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Havlíček, Marek, Aleš Vyskočil, Martin Caletka, Zbyněk Sviták, Miriam Dzuráková, Hana Skokanová, and Marta Šopáková. "History of Using Hydropower in the Moravice River Basin, Czechia." Water 14, no. 6 (March 15, 2022): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14060916.
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Water-powered facilities (WPFs) have traditionally been a pillar of the economy and social development. Therefore, the state took an interest in having these objects recorded and mapped in relevant maps and registers. This article focuses on identifying and localizing WPFs in the Moravice River basin in the so-called Sudetenland, Czechia, between the years 1763 and 2021. Specifically, the evolution and (dis)continuity of the WPFs are assessed through an analysis of cartographic and archival sources, reflecting the wider socioeconomic and demographic context as explanatory variables. The cartographic sources included old military topographic maps of Austria-Hungary and Czechoslovakia from four periods (the mid-18th century, mid-19th century, end of the 19th century, and mid-20th century) on the one hand and two state water-powered facility registers from 1930 and 1953 on the other. The archival sources included funds from regional and state archives. The results show that the count of WPFs peaked during the 19th century, after which there occurred a steep decline caused by societal and economic changes, namely, the expulsion of the local German population, nationalization in the postwar period, and economic and organizational transformations in the socialist era. Special attention is paid to hydropower plants, whose evolution reflects the outlined economic processes.
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Meskhi, Besarion, Svetlana Ponomareva, Olga Fedotova, Haykaz Hovhannisyan, and Vladimir Latun. "Digitized German editions of the 18th - 19th centuries as non-academic sources of Armenology: history reflected in postmodernity." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 11015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127311015.
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The article discusses the problems of using archival materials and old editions in order to familiarize themselves with the history and culture of individual countries. Using the example of the practice of postmodern technology for digitizing non-academic historical documents by German authors, it is shown that they constitute a significant resource for expanding knowledge in the field of cultural studies, educational history, historical geography due to the presence of a text array and visual range. Visual imagery includes a wide range of artifacts, including national and military clothing, national symbols, historical geopolitical maps. Digitized editions of the 18th and 19th centuries, devoted to the problems of the history and culture of the Armenian people, being descriptive material, make a great contribution to the formation of a new scientific direction in Armenology. They allow you to get acquainted with authentic historical documents containing information about the geopolitical, historical, social, cultural, philosophical and pedagogical problems of the Caucasus in the 18th century. and XIX centuries. The article shows that subsequent scientific research on the problems of the history of the peoples of the Caucasus did not become widely known due to the lack of available digitalized historical sources containing the works of both Armenian and foreign authors.
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Pchelov, Evgeniy V. "The Color Scheme of the Russian Titular Coats of Arms of the 17th – Early 18th Century." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2022): 651–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-3-651-661.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the color scheme of the Russian titular coats of arms of the 17th – early 18th century. Until late 17th century, the color scheme of coats of arms did not matter, since the emblems of the titular objects themselves were depicted on seals, for which they were created. However, by the end of the 17th century, these emblems began to acquire increasingly heraldic appearance. An important stage on this path was creation of the “Titulyarnik” in 1672. In this book, the titular coats of arms were presented in color, but this colorization was not of heraldic nature. Only two coats of arms borrowed from Western European heraldry had a coat of arms coloring. Otherwise, the coats of arms of the “Titulyarnik” looked more like color illustrations than coats of arms in the truest sense of the word. The color of the coats of arms on the golden plate of Alexei Mikhailovich made by master Y. Frobos in 1675 was equally conditional. Here the color scheme of the coats of arms performed functions of symmetry in the overall pictorial composition. On the charters of the turn of the 18th century, titular coats of arms were drawn following the model of the “Titulyarnik.” However, at the turn 1710s, the colorization of the titular coats of arms appeared on the charters (although the previous tradition also persisted for some time). The description of coats of arms in color was first presented in Russian in “The Core of Russian History” written in mid-1710s in Sweden. The authorship of this book remains debatable. The description of the coats of arms from “The Core of Russian History” finds almost exact analogies in the images of coats of arms on charters starting from 1710, and also repeats the coloring from the corrected drawings of I.-G. Korb, published together with descriptions of the titular coats of arms in the German publications in 1708 and 1710. Apparently, the colorization of the titular coats of arms was associated with the provincial and military reforms of Peter the Great. It is significant that azur became the main heraldic color for the shields of the titular coats of arms. Gueles did not occupy a dominant position. In general, the color scheme of the coats of arms of the Peter the Great era may have been influenced by the creation of the color scheme of Russian flags. Later, the color scheme of a number of titular coats of arms changed significantly. Such changes, in particular, were recorded in the “Armorial of banners” (Znamyonnyi Gerbovnik) of 1729. They were associated with closer compliance with the formal rules of Western European heraldry. Thus, the colorization of Russian titular heraldry fell in the context of its gradual transformation from seals and emblems to coats of arms and largely determined this process.
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Maksimovic, Jovan. "Development of midwifery services in Vojvodina." Medical review 56, no. 7-8 (2003): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0308385m.
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This paper deals with the beginnings and development of midwifery services as well as schooling modalities and professional education of midwives in Vojvodina after gaining freedom from Turkish rule. Obstetrical services in the Military Border Region of Vojvodina were much better organized than in the civil, so-called 'provincial' part. In the second half of the 18th century, law regulations were brought and only midwives with certificates of universities and training courses of special midwifery schools in bigger towns could practice midwifery. At that time most trained midwives in Vojvodina were of German nationality, because Serbs knew neither German nor Hungarian and could not get education in Vienna and Budapest. A century later the situation was practically the same. Dr. Svetozar Maksimovic, Master of Obstetrics and the first director of the Maternity Hospital and a city physician in Novi Sad, was well aware that this town had no midwifery service. That is why on July 27, 1879 he submitted a suggestion for foundation of a 'Government Training Institute for Midwives and Pregnant Women'. Although this suggestion was not realized, it was the first attempt to establish a school for midwives in Novi Sad in Serbian language and was of great importance for history of medicine in Vojvodina, especially in Novi Sad. Furthermore, it points to the fact that physicians in Novi Sad, especially Dr. Svetozar Maksimovic, were informed about current medicine in the world. In the frame of public health special attention was paid to Women?s Care Services concerning especially pregnancy, delivery and puerperium. However, it was not possible to realize his vision in Vojvodina at that time, due to insufficient number of trained midwives.
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Šlekonytė, Jūratė. "The Lithuanian Legends of the Wild Hunt: Regarding Origins of the Image." Tautosakos darbai 47 (June 1, 2014): 43–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2014.29179.
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In the end of the 19th century, five Lithuanian folklore pieces describing the so-called Wild Hunt were recorded. In these narratives, the images of the hunt and the sounds made by the ranging souls are described. These texts, having been recorded in the territory inhabited by the so-called lietuvininkai (the Lithuania Minor) are truly unique. This land belonged to the Eastern Prussia at the time and having been for the long period separated from the major Lithuania and experiencing considerable German cultural influence, it acquired singular features.So far the Lithuanian folklorists tended to interpret the legends in question as results of the German cultural influence. Yet the available folklore data only partly supports such opinion. The Lithuanian legends of the Wild Hunt are analyzed in the article by using the contextual information from the Baltic mythology, folklore, history and archeology. The motifs of the Wild Hunt are popular in the oral tradition of the European peoples, comprising specific imagery depicting a ghostlike hunting party ranging across the sky. Connections of this image with the cult of the deceased and the visions of the afterlife have been repeatedly established by the researchers.The current analysis reveals that Lithuanian legends of the Wild Hunt are related to the German narratives of the Wilde Jagd not only in the name of this phenomenon. The Germanic influence can also be traced in the fact that the Wild Hunt is observed on high, since similar images are hard to find in the Lithuanian material. Other aspects of the phenomenon in question have parallels in the traditional Lithuanian worldview and can be deciphered on the grounds of the local folklore. Yet the origins of this image should perhaps be sought in the earlier layers of the Baltic culture.The territory of the Lithuania Minor has for a long time been the native land of the western Baltic tribes – Prussians. Because of the assimilation processes and in result of a large number of the local population perishing in the plague, the ancient Prussian language became extinct as early as the beginning of the 18th century. Still the persistence of the Wild Hunt image in the worldview of the local Lithuanians of the 19th century can well be related to this cultural layer.In striking correlation with the historical cultural facts recorded in the chronicles, the Prussian archeological data allows for assuming that local inhabitants used to imagine the afterlife journey of the deceased as a ride on a horseback, while endowed with all the military attributes. Yet this is valid only for the society members of the highest rank or the militants. Nevertheless in case of the Prussians, who used to live under the circumstances of almost ceaseless military campaigns, quite a number of mythical images could have incorporated the military thematic, thus forming distinct manifestations of the warriors’ mythology: the journey of the deceased to the afterworld on a horseback and with military equipment, the ghostlike army seen in the sky as an omen of the imminent war, etc. In L ithuanian mythology, such manifestations of the military worldview used to be best discerned in the 13th–14th centuries, when tensions caused by the threats to the safety and integrity of the land were most acutely experienced and the retaliatory military raids were frequently organized. This was also revealed in the contemporary pattern of the state gods, which reflected the ideology of the military layer of the society, while considerably lacking in representation of the lower rank of the deities (e. g. those in charge of the economic sphere). Such reflections of the military mythology could have well survived among the Lithuanian-speaking inhabitants of in the Lithuania Minor in the 19th century, when folklore collector Vilius Kalvaitis recorded the five legends in question there. It is reasonable to assume that such images used to become more prominent whenever fear and foreboding of the imminent war were felt, while persistence of such imagery was likewise supported by the existing similar Germanic notion of the Wilde Jagd.
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Sinichenko, Vladimir V., and Sergey M. Belozertsev. "Affaire of the American Consul Moser (1915) in Light of Previously Unpublished Documents from the Fonds of the State Archive of the Irkutsk Region." Herald of an archivist, no. 4 (2022): 1212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-4-1212-1221.
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The history of Russian-American relations is full of various dramatic moments. There were periods of strategic partnership and alliance, but also those of aggravation of diplomatic and trade relations during the so-called Cold War. One thing persists from the moment the United States was formed in the 18th century to early 21st century: Russia and the United States have been allies in all military conflicts or maintained mutual neutrality. At the same time, as history shows, among political and bureaucratic elites of the United States, there have always been opponents of Russia as a geopolitical entity who provided direct assistance to its military opponents. One of these episodes occurred in 1915, when Moser, the American consul in the city of Harbin located on the territory of the Chinese Eastern Railway — a highway that ran along Manchuria and connected Chita with Vladivostok — found himself an object of cultivation of the Irkutsk Gubernia Gendarmerie Directorate. The article introduces into scientific use a document which permits to assess the degree of involvement of the American diplomat in the release of German prisoners of war, which caused a diplomatic demarche of Russia, expulsion of the consul, and, accordingly, a diplomatic scandal in Russian-American relations in 1915. This document is court opinion of November 6, 1915 of the investigator for especially important cases of the Irkutsk District Court M.S. Strazov based on secret survey of the captain of a separate corps of border guards, assistant to the head of the department at the gendarmerie-police directorate of the Chinese Eastern Railway A. M. Bokastov who had carried out the surveyance; on protocol of interrogation of non-commissioned officer Karl Schultz who fled the Russian camp in Western Siberia (in the city of Tara, Tobolsk gubernia) and was supported by the American diplomat; and on protocol of interrogation of J. E. Mandelstam accused of organizing this escape. Through the agency of their employees insinuated in groups of German officers who fled from the Russian camps in Siberia to China territories, the heads of gendarmerie directorate learned that the American diplomat not only supplied prisoners of war with money for escape, but also recommended them to makers of falsified documents and guides transporting runaways. Cultivation undertaken in 1915 by the Irkutsk Gubernia Gendarmerie Directorate resulted in arrest of Russian subjects of German and Jewish origin who, for various reasons, participated in organization of escapes of German and Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war from concentration camps located in Siberia and in the Far East.
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Suraeva, Natalia G. "THE IMAGE OF CHINA IN THE CORRESPONDENCE OF CATHERINE II." Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 17, no. 4 (November 10, 2021): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2021-17-4-62-78.
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In 1762, Catherine II (1729-1796), Catherine le Grand, as Voltaire called her, an extraordinary woman who was destined to undergo many reforms and establish Russia’s place in the world, ascended to the Russian throne. Her reign coincided with the reign of Emperor Qianlong (1711-1799), one of the most enlightened monarchs in Chinese history; during his time, the empire achieved many military victories and brilliant achievements in the arts. By the time of Catherine’s accession to the throne, relations between the two countries were very strained. Meanwhile, the age of Enlightenment, the century of the ardour for the philosophy and art of China, began in Europe. On the one hand, Catherine was influenced by the ideas of the West; on the other hand, she constantly had to regulate conflicts on the Russian-Chinese border, the reason for which was most often the question of extraditing Mongols and Dzungars to the Chinese who were fleeing within Russia. The purpose of this article is to determine what image of China the Russian empress formed and how she spoke about this country in her correspondence with European correspondents since it is known that Catherine II wrote a lot. To do this, first, it is necessary to characterise the personality of the empress, to understand her interests and habits. To understand what issues she had to resolve, one also needs to know the state of Russian-Chinese relations in the second half of the 18th century. Finally, the article gives a general description of Catherine II’s correspondence with various high-ranking persons, among whom Jean d’Alembert, Diderot, Voltaire, Friedrich Melchior Grimm (Franco-German publicist, artist and literary critic), Swiss scientist and philosopher Johann Georg Ritter von Zimmermann, Madame Geoffrin and Madame Bielke can be named. The letters she received very often contained diplomatic news, dynastic problems, court gossip; her answers were, for the most part, semi-official journal notes. It is noteworthy that despite the extensive correspondence conducted by Catherine the Great, she practically did not touch upon the issues of China, except for letters to Voltaire, who, as you know, admired China and tried to learn more about it from the words of the empress.
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Wilson, P. H. "The Politics of Military Recruitment in Eighteenth-Century Germany." English Historical Review 117, no. 472 (June 1, 2002): 536–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/117.472.536.
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Alheit, Peter, and Bettina Dausien. "A brief history of biographical research in Germany." Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa (Auto)biográfica 3, no. 9 (December 20, 2018): 749–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31892/rbpab2525-426x.2018.v3.n9.p749-764.
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The contribution gives a brief historical insight in the beginning and the drastic change of biographical thinking particularly in the educational sphere. Biography is a theme addressed by German educational sciences ever since its historical beginnings in the late 18th century. The discovery of the autonomous, educated, middle-class subject is rooted in that interest in biography, which also shaped the process of “biographisation” of the lower social strata a century later. Even post-modern and post-structural criticism of the ‘subject’ towards the end of the 20th century has a lasting influence on educational science. Understanding the historical background and the consequences of this threefold change of ideas in the concept of “biography” in the German tradition is the aim of this article.
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Benda, Vladimir N. "Military schools for training officers and non-commissioned officers created and operated in Russia in the late 18th century." Vestnik of Kostroma State University, no. 3 (2019): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2019-25-3-18-22.
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Which are of considerable interest or the 18th century history of the creation and development of the Russian system of military schools of the Russian Empire conducting courses for military personnel for land and special forces of the Russian army, are the schools that were created in the last quarter of the 18th century. The author traces the history of the creation and development of Shklow noble school and the Orphanage, later renamed the Imperial Military orphanage. The author comes to the conclusion that Shklow noble school was a multinational and multi-confessional educational institution. The establishment of the Military orphanage was one of the means for the formation of the newly formed estate of soldiers' children. The article summarises the new material on the topic under study, previously unpublished sources and literature are introduced into scientific circulation.
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Pandey, Uma Shanker. "French Academic Forays in the Eighteenth-Century North India." Indian Historical Review 46, no. 2 (December 2019): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983619889515.
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French adventurers’ academic forays in the 18th century in India has so far received little scholarly attention. Except some stray remarks and mentioning, it has not been taken up systematically. The present article is an exercise to show that some of the French military adventurers had been touched and impressed by Indian culture and civilization. They, therefore, carried out passionate explorations of Indian books and manuscripts, not only to understand India better but also to acquaint the Occident more. in the process, some them emerged as great collectors. they were pioneers also, in the sense that they were forerunners to the British Indologists who appeared on Indian academic horizon in the last quarter of the 18th century. Anquetil Duperron, Polier, and Gentil were among the the great collectors of books and manuscripts during the time.
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Pylypchuk, Oleh, Oleh Strelko, and Yuliia Berdnychenko. "PREFACE." History of science and technology 11, no. 2 (December 12, 2021): 271–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2021-11-2-271-273.
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The issue of the journal opens with an article dedicated to the formation of metrology as government regulated activity in France. The article has discussed the historical process of development of metrological activity in France. It was revealed that the history of metrology is considered as an auxiliary historical and ethnographic discipline from a social and philosophical point of view as the evolution of scientific approaches to the definition of individual units of physical quantities and branches of metrology. However, in the scientific literature, the little attention is paid to the process of a development of a centralized institutional metrology system that is the organizational basis for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. The article by Irena Grebtsova and Maryna Kovalska is devoted to the of the development of the source criticism’s knowledge in the Imperial Novorossiya University which was founded in the second half of the XIX century in Odesa. Grounding on a large complex of general scientific methods, and a historical method and source criticism, the authors identified the stages of the formation of source criticism in the process of teaching historical disciplines at the university, what they based on an analysis of the teaching activities of professors and associate professors of the Faculty of History and Philology. In the article, the development of the foundations of source criticism is considered as a complex process, which in Western European and Russian science was the result of the development of the theory and practice of everyday dialogue between scientists and historical sources. This process had a great influence on the advancement of a historical education in university, which was one of the important factors in the formation of source studies as a scientific discipline. The article by Tetiana Malovichko is devoted to the study of what changes the course of the probability theory has undergone from the end of the 19th century to our time based on the analysis of The Theory of Probabilities textbook by Vasyl P. Ermakov published in 1878. The paper contains a comparative analysis of The Probability Theory textbook and modern educational literature. The birth of children after infertility treatment of married couples with the help of assisted reproductive technologies has become a reality after many years of basic research on the physiology of reproductive system, development of oocyte’s in vitro fertilization methods and cultivation of embryos at pre-implantation stages. Given the widespread use of assisted reproductive technologies in modern medical practice and the great interest of society to this problem, the aim of the study authors from the Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was to trace the main stages and key events of assisted reproductive technologies in the world and in Ukraine, as well as to highlight the activities of outstanding scientists of domestic and world science who were at the origins of the development of this area. As a result of the work, it has been shown that despite certain ethical and social biases, the discovery of individual predecessor scientists became the basis for the efforts of Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe to ensure birth of the world's first child, whose conception occurred outside the mother's body. There are also historical facts and unique photos from our own archive, which confirm the fact of the first successful oocyte in vitro fertilization and the birth of a child after the use of assisted reproductive technologies in Ukraine. In the next article, the authors tried to consider and structure the stages of development and creation of the “Yermak”, the world's first Arctic icebreaker, and analyzed the stages of preparation and the results of its first expeditions to explore the Arctic. Systematic analysis of historical sources and biographical material allowed to separate and comprehensively consider the conditions and prehistory for the development and creation of “Yermak” icebreaker. Also, the authors gave an assessment to the role of Vice Admiral Stepan Osypovych Makarov in those events, and analyzed the role of Sergei Yulyevich Witte, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev and Pyotr Petrovich Semenov-Tian-Shansky in the preparation and implementation of the first Arctic expeditions of the “Yermak”icebreaker. The authors of the following article considered the historical aspects of construction and operation of train ferry routes. The article deals with the analysis and systematization of the data on the historical development of train ferry routes and describes the background for the construction of train ferry routes and their advantages over other combined transport types. It also deals with the basic features of the train ferries operating on the main international train ferry routes. The study is concerned with both sea routes and routes across rivers and lakes. The article shows the role of train ferry routes in the improvement of a national economy, and in the provision of the military defense. An analysis of numerous artefacts of the first third of the 20th century suggests that the production of many varieties of art-and-industrial ceramics developed in Halychyna, in particular architectural ceramic plastics, a variety of functional ceramics, decorative tiles, ceramic tiles, facing tiles, etc. The artistic features of Halychyna art ceramics, the richness of methods for decorating and shaping it, stylistic features, as well as numerous art societies, scientific and professional associations, groups, plants and factories specializing in the production of ceramics reflect the general development of this industry in the first half of the century and represent the prerequisites the emergence of the school of professional ceramics in Halychyna at the beginning of the 20th century. The purpose of the next paper is to analyze the formation and development of scientific and professional schools of art-and-industrial ceramics of Halychyna in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. During the environmental crisis, electric transport (e-transport) is becoming a matter for scientific inquiry, a subject of discussion in politics and among public figures. In the program for developing the municipal services of Ukraine, priorities are given to the development of the infrastructure of ecological transport: trolleybuses, electric buses, electric cars. The increased attention to e-transport on the part of the scientific community, politicians, and the public actualizes the study of its history, development, features of operation, etc. The aim of the next study is to highlight little-known facts of the history of production and operation of MAN trolleybuses in Ukrainian cities, as well as to introduce their technical characteristics into scientific circulation. The types, specific design solutions of the first MAN trolleybus generation and the prerequisites for their appearance in Chernivtsi have been determined. Particular attention has been paid to trolleybuses that were in operation in Germany and other Western European countries from the first half of the 1930s to the early 1950s. The paper traces the stages of operation of the MAN trolleybuses in Chernivtsi, where they worked during 1939–1944 and after the end of the Second World War, they were transferred to Kyiv. After two years of operation in the Ukrainian capital, the trolleybuses entered the routes in Dnipropetrovsk during 1947–1951. The purpose of the article by authors from the State University of Infrastructure and Technologies of Ukraine is to thoroughly analyze unpaved roads of the late 18th – early 19th century, as well as the project of the first wooden trackway as the forerunner of the Bukovyna railways. To achieve this purpose, the authors first reviewed how railways were constructed in the Austrian Empire during 1830s – 1850s. Then, in contrast with the first railway networks that emerged and developed in the Austrian Empire, the authors made an analysis of the condition and characteristics of unpaved roads in Bukovyna. In addition, the authors considered the first attempt to create a wooden trackway as a prototype and predecessor of the Bukovyna railway.
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Boyd, Rand. "Jeffrey Freedman.Books without Borders in Enlightenment Europe: French Cosmopolitanism and German Literary Markets. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. 382p. $80 (ISBN 978-0-8122-4389-5)." RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rbm.14.1.396.
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Twenty years ago Jeffrey Freedman had the opportunity to spend eighteen months in the archives of the 18th-century Swiss publishing house, Société Typographique de Neuchâtel (STN), housed at the Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire in Switzerland. That research is the foundation of his newest book. Its premise is that book history has traditionally stayed within national or regional borders, but books don’t; they go where they are wanted. The narrative Freedman weaves of the STN’s efforts to sell French language books in Germany shows this quite well; and, though it does help to have some knowledge of 18th-century European history, the . . .
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Novozhilov, V. Y. "From the History of the Officers Training for the Internal Troops of the Interior in Russia." Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 12, no. 1 (2012): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2012-12-1-37-41.
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The article gives detailed information of military education in Russia since the 18th century. The author presents the development of military education, the way it suited to different circumstances and the influence of the latter on the process of Russian officers’ professional upbringing. A special attention is given to the commanders of the Internal Troops training. The goals and the tasks of education depending on the political circumstances, the ways they have been solved, are discussed. The preparation of the military staff in educational institutions is also discussed.
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Semenova, Natalia L., and Sergey V. Lyubichankovskiy. "THE INSTITUTE OF MILITARY GOVERNORSHIP IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE ORENBURG PROVINCE AT THE END OF THE 18TH — FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURIES." Ural Historical Journal 77, no. 4 (2022): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-157-167.
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At the end of the 18th — first half of the 19th century, the Orenburg province was a vast frontier region in the southeast of the Russian Empire. The border position on the border with the Kazakh steppe, the presence of a defensive line on which irregular troops served, the motley ethno-confessional composition of the population were the differences between this territory and the “internal provinces”. The specifics of the Orenburg province led to the formation of a special regional administration. Its center was the institution of military governorship, which had the features of a special administration. The status of the military governor, as a “chief of the province”, was determined by the law of appointment; the possibility of direct appeal to the emperor; principles of selection for the position; powers for military border management, management of the Separate Orenburg Corps, management of the civilian part of the province. He had the right of administrative initiative, control and supervisory functions in relation to provincial institutions. The government showed interest in the stable functioning of the institute of military governorship. This was reflected in the expansion of the staff of the office, the adaptation of its structure to the functions performed, and the increase in the employees’ salaries. Officials on special assignments were among the most trusted persons of the military governor. They took a real part in the administration of the region. The regional model of governance of the Orenburg province at the end of the 18th — first half of the 19th century solved the problems it faced. It ensured stability and unity of government in the vast border region.
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Kiehnle, Arndt. "The long journey of ‘Privatautonomie’." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 87, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 473–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-00870a09.
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SummaryIndividual autonomy was rediscovered in modernity when it came to the persecution of dissenters in Germany after the Reformatio n. Since the 18th century the ‘Privatautonomie’ of the individual has been established in German private law. Later, in the 19th century, the term autonomy gained ground in the legal terminology of French private law, also thanks to the German emigrant Foelix. In the 20th century autonomy, not least thanks to German-speaking jurists who fled from the Nazis, became a legal term also used in the private law of the USA and Great Britain.
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Piterberg, Gabriel. "The Formation of an Ottoamn Egyptian Elite in the 18th Century." International Journal of Middle East Studies 22, no. 3 (August 1990): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800034073.
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The conquest of the Mamluk sultanate by the Ottoman Empire brought into confrontation two centers in the history of Islamic civilization. One, Asia Minor and southeast Europe, was the center of the Ottoman Empire. The other, Egypt, had been the core of the Mamluk sultanate for 2½ centuries (1250–1517). Both states were dominated by Turkish-speaking elites based on the institution of military slavery. In both cases this slave-recruited manpower was the backbone of the army, and, to a lesser extent, of the administration.
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Alyabieva, Valentina. "From the History of Combinatorial Analysis: From Idea to Research Schools." Вестник Пермского университета. Математика. Механика. Информатика, no. 2(57) (2022): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1993-0550-2022-2-14-25.
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The article explores the development of combinatorial analysis from the idea to scientific schools. Combinatorial research was stimulated by G.W. Leibniz's ideas about combinatorial art and special geometric analysis – Analysis Situs in the 17th century. Various combinatorial problems were solved by L. Euler in the XVIII century. The first scientific school of combinatorial analysis arose by K.F. Hindenburg in the second half of the 18th century in Germany. Combinatorial-geometric configurations were studied in the 19th century. A. Cayley and J. Sylvester coined the term tactics for a special branch of mathematics, of wich order is proper sphere. The modern combinatorial schools are Gonin's school in Perm and the combinatorial Rybnikov's school in Moscow.
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Taylor, Peter K. "“Patrimonial” Bureaucracy and “Rational” Policy in Eighteenth-Century Germany: The Case of Hessian Recruitment Reforms, 1762–93." Central European History 22, no. 1 (March 1989): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900010815.
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Until the 1950s the historical reputation of the eighteenth-century rulers of Hesse-Cassel rested primarily upon their practice of financing state and court expenses by leasing conscripted and trained military units to Europe's major powers. Over the course of the last forty years another picture has emerged which stresses that these petty German absolutists participated in a movement of “Enlightened” reform. More recent attempts to reconcile apparent enlightenment with a military and financial system based on involuntary military servitude have noted contradictory labyrinths of means, ends, theory, and practice. What I offer in the following pages is not an attempt to soften these antinomies but an effort to highlight them through historical analysis of the military reforms of Landgrave Frederick II (1760–85). In this way I hope to contribute to a critical account of bureaucratic “rationality” as eighteenth-century absolutist princes practiced it.
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Gordienko, D. O. "ALL THE KING’S MAN»: MILITIA IN THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND DURING THE STUART AGE." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 3, no. 3 (2021): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2021-3-3-90-97.
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The article presents the results of a study devoted to the history of the British armed forces in the “long” 17th century. The militia was the backbone of England's national military system. The author examines the aspects of the development of the institutions of the modern state during the reign of the Stuart dynasty, traces the process of the development of the militia and the formation of the regular army. He reveals the role of the militia in the political events of the Century of Revolutions: the reign of Charles I, the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the Restoration age, the Glorious Revolution, and also gives a retrospective review of the eventsof the 18th century.
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Bullynck, Maarten. "Modular arithmetic before C.F. Gauss: Systematizations and discussions on remainder problems in 18th-century Germany." Historia Mathematica 36, no. 1 (February 2009): 48–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hm.2008.08.009.
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Kotzageorgis, Phokion. "A City on the Move." Archiv orientální 84, no. 1 (May 4, 2016): 105–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47979/aror.j.84.1.105-137.
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The paper aspires to contribute to the issue of mobility within the Ottoman Empire. The research is based on an analysis of the Ottoman probate inventories of Thessaloniki, the most important port in the Ottoman Balkans in the 18th century. From a total of 4,000 probate inventories, the research focuses on a sample of more than 600 cases of both Salonicans who died away from their home town and of non Salonicans who died in Thessaloniki during almost the whole of the 18th century (1696–1770). The analysis reveals that the deceased can be classified into three categories: military men, merchants, and pilgrims. Special reference is made to women who moved around and to the places of death of foreigners in the city. These three categories suggest that the main reasons for ordinary people to voluntarily move within the Ottoman Empire were trade, pilgrimage, and membership in the army. Few cases where people travelled for personal reasons are recorded.
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Bukharin, M. D. "Military Orientologist Schools in the Context of the Foreign and Military Policy of the Russian State in the Late 19th ‒ early 20th Centuries. [Review on:] Baskhanov M. K. A History of the Study of Eastern Languages in the Russian Imperial Army. Saint-Petersburg: Nestor-istoria, 2018. 632 p." Orientalistica 3, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 1189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2020-3-4-1189-1201.
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The territorial expansion of the Russian Empire in the 18th–19th cent. resulted in urgent need to study both the peoples of the newly acquired Eastern territories, which becameRussiaas well as and their neighbours. A special role in this process was played by the military servicemen who stationed on the borders. Since the second half of the 18th century in the Russian military schools was developed a system of teaching Oriental languages. In his recent monograph “The History of the Study of Oriental Languages in the Russian Imperial Army” (St. Petersburg: Nestor-Istoria; 2018) the author M. K. Baskhanov provides a detailed description of the history and teaching process in 24 Russian military schools where the cadettes were taught Oriental languages. M. K. Baskhanov outlines strengths and weaknesses of the teaching curricula, as well as the results gained by the Russian servicemen subject to this training. The author pays special attention to prospected plans in Orientalist training, which have never been implemented. The summary of M. K. Baskhanov’s research is that in spite of significant intellectual potential of the military specialists in Eastern countries their knowledge and experience were not used in full ‒ either in Imperial Russia or during the Soviet time. The monograph by M. K. Baskhanov is a remarkable piece of modern historical studies, which will be a reference book for many years to come for those who studyRussia’s foreign policy in 18th–20th cent.
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Zeidler, M. "The Military in Politics and Society in France and Germany in the Twentieth Century." German History 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/15.1.150.
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Abdullin, Khalim M. "Previously unpublished plans of the Bulgarian settlement of the 18th–19th centuries." Golden Horde Review 10, no. 4 (December 29, 2022): 899–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-4.899-909.
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Research objectives: To analyze two previously overlooked plans of the village of Bolgary in the Spassky district of the Kazan province of the 19th century (copies of plans originally from the 18th century). Descriptions with explanations of the plans are given, visual information from cartographic sources is analyzed, and new details related to the history of the Bulgarian saltpeter plant of the second half of the 18th century are revealed. Research materials: Two cartographic sources of the 19th century from the funds of the State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan, several published cartographic sources of different eras, a comparative analysis of maps and plans. Results and novelty of the research: An analysis of the information in the cartographic sources presented here supports the argument that these plans of the village of Bolgary were drawn up with the aim of dividing the lands of the peasant community of the village of Bolgary. All the currently known plans of the 19th–20th centuries pursued more historical and architectural goals for the purpose of studying the Bulgarian settlement and its monuments. In the foreground, the stone buildings inside the Bulgarian settlement, with the exception of the Large Minaret, the structure between it, and, the Assumption Church (Cathedral Mosque), are localized in nine buildings or their remains. Three more buildings are listed on the territory of a small town, but the most interesting elements are four stone buildings that are drawn outside the ramparts of the settlement, in the southeast. The second plan reveals for the first time that the Bulgarian Saltpeter Plant was run by the artillery team of the Kazan Military Department. The buildings of the Bulgarian Saltpeter Plant occupied an area of one tithe of 636 fathoms or 1.38 hectares. Also in the background, there are ten more “stone ruins”, although some of them are possibly mills.
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Rusakovskiy, Oleg. "Foreign Military Law and Mercenary Contract in Seventeenth-Century Russia: The Сase of the Smolensk War, 1632–1634." Russian History 48, no. 2 (March 22, 2022): 187–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340029.
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Abstract The article aims to discuss how the Russian government dealt with foreign military law based on mercenary contracts while recruiting troops in Germany and Britain for the Smolensk campaign of 1632 to 1634. In the agreements made with foreign colonels that survive in contemporary Russian translations, the Tsar’s officials granted an almost unlimited legal and administrative autonomy to foreign military commanders in order to make service in Russia more attractive for Western mercenaries. While doing so, the Russian government believed that a unified military law and an effective court and administration system existed among the European military communities. However, some essential terms of military service remained unspecified in the documentation, depriving the Russian army commanders of any legal recourse to prevent conflicts within foreign regiments, which ultimately contributed to an administrative disaster at the end of the Smolensk campaign. The article analyzes both the Russian attitudes towards foreign military law and mercenary contracts and how this might have affected European mercenary units in Russian service.
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Khapizov, Shakhban, and Larisa Tuptsokova. "INFORMATION ON DAGESTANIS IN PAPUN ORBELIANI’S CHRONICLE “INFORMATION ON KARTLI”." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 15, no. 2 (June 25, 2019): 149–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch152149-187.
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The article overviews a Georgian historical work of the 18th c. – “Information on Kartli”. This work by Papuan Orbeliani, despite its large volume, covers only a 20-year period of the Georgian history (1739-1758). The author does not provide any written sources in his chronicle. Apparently, the description of events was based on his personal memories, as well as on witness accounts. The author describes the events he himself was a part of or the information he obtained firsthand, however a vague description of events by report is mentioned throughout the text. This fact gives more credibility to this work. In 18th – first half of the 19th century his text was used in their works by other historians (Oman Kherkeulidze and Niko Dadiani).In the chronicle we focused on the information about Dagestan and its peoples, which is covered in this paper. The information mainly referred to military campaigns and raids on Georgia by Dagestan troops. At the same time, the source contains much information about political relations between Dagestan and Georgia, as well as the influence of Iran and Turkey on the situation in the region. This data allows to reconstruct some episodes of military and political history of Dagestan in the 18th c. They are also of great interest for the study of the relationship between Dagestan and Georgia in the same century. Extensive historical and philological commentaries on the translations have been provided in the paper.
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Spalding, Paul. "Noble Patrons and Religious Innovators in 18th-Century Germany: The Case of Johann Lorenz Schmidt." Church History 65, no. 3 (September 1996): 376–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3169936.
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Imperial law strictly prohibited religious novelty in eighteenth-century Germany. The Westphalian Peace accords of 1648, which served as the constitutional framework for the German empire until Napoleon, banned all public expression objectionable to the three sanctioned churches: the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist or Reformed. Various ordinances applied the Westphalian definitions broadly, but the jurisdictional quilt of the empire frustrated implementation. In particular, noble patrons could enable a writer accused of spreading heterodox, antichurch, or even anti-Christian views to remain active and influential.
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Fagyal, Zsuzsanna. "Phonetics and speaking machines." Historiographia Linguistica 28, no. 3 (December 31, 2001): 289–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.28.3.02fag.
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Summary This paper shows that in the 17th century various attempts were made to build fully automatic speaking devices resembling those exhibited in the late 18th-century in France and Germany. Through the analysis of writings by well-known 17th-century scientists, and a document hitherto unknown in the history of phonetics and speech synthesis, an excerpt from La Science universelle (1667[1641]) of the French writer Charles Sorel (1599–1674), it is argued that engineers and scientists of the Baroque period have to be credited with the first model of multilingual text-to-speech synthesis engines using unlimited vocabulary.
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Edwards, Laura Hyatt. "A brief conceptual history of Einfühlung: 18th-century Germany to post-World War II U.S. psychology." History of Psychology 16, no. 4 (2013): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0033634.
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Ermolaeva, M. A. "“Russian libraries in Germany” – The essays in history." Scientific and Technical Libraries 1, no. 1 (March 18, 2021): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33186/1027-3689-2021-1-159-164.
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Review of the collection of works prepared by Gottfried Kratz (Gottfried Kratz. Russische Biblioteken in Deutschland. – Berlin : Peter Lang, 2020. – 231 s. (Arbeiten und Bibliographen zum Buch – und Bibliothekswesen. 17).The book in German comprises the papers by German and Russian researchers on public, academic, military and church libraries in the mid-19th century and up to present. The reviewer focuses on the works matching the profile of the “Scientific and Technical Libraries” journal. The presented works are based on vast archival materials and expand the knowledge of Russian-German library relationships within the mentioned historical period. The researchers of Russian diaspora abroad, book and library historians will make the readership of the book.
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Renault, Rachel. "Eine moralische Ökonomie der Steuern?" Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 62, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 303–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2021-0012.
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Abstract This article analyses the conflicts over imperial taxation in 17th-18th century Germany at local level. As imperial taxes have been mostly studied for the 16th century and usually from the perspective of Vienna, observing them from below gives a completely different perspective. One can observe, in particular, very strong and long-lasting conflicts between subjects and territorial princes. The article defends the idea that taxation conflicts are not only due to the size of the tax burden, but also linked to social and political considerations. They provide an excellent vantage point for analysing the Empire from below and the popular politics that emerged within the imperial body politic.
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Kurukin, Igor. "The price of victories: on the cost of military campaigns in Russia in the 18th century." Rossiiskaia istoriia, no. 4 (2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086956870016247-2.
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Barsi, Béla. "El origen de la familia Rodriguez del Banato a través de la historia militar del siglo XVIII el ascendiente español." Acta Hispanica 22 (January 1, 2017): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/actahisp.2017.22.121-136.
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The author – the descendant of the brothers Ödön (Barsi) and Endre Rodriguez who managed to be successful in the Hungarian cultural life and who were the descendants of the Rodriguez family from Banat – during a nonprofessional research of various decades reveals the Spanish ancestors of the family. During the research he used the oral tradition and the relatively few written documents, preserved objects. The military history of the 18th century played an important role in the research because this was the principal cause of the Spanish migration in Hungary. However, without reading the basic work of the historian Zoltán Fallenbüchl (Spaniards in Hungary in the 18th century) this research would not have managed its goal. Considering the fact that the study mentions the cantonment of the regiment of Alcaudate around 1717 and following this lead, the inspection online of the registers of Osijek was started. This was that brought the desired success with the statement of the Hungarian delegation of the Military Archive of Wien where a person called Antonio de Rodriguez is mentioned who was lieutenant, then captain and who before his death in the battlefield, established his family in Banat.
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Seylon, Raman N. "Study of Poligar Violence in Late 18th Century Tamil Country in South India." African and Asian Studies 3, no. 3-4 (2004): 245–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569209332643692.
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Abstract This paper is written in an effort to understand the nature and the causes behind the brutal acts of violence unleashed by the poligar military households of South India. It particularly focuses on the poligar rajah Kattabomma Nayakar, who has, since the early 1950s, assumed the role of an ancestor figure of Tamil nationalism. I have relied mainly on colonial archival materials and a few folkloric accounts as my sources and used the anthropological insights of F. G. Baily, Victor Turner, and Steward Gordon in their studies of the political conflicts. In this paper, I do not so much question the reliability and accuracy of the colonial materials. However, I examine their interpretations and the motivations that many historians seem to have overlooked. This is particularly so in the case of poligar led violence as its true causes are often misrepresented and misunderstood in colonial records. We could even say that there is a vested colonial interest in misunderstanding these acts of violence, which are often used as citations to justify the subsequent colonial policies directed not only against the poligars but also against the entire the civil population of the Tamil country. In this paper, I argue that the poligars such as Kattabomma Nayakar were rebels with a cause. They saw themselves indulging in most cases in activities that stood within the bounds of the poligars' traditional mode of conduct. Further, I will also demonstrate how the political violence is intimately linked with political mobility and state formation in pre modern South India. A wider applicability of the results of this study to other parts of South Asia is useful in illuminating the causes and the nature of the political conflicts in various cross cultural settings.
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PAVLOVIĆ, MIROSLAV, and DRAGANA LAZIĆ STOJKOVIĆ. "ASȂKİR-İ SERHAD – GUARDIANS OF THE EMPIRE IN AN AGE OF UNCERTAINTY: THE OTTOMAN FRONTIER ON THE SAVA AND THE MIDDLE DANUBE IN THE 18th CENTURY." ISTRAŽIVANJA, Јournal of Historical Researches, no. 33 (December 22, 2022): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2022.33.40-55.
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After the establishment of the border with the Habsburg Empire, the defense of the Ottoman Empire along the Danube and Sava rivers necessitated the establishment of new mechanisms. This study presents a structuralist attempt to systematize the incoherent military organization at the border in various border provinces; define the structure, means, and forms of administration; and, most importantly, to trace the changes in military organization throughout the 18th century. The frontier was divided into separate sectors in accordance with information collected from archival sources along with minor historiographical additions in accordance with consideration of the longue durée. The institutions of the kapudan and the muhafız, how they were related to one another, and their position within the military organization will be more closely investigated and new interpretations will be given. The question of how the military capacity was organized will be meticulously examined, and lists of fortress garrisons will be presented with a focus on differences between times of war and peace. These will establish frameworks for further research.
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Pindl, Kathrin. "Grain Policies and Storage in Southern Germany: The Regensburg Hospital (17th-19th Centuries)." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 59, no. 2 (November 27, 2018): 415–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2018-0014.
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Abstract This paper is concerned with the storage policy of the citizens’ hospital of Regensburg in the Early Modern period (focus: 18th century). The main purpose consists of (1) a source-based micro-study that helps to derive insights into the mechanisms of how experiences and expectations have influenced decisions by a pre-modern institution, (2) an analytical scheme for describing and evaluating the process of decision-making based on narrative evidence, and (3) the suggestion of analytical categories. These should allow a differentiation between time-invariant human behaviour that determines economic decisions, and time-specific factors which can be used to separate possibly “pre-modern” patterns from seemingly modern-day capitalist economic performance.
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Aydın, Abdurrahim, and Tuncay Zorlu. "Transfer of German Military Know-How and Technology to the Ottoman Military Factories at the beginning of the First World War." Belleten 79, no. 285 (August 1, 2015): 739–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2015.739.
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Supply of military weapons, equipment, spare parts and ammunition had always been of a crucial importance for the Ottoman Empire. This issue came to be a part of an international diplomacy from 19th century onwards when the Ottoman governments were forced into a position to choose allies from European Powers who were in rivalry in providing military materials. Many companies from France, England and Germany competed with each other in order to have the greatest share from the military supplies market in the Ottoman Empire. Such German companies as Krupp, and Rheinische Metallwaren und Maschinefabrik in Düsseldorf; French company Sxneider/Le Creusot; and British Armstrong/Vickers Company were among them. However, German weapon companies stood out in meeting the needs of the Ottoman military. In the reign of Abdulhamid II, the German company of Krupp came forward in selling artillery weapons in particular after the 1880's, and turned out to be the dominant power in the end of the century, while the other German companies dealt in the various other military materials such as rifles, ammunitions, spare parts, wagons, factory workbenches. Levazımat-ı Umumiye Dairesi (General Supplies Department) which functioned as attached to the Harbiye Nezareti (Ministry of War) during the early years of the 20th century was in charge of the supply and distribution of primary materials which were necessary for the provisioning of the army. This department was not only involved in the provisioning and equipment of the army during the WWI, but played an important role in procuring the technical equipment for the setting up and development of military factories as well as establishing connections and cooperation with Germany to this end, through its branches. It is possible to reach many correspondences about these cases in ATESE Archives which is attached to the General Staff. This study aims to provide some examples concerning the activities of the above-mentioned department and military factories and procuring the wartime equipment in particular, based on the primary sources.
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Bobrov, D. S., and L. G. Zaitseva. "Key Approaches to the Study of History of Altai in 18th Century in Modern Russian Historiography." Nauchnyi dialog 1, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 310–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-10-310-322.
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The article is devoted to a comprehensive examination of theoretical approaches to the study of the history of Altai in the 18th century, developed by Russian specialists over the past three decades. The relevance of the study is associated with the emerging trend in domestic science towards a holistic understanding of the retrospective of individual regions, including through understanding the interdependent role of various social and administrative factors in the colonization process. Special attention is paid to the conceptual assessment of the nature of the initial development of Altai. The methodological grounds for applying the theories of military colonization, frontier, frontier modernization to the history of the region are outlined. The authors state the presence in the scientific literature of two non-identical approaches to the characterization of the Russian border in the south of Western Siberia. The authors demonstrate the obvious desire of historians to carry out comprehensive studies of regional and local levels of civil and mining management, which has emerged against the background of the preservation of the heuristic significance of microhistorical analysis of the role of individual fortified (fortresses, forts) or production facilities (factories). The diversity and conceptual heterogeneity of modern Russian historiography of the history of Altai in the 18th century is summarized. Some forecasts of the development of the historiographic situation are formulated.
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Chesnokova, Nataliya A. "N. V. Kyuner (1877-1955): ‘Korea in the Second Half of the 18th Century.’ The Unpublished Typescript." Herald of an archivist, no. 1 (2018): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-1-24-37.
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Nikolai Vasilievich Kyuner (1877-1955) was a Russian Orientalist. Having graduated with merit from the St. Petersburg State University, he was sent to the Far East and spent there two years. Having returned, he was appointed head of the department of historical and geographical sciences at the Eastern Institute (Vladivostok) in 1904. Kyuner was one of the first Orientalists to teach courses in history, geography, and ethnography. His works number over 400. The article studies a typescript of his unpublished study ‘Korea in the second half of the 18th century’ now stored in the Archive of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg). Little known to Russian Koreanists, it nevertheless retains its scientific significance as one of the earliest attempts to study the history of the ‘golden age’ of Korea. The date of the typescript is not known, though analysis of the citations places its completion between 1931 and 1940. The article is to introduce the typescript into scientific use and to verify some facts and terms. N. V. Kuyner’s typescript consists of 8 sections: (1) ‘Introduction. Sources review’; (2) ‘General characteristics of the social development stage of Korea in the second half of the 18th century’; (3) ‘Great impoverishment of the country’; (4) ‘Peasantry’; (5) ‘Cities’; (6) ‘Popular revolts’; (7) ‘Military bureaucratic regime’; (8) ‘The Great Collection of Laws’ (a legal code). There are excerpts from foreign and national publications of the 19th - early 20th century, and there’s also some valuable information on Korean legal codes and encyclopedias of the 18th century, which have not yet been translated into any European languages. The typescript addresses socio-economic situation in Korea in the 18th century; struggles of the court cliques of the 16th-18th centuries and their role in inner and foreign policies of the country; social structure of the society and problems of the peasantry; role of trade in the development of the Middle Korean society; legal proceedings and legislation, etc. One of the first among Russian Koreanistics, N. V. Kyuner examined causes of sasaek (Korean ‘parties’) formation and the following events, linking together unstable situation in the country, national isolation, and execution of Crown Prince Sado (1735-1762).
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Kurnikova, Oxana M. "STUDIES OF THE CRIMEAN PENINSULA BY RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS (THE END OF THE 18TH CENTURY)." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 4 (14) (2020): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-4-201-209.
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The rich historical past of the Crimean peninsula, its natural wealth and resources, its beauty at all times attracted the attention of traveling researchers. In the period from the last quarter of the 15th century up to the end of the 18th century, Western and Eastern researchers, visiting the Crimean peninsula for various purposes, studied its geography, biology, and history. Russian scientists-travelers did not have the opportunity to make research trips across the Crimea until the end of the 18th century due to the fact that for three centuries (from 1475 till 1774) the Crimean peninsula was part of the Ottoman Empire, being one of its most important provinces, both in trade, economic, and military-strategic terms. With the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 1783, started the development of newly acquired territories. The beginning of the study of the lands of the Crimean peninsula by Russian scientists is primarily associated with political and economic changes and transformations in the region. For the development and growth of the economy of the Crimean region, information was needed about the structure of the region, its socio-economic and ethnographic features, as well as about its natural resources. Therefore, by order of the Empress of Russia Catherine II and the instructions of the country’s government, the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences and Arts sends its scientists to the Crimea. Among Russian pioneers of the Crimean peninsula research in the late 18th century there were Vasily Zuev (1754–1794), Carl Ludwig Habliz (1752–1821), Theodor Chyorny (1745–1790), and Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811). The expeditions of these outstanding scholars and travellers commenced the Crimean exploration by Russian scientists in various fields of science, thus, the end of the 18th century should be considered the beginning of Russian Crimean studies.
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Zakharevich, A. V. "DON HERO OF KABARDINO ORIGIN DAVID GRIGORIEVICH BEGIDOV: A GLORIOUS BEGINNING OR CURVED ANGLES IN A DIRECT BIOGRAPHY." Vestnik scientific and methodological council in environmental engineering and water management, no. 21 (2021): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2618-8732-2021-21-93-100.
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The article is devoted to the history of the famous Kabardian Uzden (nobleman) and the Don Cossack hero of the Russian army of the era of the Napoleonic wars and the military history of the Don Cossacks of the late 18th - first half of the 19th century, General D.G. Begidov (1778-1838). The author researched the history of history and archival sources about the origin and early years of the biography of D.G. Begidov and paid the main attention to his participation in the Napoleonic wars among the Cossacks of the Ataman regi-ment under the command of the legendary Cossack hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 - Ataman M.I. Platov.
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Chuchko, Mykhaylo K. "Public security and prevention of offenses in Chernivtsi, Suceava and Khotyn volosts of Moldavia and Khotyn raiyah of the Ottoman Empire." Rusin, no. 68 (2022): 14–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/68/2.
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The article focuses on the understudied problem of public security and prevention of offenses in the territory between the Upper Siret, the Middle Dniester and Suceava, which from the middle of the 14th to the last quarter of the 18th century was part of Moldova and formed Tsetsin (from the middle of the 15th century Chernivtsi), Suceava and Khotyn volosts of Moldova, mainly inhabited by Orthodox Rusins and VLakhs. Having analysed written sources and scholarly literature, the author states that throughout the entire Moldavian rule in Chernivtsi (until the middle of the 15th century in Tsetsin), Suceava and Khotin volosts (tinut) there were no special police agencies in the modern sense. Until the last quarter of the 18th century, public security was ensured by Moldovan officials, curteni and various categories of service people - slujitors. Ensuring law and order and fighting against robbery on the border was assigned, mainly, to the elders-pircalabs, who in the 18th century began to be called ispravniki.They were assisted by volost elders (okolashi), vetavs of the cities, great border captains, aghas, colonels, armashes, aprods and their subordinate curteni and tinut slujitors (calarasi, arnauts, byrans, guards, armored warriors, dorobanii), as well as hired beshlis. The law and order in rural communities was maintained by dvornikis and vatamans (village elder). After the accession of the Khotyn region to the Ottoman Empire, the public security in this new Turkish raiyah was entrusted to the Janissaries of the Khotyn garrison; the commanders of the Ottoman military units - alai beys - were responsible for order in the villages of the Khotin nahiye.
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Krokosz, Paweł, and Karol Łopatecki. "The Military Revolution of Peter I – Quantitative Measurement." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 3 (June 2022): 208–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.3.14.
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Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the processes related to the modernization of the Russian army in the times of Peter I. Owing to the magnitude and historical momentousness of these changes, we have introduced the term “revolution” in lieu of the term “reform” used hitherto in historiography. It is significant and noteworthy that these processes took place during the regular frontline military operations of the Great Northern War (1700–1721), when the tsarist army faced the perfectly organized Swedish army. Methods. So far, theories of military revolution and neo-institutional revolution have been deployed to show the transformations taking place at the time. Without denying the previous research findings, we have presented the modernization of the Russian army in the first quarter of the 18th century in quantitative terms. Hence, we have chosen three issues – recruitment, armament, and the number of officers in the army. Not only is there a sufficient source base for these issues, but they also allow for the time function in the ongoing transformations. Results. The figures under scrutiny indicate that the success of these military transformations was largely based on the recruitment system, which was superbly adapted in Russia. This made it possible not only to establish a regular national army of more than 100,000 soldiers, but also to maintain its headcount during the war despite the losses that the army suffered. In this way, almost half a million soldiers were recruited in Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century. The article emphasizes the conditions that had to be met to establish an army that could match the Swedish adversary. A key element was arming the military with modern firearms. Thanks to foreign purchases, primarily in the Netherlands, the rearmament was completed before 1709. The organizational structure of regiments, battalions, and rotas was also reorganized, so that the appropriate number of officers, non-commissioned officers, and military musicians was adjusted to the total number of soldiers. With the introduction of military discipline, it was possible to reduce the group of officers and musicians from 18.25% (1699/1700) to 10.15% (1711).
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Novák, Vlastimil. "Coins of the Ottoman Sultans Found in the Territory of the Czech Republic from 1996 to 2018." Annals of the Náprstek Museum 41, no. 1 (2020): 15–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/anpm.2020.003.
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Ottoman coins have been registered in the Czech Lands since the beginning of the 18th century and have been systematically documented since the mid-19th century. The latest actualization comes from 1996, but the following massive use of metal detectors showed a serious need for a new summarization. Up until 2018, some 151 hoards/ single finds with the Ottoman coins, forgeries, and jetons have been registered in the territory of the Czech Republic. These coins came to the mentioned territory via the Ottoman European expansion since the 16th century, and their flow reached its peak in the 17th century. The massive appearance of the Ottoman coins in Bohemia, partly in Moravia and Silesia, in the 17th century represents a phenomenon connected with the Thirty Years War. In south and central Moravia, it is explained by the direct military impact of the Ottoman armies. The later import of these coins is associated with the Napoleonic Wars and with the Austro-Hungarian period through its Balkan connection.
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Weber, Nicolas. "Securing and Developing the Southwestern Region: The Role of the Cham and Malay Colonies in Vietnam (18th-19th centuries)." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 54, no. 5 (2011): 739–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852011x614037.
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Abstract This article traces the history of the Cham and Malay military colonies in the southwestern provinces of Vietnam, from their creation in the eighteenth century to their dismantling during the last decades of the nineteenth century. The colonies were meant to protect the Khmero-Vietnamese border and secure Vietnamese positions in the southwestern regions (formerly part of Cambodia), as well as in eastern Cambodia. The study of the Chams and Malays in southern Vietnam sheds new light on the dynamics of power, the struggles for supremacy, and inter-ethnic associations during the process of state-building in Southeast Asia.
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Nevzorov, Evgeniy. "Soldiers’ children in legislation and law enforcement practice in Russian Empire of 18th–19th centuries." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 179 (2019): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-179-131-142.
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We consider historical and legal aspects of social and class status of minor members of “military class”: soldiers’ children, recruit’s children, soldiers’ daughters. These children had special status in legislation and law enforcement practice in Russian Empire in 18th–19th century as they were born in the families of recruits, lower ranks soldiers during their service in Russian army, retired soldiers, soldiers on indefinite leave and service-disabled veterans. On the basis of wide range of archival and published materials we reconstructed the legal regulation and social characteristics of “military offspring” in military forces and civil society. We also reveal recorded in primary archival documents and legal acts social and legal, class and household collisions and trends, which determined life and destiny of “military children”. We clarify statistical uncertainties, which occurred during estimation members of military class – soldiers’ children – in Russian province. We also give detailed historiographic assessment of studying legal status of cantonists and soldiers’ daughters. We conclude about the prospects of studying this scientific problem by domestic historians, as well as the presence of primary archival documents, which are waiting for the introduction into scientific circulation. It is proved that the category of “soldiers’ children” was not only a subject, but was often the object of Russian legislation, this category also made it possible to successfully defend their rights. We reveal features of transformation of the former cantonists into professional soldiers, and also their role in military and social history of the Russian Empire of the considered chronological period.
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Borca, Ioana, Mihai Gligor, and Cornel Tatai-Baltă. "ALBA IULIA-LUMEA NOUĂ SITE (ROMANIA): HISTORICAL EVOLUTION FROM NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT TO A MODERN RECREATION AREA." CBU International Conference Proceedings 4 (September 22, 2016): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v4.780.
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This article highlights the archaeological and geographical importance of the Alba Iulia-Lumea Nouă settlement and its functional development throughout history. Situated in a millenary city, the settlement displays obvious traces of the contribution of the civilizations that transformed and adapted the local geographical features according to their constant changing needs. Prehistoric and modern elements from painted pottery and the distinctive mortuary practices of various Neolithic and Eneolithic cultures, the 18th and 19th century military plans, together with Arthur Bach’s collection of photos illustrating a 20th century park, reveal the true value of this site. Drawing on these resources, we present a historical landscape analysis of the Neolithic to Modern Ages in the context of cultural change.
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Baev, V. G. "Otto von Bismarck and Germany Militarization (Legislative Formalization of the Military Reform in Germany in the 80s of the 19th century)." Lex Russica, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.166.9.077-087.
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The history of Germany of the second half of the 19th century and the activities of Otto von Bismarck form an integral unit, provided we bear in mind the process of Germany becoming a centralized state. The author argues that the attainment of German unity could only be achieved on the paths of war with Austria and France. This implies why military reform in Germany has been given so much attention.This study is focused on the second stage of military reform — the strengthening of the German army after the establishment of a centralized state. The author poses the question: if the “German issue” was resolved, what was the need for further armament? The Bismarck Government in 1874 and 1881 successfully sought from Parliament the adoption of septennat laws (seven years of funding for the army). But in 1887 the Parliament refused to extend the septennat. The author uses Bismarck’s collection of political speeches in the Reichstag as the main source of research. It is an important source of official origin, reflecting the approaches of not only of the subject of Bismarck’s legislative initiative, but also of Germany’s ruling elite.A point of view about Bismarck as vehicle of Germanic militarism prevails in historical literature. As a result of the analysis of the debate on the draft law, the author concludes that Bismarck’s military policy was dictated not so much by the militaristic nature of his personality, but by the necessity of strengthening the military potential of Germany, surrounded by strong adversaries, to defend its sovereignty. For the further development of events, the Chancellor who had been removed from his office, cannot be held responsible. The tragedy of Bismarck-era Germany is expressed in the fact that he failed to prepare a successor capable of leading the country during a period of crisis.
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Vasilyev, Dmitry V. "CENTRAL ASIAN REGION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: HARMONY OF DOMESTIC POLICY AND IDENTITY OF LEGISLATIVE PRACTICE." Ural Historical Journal 77, no. 4 (2022): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-147-156.
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The article examines the legislative practice of the Russian Empire in relation to the southeastern possessions (Kazakh Steppe, Russian Turkestan and the Transсaspian region). Based on the analysis of the current legislation, the validity of the use of the regional approach to the study of the history of the Russian Empire is confirmed. The imperial legislation on the Kazakh steppe convinces that during the 18th century it was a colonial possession and consistently experienced methods of indirect and direct rule. From the middle of the 19th century, when Russia became more active in the direction of Afghanistan and China, it came to an understanding of the need to integrate not only Kazakh, but also newly conquered lands into a common state space as ordinary provinces. The approaches used in this direction were the same for all three sub-regions of the Empire’s Southeast. This gives grounds to assert that the Russian leadership perceived them as part of a single geopolitical space. The 18th and 19th centuries Russian legislation makes it possible to highlight the main parameters of administration unification. They allowed the Empire to assimilate a different civilization space confidently. The main instrument was the system of military-and-people’s administration, tested in another region of the Empire (in the Caucasus). It was implemented in special administrative-territorial units (Governorates-General). Their boundaries and composition changed depending on foreign policy circumstances and the solution of another important task — the adaptation of the population to the All-Russian order.