data. Confidence Intervals with a level of 95% (95% CI) were calculated for rates. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier. The log-rank test was used for survival comparisons. Results This study comprised 3654 patients with uveal melanomas, including 467 (12.8%) with iridial and ciliary body tumors. The overall age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was 6.41 person per million. Generally, the ASIR was higher in males than females (6.67 (95% CI 6.37–6.98) vs. 6.16 (95% CI 5.88–6.45 per million). Higher crude incidence rates were noted in the northeastern states (12.5 per million (95% CI 10.5–14.7) in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) compared with the southwestern states (2.1 per million (95% CI 1.7–2.6) in Hessen). The 5-year overall survival stood at 47%, while the cancer-specific survival stood at 84%. Multivariate analysis showed that women, younger patients, and patients living in Berlin achieved significantly higher overall survival. Conclusion Overall ASIR of uveal melanoma in Germany indicates that the disease is more common in males and that it follows the same geographical distribution previously noted in central European countries, with the highest incidence in northern parts of Germany.

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Alfaar, Ahmad Samir, Anas Saad, Peter Wiedemann, and Matus Rehak. "The epidemiology of uveal melanoma in Germany: a nationwide report of incidence and survival between 2009 and 2015." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 260, no. 5 (October 4, 2021): 1723–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-021-05317-7.

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Abstract Purpose To calculate the overall incidence of uveal melanoma in Germany and to compare incidences in different German states. In addition, we computed the overall and cancer-specific survival rates nationwide. Methods Incidence data for the period between 2009 and 2015, covering the entire German population, was collected through the German Center for Cancer Registry. ICD-O-3 topography codes C69.3-C69.4 and histology codes for melanoma subtypes were used to collect the incidence data. Confidence Intervals with a level of 95% (95% CI) were calculated for rates. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier. The log-rank test was used for survival comparisons. Results This study comprised 3654 patients with uveal melanomas, including 467 (12.8%) with iridial and ciliary body tumors. The overall age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was 6.41 person per million. Generally, the ASIR was higher in males than females (6.67 (95% CI 6.37–6.98) vs. 6.16 (95% CI 5.88–6.45 per million). Higher crude incidence rates were noted in the northeastern states (12.5 per million (95% CI 10.5–14.7) in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) compared with the southwestern states (2.1 per million (95% CI 1.7–2.6) in Hessen). The 5-year overall survival stood at 47%, while the cancer-specific survival stood at 84%. Multivariate analysis showed that women, younger patients, and patients living in Berlin achieved significantly higher overall survival. Conclusion Overall ASIR of uveal melanoma in Germany indicates that the disease is more common in males and that it follows the same geographical distribution previously noted in central European countries, with the highest incidence in northern parts of Germany.

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Manthey, Jakob, Adriana Solovei, Peter Anderson, Sinclair Carr, and Jürgen Rehm. "Can alcohol consumption in Germany be reduced by alcohol screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment in primary health care? Results of a simulation study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): e0255843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255843.

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Background Screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment (SBIRT) is a programme to reduce alcohol consumption for drinkers with high alcohol consumption levels. Only 2.9% of patients in primary health care (PHC) are screened for their alcohol use in Germany, despite high levels of alcohol consumption and attributable harm. We developed an open-access simulation model to estimate the impact of higher SBIRT delivery rates in German PHC settings on population-level alcohol consumption. Methods and findings A hypothetical population of drinkers and non-drinkers was simulated by sex, age, and educational status for the year 2009 based on survey and sales data. Risky drinking persons receiving BI or RT were sampled from this population based on screening coverage and other parameters. Running the simulation model for a ten-year period, drinking levels and heavy episodic drinking (HED) status were changed based on effect sizes from meta-analyses. In the baseline scenario of 2.9% screening coverage, 2.4% of the adult German population received a subsequent intervention between 2009 and 2018. If every second PHC patient would have been screened for alcohol use, 21% of adult residents in Germany would have received BI or RT by the end of the ten-year simulation period. In this scenario, population-level alcohol consumption would be 11% lower than it was in 2018, without any impact on HED prevalence. Screening coverage rates below 10% were not found to have a measurable effect on drinking levels. Conclusions Large-scale implementation of SBIRT in PHC settings can yield substantial reductions of alcohol consumption in Germany. As high screening coverage rates may only be achievable in the long run, other effective alcohol policies are required to achieve short-term reduction of alcohol use and attributable harm in Germany. There is large potential to apply this open-access simulation model to other settings and for other alcohol interventions.

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Klosterhalfen, Stephanie, Daniel Kotz, Benjamin Kuntz, Johannes Zeiher, and Anne Starker. "Waterpipe Use among Adolescents in Germany: Prevalence, Associated Consumer Characteristics, and Trends (German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents, KiGGS)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 7740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217740.

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Waterpipe (WP) use is popular among youth worldwide, but epidemiological data from Germany are scarce. We aimed to describe prevalence rates of WP use (current, last 12 months, ever) and analysed correlates and trends among 11- to 17-year-olds in Germany. Analyses were based on data from the “German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents” study during 2014–2017 (n = 6599). Changes in WP use prevalence compared with 2009–2012 were used to describe trends. Associations with sociodemographic characteristics and cigarette smoking were assessed with multivariable logistic regression models. Prevalence of current WP use among adolescents was 8.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 7.5–9.6), use in the last 12 months was 19.7% (95% CI = 18.3–21.2), and ever use was 25.8% (95% CI = 24.2–27.5). High prevalence rates were particularly found among 16–17-year-olds. During 2009–2012, these prevalence rates were 9.0%, 18.5%, and 26.1%, respectively. WP use was associated with older age, male sex, migration background, lower educational level, and current smoking status. Among current WP users, 66.2% (95% CI = 60.0–71.9) identified themselves as non-smokers, and 38.1% (95% CI = 32.5–44.0) had used WP ≥ three times in the last month. WP consumption is popular among German youth, and prevalence rates have not changed over time. Specific prevention strategies to reduce harmful WP consumption among youth should be implemented.

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Bayer, Christian, and Falko Jüßen. "Convergence in West German Regional Unemployment Rates." German Economic Review 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 510–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2007.00416.x.

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Abstract Differences in regional unemployment rates are often used to describe regional economic inequality. This paper asks whether changes in regional unemployment differences in West Germany are persistent over time. Understanding the persistency of regional unemployment differences helps us to assess how effective regional policy can be. While univariate tests suggest that changes in regional unemployment differences are persistent in West Germany, more powerful panel tests lend some support to the hypothesis that regional unemployment rates converge. However, these tests reveal a moderate speed of convergence at best. Because there is a structural break following the second oil crisis, we also use tests that allow for such a break. This provides evidence for both convergence and quick adjustment to an equilibrium distribution of regional unemployment rates that is, however, subject to a structural break.

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Andrees, Valerie, Sandra Wolf, Matthias Augustin, Nicole Mohr, and Jobst Augustin. "Regional variations and prevalence of psoriasis in Germany from 2010 to 2017: a cross-sectional, spatio-epidemiological study on ambulatory claims data." BMJ Open 11, no. 11 (November 2021): e047806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047806.

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ObjectivesGlobal prevalence rates of psoriasis differ significantly, with lowest rates in the equator region and increasing tendencies towards the north but also differences within-country. Information on regional variations in Germany is missing. This study aims to analyse the change of psoriasis prevalence in Germany over time and to detect regional variations.DesignCross sectional, spatio-epidemiological study on regional psoriasis prevalence in Germany.SettingClaims data study based on nationwide outpatient billing data on county level.MethodsAnalyses based on outpatient billing data for 2010–2017 derived from all people insured in statutory health insurances (about 72.8 million). We performed descriptive spatio-temporal analyses of prevalence rates using probability mapping and statistical smoothing methods, identified spatial clusters and examined a north-south gradient using spatial statistics.ResultsThe prevalence increased from 147.4 per 10 000 in 2010 to 173.5 in 2017. In 2017, counties’ prevalence rates ranged between 93.8 and 340.9. Decreased rates occurred mainly in southern counties, increased rates in northern and eastern counties. Clusters of low rates occur in southern and south-western Germany, clusters of high rates in the north and north-east. The correlation between counties’ latitudes and their prevalence rates was high with Pearson’s r=0.65 (p<0.05).ConclusionIncreased prevalence of psoriasis over time and marked regional variations in Germany were observed which need further investigation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Germany Rates'

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