Relevant bibliographies by topics / Germany – International – Israel

Academic literature on the topic 'Germany – International – Israel'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Germany – International – Israel"

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Bikard, Arielle Fridson. "Reading Mirrors: Reception of the Israeli Wall in the German Media, 2003-2004." German Politics and Society 29, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 25–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2011.290102.

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In what way does national history shape the interpretation of international events in that country's media? Germany has always had a particularly sensitive and complex relationship with Israel. The Holocaust left such a scar on German identity that the country cannot consider Israel without confronting its own history. In Israel, Germany sees a “reflection“ of its own historical and symbolic space. In this article, I draw together a close reading of major German newspapers with more interdisciplinary theoretical perspectives in order to illuminate the mechanism of what I call “mirror reading,“ and especially to reveal its workings during what I consider a key shift in the discourse on German identity. The German print media, which I treat as the activating agent in German narration of national identity, plays a central role in this reflection by projecting national symbols onto Israel. In particular, I identify the initial reception of the Israeli wall (2003-2004) as a turning point in the debate on German self-understanding after the Holocaust. I establish that there are two extremes in a continuum of how German national history can frame the Israeli wall, one making Germany an active agent and the other a passive one. Employing national symbols in the media distorts the domestic perception of foreign events. My study casts a first light on this little understood—but nonetheless crucial—phenomenon.
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Herf, Jeffrey. "“At War with Israel”: East Germany’s Key Role in Soviet Policy in the Middle East." Journal of Cold War Studies 16, no. 3 (July 2014): 129–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00450.

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The Middle East was one of the crucial battlefields of the global Cold War between the Soviet Union and the West; it was also a region in which East Germany played a salient role in the Soviet bloc’s antagonism toward Israel. From 1953, when the German Democratic Republic (GDR) signed its first trade agreement with Egypt, until 1989, when the Communist regime in the GDR collapsed, East Germany opposed the state of Israel and supported Israel’s enemies in the Arab world, providing arms, training, and other support to countries and terrorist groups that sought to destroy Israel. From the mid-1960s until 1989, but especially from 1967 to the mid-1980s, both the Soviet Union and the GDR were in an undeclared state of war against Israel.
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Elias, Nelly. "LIVING IN GERMANY, LONGING FOR ISRAEL." East European Jewish Affairs 35, no. 2 (December 2005): 167–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501670500370181.

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Sullivan, Rory. "Germany and Israel: Whitewashing and Statebuilding." Asian Affairs 51, no. 3 (May 26, 2020): 698–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2020.1794589.

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Pande, Vivek. "A comparative study of reciprocity in international physician licensing." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing 8, no. 3 (August 26, 2014): 265–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijphm-06-2014-0031.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the international mobility of physicians by comparing the regulations governing the practice of foreign physicians in the USA and eight other countries. Design/methodology/approach – This is a comparative study of the regulations governing the practice of foreign physicians in eight countries: China, India, the Philippines, the UK, Germany, Denmark, Israel and Australia. Their requirements are then contrasted with the USA’s requirements for foreign physician licensure to evaluate the extent of reciprocity among these countries. We conclude the paper by outlining some recommendations to increase the international mobility of physicians in the future. Findings – The results indicate that licensure for US physicians to practice in the nations above ranges from impossible (India), to difficult (China), to moderately difficult (the UK, Germany and Denmark), to easy and completely reciprocal (Australia, Israel and the Philippines). Originality/value – The results and recommendations in this study are a valuable starting point for further research and policy changes that will ensure a more reciprocal relationship between the USA and other countries, in terms of opportunities for international medical practice.
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KOSTRZEWA-ZORBAS, Grzegorz. "GERMAN REPARATIONS TO POLAND FOR WORLD WAR II ON GLOBAL BACKGROUND." National Security Studies 14, no. 2 (December 19, 2018): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37055/sbn/132131.

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No other country in the world suffered a greater measurable and verifiable loss of human and material resources than Poland during World War II in 1939-1945. According to the first approximation, the value of human and material losses inflicted to Poland by Nazi Germany amounts to 6.495 trillion US dollars of 2018.However, Poland never received war reparations from Germany. The article is a preliminary survey of the complex issue – conducted in an interdisciplinary way combining elements of legal, economic, and political analysis, because the topic belongs to the wide and multidisciplinary field of national and international security. Refuted in the article is an internationally popular myth that communist Poland unilaterally renounced German war reparations in 1953. Then the article discusses the global background of the topic in the 20th and 21st centuries – in particular, the case of Greece whose reparations claims Germany rejects like the Polish claims, and major cases of reparations actually paid: by Germany for World War I, by Germany to Israel and Jewish organizations for the Holocaust, by Japan for World War II – at 966 billion US dollars of 2018, the largest reparations ever – and by and Iraq for the Gulf War. The article concludes with a discussion of necessary further research with advanced methodology of several sciences, and of a possible litigation before the International Court of Justice – or a diplomatic solution to the problem of war reparations.
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Stern, Fritz, and Lily Gardner Feldman. "The Special Relationship between West Germany and Israel." Foreign Affairs 63, no. 4 (1985): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20042324.

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TANKLEVSKA, Nataliya, Alla KARNAUSHENKO, and Victoriya PETRENKO. "Israeli experience of post-war reconstruction of the economy." Scientific Bulletin of Flight Academy. Section: Economics, Management and Law 6 (2022): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33251/2707-8620-2022-6-20-28.

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Objective. The main objective of this article was to study the Israeli experience of post-war economic reconstruction and to define the factors effecting the growth and development of the economy of Israel. Methods. We used such general and specific methods as comparison, analysis, synthesis, graphic method and grouping in order to gain this objective. Results. As a result of this research we defined the main indicators of economic development of Israel and its position in world ratings. We also defined the main indicators of development of Israel as a state, among which are international support, issue of government bonds, reparation from Germany, and development of the New Economic policy, establishment of the Israeli Military Force culture and inflow of human resources. Launching of major infrastructure projects played a significant role in economic recovery, such as water supply system construction, sea ports and processing plants. Moreover, state supported agriculture and light industry. The economy of Israel is highly developed due to support to research and development achievements made by scientists, thus, it is based on gaining new knowledge and its practical implementation. The basis for Israel’s economic miracle is science, the development and implementation of new technologies with their further adaption for real manufacturing. Israel’s experience is a valuable example of post-war reconstruction of a country and the way to bring the country out of ruins. It is worth taking Israeli experience into account while developing Ukraine’s Marshall Plan when it goes about taxation, state production support, human capital accumulation, development of innovations and their implementation into processing industry. Scientific novelty. In the research the authors proved that the phenomenon of Israel’s economic miracle is unique and its experience is a positive example of how to make the economy innovative out of nothing. Practical significance. The research defined the factors effecting the establishment of the economy of Israel. These factors may be used in the Ukrainian reality, while developing the recovery plan. Key words: economy competitiveness, innovative economy, technology and innovation, post-war reconstruction, international experience, global economy, development.
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Ivanov, Aleksandr. "Something there is that doesn’t love a wall… (Notes on the 16th Venice Architecture Biennale 2018)." Judaic-Slavic Journal, no. 1 (2) (2019): 148–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2658-3364.2019.1.1.5.

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The article reviews two exhibitions presented at the Israeli and German pavilions at the 2018 Venice Architecture Biennale,where the 16th International Architecture Exhibition was themed and titled as FREESPACE.The Manifesto,written by Yvonne Farrell and Shelley McNamara, the chief curators of the Biennale, proclaimed, among other things, that FREESPACE provides its participants with «…freedom to imagine the free space of time and memory, binding past, present and future together, building on inherited cultural layers, weaving the archaic with the contemporary…» In accordance with the Manifesto, the curators of the Israeli exhibition named In Statu Quo: Structures of Negotiation attempted to deconstruct, in the historical and architectural perspective,the stages of interfaith struggle for holy sites in Israel and on the West Bank of the Jordan River. The German exhibition Unbuilding Walls was dedicated to the twenty-eighth anniversary of the destruction of the Berlin Wall. One of its key exhibits was the visual installation Wall of Opinions, composed of video interviews with residents of various countries, including Israel, where demarcation lines (all kinds of walls, fences, barriers) still exist today, turning «free spaces» into exclusion zones. Both exhibitions convincingly showed the political and social problems that the modern society faces when attempting to create «free spaces» for informal interaction between diverse ethnic and social groups in different countries. Moreover, the exhibition of the Israeli pavilion clearly points at the hidden dangers of new demarcation barriers when the sides of interethnic and interconfessional conflicts fail to reach an agreement about the status of one or another place, while the curators from Germany, symbolically dismantling the global walls of misunderstanding, give us hope to overcome such problems.
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Becke, Johannes. "Undeclared wars with Israel. East Germany and the West German Far Left, 1967–1989." Journal of Israeli History 37, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13531042.2019.1631999.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Germany – International – Israel"

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LLORCA, Sébastien. "French and German foreign policy with regard to Israel-Palestine, 1998-2005." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/10465.

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Defence date: 14 December 2007
Examining Board: Prof. Bertrand Badie, (IEP Paris and CERI) ; Prof. Martin Beck, (GIGA Institute of Middle East Studies) ; Prof. Friedrich Kratochwil, (EUI) ; Prof. Pascal Vennesson, (EUI)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Palestine between 1998 and 2005. Special attention is also drawn to the period of Sharon’s mandate and the Al-Aqsa Intifada (2001-2005). The thesis has two main objectives. The first is to draw a clearer picture of the ways in which French and German foreign policy towards Israel- Palestine has been socially constructed. The second is to better understand the reasons why France and Germany, key powers at the heart of the EU, did not furnish the efforts required in order to broker a peace deal in the Middle East that lived up to their own - as well as the EU’s - rhetoric and official 'dedication' to the conflict. First, I consider the respective processes of foreign policy making in France and Germany. After examining bilateral relations between France, Germany, Israel and the Palestinian Authority, I shed some light on the evolution of French and German national ‘positions’ and identify those who have played an important role in shaping this process. Subsequently, I propose to evaluate how foreign policy makers and leaders eventually take decisions. I therefore highlight major domestic and external sources of influence, and study how foreign policy makers prioritise among conflicting interests and such influential factors. Finally, I suggest in what respect these actors gave, or failed to give, their national diplomacy a vision, a strategy and solid boundaries within which to work. At first sight, it might be said that the dominant role of the United States in the Middle East, combined with internal divisions in Europe, in large part explain the weakness of France, Germany and the EU in the Middle East diplomatic arena between 1998 and 2005. However, my research also specifically tests the hypothesis that the collective memory of the Holocaust, its contemporary use and its cultural domestic meaning, in both France and Germany, have been central and even decisive in the elaboration of their respective positions. The set of norms and values linked to collective memory and shared by key decision-makers has constituted a major paralysing factor. In other words, a sense of historical responsibility and of Israeli 'exceptionalism' has developed in France and Germany. This has shaped the perception of the conflict and prevented both countries, and the EU itself, from playing a more pro-active role in the peace negotiations. From a theoretical perspective, this research contributes to foreign policy analysis in the field of International Relations. In addition, the focus on the social construction of a particular foreign policy clearly places this research in the constructivist tradition. However, the thesis is not primarily designed as an argument in favour or against a particular approach. Neither is the conflict merely a ‘case-study’, aimed at highlighting the weaknesses of any pre-conceived theoretical concepts or tools. The objective is to demonstrate the ways in which a particular set of norms and values, both in France and in Germany, may exert a decisive influence at various stages of the foreign policy making process.
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PATALAKH, ARTEM. "SOFT POWER REVISITED: HOW ATTRACTION WORKS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/579396.

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This thesis problematises the bases of soft power, that is, causal mechanisms connecting the agent (A) and the subject (B) of a power relationship. As the literature review reveals, their underspecification by neoliberal IR scholars, the leading proponents of the soft power concept, has caused a great deal of scholarly confusion over such questions as how to clearly differentiate between hard and soft power, how attraction (soft power’s primary mechanism) works and what roles structural and relational forces play in hard/soft power. In an effort to ascertain the bases, I address this issue not from the viewpoint of A’s policies or resources, like do IR neoliberal scholars, but in terms of B’s psychological perception of A. Employing social psychological accounts, I argue that attraction can be produced in three distinct ways, namely 1) through B’s identification with A (“emotional” attraction), 2) via B’s appreciation of A’s competence/knowledge in a particular field (“rational” attraction) and 3) by means of the activation of B’s internalised values which contextually prescribe B to act in A’s favour (“social” attraction). Importantly, depending upon the way attraction is produced, it is peculiar in a number of characteristics, the main of which are power scope, weight and durability. Insights from social psychology also show that unlike soft power, hard power requires not only B’s relevant perception of the A-B relationship (as coercive or rewarding), but also A’s capability to actualise a threat of punishment and/or a promise of reward. I argue this difference can be fairly treated as definitional rather than empirical, which implies that coercion and reward necessarily have both relational and structural dimensions, whereas for attraction, a structural one alone suffices, while a relational one may or may not be present. Having explicated the soft power bases, I illustrate each of them using three “most likely” case studies, namely Serbia’s policies towards Russia (emotional attraction), Kazakhstan’s approach to relations with the EU (rational attraction) and Germany’s policies vis-à-vis Israel (social attraction).
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Brüggemann, Marc. "Der Sechstagekrieg und seine Folgen. Die Berichterstattung über palästinensischen Terrorismus gegen Israel und das Münchener Olympia-Attentat." HATiKVA e.V. – Die Hoffnung Bildungs- und Begegnungsstätte für Jüdische Geschichte und Kultur Sachsen, 2016. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34768.

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Salitan, Laurie P. "An analysis of Soviet Jewish emigration in the 1970s." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f984e4b9-f578-4ee9-89d5-b26a65cca29b.

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Domestic, not foreign affairs drove Soviet policy on Jewish emigration during the period of 1968-1989. This study challenges the prevailing view that fluctuating levels of exit from the USSR were correlated to the climate of relations between the USA and the USSR. The analysis also considers Soviet-German emigration for comparative perspective. Extensive historical background, with special emphasis on Soviet nationality policy is provided.
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Orbach, Lila B. "The role of the meda in international affairs : an analysis of the media's role in relations between West Germany and Israel." 1988. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/2478.

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Books on the topic "Germany – International – Israel"

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1950-, Brugger Winfried, and Karayanni Michael Mousa, eds. Religion in the public sphere: A comparative analysis of German, Israeli, American and international law. Berlin: Springer, 2007.

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German-Israeli Joint Committee. The German-Israeli inter-ministerial research programme: Conclusions of the evaluation committees and the future of research cooperation. S.l: Bundesminsterium fur Bildung und Forschung, 1999.

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Horst, Schröder Johannes, Bauer Johann 1941-, and Schartl Manfred, eds. Trends in ichthyology: An international perspective : with 38 contributions from Austria, Canada, China, Germany, Hungary, Iraq, Israel, Mexico, Russia, USA. Neuherberg: GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, GmBH, 1993.

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Emotional diplomacy: Official emotion on the international stage. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2015.

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American Bar Association. Section of Corporation, Banking, and Business Law. and American Bar Association. Division of Professional Education., eds. International loan workouts and bankruptcies: Protecting loans and investments in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Egypt, England, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, The Netherlands, Switzerland, Venezuela. [Chicago, Ill.]: American Bar Association, 1994.

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American Bar Association. Section of Corporate, Banking and Business Law. and American Bar Association. Division of Professional Education., eds. International loan workouts and bankruptcies: Protecting loans and investments in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Egypt, England, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Venezuela. [Chicago]: American Bar Association, 1987.

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U.S.R.I. Member Committee, Federal Republic of Germany., International Union of Radio Science. General Assembly, and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, eds. Activities in radio science in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1984-1986: Report to International Union of Radio Science, XXIIth General Assembly, Tel Aviv, Israel, August/September 1987. Darmstadt: The Committee, 1987.

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Germany's foreign policy of reconciliation: From enmity to amity. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2012.

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Altenmüller, Georg Hartmut. German-Israeli scientific cooperation, impressions and experiences. Bonn, Germany: Federal Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Technology, 1995.

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Albert, Somit, ed. The Victorious incumbent: A threat to democracy? Aldershot [England]: Dartmouth, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Germany – International – Israel"

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Cohen-Blaser, Cécile, and Gisela Dachs. "Transferability of the Franco-German Model in the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict." In Frontiers in International Relations, 121–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55144-5_9.

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Gavison, Ruth. "Days of Worship and Days of Rest: A View from Israel." In Religion in the Public Sphere: A Comparative Analysis of German, Israeli, American and International Law, 379–414. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73357-7_11.

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Frowein, Jochen A. "Religion and Religious Symbols in European and International Law." In Religion in the Public Sphere: A Comparative Analysis of German, Israeli, American and International Law, 243–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73357-7_7.

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Heinig, Hans Michael. "The Headscarf of a Muslim Teacher in German Public Schools." In Religion in the Public Sphere: A Comparative Analysis of German, Israeli, American and International Law, 181–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73357-7_5.

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Medina, Barak. "Does the Establishment of Religion Justify Regulating Religious Activities? — The Israeli Experience." In Religion in the Public Sphere: A Comparative Analysis of German, Israeli, American and International Law, 299–332. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73357-7_9.

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Karayanni, Michael. "The “Other” Religion and State Conflict in Israel: On the Nature of Religious Accommodations for the Palestinian-Arab Minority." In Religion in the Public Sphere: A Comparative Analysis of German, Israeli, American and International Law, 333–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73357-7_10.

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Koenig, Matthias. "Religion and Public Order in Modern Nation-States: Institutional Varieties and Contemporary Transformations." In Religion in the Public Sphere: A Comparative Analysis of German, Israeli, American and International Law, 3–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73357-7_1.

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Golan, Ofra G. "Human Rights and Religious Duties: Informed Consent to Medical Treatment under Jewish Law." In Religion in the Public Sphere: A Comparative Analysis of German, Israeli, American and International Law, 415–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73357-7_12.

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Weiner, Mark S. "Neutrality Between Church and State: Mission Impossible?" In Religion in the Public Sphere: A Comparative Analysis of German, Israeli, American and International Law, 437–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73357-7_13.

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Eberle, Edward J. "A Comment on Mark Weiner’s “Neutrality Between Church and State: Mission Impossible”." In Religion in the Public Sphere: A Comparative Analysis of German, Israeli, American and International Law, 453–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73357-7_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Germany – International – Israel"

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Knoller, S., and N. Savion. "MODULATION OF ANTITHROMBIN III ACTIVITY AND ANTITHROMBIN III-THROMBIN COMPLEXES BINDING TO CULTURED CELLS BY MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST ANTITHROMBIN III." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644361.

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Two monoclonal antibodies (mAb's) against antithrombin III (ATIII) were characterized with respect to their ability to interfere with ATIII activity. AT III activity was measured by its ability to inhibit the amidolitic activity of thrombin on the substrate BCP-100. Incubation of 150 ng of ATIII with 28pg mAb A36R2 prior to addition of 50 ng thrombin totally abolishes the inhibitory effect of ATIII on thrombin. Incubation of 200ng of ATIII with 10 μg of mAb B26R4 prior to addition of 75 ng thrombin raises the inhibitory effects of ATIII from 37% to 100%. We examined the effect of these mAb's on binding of antithrombin III-thrombin (ATIII-Th) complexes to bovine corneal endothelial cells. 120 pg/ml mAb's are reacted with 2 μg/ml ATIII-Th complexes prior to their addition to the cells. mAb A36R2 completely blocks ATIII-Th complexes binding. In contrast, mAb B26R4 enhances binding up to 250% of the control binding.We conclude that mAb A36R2 prevents binding of thrombin to ATIII by recognizing an epitope on ATIII close to thrombin binding site or that its binding to ATIII induces a conformational change in the thrombin binding site thus it no longer recognizes thrombin. mAb B26R4 has a heparin-like effect on ATIII: Its binding to ATIII induces conformational changes which improve thrombin binding to ATIII. There is a correlation between inhibition and enhancement of thrombin binding to ATIII and of ATIII-Th complexes binding to cells by the two mAb's. These mAb's may provide a new tool to control the activity of ATIII and to identify the cellular binding site on the ATIII-Th complex.This research was supported by a grant from the National Council for Research and Development, Israel and G.S.F. München, Germany.
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Savion, N., A. Gamliel, and N. Farzame. "THROMBIN INTERACTION WITH CULTURED AORTIC AND CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS: BINDING, INTERNALIZATION, DEGRADATION AND RELEASE OF PROTEASE NEXINS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644734.

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Thrombin (Th) binds specifically to confluent cultures of bovine aortic (ABAE) and brain capillary (BBC) endothelial cells. Saturation of 125I-Th binding is observed after 1 h exposure to the ligand and at an extracellular concentration of 0.5 and 1.0 µg/ml for ABAE and BBC cells, respectively. Under optimal conditions both ABAE and BBC cultures bind about 2 to 5 ng/106 cells, which represents about 20% of Th binding.to bovine corneal endothelial (BCE) cells. The cell associated 125I-Th in ABAE and BBC cells is internalized and degraded as described in BCE cells. The nature of the cell associated radioactivity is analyzed on SDS-polyacrylamide -gel electrophoresis and in ABAE and BBC cells about 30% of the I-Th appears in a complex with protease nexin I (PN I) while in BCE cells about 70% of the binding is mediated by PN I. ABAE cells possess 3 types of complexes, one which appears only on the cell surface with a molecular weight of 78 kDa, and two other complexes which appear only in the conditioned medium (CM) with molecular weights of 84 and 85 kDa. BBC and BCE cells demonstrate only one type of complex with a molecular weight of 77 kDa which appears both on the cell surface and in the CM. Preincubation of BCE cultures in the presence of Th is known to up-regulate the amount of PN I on the cell surface and in the CM, but this Th induced up-regulation effect is not observed in ABAE or BBC cells.The results described above indicate a difference between ABAE and BBC cells although both cell types growunder similar conditins and demonstrate similar morphological appearance. However, in both vascular endothelial cell types the total amount of PN I and its metabolism is relatively small compared to corneal endothelial cells. It, therefore, may indicate the lower capacity of vascular endothelial cells to control serine proteases activity at or near their cell surfaces as compared to corneal endothelial cells. This research was supported by a grant from the NationalCouncil for Research and Development, Israel and G.S.F. Munchen, Germany
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"Learning Entrepreneurship through Virtual Multicultural Teamwork." In InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4364.

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[This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the 2019 issue of the journal Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, Volume 16] Aim/Purpose: This paper explores the benefits and challenges of experiencing virtual multi-cultural teamwork in order to learn entrepreneurship. Background: Entrepreneurial eco-system usually requires working in international, virtual multi-cultural diverse teams. Higher education institutes are trying to educate future generation of entrepreneurs, coping with challenges derived from the virtual work and cultural diversity. Prior research shows that traditional learning is not effective for entrepreneurial education. Methodology: An explorative study was conducted based on the BIPA project, a Bavarian (German)-Israeli Partnership Accelerator, which was held four times between 2015 and 2017. The project aims to experience entrepreneurial virtual multicultural teamwork via co-creation of tailored-solutions for challenges of German or Israeli corporates. Retrospective interviews with participants were held after finishing their mission, and analyzed. Contribution: This research contributes to the body of knowledge about multicultural diverse participants in virtual entrepreneurial environments, in order to work together. This situation raises new challenges, due to the combination of multicultural teamwork and the use of virtual communication. Findings: The multicultural teamwork was a trigger to participate, specifically in the con-text of entrepreneurship studies with those two cultures, German and Israeli, which were found by participants as complementary, stimulating and fruitful, although challenging. Through experience, participants improved their entrepreneurial skills and mindset. The major teamwork challenges that were found included conflicts concerning free-riding, as well as communication challenges, due to virtual, language and cultural communication competencies. Recommendations for Practitioners: At a practical level, results can be useful for global companies, showing the benefits of virtual teamwork of employees in different locations, both in terms of reducing expenses and improving innovation. Moreover, managers can motivate employees by highlighting personal benefits, such as cultural awareness and improving their entrepreneurial skills and mindset. In addition, faculty may use this kind of experience to enhance entrepreneurial learning skills and mindset. Recommendations for Researchers : At the theoretical level, this research advances the body of knowledge of entrepreneurial multicultural teamwork in a virtual environment. In this research, the teams worked for a short time together (14 weeks) and had a week of face-to-face interaction with their team members. It is recommended to examine long-term teamwork, and how it affects teamwork challenges, as well as entrepreneurial learning. This research found the combination of German-Israeli cultures as stimulating entrepreneurial teamwork. It is recommended to examine other cultural combinations in teams, in order to be able to generalize findings. Impact on Society: Understanding the needs, benefits, and challenges of entrepreneurial multicultural teams working in a virtual environment can be useful to current global entrepreneurial eco-system, which is commonly using this kind of teamwork. Future Research: ‎This study included teams from two cultures: German and Israeli. Research must be expanded to different cultures and to groups compounded from more than two cultures. Moreover, the combination of virtual communication and face-to-face meetings in different milestones during the timeline of the teamwork must be further examined, especially in longer projects.
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Singaram, Muthu, Vr Muraleedhran, Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam Sivaprakasam, and Shashwat Pathak. "Monetization Canvas Framework to Efficiently Assess the Impact of Research Outcome." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001509.

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In the current dynamically changing demands and aspirations of populations across the globe, nations are putting up impetus on innovations and entrepreneurship. There is huge disparity in demand as third world countries are struggling to fulfil the demands and developed nations are poised to fulfil aspirations while maintaining a balance with existing demands. Global economy has always been driven by innovation and in line with the Paris Agreement to create a sustainable business in different sectors while being responsible towards climate change. Inclusion of different policies such as Internal Carbon disclosure and policies to promote them through rebates at various levels. Adoption of science-based targets in sustainability is a buzz word these days. While these practices are creating a niche for the responsible organizations and nations, core still remains at development of innovative solutions to meet both demand and aspirations. Economies across the globe are spending a significant amount of their budget, after defense and healthcare, on research and development which acts like a pillar for this economic growth. It is significant to mention that the budget expenditure on research and development attracts a lot of attention and governments across the globe face wrath due to low percentage of return on investment. This happens majorly because the framework to assess the outcome of this investment is very vague and is scenario specific. It depends on many factors such as human resource, state of infrastructure, identifying needs, projection of need and many more. To understand the issue better we first need to gather information regarding the total spending by different nations from different strata of the economy. It helps us to understand that there is an urgent need to narrow down on outcome-based research, rather than lurking for some miracle to happen. A well-structured outcome-based framework, which is easy to adopt while framing the policies needs to be in place which can assess the impact and hence help in carving out the policies further. At least ninety countries around the world spent more than USD50 million based on Wikipedia (2022). The top ten countries spent over USD38 billion. The United States, China, Japan, Germany, India and South Korea amount to 70 % of the global Research and Development (R&D) spent, while the United States and China account for 50% of the spending. Based on The World Bank (2022) South. Korea and Israel are well ahead in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) spending on research the two largest economies U.S. and China are lacking in terms of GDP percentage. A report by the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) (2015) reports not much impact on the economy of government funded R&D. Private R&D funding had an impact on the economy and University Research did have an impact. It also reports that private funding had a better impact on basic research compared to applied research. This paper describes a research monetization canvas to enhance research output in particular academic institutions.
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Seidl, S. "SCREENING PROCEDURES TO PREVENT TRANSMISSION OF HEPATITIS B, NON-A,NON-B, AND AIDS BY BLOOD TRANSFUSION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644753.

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Although the number of infectious agents capable of being transmitted through blood and blood products is vast, only a few cause problems in recipients of a magnitude which warrants the need for screening tests. The most important agents are Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis non-A,non-B (HNANB) - agents causing posttransfusion hepatitis (PTH) and the human immundeficiency viruses (HIV) responsible for transfusion associated AIDS (TAA).PTH: Prospective studies in open-heart-surgery patients demonstrated a high prevalence (8-17%) *in Spain, Italy, the United States and Israel whereas low percentages (2-5%) were observed in Australia, Finland and West-Germany. Among haemophiliacs acute and chronic hepatitis is a rather frequent complication. Serologic markers of HBV infection have been observed in the majority of patients. Since HBsAg screening has been introduced most cases of PTH (>90%) are due to infection with HNANB-agents. For this type of hepatitis no specific assay exists. It has been suggested that surrogate tests (ALT, anti-HBc screening) might serve as interim screening measure. In prospective studies in the USA a correlation has been observed between donor ALT and recipient hepatitis, but not more than 30% of PTH can be prevented at a loss of 1,5 to 3,0% of the donor population. Similar data have been reported when blood donors were screened for anti-HBc. There was a significantly higher incidence of PTH in recipients receiving at least one unit of anti HBc positive blood. This was recently confirmed in a study in which patients received blood with ALT-levels below 30 IU/ml. The incidence of HNANB was 2,1% after transfusion with anti HBc negative blood whereas 10,1% developed HNANB when anti HB positive blood was transfused (P=< 0.0001). However, these two markers (ALT, anti HBc) do not identify the same NANB carrier population. - ALT screening and testing for anti-HBc have been recently instituted in the USA as “surrogate tests” for detecting HNANB carriers.TAA: Among the total number of AIDS cases there ist a small percentage caused by transfusion of blood and blood products. In the USA approximately 2% of TAA have been reported, 1 % of AIDS patients are haemophiliacs but the majority of haemophiliacs are HIV-antibody positive. According to a survey of the Council of Europe (March 1986) the percentages of HIV positive European haemophiliacs varies between 4 to 8% (Belgium, Norway) and 30 to 60% in other European countries. The number of TAA-cases is around 1%, AIDS among European haemophiliacs has been observed up to 5% of the total AIDS cases. - Screening for HIV antibodies in blood donors was introduced in most European countries and the USA in early summer 1985, but several thousands of recipients of HIV positive blood (issued before) are now virus carriers. This has been confirmed in “look back” programmes: A substantial number of recipient (50 to 90%) has been found to be HIV positive.-A major disadvantage of the HIV antibody test is the fact that antibodies appear several weeks after infection. The gap between infection and detecting HIV antibodies may be reduced by an antigen test, which recognizes the HIV infection as early as two weeks after infection. - The recent detection of HIV 2 implies the necessity of developing tests for the identification of variants of HIV.
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Guillot, E., M. Epstein, C. Wieckert, G. Olalde, A. Steinfeld, S. Sante´n, U. Frommherz, S. Kra¨upl, and T. Osinga. "Solar Carbothermic Production of Zinc From Zinc Oxide: Solzinc." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76015.

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In late 2004, the pilot Solzinc solar reactor was commissioned. The European Union and the Swiss Federal Office of Science and Education are funding this project to demonstrate the technical feasibility and the economical potential of producing Zn by reducing zinc oxide with the aid of concentrated solar energy and a small amount of carbon at a close to industrial scale. The zinc can be used as a means to store solar energy in a chemical way, e.g. suited to release electricity in Zinc-air fuel cells. This allows on demand use, boosting the availability of solar energy. Furthermore, as the Zinc-air fuel cells’ waste is ZnO, we get a cyclic process by reducing this ZnO in the Solzinc solar reactor. Numerous lab tests and numerical studies of the chemical and thermal behavior of the solar carbothermic ZnO reduction process were conducted by the Swiss Paul Scherrer Institute, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, the Israeli Weizmann Institute and the French CNRS Processes, Materials and Solar Energy laboratory. An indirectly heated beam-down reactor concept was chosen and influencing parameters, such as the type of carbon, the stoichiometry of the ZnO-C mix and the process temperature were explored. Based on these findings the technology was scaled up for the pilot plant for about 0.25 MW solar input leading to a designed zinc production rate of 50kg/h. The Swedish company ScanArc Plasma Systems AB developed a special quench system to produce zinc dust directly from the gaseous zinc exhausted from the solar reactor. The dust’s characteristics were adapted to the requirements of the Zn-air fuel cells developed by the German company ZOXY Energy System AG. The resulting zinc can be easily stored and transported for generating electricity as needed. In 2004, the pilot reactor, the quench system and extensive instrumentation were installed at the Weizmann Institute’s solar facilities to process batches of up to 500 kg of ZnO-C mixture. After cold testing of the installation and fulfilling all safety requirements, the first batches were processed. This paper explores the results of the commissioning to show the technical feasibility of this process to produce zinc and to store solar energy.
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