Academic literature on the topic 'Germany Glin'

The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) published an interesting judgement in Case C-44/17. Following the action initiated in Germany by the Scotch Whisky Association (SWA), the Court of Hamburg had asked the CJEU to interpret EU legislation on GIs spirit drinks (Regulation (EC) No 110/2008), in particular with respect to the depth of "evocation". The case opposes the SWA and a distillery located in Germany, which produces and markets whisky under the designation "Glen Buchenbach". The product’s label also indicates “German product”. The SWA considers that the use of the term "Glen", in connection with whisky, infringes the GI "Scotch Whisky" as it is liable to cause consumers to make an inappropriate connection to the GI. “Glen” in fact is widely used in Scotland to refer to “valley” and is an element of the trade mark of Scotch Whisky producers. With respect to the concept of evocation, which is a powerful tool to protect GIs against the exploitation of their reputation and other practices which aim at establishing a connection between the products sold and GIs, the main elements of the judgement are: The “conceptual” proximity between a GI and the contested name can result in an evocation. This has to be evaluated by national courts, taking into account the fact that an average European consumer, who is reasonably well informed and observant and circumspect, when confronted with the name at issue, the image triggered in his mind is that of the product whose indication is protected. This is the first case which puts it beyond doubt that evocation can exist even where the name at issue is not similar phonetically or visually to the GI. The indication of the true origin of the good at issue does not exclude automatically the evocation of a GI. As a result, in the present case, the German court will have to determine whether an average European consumer thinks directly about the GI “Scotch Whisky” when he is confronted with a comparable product bearing the name “Glen” (“Glen Buchenbach” whisky).

AbstractThe knowledge of the Eemian fauna of central Europe is based on the fossil record from a number of sites located in the eastern part of Germany. The faunas with different deer species as well as Sus scrofa, Palaeoloxodon antiquus, Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis and Glis glis indicate a forested environment alternating during the climatic optimum of the Eemian s.s. with areas with a more open environment inhabited by species such as Cricetus cricetus, Equus sp. (or Equus taubachensis), Equus hydruntinus and Stephanorhinus hemitoechus. Characteristic for the Rhine valley fauna are Hippopotamus amphibius and the water buffalo (Bubalus murrensis); both species are absent in the eastern German faunas with an Eemian age.Taking into account the short period of time covered by the Eemian s.s., the amount of data on the Eemian mammalian fauna is remarkably large. There is, however, still an ongoing debate on whether the stratigraphical position of a number of faunas are of Eemian or ‘intra-Saalian’ age. Furthermore, there are faunal assemblages or stratigraphically isolated finds referred to the Eemian without indisputable evidence. This is particularly the case in the Rhine valley, where most of the so-called Eemian fossils come from dredged assemblages. The picture of the evolution of the Eemian fauna and its geographical variation is consequently still incomplete.

ABSTRACTIn Europe, dormice serve as competent reservoir hosts for particular genospecies of the tick-borne agent of Lyme disease (LD) and seem to support them more efficiently than do mice or voles. The longevity of edible dormice (Glis glis) and their attractiveness for ticks may result in a predominance of LD spirochetes in ticks questing in dormouse habitats. To investigate the role of edible dormice in the transmission cycle of LD spirochetes, we sampled skin tissue from the ear pinnae of dormice inhabiting five different study sites in south western Germany. Of 501 edible dormice, 12.6% harbored DNA of LD spirochetes. Edible dormice were infected most frequently with the pathogenic LD spirocheteBorrelia afzelii. The DNA ofB. gariniiandB. bavariensiswas detected in ca. 0.5% of the examined individuals. No spirochetal DNA was detectable in the skin of edible dormice until July, 6 weeks after they generally start to emerge from their obligate hibernation. Thereafter, the prevalence of spirochetal DNA in edible dormice increased during the remaining period of their 4 to 5 months of activity, reaching nearly 40% in September. Males were more than four times more likely to harbor LD spirochetes than females, and yearlings were almost twice more likely to be infected than adults. The seasonality of the prevalence of LD spirochetes in edible dormice was pronounced and may affect their role as a reservoir host in respect to other hosts.

Objective Chordomas are uncommon primary malignant tumours that have a high rate of recurrence. They are thought to form along the spine from remains of the embryonic notochord. Treatment for recurrent tumours is complicated and contentious.They are unresponsive to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Chordomomas simply lack a viable chemotherapeutic standard. Throughout the fetus's development, the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathways connecting a variety of processes involved in tissue and organ expansion and differentiation. To investigate the role of signalling the hedgehog in recurrent spinal chordomas, immunohistochemistry was used to identify SHH and GLI1 levels. In situ hybridization was also used to differentiate PTCH1 and GLI1 expressions. Methods From 1997 to 2020, we looked at 23 paraffin-embedded recurrent spinal chordoma samples from 23 patients (9 men, 14 women; median age: 63 years). All the patients were treated at the University Medical Center Goettingen in Germany and Azad University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran. This study only included patients who had been diagnosed with conventional chordoma. Results SHH expression (+) and GLI1 expression were discovered in all 23 cases (+) immunohistochemically. GLI1 and SHH levels were markedly increased by recurrent spinal chordoma scores. In the recurrent spinal chordoma, in situ hybridization demonstrated positive responses for PTCH1 and GLI1. Conclusion The Shh sample that represents is believed to play a role in spinal chordoma recurrence.The increased amounts of SHH and GLI1 activity in all chordoma samples, according to the study, indicate an autocrine ligand-dependent activation of the conventional HH signalling cacade. It's hard to rule out a non-canonical or paracrine pathway. Hedgehoginhibitors, such as SHH- and GLl-inhibitors, are believed to be associated in our findings, could be a promising approach for treating recurrent spinal chordomas.

Edible dormice ( Glis glis (L., 1766)) display strong annual variation in their reproductive output that is closely related to resource availability, commonly measured through the quantity of seeds produced by their most important food provider, the European beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.). Dormouse mating takes place several weeks before beech seeds ripen, and to the present day it remains unclear how dormice achieve optimized reproductive output in reflection of the quantity of food available in the future. The first aim of this field study carried out over 13 years was thus to investigate the relationship between beech masting and reproductive performance in edible dormice in Germany. If food availability in spring influenced litter size, this would partially explain observed natural variability in offspring numbers. We thus chose an experimental approach and provided supplemental food to edible dormice in the field. Our results showed that numbers and proportions of reproductively active females, as well as litter sizes, between 1993 and 2005 were positively correlated with beech mast. Food supplementation positively affected litter size and litters of food-supplemented females were found to be larger than those of unsupplemented females. Food-supplemented mothers and their offspring gained body mass considerably faster during lactation and were heavier at the end of the lactation period compared with controls. However, juvenile body size, as well as its increase, did not differ between the two treatments. Our results suggest a link between edible dormice reproductive output and food availability after emergence from hibernation.

Aquatic reed beds provide important ecological functions, yet their monitoring by remote sensing methods remains challenging. In this study, we propose an approach of assessing aquatic reed stand status indicators based on data from the airborne photogrammetric 3K-system of the German Aerospace Center (DLR). By a Structure from Motion (SfM) approach, we computed stand surface models of aquatic reeds for each of the 14 areas of interest (AOI) investigated at Lake Chiemsee in Bavaria, Germany. Based on reed heights, we subsequently calculated the reed area, surface structure homogeneity and shape of the frontline. For verification, we compared 3K aquatic reed heights against reed stem metrics obtained from ground-based infield data collected at each AOI. The root mean square error (RMSE) for 1358 reference points from the 3K digital surface model and the field-measured data ranged between 39 cm and 104 cm depending on the AOI. Considering strong object movements due to wind and waves, superimposed by water surface effects such as sun glint altering 3K data, the results of the aquatic reed surface reconstruction were promising. Combining the parameter height, area, density and frontline shape, we finally calculated an indicator for status determination: the aquatic reed status index (aRSI), which is based on metrics, and thus is repeatable and transferable in space and time. The findings of our study illustrate that, even under the adverse conditions given by the environment of the aquatic reed, aerial photogrammetry can deliver appropriate results for deriving objective and reconstructable parameters for aquatic reed status (Phragmites australis) assessment.

Case C-44/17, Scotch Whisky Association v Michael Klotz, 7 June 2018 (Fifth Chamber)The CJEU issued a preliminary ruling in a dispute between the protected indication of geographical origin Scotch Whisky and the disputed sign Glen Buchenbach over the right to use the designation Glen. The CJEU provided further clarification of the four protection norms for safeguarding protected indications of geographical origin. Commencing with interpreting the phrase “any direct or indirect commercial use”, the CJEU established that the term “use” refers to the visual appearance of a protected indication covering its use in either an identical or similar form in the disputed sign. The terms “direct” and “indirect” refer to the way in which appearance takes place: the former term covers affixing a disputed sign directly on the product (ie labelling); the latter term comprises other forms of use such as advertising or accompanying documents. Further, the CJEU held that “evocation” means evaluating whether an average European consumer thinks directly of a protected indication of geographical origin when confronted with an infringing sign. Finally, the CJEU averred that assessing whether a disputed sign is used either as an evocation or as a “false and misleading indication” does not depend on the context in which the sign is used.Article 16 of Regulation (EC) No 110/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008 on the definition, description, presentation, labelling and the protection of geographical indications of spirit drinks and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 1576/89, OJ L - 8, of 13.2.2008, pp 16–54 [Spirits Regulation].

Odo Strewe arrived in New Zealand in 1938, a refugee from Nazi Germany. After release from internment on Matiu (Somes Island) as an Enemy Alien during World War Two, he married and moved to Auckland where he started a landscape design and construction business. Strewe had explored the idea of plants inside buildings in the very first house that he had made for his family in Glen Eden, Auckland in 1949. An Australian journalist writing about the house described the interior "with tropical paw paws almost coming indoors to join forces with the banana that is really growing and fruiting, right inside the house." Strewe continued to advocate for this disciplinary contest in subsequent years by writing about indoor gardening in New Zealand Modern Homes and Gardens and designing gardens that challenged the boundaries between landscape and the interior. This paper will explore the design strategies of two of Strewe's interior gardens in the 1960s as he developed this aspect of his landscape design practice.

The extent to which inflammation impacts food intake remains unclear, serving as a key risk factor for malnutrition as defined by the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM). To address this, we analyzed a large, merged dataset of geriatric hospitalized patients across Europe. The study included 1650 consecutive patients aged ≥65 year from Germany, Italy, Finland, Denmark, and Poland. Nutritional intake was assessed using the first item of the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form; C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured using standard procedures. In total (age 79.6 ± 7.4 year, 1047 females), 23% exhibited moderate to severe inflammation, and 12% showed severe inflammation; 35% showed moderate reductions in food intake, and 28% were considered malnourished. Median CRP levels differed significantly between patients with severe, moderate, and no decrease in food intake. Among patients with a CRP level of 3.0–4.99 mg/dL, 19% experienced a severe decrease in food intake, while 66% experienced moderate to severe decreases. Regression analysis revealed that inflammation was the most prominent risk factor for low food intake and malnutrition, surpassing other factors such as age, gender, infection, and comorbidity. A CRP level of ≥3.0 mg/dL is associated with reduced food intake during last 3 months in two thirds of hospitalized geriatric patients and therefore indicative for a high risk of malnutrition.

Questo elaborato si basa sulla proposta di traduzione del saggio letterario giornalistico "Antisemiten sind mir egal" di Maxim Biller pubblicato sulla Zeit (Nº 41/2014) il 18.10.2014. L'idea di usare questo testo è nata da una lezione di letteratura tedesca svolta quest'anno durante il secondo semestre dal professor Giovanni Nadiani. Sicuramente questa traduzione è stata fin dall'inizio una grande sfida vista la difficoltà del testo dovuta al tema legato all'attualitá e ricco di riferimenti alla cultura tedesca e israeliana, per i quali si è rivelato necessario l'uso delle note a piè di pagina con l’obiettivo di agevolare la comprensione al lettore italiano. Una volta superate le difficoltà iniziali, sviluppare questo elaborato si è rivelato molto interessante e mi ha arricchita molto sia a livello personale sia a livello formativo. Per poter rendere il testo tradotto in modo adeguato, il traduttore deve prima comprendere il messaggio originario. La comprensione del linguaggio è possibile solo se emittente e destinatario condividono il contesto situazionale e la cultura di riferimento. Per riuscire a comprendere totalmente il messaggio, i destinatari del testo tradotto potrebbero avere difficoltà interpretative. Da qui l’esigenza di aggiungere parti esplicative per colmare e sanare le divergenze tra cultura di partenza e di arrivo. Questo lavoro è stato lungo e impegnativo ma anche fonte di grande soddisfazione e uno stimolo ad approfondire non solo la mia conoscenza della lingua tedesca, ma anche quella della mia lingua madre. Infine spero con la mia proposta di traduzione di essere riuscita ad avvicinare il pubblico italiano a questo saggio, che mette in discussione una tematica di grande attualità e su cui è sempre bene riflettere.

Le dinamiche del Secondo conflitto mondiale costituiscono ancora oggi un campo di esplorazione per molti storici; se da una parte è possibile affermare con certezza quelle che furono le cause dello scoppio del conflitto, dall’altra ci sono argomenti ancora scarsamente affrontati. Dopo quattro lunghi anni di guerra sul territorio sovietico, che causarono la morte di decine di milioni di cittadini e la distruzione di città intere, i sovietici riuscirono a ribaltare la situazione e a sfondare il confine tedesco per dirigersi verso la «tana del lupo». Animata da un forte sentimento di rivalsa, alimentato dalla propaganda di odio, l’Armata Rossa si macchiò di gravi crimini sulla popolazione civile ed in particolare sulle donne tedesche. Come preannunciato dal ministro della Propaganda nazista, i soldati di Stalin, violentarono un numero che oscilla da un centinaio di migliaia a due milioni di donne. Per molto tempo il tema degli stupri è stato un tabù: l’impossibilità di screditare l’immagine dei «liberatori», la vergogna e l’umiliazione delle donne, il silenzio in nome del progresso impedirono alla storiografia tedesca di soffermarsi su tale argomento. Solo dopo la riunificazione della Germania, la fine della guerra fredda e i drammatici eventi che colpirono l’ex Jugoslavia, gli studiosi riesumarono il problema degli stupri di massa sovietici tentando di inserirli all’interno della logica di una “guerra totale” e analizzandone le funzioni simboliche, politiche e culturali.

Ziel der vorliegenden Masterarbeit sind der terminologische sowie inhaltliche Vergleich zwischen den von der italienischen und der deutschen Rechtsordnung vorgesehenen Leistungen bei Arbeitslosigkeit und die daraus hervorgehende Erstellung zweisprachlicher terminologischen Einträge zur Anreicherung der IATE-Datenbank. Die Arbeit ist an ein breites Publikum gerichtet, das RechtsübersetzerInnen, RechtsexpertInnen und DolmetscherInnen sowie auch Studierenden und Interessenten an Rechtsvergleichung umfasst. Die Arbeit ist in vier Kapitel gegliedert. Das erste besteht in einer Einführung in die Rechtssprache(n) und deren wesentliche Merkmale, mit besonderem Bezug auf das Problem der semantischen Äquivalenz; es wird außerdem ein Überblick über die Funktionen der Rechtstexte und die zurzeit verfügbaren Datenbanken der Rechtsterminologie gegeben. Im zweiten Kapitel wird der Fachbereich der Arbeit vorgestellt. Die italienischen und deutschen Sozialleistungen werden hier sowohl auf mikro- als auch auf makrokomparativer Ebene untersucht und es wird auf die jüngsten Arbeitsmarktpolitikreformen in beiden Ländern eingegangen. Das dritte und das vierte Kapitel sind dem praktischen Teil der Arbeit gewidmet. Es werden die einzelnen Schritte zur Erstellung der 216 Termini enthaltenden Datenbank geschildert – von der Zusammenstellung der Korpora aus autoritativen Quellen und der Extraktion der Termini, über die Erstellung der zweisprachigen Begriffssysteme bis hin zur Suche nach äquivalenten Begriffen bzw. Formulierung von Übersetzungsvorschlägen und zur Erarbeitung der terminologischen Einträge.

Il lavoro si propone di indagare la funzione peculiare riconosciuta agli uccelli nella concezione poetica di Jacob Grimm, le eventuali connessioni con i miti che connotano sin dall'antichità questi animali come creature liminari vicine al numinoso e il suo riscontro nelle numerose "Vogelfiguren" delle raccolte dei "Kinder- und Hausmaerchen" (è stata considerata la prima edizione del 1812/15, in cui è ancora fortemente presente l'impronta di Jacob rispetto al fratello) e delle "Deutschen Sagen". Il primo capitolo approfondisce il rapporto di Jacob Grimm con gli altri rappresentanti delle prime due fasi del romanticismo tedesco, focalizzandosi soprattutto sul tema della relazione tra uomo e natura, e degli aspetti più reconditi di quest'ultima, così come messi in luce dalla sensibilità romantica dell'epoca. Nel secondo capitolo è analizzato il ruolo privilegiato che Jacob Grimm assegna alla "Tierfabel" nella storia della poesia, nel cui ambito si colgono affermazioni singolari sugli uccelli, concepiti quali figure portatrici di sinistra inquietudine, staccate dal resto del regno animale. Altri riscontri in merito sono presenti in opere di tipo diverso e pubblicate in periodi anche lontani fra loro: la "Deutsche Mythologie", la "Geschichte der deutschen Sprache", il saggio di tipo naturalistico "Ueber den Schlaf der Voegel". I capitoli terzo e quarto approfondiscono il ruolo dei "Voegel" nelle due sopracitate raccolte grimmiane, attraverso l'analisi e il confronto degli episodi - fiaba o saga - in cui essi compaiono. SYNOPSIS IN ENGLISH: The research investigates on the peculiar role of birds in the poetic conception of Jacob Grimm and its possible connections to the ancient myths, that portray these animals as liminary creatures in frequent contact with the "Numinous", and to the numerous bird-characters of the two well-known Grimm Brothers' collections: "Children's and Household Tales" - the first edition (1812 / 15), to which the contibution of Jacob was still relevant, has been considered - and the "German Sagas" (1816 / 18).

La presente ricerca indaga sul trasferimento di europei a Lima, tra gli anni Trenta e la fine degli anni Sessanta del Novecento, e si interroga sull’influenza di questo fenomeno sull’evoluzione architettonica e urbanistica nella capitale peruviana. La partecipazione di europei nella pianificazione della cosiddetta Ciudad de los Reyes, principale centro amministrativo per i territori del subcontinente americano dominati dalla Corona spagnola tra il XVI e XIX secolo, si è mantenuta nel secondo dopoguerra. Tale caratteristica, frutto dei rapporti plurisecolari tra il paese andino e la penisola iberica, non è ancora diventata oggetto di interesse da parte degli storici di architettura. La ricerca ha tentato di colmare questa “lacuna” storiografica analizzando le modalità di migrazione della cultura moderna occidentale nel Novecento nella regione latino-americana. Al fine di comprendere la diffusione del modernismo in Perù, si sono innanzitutto analizzati gli storici rapporti tra Vecchio e Nuovo Continente, che hanno stabilito un’egemonia culturale europea e che hanno influenzato notevolmente i cambiamenti novecenteschi nella città di Lima. Successivamente, la ricerca si è focalizzata sullo studio dei progettisti europei più attivi in Perù, il tedesco Paul Linder, l’italiano Mario Bianco, lo svizzero Theodor Cron, le cui biografie documentano le motivazioni politiche, economiche e culturali di espatrio. Nonostante le molteplici esperienze peruviane di queste figure, nei campi della docenza universitaria, dell’urbanistica e della progettazione, la loro cospicua opera costruita resta l’influenza più incisiva sugli architetti locali. La loro eterogenea produzione progettuale presenta diversi casi di edifici riconducibili alla tipologia multipiano, la cui realizzazione ha agevolato l’introduzione di una nuova scala architettonica nel tessuto urbano di epoca vicereale. Sono dunque state indagate le circostanze economiche, politiche e culturali che hanno portato questi tecnici a progettare tali edifici nel centro storico di Lima, dalla emanazione della normativa in materia urbanistica, alla presenza di committenze e imprese costruttrici di origine europea. Gli edifici multipiano limegni rappresentano la materializzazione del progetto economico e politico messo a punto dal governo e dai suoi consulenti per il centro della capitale peruviana. Ad un periodo di auge e di ampio riconoscimento delle loro qualità architettoniche ne è seguito uno di obblio, durante il quale molte di queste costruzioni sono state ristrutturate, demolite o, nel migliore dei casi, abbandonate. Per questo motivo, sono stati indagati i temi della tutela, della conservazione e della valorizzazione del vasto patrimonio costruito nel XX secolo in Perù, con particolare riguardo agli edifici multipiano ideati da progettisti esteri e locali. L’approccio dell’indagine ha seguito un modus operandi che coniuga la ricerca archivistica e l’analisi delle fonti testuali, iconografiche e orali allo studio diretto degli edifici, caratterizzato dall’esame delle tecniche costruttive e dei materiali. Il progetto di co-tutela siglato tra Sapienza Università di Roma e l’Università della Svizzera Italiana è stato fondamentale al fine di inquadrare la ricerca nel quadro storiografico italiano e svizzero.
This research studies the migration of Europeans to Lima between the 1930s and the late 1960s and analyses their influence on the evolution of architecture and urbanism in the Peruvian capital. The so-called Ciudad de los Reyes was the main administrative centre of the South American territories dominated by the Spanish Crown between the 16th and 19th centuries. The participation of Europeans in its urban planning has continued into the 20th century. This characteristic is the result of the centuries-old relations between the Andean country and the Iberian Peninsula and has not yet been a topic of interest for architectural historians. This research aims to fill this historiographical "gap" by analysing the channels through which Western modern culture migrated to the Latin American region. In order to understand the diffusion of modernism in Peru, firstly the historical relations between the Old and the New Continent have to be analysed. These relations have established an European cultural hegemony and have greatly influenced the changes of the last century in the city of Lima. Secondly, the research has focused on the study of the most active European architects and engineers in Peru. These are the German Paul Linder, the Italian Mario Bianco and the Swiss Theodor Cron, whose biographies document the political, economic and cultural motivations for their emigration. Despite the multiple Peruvian experiences of these figures in the fields of university teaching, urban planning and architectural design, their influence on local architects occurred mainly through their built work. Their heterogeneous design output includes examples of high-rise buildings whose construction has meant the introduction of a new architectural scale in the urban centre, originally mainly an example of the viceregal era. For this reason, the economic, political and cultural circumstances that led these architects to create such buildings have been investigated, from the emanation of urban norms to the participation of clients and construction companies of European origin. The high-rise buildings in Lima embody the economic and political project developed by the government and its advisors for the centre of the Peruvian capital. After a period of boom and widespread recognition, a period of neglect has followed in which many of these buildings have been remodelled, demolished or, in the best of cases, abandoned. For this reason, research has been carried out on the issues of protection, conservation and valorisation of the vast heritage built in the 20th century in Peru, with special attention to high-rise architecture designed by foreign and local architects. The approach of the present research has followed a modus operandi that combines the study of archives, textual, iconographic and oral sources with the direct analysis of buildings, characterised by the examination of construction techniques and materials. The co-supervision agreement signed between the Sapienza Università di Roma and the Università della Svizzera Italiana has been fundamental in giving the present work the Italian and Swiss historiographical framework.
La presente investigación estudia la migración de europeos a Lima, entre los años 30 y finales de los 60, y analiza su influencia en la evolución urbana y arquitectónica de la capital peruana. La participación de europeos en el planeamiento urbano de la llamada Ciudad de los Reyes, principal centro administrativo de los territorios sudamericanos dominados por la Corona española entre los siglos XVI y XIX, se ha mantenido en el siglo XX. Esta característica, fruto de las relaciones seculares entre el país andino y la Península Ibérica, no ha sido aún tema de interés para los historiadores de la arquitectura. La investigación se propone llenar este "vacío" historiográfico analizando los canales a traves de lo cuales la cultura moderna occidental ha migrado hacia la región latinoamericana. Para entender la difusión del modernismo en el Perú se ha analizado en primer lugar las relaciones históricas entre el Viejo y el Nuevo Continente que han establecido una hegemonía cultural europea y que han influido en gran medida en los cambios del siglo pasado en la ciudad de Lima. Posteriormente, la investigación se ha focalizado en el estudio de los arquitectos e ingenieros europeos más activos en Perú, el alemán Paul Linder, el italiano Mario Bianco y el suizo Theodor Cron, cuyas biografías documentaron las motivaciones políticas, económicas y culturales de su emigración. A pesar de sus múltiples experiencias en Perú, en los campos de la enseñanza universitaria, el urbanismo y el diseño arquitectónico, su cuantiosa obra construida ha sido la influencia más importante en los arquitectos locales. Su heterogénea producción proyectual presenta ejemplos de edificios en altura, cuya construcción ha significado la introducción de una nueva escala arquitectónica en el casco urbano de época virreinal. Por ello, se ha investigado las circunstancias económicas, políticas y culturales que llevaron a estos diseñadores a crear tales edificios, desde la emanación de las normas urbanas, a la participación de los clientes y empresas constructoras, con particular atención a la presencia de inmigrantes europeos. Los edificios en altura limeños representan concretamente el proyecto económico y político desarrollado por el gobierno y sus asesores para el centro de la capital peruana. A un periodo de auge y de amplio reconocimiento ha seguido otro de olvido en el que muchas de estas construcciones han sido remodeladas, demolidas o, en el mejor de los casos, abandonadas. Por ello, se han investigado los temas de protección, conservación y valorización del vasto patrimonio construido en el siglo XX en Perú, con especial atención a las arqutitecturas en altura diseñadas por arquitectos extranjeros y locales. El enfoque de la presente investigación ha seguido un modus operandi que combina el estudio de archivos, fuentes textuales, iconográficas y orales con el analisis directo del edificio, caracterizado por el examen de las técnicas y los materiales de construcción. El acuerdo de co-supervisión firmado entre la Sapienza Università di Roma y la Università della Svizzera Italiana ha sido fundamental para dar al presente trabajo el marco historiográfico italiano y suizo.

Dopo più di quarant’anni di tentativi tesi alla realizzazione di un titolo di protezione brevettuale “comunitario”, nel 2012 sono stati emanati due regolamenti, il n. 1257/2012 e il n. 1260/2012, attuativi di una cooperazione rafforzata tra ventisei Stati membri dell’Unione europea: essi creano un brevetto europeo con effetto unitario e ne disciplinano il regime di traduzione applicabile. L’anno successivo, venticinque Stati membri hanno firmato un accordo istitutivo del Tribunale unificato dei brevetti. I summenzionati strumenti normativi costituiscono il c.d. “pacchetto brevetti”, che entrerà in vigore una volta che almeno tredici Stati membri, tra cui Germania, Francia e Regno Unito, avranno ratificato l’Accordo. Rispetto al panorama attuale, caratterizzato da una frammentazione normativa e giurisdizionale, tale nuova architettura porterà indubbiamente notevoli vantaggi. Da un lato, infatti, i regolamenti europei introducono un “nuovo brevetto” che estende la sua efficacia oltre i confini nazionali; la portata della protezione e gli effetti saranno infatti uniformi in tutto il territorio degli Stati membri partecipanti. Dall’altro, il Tribunale unificato, competente a giudicare quasi tutte le controversie in materia brevettuale, si sostituirà ai giudici nazionali, garantendo l’uniformità della giurisdizione e delle decisioni. Tuttavia, il risultato ottenuto con il “pacchetto brevetti” non sembra essere adeguato agli obiettivi di unitarietà che le istituzioni europee e gli Stati membri si erano prefissati. Si tratta infatti di un quadro normativo complesso, che combina il diritto dell’Unione europea, il diritto internazionale (in particolare l’Accordo sul Tribunale unificato e la Convenzione sul brevetto europeo), e il diritto nazionale degli Stati membri, a cui gli atti citati rinviano in diverse occasioni, e che istituisce due strumenti, il brevetto europeo con effetto unitario e il Tribunale unificato dei brevetti, dalla natura assai controversa. Per tale ragione, la nuova normativa solleva molteplici questioni di natura costituzionale, in ordine alla compatibilità del nuovo sistema con l’ordinamento giuridico dell’Unione europea. Uno dei profili problematici di particolare interesse riguarda la cooperazione rafforzata in tema di tutela brevettuale unitaria, che sembra essere stata instaurata per eludere il dissenso di Italia e Spagna in relazione al regime linguistico applicabile. Inoltre, nei due regolamenti europei manca una vera e propria disciplina sostanziale, sollevando pertanto dei dubbi sull’effettiva “unitarietà” del nuovo brevetto. Infine, alcune caratteristiche del Tribunale unificato, quali la sua particolare struttura, il riparto interno delle competenze, il regime linguistico e la previsione di un periodo transitorio in cui è possibile ancora adire il giudice nazionale, si pongono in contrasto con il fine di unificazione giurisdizionale. A tali considerazioni si aggiunge che la decisione del Regno Unito di uscire dall’Unione europea potrebbe compromettere l’entrata in vigore del “pacchetto brevetti”. Obiettivo del presente lavoro è quello di analizzare in modo organico l’intera disciplina, nell’ottica di verificarne l’effettiva compatibilità con l’ordinamento dell’Unione europea. Solamente attraverso un approccio sistematico fondato sui principi e sugli strumenti dell’UE, si possono superare le attuali criticità che emergono dal “pacchetto brevetti”, nell’ottica di un effettivo miglioramento di tale nuova disciplina e del conseguente raggiungimento di una reale unitarietà nella tutela brevettuale.

The Atriden Tetralogie (1940‑45) by Gerhart Hauptmann (1862‑1946) does not express, as was thought after the war, the poet’s resistance to Nazism: on the contrary, the work conforms to the Nazi aesthetics and ideology imposed on the interpretation of the myth since the Oresteia of 1936, staged on the occasion of the Olympic Games. Hauptmann, however, re-functionalises the myth to express the emotional atmosphere of Germany during the war, to exalt sacrifice for the homeland and blind faith in the Führer, to represent the horror of defeat and the horror of the German cities reduced to ashes by bombing. In the last tragedy of the tetralogy, Electra, Hauptmann poses the problem of German guilt for the horrors of World War II.

Laura Mancinelli is a highly esteemed scholar and one of Italy’s foremost contemporary writers. In the 1970s, she taught Germanic Philology (and subsequently History of the German Language) at Ca’ Foscari University of Venice for eight years. In this period, she became fully aware of her passion for writing novels inspired by her medieval studies – albeit imbued with autobiographical details and witty self-mockery. This paper will explore the nature of her relationship with Venice and Ca’ Foscari through her own eyes, captured in the autobiographical novels as well as in the detective short stories with Superintendent Florindo Flores as main character. Archival research has also been carried out to provide a full picture of her Venice experience.

Abstract Neuropathology emerged as a distinct discipline during the latter half of the nineteenth century. Stimulated by the possibility of a clearer understanding of human behavior, European neuroscientists, particularly in Germany and France, conducted systematic morphologic studies of the diseased human brain. The German approach, led by Weigert, Nissl, and Alzheimer, focused on the structural changes in neurons and glia associated with various disease states and the etiologic and pathogenetic insights provided by these phenomena. These scientists, followed by Jakob and Spielmeyer, supplemented the human data with experimental studies. In contrast, the French school, influenced by Charcot, emphasized the correlation between neurologic signs and symptoms and the anatomic location of lesions. This information formed a basis for inferences regarding the function of tracts, nuclei, and other anatomic components of the human brain (Greenfield, 1958). Subsequently, diagnostic neuropathology became focused on a combination of the French and German approaches. Successful practice of the discipline involved not only a detailed understanding of anatomic pathology but also knowledge of clinical neurology and neuroanatomy. In the last 20 years the ability to use neuroimaging studies to enhance conventional morphologic methods has become an important skill for the neuropathologist (Burger et al., 1998). In the near future, changes in the traditional emphasis on morphology as the basis for neuropathologic diagnosis are likely as more information is gained concerning genetic factors influencing the cellular expression of disease.

George sails in late May 1931—Julien and Joella Levy also on board. George meets a few prominent passengers, like conductor Alexander Smallens. He first stays in a modest Paris hotel, then moves into Jean Guérin’s empty flat through summer, determined to visit Gertrude Stein in Bilignin for sociability and a formal sitting. Meanwhile, he has advertising jobs for the Guérin family’s Parfums d’Orsay and portrait commissions. At Stein’s country abode, George takes a portrait of her strong profile overlooking the hills and valleys in the distance; he also manages an informal shot of himself taking tea with Stein and Toklas. Stein’s profile portrait will eventually have public import. Returned to Paris, George next travels through Austria and Germany with Monie, Glen, and Barbara, attending the Salzburg Festival. Glenway observes changing conditions in Germany for a new book. Barbara gifts George a pet dachshund he christens “Claus von Wiesbaden.”

Hanya Holm, dancer, choreographer, and teacher, is widely considered one of the pioneers of American modern dance, and was one of the most influential figures to transfer German dance philosophies and practices across the Atlantic. In an international career that spanned eight decades, she established herself as an award-winning choreographer of diverse genres, a master teacher, and a tireless advocate for dance. Her approach to kinetic abstraction and the lived experience of movement was foundational to modern dance practice and theory. In particular, she developed elaborate theories of the dancer’s relationship to space. Unlike some of her colleagues, Holm did not develop a codified technique, but instead taught through improvisational exploration of a comprehensive movement syllabus based on natural forces such as gravity and momentum. She insisted that each dance composition have its own form and its own vocabulary—an imperative passed down to her from her mentor Mary Wigman—and Holm, in turn, encouraged her students to develop their own aesthetic. Protégés including Alwin Nikolais, Murray Louis, Nancy Hauser, Valerie Bettis, Eve Gentry, Don Redlich, and Glen Tetley made distinctive contributions to modern dance in the latter half of the twentieth century.

The following two chapters introduce aspects of popular revolt during the Italian wars that trace convergences with the late Middle Ages. First, Italy did not follow European paths north of the Alps with widespread insurrections comprised largely of peasants that cut across states and linguistic divides. From 1494 to 1559, peasant revolts increased (1) with extensions of the ‘German Peasants’ Revolt’ into northern Italy in 1524–25 and (2) with resistance against billeting and military abuses throughout this period. Their number, however, remained distinctly in the shadows of urban revolt. Second, alliances between urban and peasant rebels also increased. However, in comparison with other European regions, indifference or hostility between urban and rural rebels in Italy largely remained. Third, if mutinies of soldiers are discarded, economic revolts between employers and labourers were even sparser in Italy, 1494 to 1559, than they had been in the Middle Ages. The most striking exception was the year-long Lucchese revolt, called Gli Straccioni (1531–32), that began as a protest of silk workers against new impositions from their bosses, but like Florence’s revolt of the Ciompi in 1378, quickly grew into a revolt of the city’s popolo to extend political representation. Finally, Italy did not follow trends north of the Alps, where religious ideals and doctrines and the role of clerics became central to insurrection. Revolts spawned by religious ideology and influenced by clerics in Italy instead declined below levels even seen in the late Middle Ages.

Back in the halcyon days of 1951, when the United States was entering its golden years of wealth and power and proclaiming that this was the American Century, there seemed no limit to what we could do with nature. Were some climates too hot? We could air-condition them. Were some too cold? We could thaw them out or raise tomatoes under glass. Were some too dry? We could, through hydraulic engineering, make them over into a veritable Eden of delights. In that year a Time magazine reporter traveled to the arid West to write about “the endless frontier” being won there by the engineers of the Bureau of Reclamation. They promised to develop enough water to redeem fifty million acres from aridity, enough acres to feed the equivalent of a whole new nation the size of France or Germany. And the engineers were not in the least reluctant to say what pleasure they got out of the work: “We enjoy pushing rivers around,” they told the reporter. Whether the pushing had any real direction, any clear sense of ends, was secondary; they (and by extension, we Americans) were a people who enjoyed dominating nature and we would look for rationales later. In a spirit of what the magazine called “engineering ecstasy,” almost every river in the western part of the country came under control and was made to raise alfalfa, fruit, and cotton. Our agricultural base shifted abruptly westward into the desert, and eastern and midwestern farmers suffered substantial damage to their fortunes. By the last agricultural census, the West counted over 45 million irrigated acres, producing one-fourth of the nation’s annual farm market sales. Though it irrigated only a small percentage of that acreage, the Bureau of Reclamation was unexcelled among water pushers for ambition and scale. It was the Bureau that had erected some of the biggest dams ever: Hoover, Grand Coulee, Shasta, Glen Canyon, Teton, Navajo, Flaming Gorge, etc., the clearest, brightest expressions we had of our national drive to conquer the land. But the big dams were more than that.

Despite of its many limitations, the Journal Impact Factor (JIF) is widely used to evaluate research institutions and individual researchers. Using references from 41 German medical guidelines we show that clinical relevance as assessed by guideline authors is uncorrelated to the JIF suggesting that a journal’s clinical relevance is independent of its JIF. As a consequence, evaluations solely relying on the JIF end up under-valuing clinically important research. We therefore propose a Guideline Impact Factor (GLIF) quantifying the relevance of journals for medical guideline development as an independent quality criterion for journals.