Journal articles on the topic 'Germany Military service'
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1
Martynenko, V. L. "RECRUITING GERMAN MIGRANTS FROM THE USSR TO THE GERMAN ARMED FORCES AT THE END OF WORLD WAR II." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 3(50) (2020): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2020-3-89-99.
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German immigrants who were evacuated by the German authorities in 1943–1944 from the USSR to the territory of Warthegau, Silesia, General Government and Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, became part of the human resources actively used not only in the economy, but also in defensive measures of the Reich. Contrary to the fact that the mobilization of that potential contingent was relatively low, tens of thousands of men were in the ranks of the armed forces of Germany. A significant number of Soviet Germans were replenishment for the SS troops. The initial process of attracting German settlers to military service was not easy and required adherence to a number of formalities related to their naturalization. One of the key factors that also had an effect on solving the issue of ethnic Germans in the internal service was the long-standing contradiction between the Wehrmacht and the SS. The article notes that, in the last months of the war, immigrants from the USSR found themselves in practically no alternative situation, since the military and political leadership of Germany decided to mobilize all men appropriate for military service, regardless of the naturalization. By the end of hostilities in Europe, many Soviet Germans serving in the German army had been captured by the Western allies or the Red Army.
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Nowacki, Krzysztof, and Adam Szymanowicz. "German preparations for the war in the light of documents of the Polish military intelligence (1933-1939) – selected aspects." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 192, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2597.
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As a result of the Treaty of Versailles the provisions concerning the issue of limitation of the armed forces were imposed on Germany. These provisions were unilaterally terminated by Germany two years after Adolf Hitler had come to power. There was introduced general and compulsory military service. On 21st May 1935, Hitler – as the Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor – signed the secret Reich Defence Law, which gave the Wehrmacht command wide powers to expand the army. Thus, the intensive development of the German army was initiated. After the Nazi Party came to power in Germany, gaining new information by the Polish military intelligence became increasingly difficult. It was connected with the expansion of the German counter-intelligence services, especially the Gestapo, as well as the police supervision over the German society. Through good operational work of the Polish intelligence the Polish side already before the outbreak of the war was relatively well familiarized with the particular phases of the overall German army’s armaments, as well as the German operational doctrine and methods of warfare.
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Gärditz, Klaus Ferdinand. "Shepherd v. Germany." American Journal of International Law 109, no. 3 (July 2015): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.109.3.0623.
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In Shepherd v. Germany, the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) issued a preliminary ruling requested by a German administrative court in an asylum case brought by a United States Army service member. Applying the relevant asylum law of the European Union (EU), the ECJ held that, under certain circumstances, a conscientious objector who has deserted from his military unit may claim international refugee protection. It also clarified the conditions under which the basically legitimate prosecution of military deserters must be qualified as illegitimate persecution under international refugee law.
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Grischany, Thomas R. "Austrians into German Soldiers: The Integrative Impact of Wehrmacht Service on Austrian Soldiers during World War II." Austrian History Yearbook 38 (January 2007): 160–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800021470.
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In March 1983, germany annexed the Republic of Austria, incorporating it into the Greater German Reich. Thereafter, about 1.2 million Austrians eligible for military service were draft ed into the German armed forces: the Wehrmacht. Although we know where largely Austrian contingents fought in World War II, little is known about what, if anything, set them apart from their Reich German comrades. Nor do we know much about their attitudes, their “mindset,” or their subjective experience of military service and war.1 Because we know so little about the attitudes of Austrian soldiers in the Wehrmacht, and since army service—in contrast to membership in the SS or NSDAP—was largely mandatory, it is still possible to argue that Austrians were unwilling soldiers, sacrificed in a war that was not theirs, and that discrimination by foreign rulers fostered an Austrian national consciousness.
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Zhang, Yichuan. "Germanys Rearmament Plan: A Problem of Bureaucracy." Communications in Humanities Research 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 418–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/4/20220630.
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The conflict in Ukraine that started on February 24th, 2022, had a transformative effect on the status of European security policy, with the most prominent outcome being Germanys break with its pacifist tradition and its policy of disarmament. The German governments plan to rebuild the Bundeswehr by raising its defense spending to 2% of its GDP, alongside the injection of a 100-billion-euro fund into its armed forces, was seen by many as the first step for Germany to a leading role in the new European Security Policy. However, increased funding is unlikely to be the deciding factor in whether Germany can successfully rearm, as the Bundeswehr is well funded in comparison to other standing armies of European states in similar economic circumstances. The main obstacle standing in the way of a successful German rearmament is Germanys bureaucracy. The Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology, and In-Service Support," or the BAAINBw, responsible for procurement of materials for the Bundeswehr, is fully anarchistic and understaffed. Germanys path to a reformed military thus hinges on whether the German government can successfully reform the BAAINBw into a more efficient federal agency.
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Bodansky, Daniel, and Ilja Baudisch. "Germany v. N." American Journal of International Law 100, no. 4 (October 2006): 911–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000032000.
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Germany v. N. Decision No. 2 WD 12.04. At <http://www.bverwg.de>.Bundesverwaltungsgericht (German Federal Administrative Court), June 21, 2005.On June 21, 2005, in Germany v. N, the Federal Administrative Court of Germany (Bundesverwaltungsgericht) acquitted a soldier charged with disobeying an order in violation of his military duty of obedience and loyal service. The soldier, a major in the Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr), had refused to participate in a military software project that he feared could support Operation Iraqi Freedom. The major based his refusal on his belief that the Iraqi war was illegal and that, as a result, he was permitted to refuse the order under his constitutional right of freedom of conscience.2 The court held that in view of the serious reservations that exist about the legality of Operation Iraqi Freedom and also about Germany's position in that conflict, the soldier's right to freedom of conscience required that he be offered alternative tasks unrelated to a war that he reasonably believed to be illegal.
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Harviainen, Tapani. "The Jews in Finland and World War II." Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 21, no. 1-2 (September 1, 2000): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.69575.
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In the years 1989–1944 two different wars against the Soviet Union were imposed upon Finland. During the Winter War of 1989–1940 Germany remained strictly neutral on the basis of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact&&Great Britain and France planned intervention in favour of Finland. When the second, so-called Continuation War broke out in the summer of 1041, Finland was co-belligerent of Germany, and Great Britain declared war on Finland in December 1941. De jure, however, Finland was never an ally of Germany, and at the end of the war, in the winter 1944–1945, the Finnish armed forces expelled the German troops from Lapland, which was devastated by the Germans during their retreat to Norway. Military service was compulsory for each male citizen of Finland. In 1939 the Jewish population of Finland numbered 1 700. Of these, 260 men were called up and approximately 200 were sent to serve at the front during the Winter War.
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Lohse, Tim, Tobias Börger, Jürgen Meyerhoff, and Salmai Qari. "Der Wert von Sicherheit und nationaler Verteidigung." Wirtschaftsdienst 103, no. 6 (June 1, 2023): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/wd-2023-0116.
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Abstract To assess preferences for measures that strengthen security and defense as a public good, discrete choice experiments are a promising approach. For Germany, such a survey-based experiment reveals a strong preference for the installation of a European air defense system, but also for an increase in the troop size of the German military by 25% as well as the creation of a European army. For these changes, there is an aggregate willingness to pay of approximately 11.5 billion euros. Approval and willingness to pay vary by party preference. However, the reintroduction of compulsory military service is overwhelmingly rejected.
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Raible, Karen. "Compulsory Military Service and Equal Treatment of Men and Women – Recent Decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court and the European Court of Justice (Alexander Dory v. Germany)." German Law Journal 4, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200015996.
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The European Court of Justice (ECJ) decided, in the case Tanja Kreil v. Germany, that Council Directive 76/207/EEC of 9 February 1976 (equal treatment directive) precludes the application of national provisions, such as those of German law, which impose a general exclusion of women from military posts involving the use of arms. The ECJ found that such policies violated the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions. Since this ruling both the Bundesverfassungsgericht (BVerfG – Federal Constitutional Court) and the ECJ have had to confront the question whether the German system of compulsory military service for men is compatible with Article 3.2 and 3.3 of the Grundgesetz (GG – German Basic Law) and the equal treatment directive.
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Trumpener, Ulrich. "The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918." International History Review 9, no. 4 (November 1987): 621–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462.
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Kiermayer, Alex. "The evolution of German Cut Fencing in the 19th century viewed through the works of Friedrich August Wilhelm Ludwig Roux." Acta Periodica Duellatorum 6, no. 2 (October 20, 2020): 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/apd-2018-008.
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This article takes a look at the characteristics of German civilian fencing with cutting swords in the 19th century, especially the style taught by the Roux family of fencing masters. One of the most prominent members of this family was Friedrich August Wilhelm Ludwig Roux. By comparing his early work Anweisung zum Hiebfechten mit graden und krummen Klingen and his later work Deutsches Paukbuch one is able to discern some of the changes in German Hiebfechten or fencing with cutting weapons during the 19th century, in particular on the students’ duelling ground.
Fencing in 19th century Germany was practiced for a number of different reasons. These included military service, physical education and the civilian duel. A particular form of the civilian duel in Germany was the student’s Mensur. The works of the Roux family naturally revolve mostly but not exclusively around thissubject as most of them were employed as University fencing masters. In the military and in physical education the contemporary method of the “Berliner Turnschule” was more popular.
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Kim, Yun-Jung, and Sung-Jong Yun. "International Comparison of Military Welfare Service in the U.S., U.K. and Germany and Its Implications for Korean Military Welfare Service." Korea International Trade Research Institute 12, no. 2 (April 25, 2016): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.12.2.201604.27.
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Rusakovskiy, Oleg. "Foreign Military Law and Mercenary Contract in Seventeenth-Century Russia: The Сase of the Smolensk War, 1632–1634." Russian History 48, no. 2 (March 22, 2022): 187–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340029.
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Abstract The article aims to discuss how the Russian government dealt with foreign military law based on mercenary contracts while recruiting troops in Germany and Britain for the Smolensk campaign of 1632 to 1634. In the agreements made with foreign colonels that survive in contemporary Russian translations, the Tsar’s officials granted an almost unlimited legal and administrative autonomy to foreign military commanders in order to make service in Russia more attractive for Western mercenaries. While doing so, the Russian government believed that a unified military law and an effective court and administration system existed among the European military communities. However, some essential terms of military service remained unspecified in the documentation, depriving the Russian army commanders of any legal recourse to prevent conflicts within foreign regiments, which ultimately contributed to an administrative disaster at the end of the Smolensk campaign. The article analyzes both the Russian attitudes towards foreign military law and mercenary contracts and how this might have affected European mercenary units in Russian service.
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Baran, Anzhelika. "Military duty and military service in Ukraine and the EU countries (on the example of Germany)." Aktual’ni problemi pravoznavstva 1, no. 1 (2023): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/app2023.01.026.
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Helms, Christian, Florian Wertenauer, Kai-Uwe Spaniol, Peter Lutz Zimmermann, and Gerd-Dieter Willmund. "Suicidal behavior in German military service members: An analysis of attempted- and completed suicides between 2010 and 2016." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): e0256104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256104.
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Studies identified service members of the United States (US) Armed Forces as a high-risk group for suicide. A significant increase in the suicide rate in the US Armed Forces was found in recent years. To date, there is no military suicide statistic available for the German Armed Forces. This study examined attempted and completed suicides in active service members of the German Armed Forces between 2010 and 2016 retrospectively, on the basis of archived personal and medical records in the central archives of the Medical Service of German Armed Forces. The primary goal was to establish a suicide-statistic for the German Armed Forces and to calculate and compare the suicides rates with the German population. Secondary every case’s data was analysed the groups of attempted and completed suicides were compared. 262 attempted suicides and 148 completed suicides were included in this study (N = 410). The suicide rates of the German Armed Forces peaked over the years 2014–2015 with a suicide rate of 15–16/100.000 active military service members and exceeded the civilian suicide rate in Germany of around 12/100.000 people during those years, although no general trend could be determined. These service members were mostly young men (attempted suicide 81.7%, completed suicide 99.3%), at the age of 17 - <35 years old (87% attempted suicide, 68,3% completed suicide), and were employed less than 6 years in the German Armed Forces (attempted suicide 72.9%, completed suicide 46.3%). Service members with attempted suicides belonged mostly to the military North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)-rank-group for other ranks (lowermost military professionals) OR-1 –OR-4 (48.1%) or to the rank-group OR-6 –OR-9 in the group of completed suicides (34.5%). Only in about one third of cases a psychiatric diagnosis could be found in the records. Most frequent diagnoses were neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision^ICD-10: F4) in 46.8%, and affective disorders (ICD-10: F3) in 43.3% of all cases. In the majority of cases there were signs for potential stressors in the private sector (attempted suicide 90.6%, completed suicide 82.6%). No typical risk factors which would enable a specific prevention could be identified in this analysis. Therefore, should preventive strategies be aiming at a multi-level intervention program.
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Thomas, Jeffrey L., Amanda L. Adrian, Michael D. Wood, Coleen L. Crouch, James D. Lee, and Amy B. Adler. "Mental Health and Stress Among Army Civilians, Spouses, and Soldiers in a Closing Military Community." Armed Forces & Society 45, no. 4 (May 9, 2018): 612–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x18771004.
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When military community closure occurs, it can be challenging for service members and the surrounding community. Given that services and social networks disappear; this is particularly salient in overseas locations. Few studies have systematically assessed the impact of base closure on military community members. In the present study, 743 soldiers, 114 Army civilian employees, and 54 military spouses living in two closing U.S. military communities in Germany were surveyed about transformation stressors, mental health, and factors associated with better adjustment such as individual coping, leadership behaviors, and community cohesion. While individual coping was associated with fewer sleep problems, and individual coping and leadership were associated with less psychological distress, community cohesion generally overrode these effects in the final step of regression models. Thus, while coping and leadership are important, community connection appears to confer benefits to the affected individuals even in the context of base closure.
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Bakhturina, Alexandra Yu, Natalia V. Rostislavleva, and Hannes Boсk. "Families of “Enemy Foreigners” in Russia and Germany in the Days of the First World War 1914–18." Herald of an archivist, no. 1 (2022): 214–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-1-214-228.
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The article considers an aspect of the history of civil captivity during World War I which, by itself, had not been previously studied — i.e., influence of the internment policy on the situation of “enemy foreigners” families. Until recently, the historiography addressed only the situation of civilian prisoners, men of military age, while the situation of their families was only mentioned. Drawing on documents from the Russian and German archives, as well as on the published sources, including legislative acts, petitions of individuals, memoirs and diaries, a comparative analysis has been carried out of the policy of the authorities in Russia and Germany towards hostile state citizens and their family members. It is concluded that, although the policy of internment in Russia and Germany was not directed strictly against this group of enemy subjects, its very course had a significant impact on their situation. The formation of legal foundations of internment in the Russian Empire is considered. The article shows the changed approaches to internment of enemy subjects under the influence of situation at the front and situation of the individual front-line territories. It has been established that in a number of cases, it was required to deport from front-line areas not only men liable for military service — citizens of states fighting with Russia, but also their family members. In Germany, the rules for internment were unclear, but the established practice also affected the situation of women and children. In both states, when interning men of military age, family members often followed them to camps and places of deportation. The proximity of cultural, economic, and family ties between the citizens of Russia and Germany on the brink of the First World War resulted in a conflict between nationality and citizenship. Russian citizens in Germany, despite being of German origin, became hostile foreigners. The article analyzes the situation of interned family members in German camps. In some cases, there were organized schools for children. A wide variety of reasons caused the breakdown of family ties: different citizenship of family members, loss of loved ones in displacement, internment of some family members, while other remained at their place of residence. It is concluded that there are similarities, as well as differences in the methods of internment in Russia and Germany, which in both cases negatively affected the situation of the families of hostile state citizens.
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Pyvovar, Serhii. "Ethnic Russians in Service in the Military SS Formations of Nazi Germany (1941–1945)." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 65 (2021): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2021.65.10.
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The article examines an important, but little-studied in historical science, problem of cooperation of ethnic Russians with the Nazi military-political organization of the SS during the German-Soviet war of 1941–1945. The essence, content and forms of Russians cooperation with the military formations of the SS are analyzed, some facts are clarified, scattered information is summarized, the assessments of researchers on determining the number of Russian SS men are compared. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that ethnic Russians – former citizens of the USSR, as well as representatives of the Russian emigration, served in various military formations of the Nazi SS: Auxiliary service of the order police in the occupied territory of the USSR, the 29th and 30th «Russian» SS divisions, 28th, 33rd and 36th «foreign» SS divisions, 1st Russian national brigade of the SS («Druzhina»), SS volunteer regiment «Variag», 15th SS Cossack cavalry corps, «SS fighter unit» and others. Discrepancies in the historical literature on determining the exact number of ethnic Russians who served in the armed formations of the SS were revealed. At the same time, it was established that, according to rough estimates, their total number was at least 100–120 thousand. Coverage of the issue of ethnic Russian service in the armed formations of the Nazi SS during the German-Soviet war of 1941–1945 debunks the assertion of modern Russian historical propaganda that such military cooperation is characteristic primarily of Ukrainians, Baltics, and other nationalities. It is noted that each of the aspects considered in the article can be the subject of further detailed research. It is emphasized that these issues can be finally clarified only after the declassification of Soviet archival documents in the Russian Federation.
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Brühöfener, Friederike. "Sex and the Soldier: The Discourse about the Moral Conduct of Bundeswehr Soldiers and Officers during the Adenauer Era." Central European History 48, no. 4 (December 2015): 523–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938915000904.
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AbstractThis article situates the establishment of the Bundeswehr and the implementation of compulsory military service in the 1950s and early 1960s within contemporary efforts to define a “sexual-moral order” for the Federal Republic of Germany. It argues that West Germany's rearmament offered contemporaries an opportunity to stipulate not only acceptable soldierly behavior, but also adequate male behavior in general. In the context of heightened concerns about juvenile delinquents (so-called Halbstarken), female prostitution, homosexuality, and the distribution of pornographic materials, West German citizens became interested in the social and sexual conduct of Bundeswehr soldiers and officers. Whereas some still considered the military to be a “school of the nation” and of proper masculinity, others worried about the armed forces as a possible breeding ground for immorality. Partly sharing these concerns, government representatives, members of the Bundestag, church officials, and military commanders sought to guide soldiers’ behavior, emphasizing the ideal of the “complete” (vollkommene) Christian male-breadwinner family.
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Chen, Chern. "Deutsche militärische Ausbildungshilfe im Kalten Krieg: Nationalchinas Offiziere in der Bundeswehr 1964–1973." Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift 72, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgzs-2013-0003.
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Abstract During the Cold War the Bonn government always insisted on the »principle of non-involvement« in its China policy, in order to maintain strict neutrality in the continuous conflicts in the Far East. For strategic and intelligence considerations, however, the Federal Intelligence Service and the Federal Ministry of Defense had tried to intensify the relations with National China. The contacts between Bonn and Taipei developed to a military training aid, which the Federal Ministry of Defense granted National Chinese officers for training purposes into the Federal Republic. In the period 1964 to 1973, a total of 27 National Chinese army officers were trained in the German Armed Forces schools and the Führungsakademie. The German military training aid was considered not only as a starting point of a diplomatic break-through, but also as a means to break the political ice age which resulted from the lack of diplomatic relations between West Germany and National China in the post-war period.
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Martynenko, V. "The Labor use of German Immigrants from the USSR in the Economy of the Third Reich at the Final Stage of World War II." Problems of World History, no. 18 (November 8, 2022): 89–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2022-18-4.
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The study aims to reveal the mechanism and features of attracting German immigrants from the USSR to labor service in Nazi Germany at the final stage of World War II. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity and a set of special and general scientific methods. Scientific novelty. Based on the involvement of an extensive array of archival documents, for the first time in historiography, an attempt was made to comprehensively illuminate the problem of using the labor of German immigrants from the USSR in the economy of the Third Reich. Conclusions. German refugees were taken out by the decision of the Nazi authorities in 1943-1944. from the occupied regions of the USSR to the homeland of their ancestors, in the conditions of declared total war, they naturally became part of the Third Reich's labor resources. Most of them were concentrated in the agricultural and industrial sectors of the economy. At the same time, the bulk immigrants' movement to the territory of Warthegau was caused not by the objective needs of the region for additional labor but by the geopolitical plans of the Nazi leadership. Attempts by some areas of Germany to make up for the acute shortage of human resources in agriculture at the expense of the refugees who arrived were unsuccessful. Their aspirations were shattered by the inert position of Himmler and his inner circle. They did not want to go beyond the concept of using German settlers and the bureaucratic mechanisms associated with it. Only officials who defended the interests of the German military-industrial complex were able to achieve certain concessions. The majority of Soviet Germans in the system of social and labor relations in Nazi Germany were reduced mainly to the level of foreign labor, which is especially clearly evidenced by their relationship with employers and living conditions.
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Scott, Tom. "Scott, Tom, The Survival of Serfdom in Western Europe." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung 136, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 51–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgg-2019-0002.
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Summary Apart from the survival of serfdom in western Germany, the perpetuation of unfreedom elsewhere in western Europe has frequently been overlooked. Recent research on France, especially its eastern districts, has shown how specific forms of feudal dues, such as the heriot, evolved into a general status of subjection akin to citizenship, just as occurred in the west German lands. In Scandinavia, harsh forms of personal and tenurial unfreedom yielded over time to the state's need for a free peasantry bound only by its duty of military service. In the Mediterranean lands the spread of sharecropping could subject the peasantry to quasiservile dependence.
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Hau, Michael. "Sports in the Human Economy: “Leibesübungen,” Medicine, Psychology, and Performance Enhancement during the Weimar Republic." Central European History 41, no. 3 (August 21, 2008): 381–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938908000563.
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In 1926, the President of the GermanReichCommittee for Physical Exercise (Deutscher Reichsausschuss für Leibesübungen, or DRAL) Theodor Lewald discussed the significance of sports for the German economy and national health in a presentation to the Berlin Chamber of Industry and Commerce. Lewald deplored the physical state of the German population as a consequence of the lost war. Two million of the physically and mentally strongest German men had been killed, while millions of German men, women, and children were permanently physically weakened as a result of starvation during the war and the allied hunger blockade after the armistice. To make matters worse, the hygienic benefits of military service that had guaranteed the physical strength and fitness of male youth had been lost. Prior to the war about 500,000 men had served in the German army or navy where they had learned regimens of cleanliness, order, and discipline. According to Lewald, by limiting the size of the German army to 100,000 men, the victorious allies had not only weakened Germany militarily, but they had also tried to paralyze Germany economically by permanently weakening the “strength of the German people” (deutsche Volkskraft).1
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Wedel, Karl-Wilhelm. "Military-Civilian Collaboration for Disaster Medicine in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)." Journal of the World Association for Emergency and Disaster Medicine 1, no. 1 (1985): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00032659.
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The subject of disaster medicine may seem suspect to those who say that it means to prepare for war. Others maintain that in the FRG we need not concern ourselves with disaster medicine because “disasters in this country seem unlikely.” I consider those claims absurd. I will try to point out possibilities for medical support by the West German Bundeswehr (Federal Armed Forces) in the event of natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes, floods, forest fires) or in severe accidents (e.g., traffic, aircraft, railway) where suitable civilian helpers or equipment are unavailable or are available only in insufficient numbers or too late. The Federal Armed Forces' Medical Service, according to legislation, is part of the Armed Forces, organized for defense. The medical service has to provide free medical care for military personnel, and protect, maintain or restore as far as possible the health of military personnel. Moreover, it is a matter of course in our country to employ the medical service of the Bundeswehr for aid in natural disasters or major accidents. For this purpose, the Surgeon General, Federal Armed Forces, in March 1982, issued guidelines on which I will primarily base my remarks.
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Anderton, Abby. "Hearing Democracy in the Ruins of Hitler's Reich: American Musicians in Postwar Germany." Comparative Critical Studies 13, no. 2 (June 2016): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ccs.2016.0200.
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During his 1947 visit to Berlin, American pianist Webster Aitken was shocked to find the Kroll Opera reduced to ‘tangles of twisted girders, resembling empty bird cages. Beyond the Brandenburger Tor, the blocks seem to be made of brown sugar that has gone hard in lumps and streaks’. 1 Aitken was one of dozens of artists invited by the American Military Government to concertize throughout postwar Germany to demonstrate the strength of American musical achievement. Between 1945 and 1949, American musicians visited the ruins of the Third Reich to perform for German audiences, and this article explores the efficacy their postwar concerts had for the reeducation programme. American cultural officers believed music could play a redemptive role in the service of Democracy to promote racial and religious tolerance among German audiences.
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Petrachkov, Oleksandr, and Illia Bielikov. "Conceptual approaches of the organization of physical training of officers of the Federal Defence Forces of Germany." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 2(174) (February 17, 2024): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/udu-nc.series15.2024.2(174).30.
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The article focuses on conceptual approaches of the organization of physical training of officers of the Federal Defence Forces of Germany. Modern strategies and methods used to ensure a high level of physical readiness of the officer corps are considered. The importance of the integration of physical activity into the process of professional training is highlighted, and the principles affecting the successful implementation of these concepts are also analyzed. The article may be useful for military specialists, trainers, and researchers that are interested in improving the effectiveness of officer physical training in Federal Defence Forces of Germany and the conditions for integrating this phenomenon into the process of training specialists in the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
As part of the research, special attention is paid to innovative approaches that contribute to the optimization of training, ensuring not only physical endurance, but also the development of leadership qualities and strategic thinking of officers. Military- pedagogical methods of using technologies and psychological aspects that take into account the peculiarities of military service are considered. The challenges and opportunities associated with the introduction of modern approaches to physical training in military environment are highlighted. The results of the study can be used as a basis for further improvements of the system of physical training of officers of the Federal Defence Forces of Germany and for comparison with the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
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Otto, Elizabeth. "Real Men Wear Uniforms: Photomontage, Postcards, and Military Visual Culture in Early Twentieth-Century Germany." Contemporaneity: Historical Presence in Visual Culture 2 (July 11, 2012): 18–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/contemp.2012.44.
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This essay examines early twentieth-century German representations of men and women in uniform to consider how mass culture allowed individuals to participate in aspects of gender construction. It also reveals how masculinity was increasingly linked to military ideals. The pictures under scrutiny here were made in two significant but as yet under-researched types of pictures: pre-avant-garde photomontaged soldier portraits and popular postcards. Both of these visual forms originated in the 1870s, the decade that Germany was itself founded, and they both were in wide circulation by the early twentieth century. Individualized soldier portraits and postcards offered a glorious vision of a man’s military service, and they performed what Theodor Lessing has called Vergemütlichung, the rendering harmless of history. These idealized images of soldierly life were available to a broad swath of the public, but their democratization only extended so far. Representations of women in uniform served to reinforce—through stereotyping and humor—the unquestionably male nature of military institutions and, by extension, of public space. At the same time, by making apparent their own constructed nature, these portraits and postcards offered viewers a glimpse behind the masquerade of masculinity. This essay thus also identifies these images’ links to the subsequent work of avant-garde artists and to the National Socialists’ return to the ideal of uniformed masculinity.
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Whitt, Jacqueline E. "Introduction." International Journal of Military History and Historiography 42, no. 1 (May 23, 2022): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-42010001.
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Abstract While lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer people have always served in militaries, military organizations and leaders have managed the presence of sexual gender minorities in the ranks in complicated ways that were influenced by regulation, military culture, social and cultural norms, and perceptions of military effectiveness. The history of lgbt soldiers in modern western military history reveals important ways that various military organizations have addressed the question and challenges of open service by lgbt people. While many states have incorporated lgbt people into their organizations, it is not the case globally, and policies continue to change. The five essays in this collection explore various aspects of lgbt military history in West Germany, Australia, the Netherlands, the United States, and Israel and explore themes including the importance of comparative history; the differences between de jure and de facto integration; the effects of both regulation and culture on lgbtq inclusion; and the experience of lgbt people in uniform.
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Baczkowski, Michal. "Żołnierze żydowscy w armii austro-węgierskiej podczas I wojny światowej." Res Gestae 13 (January 7, 2022): 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/24504475.13.5.
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The military service of Jewish soldiers during World War I caused controversies, with the term“Jew” itself being problematic. In Austria-Hungary, a Jewish nationality was not recognized, andthe only criterium of identification was a declaration of practicing religion (Judaism). This isnot a problem for establishing the number of Jewish privates, but it disrupts the statistics of theofficer corps, where it was common to abandon Judaism. In the Austro-Hungarian Army, Jewshad the ability to acquire higher officer ranks (general), but in practice, this was only applicableto Jews assimilated to German culture. The percentage of Jews among reserve officers was higherthan average due to their high level of education. According to data from 1910, Jews constituted3.1% of all privates in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. World War I took the lives of about25,000 Austro-Hungarian Jews, i.e. about 8.3% of all followers of Judaism mobilized to the army.This was a percentage slightly lower than for Christians, which became fodder to anti-Semitism.Jewish soldiers showed loyalty to the state and did not engage in military rebellions in 1918. After the war, the memory of Jewish soldiers was not cultivated in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy’s successor states. In contrast to Germany, however, they were not accused of acting to undermine the empire’s military potential during World War I.
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Шевцов, І., and О. Чепурко. "THE LIFE WAY OF THE COLLABORANT: ON THE MATERIALS OF THE ARCHIVE-INVESTIGATION CASE OF GUSTAV YAKOBOVSKY." Problems of Political History of Ukraine, no. 15 (February 5, 2020): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33287/11935.
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The article deals period of Gustav Gustavovich Yakobovsky’s life – an ethnic German, a Soviet citizen who initially built his career in the field of education, but during the years of the Nazi occupation of Ukraine he took the path of collaboration. The main attention is paid to collaboration of Gustav Yakobovsky with the invaders as a translator of the SD in Dnepropetrovsk. During his work in the SD G.G.Yakobovsky was involved in Nazi war crimes, that is why a study of the collaborator’s biography helps to understand the period of occupation in Dnepropetrovsk region in 1941–1943 and the history of the local Resistance movement.In particular, the archival materials of the case compiled as a result of the investigation of Yakobovsky in 1948 provide the following information. Gustav Yakobovsky was born on 19.05.1912 in the village of Karlovka in Katerinoslav province in a family of ethnic Germans – descendants of colonists. After leaving Shevchenko Nikopol Labour School in 1928, he graduated from Nikolaipolsky technical school (1933) and the biological faculty of Dnepropetrovsk State University (1938). After receiving a university diploma, he worked as an assistant in the Department of Biochemistry and at the same time he was the Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Biology. Being a university student he married to a former classmate in the technical school О.A. Herzenok. They raised daughter Adele. The unremarkable life of the Soviet intellectual changed in 1941 with the outbreak of the German-Soviet military conflict. At the beginning of German occupation of Dnepropetrovsk he got a job in a death squadron (Einsatzgruppe) as a translator with SD investigator Erich Bing, where he worked from October 9, 1941 to March 1942. Later, from the beginning of 1942 he worked as a personal translator of SD head in Dnepropetrovsk (Hauptsturmführer Plata, and after a change of leadership from January 1942, Sturmbanführer Mulde). From March to September 1942, he worked in department ІІІ of the SD, and from September (?) 1942 to August 1943 in department IV of the SD in Dnipropetrovsk.During the period of service he translated interrogations of arrested Soviet citizens, worked with agents, processed information for the SD, went to arrests, and took part in destroying local underground organizations. In Juny 1943, participating in the rout of a clandestine group (Sinelnikovskaya operation), he was seriously wounded and afterwards was taken to Germany for treatment, where he remained until the Nazi regime surrendered. During his service in the Third Reich, he was awarded Iron Cross 2nd class for military contributions and the Wound Badge 3rd class. To study the future fate of the collaborator is a promising direction of the scientific research. His work for the Wehrmacht in Germany, attempts to legalize after the war and ways to avoid punishment for collaboration, the circumstances of his arrest in the Soviet zone of Germany, the investigation and the court in the Ukrainian SSR – all these are the subjects of research in the following scientific publications.
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Leonhard, Nina. "The National People's Army as an Object of (Non) Remembrance: The Place of East Germany's Military Heritage in Unified Germany." German Politics and Society 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2008.260409.
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On 3 October 1990, the National People's Army (NVA) of the German Democratic Republic, in which about 2.5 million East German citizens served their country, was dissolved. Its personnel either was removed from military service, placed into early retirement, or integrated into the Bundeswehr after a two-year selection and examination process. Since then, the NVA has turned into an object of history with no immediate significance for contemporary German society—despite efforts of former NVA officers to change the official interpretation of 1989-1990. This article examines the processes of remembering and forgetting with regard to East Germany's military heritage since 1990, contrasting the Bundeswehr's politics of memory and “army of unity” ethos not only with the former NVA soldiers' vision of the past, but also with the East German population's general attitude towards their former armed forces.
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Dudziński, Michał. "Służba rycerska i mieszczańska oraz jej uzbrojenie na Górnych Łużycach za czasów Luksemburgów. Stan badań." Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy 20, no. 2 (2019): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32089/wbh.phw.2019.2(268).0001.
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This article presents the state of research on the military service of knights and townspeople of Upper Lusatia and their armament during the Luxembourg reign. These considerations include not only the presentation of scientific achievements in this field, but also the justification of the intention to address this issue. The paper is a draft in nature. In terms of quantity, the source material is rich, although in terms of quality it looks less impressive. The richest archive collections can be found in Germany. The archives in Poland and the Czech Republic are also noteworthy, although they are not very large. Most attention was paid to this issue by German researchers, although the problem was often on the sidelines of main considerations. The most valuable studies were conducted by prominent Upper Lusatian historians Hermann Knothe and Richard Jecht. In Poland, the problem is not widely considered, although the research by Mateusz Goliński and Robert Heś is worthy of attention. Despite the fact that studies on this issue are not very well developed, it is justified to work on a potential publication on this subject. This need stems from the growing interest in Upper Lusatia and the inspiring works of medieval historians from Wrocław. Key words: Upper Lusatia, Luxembourg dynasty, military service of knights and townspeople, state of research, armament, Hermann Knothe, Richard Jecht
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Palacios-Arapiles, Sara. "European Divergent Approaches to Protection Claims Based on the Eritrean Military/National Service Programme." International Community Law Review 24, no. 4 (August 8, 2022): 335–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-bja10089.
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Abstract Drawing on data from the United Kingdom, Sweden, Germany, and Switzerland, this article shows that during the process of interpreting the refugee definition and applying it to the context of the Military/National Service Programme (MNSP), the definition is subject to various interpretations and applications. As a result, the treatment of similarly situated Eritrean asylum applications differs from one country to another. The article illustrates that asylum courts from the selected jurisdictions sideline relevant factors that classify the MNSP as slavery by failing to engage normatively with the international law definition of slavery. The findings suggest that a defective incorporation of international legal instruments in the assessment of protection claims based on slavery contributes to conflicting interpretations and applications of the refugee definition and can unduly de-legitimise Eritrean applications for refugee status as ‘unwanted migrants’.
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KLEINREESINK, ESMERALDA. "MILITARY AUTOBIOGRAPHIES: ENCOURAGE, DISCOURAGE OR IGNORE?" CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, Volume 2019, issue 21/2 (June 12, 2019): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.21.2.5.
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Of every 6,000 soldiers deployed, one publishes an autobiographical book about their experiences shortly after the war. Military memoirs are therefore an inescapable consequence of deployments. How should defence organizations react to these soldier-authors: should they be encouraged, discouraged, or ignored? A substantiated answer to that question is given in this article by providing a profile of all writers of military Afghanistan memoirs from seven countries (the US, the UK, Germany, Canada, Australia, Belgium and the Netherlands) and the kind of plots they write. A small majority write positive plots. The negative ones specifically deal with disillusionment about the care the defence organization or society at large provided, and experiences with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). It is interesting that it proves to be possible to predict whether a writer will write a positive or a negative plot based on the type of work they do and whether they still work for the defence organization. Military organizations interested in getting positive books published are advised to particularly encourage writing by individually deployed personnel who work in combat support positions and are on active service.
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Vlasenko, V. M., and Е. А. Murashko. "COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE SPECIAL INFORMATION SERVICE (based on Hnat Porokhivsky’s archive-investigative case materials)." Sums'ka Starovyna (Ancient Sumy Land), no. 56 (2020): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/starovyna.2020.56.2.
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The lack of the scientific literature concerning the Intelligence Service of Romania (Special Information Service) is stated. Only some references to the activities of the Intelligence Service of Romania on the territory of Ukraine are mentioned in the isolated publications. The authors used the documents and materials from Hnat Porokhivsky’s archive-investigative case which is kept in the Sectoral State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine. The materials mentioned above are representative and fill the gap in the issue concerning the structure of the Special Information Service of Romania and provide a certain indication about its composition. The fact that Hnat Porokhivsky was a colonel of the UNR Army and the leader of the Ukrainian military emigration in Romania is mentioned. Hnat Porokhivsky’s main biographical milestones, his socio-political and military activities are covered. His organizational skills, professional knowledge in the sphere of secret service, and counterespionage were used by the Intelligence Service of Romania. Not being a citizen of Romania, he made a valuable contribution to the process of the Romanian secret service development. The Special Information Service had a complicated multi-stage structure with the an extensive network of intelligence centers, sub-centers, rezidenturas, agents, and support divisions on the territories of both Romania and the Soviet Union on the eve of World War II. Different intelligence units of the Special Information Service of Romania operated on the occupied territories of Ukraine from 1941 to 1944. The central authorities and regional offices heads’ and staff members’ surnames (sometimes pseudonyms) are specified. From the authors’ point of view, the most promising studies are those ones of the Intelligence Service of Romania espionage, counterespionage and propagandistic activities, Ukrainian and Russian immigrants’ participation in this process, and Special Information Service cooperation with secret services of Germany and Japan. Keywords: intelligence (secret) service, Hnat Porokhivsky, rezidentura, Romania, Special Information Service, Ukrainian emigration, center.
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Coulston, Jon. "Courage and Cowardice in the Roman Imperial Army." War in History 20, no. 1 (January 2013): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344512454518.
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This paper examines the courage and cowardice of Roman soldiers in the period from the late first century bc to the fourth century ad, set within a broader chronological context of service in standing armies. The specific sources for Roman warfare are evaluated together with features of service in the Roman armies. Discussion of courage is based on Roman concepts of virtus and disciplina, and examines religious and ritual observance, standing formations, regional cultural traditions, diet, medical support, training and skills development, military equipment, and service rewards. Cowardice and its consequences are investigated in the contexts of surrender, desertion, and enslavement, with particular reference to the literary sources and archaeological evidence for the defeat of Varus’ army in Germany (ad 9).
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Forrest, Alan. ":Citizens, Soldiers and National Armies: Military Service in France and Germany, 1789–1830.(War, History, and Politics.)." American Historical Review 113, no. 4 (October 2008): 1226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.113.4.1226.
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Singer, Jens Peter. "Die parlamentarische Kontrolle der Nachrichtendienste. Bilanz und Ausblick." Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 53, no. 4 (2022): 794–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0340-1758-2022-4-794.
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For several decades, a juridification process of the work of the intelligence and secret services has been taking place in all Western democracies . During the mid-1970s, the Federal Republic of Germany, under a social-liberal coalition, began to create the legal basis for these special security authorities, namely to legally determine tasks and powers and to regulate their control . This process is still ongoing . In its more recent jurisdiction the Federal Constitutional Court required the legal regulations and the effectiveness of the control practice to be evaluated on a regular basis (BVerfGE 154, 152) . Despite four comprehensive reforms (1992, 1999, 2009 and 2016) as well as a few minor changes and without first evaluating the efficiency of these reforms, the current coalition of SPD, Greens and FDP intends to further reform the parliamentary control of the activities of the Federal Intelligence Service (BND), the Intelligence Service for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV), and the Federal Office for the Military Counterintelligence Service (MAD) . The article presents and assesses the developments to date, contains an outlook on the forthcoming reform, and names the desiderata .
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Mekhamadiev, Evgeniy. "Frontier Army of the Late Roman Empire in the Mid-4th c. A.D. (Case of Isauria and the Rhine Frontier): on the Ways of Territorial Deployment of Military Units." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, no. 1 (March 2021): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.1.2.
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Introduction. During the whole 4th c. the Late Roman frontier military units constantly took part in military campaigns against different enemies of the Empire, hovewer the author of this paper asks the question how precisely frontier military units managed their service, i.e. which functions they exercised and how they interacted to local civilian population of the province where they stood in. The author believes that a set of functions depended foremost on the location landscape. Methods and materials. The author applies the comparison approach, i.e. compares the peculiarities of two regions where the frontier armies stood: Isauria at the southeast of Asia Minor (mountain landscape) and Upper Germany at the Rhine frontier (mainly plain territory). The source accounts are “The Life of St. Conon of Isauria” (hagiography), an important inscription of Julian the Caesar (future Emperor Julian the Apostate) from Upper Germany (epigraphy) and the work of Ammianus Marcellinus “The Deeds” (Res gestae). Analysis. The author compares evidence on the military arrangement of two provinces and considers how their frontier units defended these lands from external and internal enemies, how they interacted to local population and how precisely they located in its forts. Conclusions. As a result the author concludes that the Roman administration could not place a large number of regular military units in Isauria, because this province had not enough fertile plain lands, this region suffered from the lack of food supply. The hard and cruel mountain landscape enforced to make the bands of irregular city militia – in the case of Isaurian assaults citizens formed military detachments, which were temporarily attached to regular units called vexillations. In contrast, at the Rhine frontier, where there were enough fertile flat lands, the Roman administration might place many regular units and, moreover, this region received detachments from expeditionary troops. In other words, the Roman administration had enough food supply to maintain a high number of regular frontier garrisons.
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Zaichenko, Olga. "“Russian Spy” Schweitzer: An Attempt at Biography Reconstruction. Agent of the High Military Secret Police in Warsaw (1819–1831)." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 1 (2023): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640020835-6.
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In the early 1830s, in order to wage a political and information war on Polish emigrants and the European opposition, the formation of Russian foreign intelligence as a unified state service with an extensive network of agents on the basis of the Third Section began. The head of the Russian residence in Germany from 1833 to 1839, Baron Karl Ferdinandovich von Schweitzer, was one of its founders. The structure he created, as well as the forms and methods of intelligence work he put in place, had a major impact on the subsequent development of the security services in Russia. However, little is still known about the man. Even his real name and date of birth remain unknown to scholars. He surrounded himself with secrecy already during his lifetime. This applies first and foremost to the first period of it, associated with his service with the Higher Military Secret Police in Warsaw in the 1820s. In the absence of direct evidence of his life and work, the author makes a first-ever attempt in historiography to reconstruct the circumstances of Schweitzer's biography and service in the secret police of the Viceroy of the Kingdom of Poland up to 1831, based on circumstantial evidence. Using the example of Schweitzer's undercover work, the author attempts to reconstruct the structure of the Russian foreign intelligence service, methods of conspiracy, recruitment, surveillance and analytical processing of the information obtained. The article also provides examples of the most successful operations in which the agent, who at that time bore the name of de Schwegrois, was involved. The study draws on archival documents of the Third Section and the Higher Military Secret Police in Warsaw, as well as memoirs of contemporaries and publications in the Polish émigré press.
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Sribnyak, Іhor, and Dmytro Hryn. "THE UKRAINIAN PARAMILITARY MOVEMENT IN THE WETZLAR CAMP, GERMANY, 1916 – THE FIRST HALF OF 1918 (ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF THE CAMP PRESS)." European Historical Studies, no. 26 (2023): 84–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2023.26.6.
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The article analyzes the peculiarities of the development of the Ukrainian paramilitary movement in the camp of Ukrainian prisoners of war Wetzlar (Germany) in 1916 – the first half of 1918, which began with the founding of the gymnastic society «Sich». Quite soon it turned into a paramilitary structure with a relatively small number of its members with a developed national worldview. Its members jointly performed gymnastic exercises accompanied by an orchestra, performed night duty in the camp, keeping an eye on fire safety. The turning point in the history of the society was December 1917, when the newly elected leadership of «Sich» took decisive measures to normalize the situation in it. The most important of his decisions was the creation of the 1st «Sich» Petro Doroshenko regiment, the appointment of centurions, chicken officers and chief of staff, the organization of training classes, ordering the regimental flag. It is obvious that the establishment and further development of the camp «Sich» was authorized by the German authorities, who hoped to strengthen their combat resources at the expense of Ukrainians, primarily in frontline operations against the Russian Imperial Army. However, these hopes were unfounded, and although some of the Sich-man was indeed enrolled in German military service, this category of campers served their time in military command posts in the Volyn lands occupied by Germany. At the same time, two transports were formed from the number of «Sich» activists and Ukrainian activists from other camp organizations, which were incorporated into the Syn’ozhupanna Division. The most significant merit of the Wetzlar «Sich» was the national awareness and organizational training of more than a thousand of its members, who were instilled with strong patriotic feelings. The «Sich» organization of captured Ukrainians in Wetzlar and the 1st «Sich» Petro Doroshenko regiment formed here became one of the foundations for the creation of the armed forces of Ukraine in the most necessary period for it – during the Ukrainian national liberation struggle of 1917–1921.
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Shamrai, B. M. "FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF MILITARY COURT FUNCTIONING AS A CONDITION OF GUARANTEE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT OF MILITARY SERVICES." Actual problems of native jurisprudence, no. 05 (December 5, 2019): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/391950.
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The article examines the experience of military courts functioning in guaranteeing the right to judicial protection to military personnel in foreign countries of the world. The countries in which the military courts operate are highlighted and the activities of these courts are analyzed in countries such as: United States of America, United Kingdom and Federal Republic of Germany. It has been found out that the presence of military courts in foreign countries is conditioned by the fact that military personnel as persons with special legal status are subject to military law in addition to general law. It has been established that the protection of the rights and freedoms of servicemen in the leading countries of the world through judicial protection is becoming more and more universal, which is explained by the high degree of democratic trial and based on the principles of court independence, transparency and openness. The analysis of the national legislation, first of all, of the Constitution of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine «On Judiciary and Status of Judges» of June 2, 2016 № 1402-VIII and considered the feasibility of functioning during a special period under the conditions of the operation of the United Forces in the system of judicial system of Ukraine military courts whose competence will be to hear cases in criminal proceedings concerning war crimes committed by military personnel, which will facilitate the practical implementation of the guarantees of the rights and freedoms of military personnel and maintaining law and order in the troops. It is established that for the effective implementation of the constitutional right of military personnel to judicial protection, especially during the special period and increasing the number of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations, the positive experience of the leading countries in which the judicial authorities act as a real guarantor of the protection of rights and freedoms is essential military personnel whose experience can be applied in Ukraine. On the basis of the conducted research the author emphasizes that military courts are a real guarantee of protection of the rights and freedoms of persons who pass military service and the possibility of applying foreign experience in Ukraine.
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KRAVETS, Nataliia. "THE ARCHIVAL-INVESTIGATIVE CASE OF VASYL PROKHODA AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 33 (2020): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2020-33-331-341.
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The archival-investigative case of Vasyl Prokhoda, a Ukrainian military, public and political figure, Lieutenant Colonel of the Ukrainian People's Republic Army, military historian, is analyzed, as it is not only an important source for studying his life but also for studying totalitarianism in the Ukrainian SSR and the USSR. The investigation clarified the circumstances of the detention and arrest of V. Prokhoda in late January - early February 1945, the vicissitudes of the investigation from February 2, 1945, to September 10, 1945. Working methods of employees of the SMERSH counterintelligence administrative departments are highlighted. Some facts of V. Prokhoda's biography are characterized: his participation in the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921, public activity during emigration to Czechoslovakia, work in construction companies during World War II. The author analyzed topics of questions of interest to investigators: military service in the Russian tsarist army on the eve and beginning of World War І; national-cultural activities in POW camps in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; participation in Ukrainian military structures during the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917–1921; struggle against the Bolshevik government in Ukraine; activities in public societies and organizations in exile in Czechoslovakia and Germany (as «Sokil», «Society of Former Soldiers of the Ukrainian People's Republic Army», «Ukrainian National Union»); work in construction companies «in favor of Germany» during World War ІІ; information on the activities of the emigration government of the Ukrainian People's Republic and relations with its leaders; «counter-revolutionary nationalist» activities of the leaders of Ukrainian emigrant organizations. The facts of V. Prokhoda's biography in the archival-investigative case and his memoirs «Zapysky nepokirlyvoho» («Notes of the Rebellious») are compared. Keywords: Vasyl Prokhoda, Ukrainian People's Republic, archival-investigative case, public activity, SMERSH, People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs.
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Rakhimov, Dilmurodjon. "SOME ISSUES OF THE LEGAL STATUS OF CIVIL SERVANTS IN UZBEKISTAN." Jurisprudence 1, no. 5 (December 15, 2021): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.jurisprudence.1.5./zwab4971.
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The article aims to analyze the legal status of civil servants in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The article examines the theories and views of domestic and foreign scholars on the legal status of civil servants and their comparative analysis. The need to regulate the legal status of civil servants in the Republic of Uzbekistan by law is based on the views of scientists, government programs and the views of heads of state. The rights, obligations and restrictions in the civil servants are analyzed due to the legislation of our country. It analyzes the functional division of the civil service in Uzbekistan into the special services of the state and the state civil service, together with the legal status of the civil servants working in them. The article notes that the special service consists of military service in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan and service in law enforcement agencies, and they are sufficiently legally regulated. The biggest problem in ensuring the legal status of civil servants is related to the state civil service and the main legal issues in this regard have been studied. The experiences of the Republic of Korea, the United Kingdom, France and Germany have been studied. The study developed a number of practical proposals and recommendations based on the theories of local and foreign scientists, the analysis and interaction of the legislation of the Republic, together with the experience of well-developed countries.
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Schlieben, Hans H. "B-8 The military SAR organization as part of the aeromedical service in the federal Republic of Germany." AeroMedical Journal 3, no. 5 (September 1988): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0894-8321(88)80129-3.
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Townshend, Charles. "Military Force and Civil Authority in the United Kingdom, 1914–1921." Journal of British Studies 28, no. 3 (July 1989): 262–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385937.
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If liberal England died strangely, no moment in its passing was more bizarre than the close encounter it experienced between the army and a political system from which the military had been banished since the seventeenth century. Habitually all but invisible at home, confining its exploits to lands without the law, and maintaining a political silence equal—though in easier circumstances—to that of the neighboring grande muette, the British army moved to the center of the public stage. It obtained a popular following. This was not merely the result of Britain's involvement in world war. Manifestations of popular militarism, albeit sporadic or marginal, were evident in the later nineteenth century. The second Boer War accelerated a shift in social attitudes. Hostility to “pro-Boers,” if not beginning to resemble the hysteria of 1914, adumbrated the response of a shaken community temporarily recovering cohesion through warlike solidarity. Most public energy was expended in mafficking, but vocal groups continued to campaign for national efficiency and universal military service. The scout movement was the precipitant of a considerable mass sentiment, solidarized by suspicion of Germany and giving back a faint but clear echo of the leagues formed to support the expansion of the German army and navy.Yet if a novel enthusiasm was eroding traditional aversion to the army, it was scarcely capable of creating a public tolerance for its involvement in domestic affairs. Unlike the navy, whose nature more or less precluded its domestic employment, the army was a suspect weapon. The cultivation of nonpolitical professionalism represented in part a functional response to such public suspicion. Modern major generals would not think of doing what their Cromwellian predecessors had done.
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Kazandjian, Dickran, Christin DeStefano, Alexander Dew, Elizabeth Hill, Katie Thoren, and Ola Landgren. "Increased Risk of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance in US Military Service Members: A Case-Control Study of 1,068 Service Members Deployed to Either Europe or Iraq, with or without Reported Burn Pit and Toxic Smoke Exposure." Blood 142, Supplement 1 (November 28, 2023): 4770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-182169.
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Background:Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) is a plasma cell disorder which may lead to and in all cases precedes multiple myeloma (MM). Although, the etiology of MGUS is unknown, multiple studies have shown an association between MGUS and pesticide exposure (Kachuri et al, Int. J. Cancer 2013). Furthermore, soldiers and First Responders may be at higher risk of developing MGUS as evidenced by a 2.4-fold increased risk for MGUS in Vietnam Veterans exposed to Agent Orange (Landgren et al, JAMA Oncol. 2015) and a 1.8-fold higher risk in World Trade Center (9/11 attacks)-exposed fire fighters compared to reference populations (Landgren et al, JAMA Oncol. 2018). US Service Members deployed to the Southwest Asia theater of military operations (e.g., Iraq and Afghanistan) may have been exposed to various airborne hazards including smoke and fumes from open burn pits (chemical, paint, munitions, petroleum, plastic, rubber, medical, human, and food waste), oil well fires, and aircraft fuel/exhaust. Researchers are currently investigating the long-term consequences from these exposures. We were motivated to determine whether US Service Members deployed to Iraq were at increased risk of developing MGUS. Methods: Serum samples and clinical data (N=1,068) were attained from the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division (AFHSD), the central epidemiologic health registry and biorepository for the US Military after IRB exemptions were granted. A total of 534 US Service Members who deployed to Iraq between January 1, 2005 and June 30, 2007 and reported burn pit exposure, smoke, burning trash, etc. on their post-deployment health assessment form (exposed cases) were matched 1:1 to 534 Members deployed to Germany (matched controls) who were never deployed to Southwest Asia and denied toxic exposure. All cases were deployed ≥ 6 months, were ≥ 35 years old at time of deployment, remained in the military ≥ 10 years and had serum available in the AFHSD repository 10 years after deployment. Matched criteria included deployment year (+/- 10 years), age (+/- 3 years), sex, service branch, military rank, and occupation category. The 10-year post-deployment samples underwent laboratory testing to screen for monoclonal protein by immunofixation (IFE) using pentavalent antisera with positive samples confirmed and typed using IFE gels (Sebia) and for serum free light chains (sFLC; Sebia) performed on the DYNEX Agility platform. IFE-positive samples underwent serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) quantification by capillary electrophoresis (Sebia). Results:The median age of exposed Service Members was 37 years (range: 35-52) and 37 years (range: 35-55) for controls (Table 1). In both cohorts, the frequency of White (64.8%), Black (18.7%), Hispanic (7.5%), and male (89%) patients were the same as was the distribution of military occupation, rank, and service branch. The median number of days deployed for exposed vs controls was 243 and 852, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between burn pit exposed and controls in the combined prevalence of MGUS (IFE+ monoclonal protein) and light chain (LC) MGUS (abnormal sFLC ratio), 6.7% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 4.8-9.2%) vs 5.4% (95% CI: 3.7-7.7%), respectively (p=0.22). Similarly, there was no difference in prevalence when assessing IFE+ or sFLC+ cases separately (Table 2). The prevalence of MGUS or LC-MGUS for all 1,068 Service Members was 6.1% (95% CI: 4.7-7.7%). Conclusion:In our cohort of 534 Service Members deployed to Iraq and exposed to burn pits and other airborne toxic hazards (cases) there was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of MGUS compared to 534 deployed to Germany (matched controls). Interestingly, the overall prevalence of MGUS/LC-MGUS in this combined deployed population was 6.1%. When taking into account that the median age at deployment was 37 years and samples were attained 10 years later (approximately at an age of 47 years), the observed prevalence is 3-fold higher than that reported in the Icelandic iStopMM study (2% in the 41-50 -year age group). Future studies are needed to further elucidate causes for the increased prevalence of MGUS/LC-MGUS in deployed US Military Service Members. This contents is the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views, opinions or policies of the US Government nor endorsement of commercial products mentioned.
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ROSE, EDWARD P. F. "MILITARY GEOLOGY: AN AMERICAN TERM OF WORLD WAR I RE-DEFINED FOR THE BRITISH ARMY AT THE END OF WORLD WAR II." Earth Sciences History 42, no. 2 (July 1, 2023): 291–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-42.2.291.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The term ‘military geology’, translated from German after earlier use in French and Spanish publications, entered the English language via American publications from 1917 onwards, initially after the USA entered World War I. It was widely used in the USA and, in direct or indirect translation, in several European countries additional to Germany and Austria thereafter, but not in the United Kingdom—although military applications of geology had been perceived and utilized by the British Army for much of the previous century. However, the term was used and its scope defined on the basis of operational experience at a meeting in Brussels on 28 February to 1 March 1945 as World War II drew to an end, a meeting seemingly unique for the War in that it comprised five ‘British’ geologist officers of field rank: the South African Major Gordon Lyall Paver, English Major Frederick William Shotton, Australian-born but Canadian-educated English Major John Leonard Farrington, English Squadron Leader John Francis Kirkaldy, and Welsh Major David Ronald Arthur Ponsford. Their purpose was to review wartime use of ‘military geology’ in the British Army, and to make recommendations for a more efficient British military geological service in the future, especially in the Far East after the war in Europe entered its final phase. The meeting generated a four-page closely-typed unpublished ‘Memorandum: Military geology in the British services’ (now preserved in England in the Lapworth Museum at the University of Birmingham and in The National Archives, Kew, near London). This included a very brief summary of the British Army’s deployment of geologists within western Europe, East Africa, the Middle East, North Africa and the Mediterranean region, and India. Those present brought together long experience from all these campaign areas except India (and the Far East in general). That deficiency was made good later in the year, on 7 December 1945, when Eric J. Bradshaw, Superintending Geologist of the Strategic Branch of the Geological Survey of India, completed an 81-page typed unpublished ‘Military geology: Memorandum of post-war policy’ (accessible in England at Birmingham, at Kew, and at the British Geological Survey, Keyworth). This with its 23 pages of appendices records details of wartime work in India and discussions held by the author there and in the United Kingdom following the end of hostilities in Europe on 8 May 1945. It re-defines the scope of ‘military geology’ for British armed forces in terms of water (resources, floods and drainage), stone and miscellaneous mineral resources, soils, engineering projects (reconnaissance, stability and excavations), terrain, ‘photo-geology’ and several miscellaneous applications. The memorandum proposed a grandiose organization of 151 geologist officers plus ancillary staff for British military geology postwar. That organizational scheme was not adopted—but by 1945 the term ‘military geology’ had clearly extended from American to significant British use.
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Zalietok, Nataliia. "SERVICE OF BRITISH AND SOVIET WOMEN IN SIGNAL CORPS DURING WORLD WAR II." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1, no. 32 (April 28, 2021): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2021-32-140-144.
Full textAbstract:
Comparison of the peculiarities of the service of the representatives of the countries of the world in different branches of the military has not found a comprehensive coverage in both domestic and foreign historiography. In the available comparisons, their authors rather briefly dwell on the general features of the policy of states with different regimes of government on the organization of women’s service in 1939-1945. However, they do not study in more detail the common and different in experiences of representatives of different states in the service of one or another branch of the military. The article examines the peculiarities of the service and life of Soviet and British women who served in signal corps during World War II. The countries were chosen not by chance, because they represent democracy and totalitarianism, respectively, and studying the experiences of women serving in their armies can deepen our knowledge of these regimes. The author concludes that the women of the USSR and Great Britain in the signal corps during World War II held positions with the same or similar responsibilities, but the everyday life of Soviet women at the front was mostly much stricter, due to the high intensity fighting. At the same time, it should not be forgotten that, despite the fact that the enemy was never able to invade Great Britain by land, its territories were subjected to massive air attacks, which posed a constant danger to the country’s inhabitants, both civilian and military. Therefore, the service of British women in the signal corps in the homeland was also associated with significant risk. Among other things, British female signals officers took part in the top-secret and extremely important for Allied troops operation “Enigma”, which resulted in the decryption of the code of the famous cipher machine of Nazi Germany. According to various estimates, the success of the operation significantly precipitated the end of World War II.
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Kasprzycki, Remigiusz. "Pacyfizm i antymilitaryzm w Europie Zachodniej w latach 1918–1939." Prace Historyczne 148, no. 3 (2021): 535–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.21.036.14012.
Full textAbstract:
Pacifism and anti-militarism in Western Europe, 1918–1939 As the consequence of the events of 1914–1918, the pacifism was on the rise in Western Europe. Societies of England, France and Germany as well as other Western European countries, set themselves the goal of preventing another war from breaking out. International congresses and conventions were organized. They were attended by peace advocates representing various social and political views, which made cooperation difficult. These meetings did not prevent the Spanish Civil War, the aggression against Abyssinia and the outbreak of World War II. In addition to moderate pacifists, Western Europe was also home to radical anti-militarists who believed that way to the world peace led through the abolition of military service. The pacifists in Britain and France were satisfied with their politicians’ submissiveness and indecision toward Hitler during the 1930s. Pacifism and radical anti-militarism also fitted perfectly into the plans of the Comintern. With its help, the USSR weakened the military potential of Western Europe.