Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Germany – Economic policy – 1990-'
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Van, der Heyden Ulrich Klaus Helmut. "GDR development policy with special reference to Africa, c. 1960-1990." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001860.
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This thesis explores the political, economic and theoretical underpinnings of the German Democratic Republic’s (GDR’s) development policies towards the Third World between c.1960 and 1990. Particular attention is paid to Africa. Case studies of assistance to SWAPO and the ANC further focus the attention of the reader on southern Africa in particular. Aspects of both military and civilian aid are considered, including both development initiatives overseas in Africa, and development training for Africans within the GDR itself. Since German “reunification”, the GDR’s history has been explored largely from a West German perspective. The present work attempts to provide a more balanced view of successes and shortcomings of the GDR’s policies towards, and interaction with, African countries and liberation movements. It also aims to bring to the attention of English-speaking readers German archival sources, other primary sources and published works which they would otherwise have been unlikely to encounter. From its formation, the GDR made strenuous efforts to develop relations with countries which were either free from colonial dependency or were struggling for freedom. Over the course of thirty years, it followed a number of different approaches, and developed diverse objectives. These were shaped in the wider context of the cold war, the Hallstein doctrine (which established that the FRG – and, in effect, its allies - would not establish or maintain diplomatic relations with any state that recognised the GDR), the relationships between the GDR and partner socialist states, and the economic difficulties faced by the GDR. Arising from this complex situation, from time to time, both internally in the GDR and in terms of its foreign affairs, tensions and discrepancies arose between theoretical objectives and political and economic reality. Despite these severe constraints, during the period under review, the volume and range of the GDR’s relationships with developing countries increased dramatically. For example, between 1970 and 1987, the number of developing countries with which the GDR had foreign economic relations on the basis of international agreements grew from 23 to 64. Viewed within its economic context, the state was arguably far more committed to development aid than the Federal Republic of Germany. In addition, there is a great deal of evidence that “solidarity” with developing nations and the oppressed enjoyed a considerable degree of popular support.
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Vonyó, Tamás. "Post-war reconstruction and the economic miracle : the dynamics of West German economic growth during the 1950s and 1960s." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669982.
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Thomsen, Stephan Lothar. "Evaluating the employment effects of job creation schemes in Germany." Heidelberg : [Mannheim] : Physica-Verlag ; ZEW, Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1950-2.
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Depoortere, Rolande A. "La Belgique et les réparations allemandes après la première Guerre mondiale, 1919-1925." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212662.
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Kern, Thorsten. "West Germany and Namibia's path to independence, 1969-1990: foreign policy and rivalry with East Germany." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24509.
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This thesis examines West Germany's relationship with Namibia between 1969 and 1990. It investigates West German foreign policy towards Namibia, at the height of the Namibian liberation struggle, against the backdrop of East and West German rivalry. It brings to light that the post-war division of Germany into two separate states significantly impacted both German states' policies towards Namibia. The Federal Republic of Germany's (FRG) changing approach towards the German Democratic Republic (GDR) is analysed in relation to the Federal Republic's shifting attitude towards the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO), Namibia's leading national liberation movement. It shows that the political dynamic that drove the normalisation of relations between East and West Germany played a key role in West Germany's move towards supporting SWAPO in the mid-to-late 1970. Furthermore, this thesis demonstrates that the Federal Republic's political landscape was dominated by political division over the issue of SWAPO's role in Namibia's future. This dissertation therefore examines the diverging views among political parties and its wider effects on shaping West Germany's policy towards Namibia. It calls to attention that political discord led to attempts by political factions to influence events in Namibia, independent of the Federal Government, through alternative instruments of foreign policy. Particular attention is also paid to the ideological underpinnings that promoted or hindered interactions and co-operation between East and West Germany in Namibia, on the one hand, and the two German states and SWAPO on the other. It reveals that West Germany's attitude towards SWAPO cannot be separated from the wider realities of the Cold War. In particular, it shows that the normalization of relations between West Germany and SWAPO can only be fully understood against the backdrop of intra-German rivalry.
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Forbes, N. "British financial and economic policy towards Germany, 1931-39." Thesis, University of Kent, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374158.
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Kay, Alex J. "Exploitation, resettlement, mass murder : political and economic planning for German occupation policy in the Soviet Union, 1940-1941 /." New York : Berghahn books, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40227679v.
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Texte remanié de: Thesis Ph. D.--Philosophical Faculty I--Berlin--Humboldt-Universität, 2005. Titre de soutenance : Neuordnung and Hungerpolitik : the development and compatibility of political and economic planning within the Nazi hierarchy for the occupation of the Soviet Union, July 1940-July 1941.Bibliogr. p. 222-234.
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Simpson, Ralph Arthur. "Government intervention in the Malaysian economy, 1970-1990: lessons for South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This study examined the role the Malaysian government played in developing the Malaysian economy as a means to eliminating poverty and inequality and explored the lessons South Africa can learn from Malaysia's development experience. Under British colonial rule Malaysia developed a divided multi-ethnic society characterised by gross inequality and high levels of poverty. Jolted by the 1969 race riots and in a major departure from the laissez-faire economic policy, the government embarked on the New Economic Policy in 1970. This ambitious twenty-year social engineering plan ushered in greater state intervention in the economy. It greatly reduced poverty among indigenous Malays and made substantial progress towards achieving inter-ethnic economic parity.
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Nuyken, Mark E. "Between domestic constraints and multilateral obligations : the reform of the Bundeswehr in the context of a normalised German foreign and security policy." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/6511.
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This thesis seeks to understand the developments in Germany’s foreign and security policy since the end of the Cold War. Primarily, this thesis will centre on the question of whether Germany can now, after being re-unified for more than 20 years, be considered a normal actor in international relations. Although this subject has been debated extensively, the effects a possible change in foreign policy behaviour has on related fields of policy, have largely been left aside. This thesis therefore sets out to understand if there has in fact been a change in Germany’s foreign and security policy and will then apply the findings on the institution most affected by this change, i.e. Germany’s armed forces the Bundeswehr. It will therefore firstly discuss the perceived changes in German foreign policy since 1990 by analysing the academic debate on the process of normalisation and continuation. It will be argued that Germany has in fact become more normal and abandoned the constrained foreign policy of the Cold-War-era. The Bundeswehr will therefore have to be reformed accordingly to accommodate the new tasks set out by the changed foreign policy – most importantly peacekeeping and peace-enforcing out-of-area missions. This thesis will therefore analyse the reform efforts made over the last 20 years and apply them to the Bundeswehr’s large deployments in Kosovo and Afghanistan to determine how effective the reforms have been. Finally, this thesis will be able to contribute to the discussion on Germany’s status of a normal player in international relations with the added perspective from the Bundeswehr’s point of view.
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Pigman, Geoffrey Allen. "Hegemony and free trade policy : Britain 1846-1944 and U.S.A. 1944-1990." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335695.
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Burger, Csaba. "Occupational pensions in Germany : an economic geography." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:94e64b94-3bf7-4fb6-b8f5-102a472f4be7.
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By the end of the twentieth century, the generous German public pay-as-you-go pension system had been struggling with a serious deficit due to the country’s ageing population. In 2001, the German government enacted the “Riester” pension reform, named after Mr. Walter Riester, the Labour Minister brokering it, which reduced the level of publicly provided pensions, and strengthened the funded occupational and private pillars in order to replace the loss in retirement income. This thesis investigates the role and structure of occupational pensions during the Riester-reform and in its aftermath, using an economic geography perspective. In doing so, it discusses the role of trade unions and employer associations (social partners) in moulding the structure of the occupational system, and investigates the geography of occupational pensions both at employer and at employee level. Empirically, the thesis is based on an in-depth interview with Mr. Walter Riester, and a unique, proprietary data-set of a German occupational pension provider, containing information on 332 thousand employees and over 12 thousand employers. The results show that the internal division of social partners played a critical role in leaving occupational pensions voluntary, but they have been successful in setting standards on the occupational pension market by means of collective bargaining. Employers and employees show systematic spatiotemporal patterns in their pension-related decisions, confirming the importance of local relationships and local contexts in implementing social partners’ measures and in the transformation of the welfare state. It is finally pointed out that the Riester-reform was a part of a gradual transition, which has been reducing employers’ autonomy in order to reinforce the social role of occupational pensions. To achieve that and to catalyse the reform process, employers’ and employees’ risk exposure has been mitigated in the hope that old-age poverty can be avoided.
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Thompson, Helen Elizabeth. "Joining the ERM : core executive decision-making in the UK, 1979-1990." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1994. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1335/.
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Core executive decision-making in economic policy in the UK is dominated by a Prime Minister-Chancellor axis and a set of constraints defined by vast flows of capital around foreign exchange markets. This thesis examines policy-making during the Thatcher governments in relation to the debate about ERM membership from 1979 to 1990. The analysis reconstructs the choices which faced the Thatcher governments given their economic and European policy interests and capital accumulation priorities, and investigates core executive actors' activity against this background. From the first Thatcher administration onwards, the core executive was seriously divided on ERM membership and the government was unable to pursue a coherent policy on the issue. As a result of both a power struggle between the Prime Minister and successive Chancellors and the retention of empirically untenable policy positions by core executive actors, economic policy-making failed as a judgement about effective means to ends. In this sense, decision-making became non-rational. Having renounced the potential benefits of ERM membership for most of the 1980s, the Prime Minister and Chancellor decided to enter ERM in autumn 1990 at a central rate of DM2.95 which served neither their own interests nor those of UK producers. The failure of the Conservative government to pursue an effective policy on ERM membership represented a failure to cope with or understand the implications for successful economic management of vast capital flows around foreign exchange markets.
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Friedman, Renee Nadine. "A comparative study of regional economic strategy and industrial policy in Russia 1990-1999." Thesis, London Business School (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248238.
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Phelps, Thomas Edward. "The German peasant family, 1925-1939 : the problems of the republic and the impact of national socialism." Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/720350.
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Rural society during the German National Socialist movement has been overlooked by most historians. Instead the urban elements are stressed. I have chosen to study the impact of National Socialism upon peasant families.Three major limitations exist for this project. First, only the peasant family itself is reviewed. Second, this project is concerned only with the years from 1925 through 1339. Third, this project limits its review to only that territory comprising Germany after World War I. This was done to allow for a more equal comparison of agricultural statistics.The construction of this project remains simple. Three major chapters exist. Chapter One reviews the Republic: its politics, economy, and the problems of the peasant family. The remaining chapters then review these problems as they were resolved by the National Socialists. Chapter Two reviews the family itself: family size, health, inheritance, and social status. Chapter Three reviews farm-management: production, mechanization, labor, and prosperity. Both chapters are divided into two parts: part one reviews the new policies; part two reviews the impact.The findings of this project were different than expected. I had expected to find minimum improvement in the condition of peasant families. Instead, I discovered that, in general, these policies failed in their objectives. The reasons for these failures differed. But much of the blame rests in faults of the laws themselves. Final results, however, were mixed. Farm-management improved slightly, but the family itself witnessed reduced health. The average family was not destitute, but neither did it prosper.Department of History
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Campos, Filho Leonardo. "Brazilian trade policy in the 1980's and 1990's : an applied general equilibrium analysis." Thesis, University of London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300292.
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Bauer, Raimund. "A 'New Order' : National Socialist notions of Europe and their implementation during the Second World War." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21828.
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The term Europe was omnipresent in the Third Reich during the Second World War. An abundance of primary sources attests to the German interest in a new European order. Nevertheless, historiography is in disagreement on the Europeanness of this New Order and on its actual relevance for National Socialist policies. This study argues that these differing appraisals are the result of a mistaken understanding of the National Socialist New Order. National Socialist Germany did not pursue a single, stable, and clear-cut notion of Europe-to-be, but constantly kept negotiating its war aims and the future of Europe under the heading New Order. By means of a discourse-analytical approach, this thesis reconstructs this New Order and shows that its defining dimensions were long-standing and well-established knowledge and belief systems: the idea of European economic cooperation and völkisch beliefs. Depending on the military situation and the scope of the German sphere of influence, the discursive weight of these interpretive frames varied during the war. Nevertheless, they produced temporarily stable visions of Europe-to-be. Contrasted with this development, an analysis of German policies clearly demonstrates that the New Order discourse did matter. A hermeneutical approach which draws on discourse-analytical concepts of power relations makes clear that the New Order discourse was powerful. It defined the permissible ways of thinking and speaking about the future of Europe and it endowed the activities of German occupation authorities and private companies with meaning. Thus, this study and its innovative perspective shed new light on the New Order and broaden our understanding of National Socialist wartime policies. Its findings suggest that the National Socialist Europe must not be dismissed as anti-European. National Socialist Germany discursively constructed and realised its own ideals of Europe-to-be. This völkisch and economic reorganisation not only guided the policies of German occupation policies and informed the actions of private businesses, but it also fits well into the German tradition of European thinking.
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Campbell, Carolyn. "The impact of association with the EU on domestic industrial policy making : the case of Poland 1990-1995." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:51fa56c3-5e4c-4cfc-ad8e-f0073dd8063d.
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This thesis is a case study of the effects of association with the EU on domestic industrial policy making in Poland during 1990-1995 from a liberal intergovernmentalist perspective, showing how association affected the industrial policy-making autonomy of the Government in relation to other domestic actors in two ways. First, because domestic interests were weak and divided in transition-era Poland, the EU provided political leaders with a sharper focus and allowed them to consolidate domestic support for government industrial policy initiatives. Second, where domestic opposition arose, association helped political leaders to overcome it by giving industrial policy initiatives greater legitimacy and allowing them to be portrayed as "mandatory" for EU membership. The manner in which the Government handled domestic pressure for intervention from state enterprises seeking to avoid painful adjustments and restructuring during the transition offers a prime test of the effects of EU association on industrial policy-making autonomy. In most areas, the pro-market, pro-competition policies mandated by EU association were incompatible with the nature and level of governmental involvement in industry under socialism, requiring an end to state subsidies and other forms of discretionary support enjoyed by state enterprises for nearly four decades. Incorporating case studies of the steel and textiles sectors, this thesis illustrates how in the context of transition, the Government's commitment to EU association was stronger than for other recent EU members and ensured that the Government would deviate from the course charted in the Association Agreement only in cases of intense domestic pressure, and even then only temporarily. Accordingly, in a new twist to liberal intergovernmentalism, Poland's transitional domestic situation coupled with the country's enduring commitment to eventual EU membership ensured that the effects of association on policy-making autonomy were more pronounced in Poland than in existing member states.
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Wood, Robert Jameson. "Business, state and society in the Western Cape from 1960 to 1990." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018502.
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This research examines the relationship between business, the state and society in South Africa -- particularly the Western Cape -- over the period from 1960 to 1990, viewed against the background of economic conditions in this region, South Africa and the world. Utilising a development history approach, it is based on an extensive study of primary and secondary documentation, supplemented by a panel of in-depth interviews and observation. This study finds that the relationship between business and apartheid incorporated both functional and dysfunctional elements, although over time the benefits diminished and the costs multiplied. The latter, Regulation Theory suggests, is true for any institutional order, but it could be argued that, under apartheid, the particularly fragile and contradictory nature of the institutional arrangement made inevitable crises more rapid and more pronounced. On the one hand, apartheid restricted the economic development of the country, as a result of a range of factors from skills shortages to the visible waste of resources on grand ideological projects and security; as suggested by Resource Curse Theory, minerals windfalls tend to encourage irresponsible behaviour by governments. On the other hand, certain businesses prospered, notably the Afrikaner business sector. All business benefited from the overall growth of the 1950s and 1960s, whilst niche players often did quite well even during the 1980s. Further, the South African businessmen, both English- and Afrikaans-speaking, were skilful in adapting to the difficult conditions brought about by apartheid, and in many cases they prospered. As highlighted by Business Systems Theory, embedded social ties and informal relations may help either support or compensate for formal regulatory pressures. Many of these general trends were particularly accentuated in the Western Cape. The fact that business protests against government policies were often more motivated by concerns as to future property rights and of social disorder, rather than human rights, does indeed raise serious moral issues. However, in helping encourage political reform, they may have made a positive contribution. This study is founded on three related strands of thinking within the political economy tradition, Resource Curse Theory, Regulation Theory and Business Systems Theory, with the emerging common ground between these three bodies of thought being highlighted. As suggested by Resource Curse Theory, non-mineral producing regions tend to be particularly adversely affected in mineral rich countries, and there is little doubt that the region bore all the costs of the collapse of the gold price in the 1980s, and lacked the deeper capital base of the now Gauteng region to cushion the shock. Whilst apartheid may, as we have seen, have served conservative sectors of agriculture and mining quite well for many years, it also involved large costs incurred through social engineering experiments and the increasing demands of the security establishment. Resource Curse Theory suggests that national economies become dangerously dependent on the vagaries of commodities markets, and that the process of institutional design and evolution is hampered by assumptions of easy money which may temporary resolve the negative consequences of any institutional shortcomings. The poor price of gold in much of the 1980s brought about a crisis in the system, and, there is little doubt that this contributed to the demise of the order. As suggested by Resource Curse Theory, the experience of the Western Cape, a region of the country poor in minerals, was often one of inefficient and wasteful state intervention, coupled with increasingly poor performance of non-mineral related industries. Indeed, the effects of the recession of the 1980s were most pronounced in non-mineral producing areas of the country, particularly in the Western Cape. Regulation Theory highlights that no set of institutions and practices is ever totally coherent and functional, but at specific times may work to promote both certain types of economic activity and overall growth. It is wrong to suggest that because an order only works for some players at specific times it is simply dysfunctional or does not work properly at all. However, over time, internal contradictions mount and the benefits diminish. A particular feature of the apartheid order was that some of its core benefits at its height were particularly concentrated on some players (segments of Afrikaner commerce and industry, mining and agriculture), whilst the costs were shared across a wider range of players, with a disproportionate burden being borne by the black majority. A further feature was that the costs were often indirect and spread over many years if the benefits were sometimes immediate: this would include the persistent dysfunctionality of much of the South African education system and the criminal ecosystem that was nurtured through sanctions busting. Internal contradictions and spreading dysfunctionality rarely leads to a conscious and coherent period of institutional redesign, but rather an incoherent, experimental and contested process, such as characterized late apartheid reforms, and, indeed, the post February-1990 negotiation process. Finally, again at a theoretical level, as Business Systems Theory highlights, it is important to take account of the formal and informal ties interlinking firms in different sectors in the region, and firms and government, and the extent to which regions within a particular country may follow very distinct developmental trajectories. The benefits and the costs of the system diffused unevenly in the region, giving many players both a stake in the existing order, and an interest in some or other type of reform.
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Benedová, Hana. "Proměny zahraniční politiky Spolkové republiky Německo od roku 1990 do současnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-7759.
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Foreign policy of Germany has gained due to its special development in the post-war period some unique traits -- strong multilateral and westward orientation and civilian character. German unification became a turning point in this respect. The country was confronted with the necessity to find its new place within the changing international system. This paper focuses on the subsequent changes of foreign policy. Its purpose is to evaluate the change or continuity of these unique traits on one side and to describe Germany's new role in the international relations on the other. The initial step is to picture the function of bodies involved in shaping the foreign policy - government, parliament, individual federal countries and president. Further on the paper outlines the main events of German unification, restoring its full international subjectivity. The core descriptive part is divided in three main segments in terms of the personality leading the government, the chancellor. It first gives an account of foreign policy of the "Kohl era", continues with Schröder government and closes with foreign policy of Angela Merkel. With the view of the complexity of such a task the paper focuses on selected policy areas only -- European integration, transatlantic cooperation and partnership with Russia being among them.
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Ampiah, Kweku. "Japanese foreign policy towards sub-Saharan Africa, 1974-1990 : the dynamics of an immobilist economic diplomacy." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386488.
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PINCHUK, NATALIA. "TESTING NEOREALIST THEORIES IN CASE OF GERMANY¿S EEC ENLARGEMENT POLICY, 1961-1979." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/174257.
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Neorealism as a theory of international relations is criticized for its failure to predict a state foreign policy behavior. We argue, by contrast, that neorealism can be used as a theory of foreign policy at the structural level of analysis. Particularly, this study evaluates two neorealist theories – defensive realism and offensive realism, against historical records using a congruence analysis approach. To uncover the neorealist theories' explanatory power, ex ante predictions are generated regarding the policy of the Federal Republic of Germany towards the European Economic Community's (EEC) Northern enlargement and the Mediterranean enlargements in the 1960's and the 1970's. The defensive realism's and offensive realism's predictions then are tested against the empirical evidence. The newly declassified archival documents have shown that neorealist theories capture much of the variation in Germany's EEC enlargement policy. It demonstrated that variation in the German foreign policy took place after a clearly defined shift in distribution of power, and consequently, in a realm of security had occurred. The research thus doubts negative criticism about neorealism as a tool for understanding state foreign behavior by initiating inquiry into the direct interaction between the distribution of power in the international system and state's security needs. It also advances the literature on neorealist theories by shifting their application away from war to cooperation. Furthermore, after this study it is now possible to conclude on which of the neorealist theories has the most potential regarding application to foreign policy analysis. From the test results we recommend defensive realism as a theory which has grater potential of explanatory power.
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Al-Hejry, Mohammed Nasser. "Omani general budget deficit during the third five-year plan period 1986-1990 : causes, macroeconomic effects and policy evaluation." Thesis, Durham University, 1997. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1631/.
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Nastansky, Andreas, and Hans Gerhard Strohe. "The impact of changes in asset prices on real economic activity : a cointegration analysis for Germany." Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4376/.
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This paper reviews theoretical and empirical evidence of asset price movements impact on the real economic activity. A key channel is the wealth effect on consumption. Fluctuations in stock prices and housing prices influence the households wealth and could have important impacts on households consumption. In addition, stock prices may affect corporate sector investments and property prices may affect building activity. Here, the method of cointegration is used to estimate the wealth effect and the investment effect in aggregate time series for Germany after the Reunification in 1990. Moreover, we discuss the role of asset prices in the monetary policy strategy of the ECB.
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De, Souza Bueno Matheus. "Essays on Economic Development, International Trade and Public Policy." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TOU10008.
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Le développement économique implique un équilibre entre des objectifs d'efficacité et d'équité, et les politiques publiques sont les principaux instruments pour achever cet équilibre. Cependant, même si des nombreuses politiques publiques ont été démontrées effectives pour contribuer au développement économique de façon individuelle, on n’en sait pas suffisamment sur la manière dont elles peuvent être combinées pour augmenter leurs avantages et réduire leurs coûts distributifs. Cette thèse, en sa majeure partie, présente des évidences sur le rôle de la complémentarité des politiques publiques sur le développement économique dans le contexte des réformes d'intégration au commerce international. Au premier chapitre de cette thèse, je présente des évidences causales que l'accès aux infrastructures de transport a modulé les effets d'un épisode de libéralisation commerciale dans des économies locales au Brésil. Je montre que, même si des réductions tarifaires plus élevées ont emmené une perturbation du marché du travail dans les économies locales, ceux qui bénéficient également d'un accès plus élevé aux corridors routiers ont expérimenté une réallocation des ressources plus forte et une dynamique d'établissements orientée vers une croissance de la productivité plus élevée. Dans le deuxième chapitre, avec mes coauteurs, nous montrons que, dans le même contexte du premier chapitre, l’implémentation de programmes de formation professionnelle qui ont ciblé la demande locale de compétences a été efficace pour reverser les impacts négatifs de l'ouverture commerciale sur la croissance de l'emploi, en particulier pour les travailleurs moins qualifiés. Dans le dernier chapitre, je m'écarte des réformes de commerce international et de la complémentarité des politiques publiques pour analyser un autre aspect du développement économique : les externalités environnementales. Dans ce chapitre, avec ma coauteure, nous analysons l'efficacité d'un système de tarification unitaire (UPS), une forme largement adoptée de la tarification Pigouvienne, sur la réduction de la production de déchets en Italie. En utilisant la méthode de contrôle synthétique, nous montrons que la politique a été efficace, avec une diminution significative du flux de déchets tarifé. Cet effet s'explique par des changements de comportement vers une diminution de la production de déchet et, dans une moindre mesure, d’une augmentation du taux de recyclageEconomic development often involves balancing efficiency and equity objectives, and public policies are the main tools to strike this balance. Yet, even though many policies have been evidenced to individually affect economic development, less is known about how they can be combined to increase their benefits and decrease their distributional costs. This thesis, in most part, provides evidence on the role of policy complementarity on economic development in the context of market integration reforms. In the first chapter of this thesis, I provide causal evidence that access to transport infrastructure modulated the effects of a trade liberalization episode across local economies within Brazil. I show that, while higher tariff cuts similarly led to labor market disruption across local economies, those also benefiting from increased access to road corridors experienced stronger reallocation of resources and establishment dynamics geared towards higher productivity growth. In the second and co-authored chapter, we show that, in the same context of the first chapter, the provision of job training programs that were well-targeted at local skills demand were effective in reverting the negative impacts of trade opening on employment growth, particularly among low-skilled workers. Lastly, I deviate from market integration reforms and policy complementarity to analyze another aspect of economic development: environmental externalities. In the third and co-authored chapter, we analyze the effectiveness of a Unit Pricing System (UPS), a widely adopted form of Pigouvian fee, in reducing waste generation in Italy. Using the synthetic control method, we show that the policy was effective, with a significant decrease of the priced waste stream. This effect was driven by behavioral changes towards waste avoidance and, to a smaller extent, recycling
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Williams, Helen Marie. "Examining the nature of policy change : a new institutionalist explanation of citizenship and naturalisation policy in the UK and Germany, 2000-2010." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3464/.
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This thesis combines two burgeoning fields – New Institutionalism and migration studies – to explain the process of institutional change. It tests six hypotheses drawn from a hybrid theoretical framework drawn from Historical Institutionalism, Rational Choice Institutionalism, and Sociological Institutionalism, identifying concrete mechanisms of reproduction and sources of endogenous and exogenous change. It applies this framework to changes in access to citizenship in the form of citizenship and naturalisation policy in the United Kingdom and Germany between 2000 and 2010. Its greatest contributions lie in a more comprehensive explanation of endogenous factors and incremental changes, two aspects of institutional change that have received inadequate theoretical attention and empirical investigation. Testing economic, power-based, and ideational explanations for change, it concludes that each of the New Institutionalisms makes an important contribution to a complete understanding of the process of change and the dynamics of this policy area in two very different European countries.
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Mugova, Terrence Tafadzwa. "Interdependence and business cycle transmission between South Africa and the USA, UK, Japan and Germany." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002680.
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The process of globalisation has had a large impact on the world economy over the past three decades. Economic globalisation has manifested itself in the increasing integration of goods and services through international trade and the integration of financial markets. As a consequence the existence of co-movements in economic variables of different countries has become more evident. The extent to which globalisation causes a country’s economy to move together with the rest of the world concerns policy-makers. When such co-movement is significant, the influence of policy-makers on their respective domestic economies is significantly reduced. South Africa re-entered the international economy in the early 1990s when the forces of globalisation, especially for developing countries, seemed to gain momentum. Empirical research such as Kabundi and Loots (2005) found strong evidence of international co-movement between the world business cycle and the South African business cycle, particularly following South Africa’s integration into the global economy. This study examines the relationship and interdependence between South Africa and four of its major developed trading partners. More particularly, the study examines the question of whether business cycles are transmitted from Germany, Japan, US and UK to South Africa, and/or from South Africa to Germany, Japan, the US and UK. The study employs structural vector autoregressive (SVARs) models to analyse monthly data from 1980:01–2008:04 on industrial production, producer prices, short-term interest rates and real effective exchange rates. The results show that South Africa benefits from economic growth in both the UK and US. They also indicate significant price transmission from Germany and Japan to South Africa, with transmission in the opposite direction being statistically insignificant. The impulse response graphs show that a positive one standard deviation shock to both German and Japanese producer prices has a negative impact on South African output (industrial production) growth. Furthermore, South African monetary policy is relatively unresponsive to international monetary policy stances. The findings of this study indicate that South African policymakers need to take into consideration economic performance of the country’s major trading partners, with particular emphasis on the UK and US economies.
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Priesmeier, Christoph [Verfasser]. "Dynamic Interactions Between Public Finances and Economic Activity in Germany : Time Series Perspectives on the Sustainability, Cyclicality, Sensitivity and Economic Impact of Fiscal Policy / Christoph Priesmeier." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1108809073/34.
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Idhenga, Salome Ngwedha. "Exchange rate and foreign direct investment inflows: a case of Namibia 1990-2014." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6762.
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Purpose - this study is aimed at to investigating the effects exchange rate and other variables on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows have on the Namibian economy. Methodology -The model comprises of the unit root test, the co-integration test, the long run equation co-efficient, an error correction model, the normality test and the stability test, were employed to estimate and interpret the results. Finding and recommendations - The results of the study have revealed that a relationship exists between exchange rate and FDI. However, this relationship is said to be statistically insignificant. It cannot therefore be used as a tool to influence FDI in Namibia. The results further indicated that GDP and trade openness were the most significant determinants of FDI in Namibia. The recommendations of this study thus suggest that the government should implement policies to diversify its production across all sectors and increase the manufacturing of finished goods, so as to enhance the GDP growth. Namibia should further advance its trade open through in-creased and fast-tracked trade agreements at both bilateral and multilateral levels.
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Naanda, Sara Ndapewa Mutaleni. "The magnitude and determinants of capital flight burden : a case study of Namibia, 1990 - 2005." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21981.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.Capital flight is a serious problem for Namibia as well as other countries. If not addressed, it will continue to impede national investment, macro-economic management and economic growth. These issues are particularly pertinent to Africa in view of it is high incidence of capital flight in the presence of foreign exchange constraints, limited foreign capital flows, external indebtedness and high dependence on overseas development assistance. The purpose of the study is to determine the magnitude and determinants of the capital flight burden in Namibia for the period 1990-2005. The study consists of a literature review, identifying an appropriate model for the capital flight burden in Namibia, data collection, and estimating and testing of the model using secondary data from Namibia. The study adopts two approaches to measure the extent of capital flight from Namibia: the residual approach and the Morgan Guaranty Trust method which is modified from the residual method of calculating capital flight. The residual method is an indirect approach based on a comparison between sources of capital inflows with the uses of these inflows. This approach was changed by Morgan Guaranty to include an additional item, the change in short-term foreign assets of the domestic banking system. The estimates from the study indicate capital reversal from Namibia over the IS-year period, averaging U$88.2 million using the residual method and U$200.4 million using the Morgan Guaranty method. The findings, although different from the picture on the ground, create a very good base for future research on capital flight in Namibia, which tends to be more uniformly related to portfolio diversification. The results from the three main model variants are unequivocal and indicate that an increase in aid and concessional grants tends to reduce the capital flight burden, while on the other hand the burden is seriously increased by depreciation of the Namibian dollar and an increase in inflation. These results have important implications for the Central Bank and the Treasury in tenns of strategic economic policy reforms.
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Liu, Yuelun. "China's policy-making in the context of the reform (1976-1990) : with a focus on the establishment of economic development zones." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.331948.
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Adams, Stephanie P. "Too Many (Working) Women: Economic Reconstruction and Constructing Gender Roles in Western Germany, 1946-1957." Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1212782224.
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Coelho, Neto Fernando. "The effects of globalization on Brazilian labor market during the 1990's." Ohio : Ohio University, 2002. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1020172289.
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Neef, G. D. "The failure of quadripartite negotiations for economic reform and the blockade of Berlin : American policy, currency reform and the division of Germany, 1945-48." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272933.
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Ravi, Kumar Swetha. "A techno-economic analysis of a residential solar Photovoltaic system installed in 2010 : A comparative case study between California and Germany." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-105187.
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With environmental concerns and energy needs increasing, many regions in the world are promoting renewable energy technologies making use of various policy instruments. Although today the PV systems price is decreasing, which gives it a competitive edge; we see the technology still being dependent on policy instruments for its dissemination. The aim of this study is to research on whether or not a solar PV system is economically viable under certain circumstances. The study analyzes this by performing a cost beneficial analysis for the lifetime of the solar PV system making use of a discounted savings model. The systems being considered in this study are from California and Germany as these regions are leading in solar PV dissemination in their respective regions. The policies that are aiding the deployment of solar PV technologies are varied and thus this study compares benefits from different policy instrument for a residential customer investing in a solar PV system. The research objectives in this study are pursued making use of major concepts such as Grid Parity, Levelized Cost of Electricity and financial methods such as discounting. Further, to understand how the different independent variables such as retail electricity prices, PV system pricing, WACC, self-consumption rate and storage availability are having an impact and how the results change with variation in these variables, a sensitivity analysis is conducted. The results obtained in this study show that a solar PV system installed in California and Germany both make net benefits over their lifetime. When compared, the Californian solar PV system under the Net Energy Metering policy is making more net economic benefits in the range of $ 40,351 in Eureka and $53,510 in San Francisco; when compared to the German solar PV systems under the Feed in Tariff ranging $4,465 in Berlin and $11,769 in Munich. Furthermore the Californian solar PV systems still prove to be more beneficial even when compared to the German solar PV systems under the self-consumption law of the Feed in Tariff ranging $ 6,443 in Berlin and $ 13,141 in Munich. But when the self-consumption rate is increased in the German case, it is noted that the associated benefits increase. The study at hand thus results in the California Net Energy Meter policy instrument proving to be more beneficial to a residential customer than the German Feed in tariff with and without self-consumption. Another important finding made in this study is that despite the German solar PV system making lesser benefits than the Californian ones, they attain Grid Parity before the ones in California.
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Silva, Sandra Elizabeth Chaves Dutra e. "Acordo Aeroespacial Teuto-Brasileiro (1969-1989; 1990-2001 e 2002-2011): uma cooperação complementar." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6591.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorEste projeto de dissertação se propõe a analisar a cooperação aeroespacial entre o Brasil e a Alemanha de 1969 a 2011 em três recortes temporais: 1969 a 1989, 1990 a 2001 e 2002 a 2011. Seguindo as bases teóricas de classificação da CID (Cooperação Internacional para o Desenvolvimento), e apoiada em pesquisa de campo conduzida em ambos os países, este trabalho apresenta um novo conceito de cooperação que, até onde a pesquisa bibliográfica aqui conduzida avaliou, constitui uma contribuição original deste trabalho: a Cooperação Complementar. A cooperação aeroespacial teuto-brasileira é pouco conhecida e divulgada, embora tenha completado vigorosas quatro décadas de exitosa existência. A conclusão de êxito desta cooperação encontrou lastro em pesquisa de campo conduzida pela autora no Brasil (IAE Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço) e na Alemanha (DLR Deutsche Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt), consubstanciada por quatro entrevistas (SILVA, 2011a), (SILVA, 2011c), (SILVA, 2011d) e (SILVA, 2011e) realizadas junto a importantes representantes destes dois centros. Os conhecimentos extraídos por meio destas entrevistas agregaram, no entender desta autora, importantes informações à bibliografia específica e relativamente escassa disponível em ambos os países.O êxito defendido nesta dissertação fundamenta-se não apenas na longevidade advinda dos 40 anos de existência desta Cooperação, na sua capacidade de renovação e na complementaridade atingida, mas sobretudo pela consecução dos diversos objetivos técnico-científicos integrantes do escopo do referido Tratado, muitos dos quais responsáveis por importantes desdobramentos de tecnologias em outras áreas do saber, tais como o projeto DEBRA 25 (SCHUSTER, 2011), de energia eólica, e o projeto VLS (Veículo Lançador de Satélites), que utiliza como seus motores os foguetes desenvolvidos no escopo desta Cooperação.
This dissertation project aims to analyze aerospace cooperation between Brazil and Germany during 1969 to 2011 in three periods identified in this study: 1969-1989, 1990-2001 and 2002-2011. Following the theoretical classification of the ICD (International Cooperation for Development) and supported by field research conducted in both countries, this paper presents a new concept of cooperation that, to the extent of the author understanding on the subject, is a original contribution of this work: the Complementary Cooperation.The Teutonic-Brazilian aerospace cooperation is not well known, even after completing vigorous four decades of successful existence. The conclusion that this cooperation is successful is based on field research conducted by the author in Brazil (IAE Institute of Aeronautics and Space) and Germany (DLR Deutsche Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt) embodied by four interviews (SILVA, 2011a), (SILVA, 2011c), (SILVA, 2011d) and (SILVA, 2011e) conducted with key representatives of these two centers. The knowledge obtained on these interviews added, in the opinion of this author, important information to the specific and relatively scarce literature available in both countries.The success defended in this dissertation is based not only on the longevity of 40 years of existence of this cooperation, on its capacity for renewal itself, and on the complementarily achieved, but also for achieving various scientific-technical goals belonging to the scope of that Agreement, many of which are responsible for important technological developments in other areas such as the DEBRA 25 project (SCHUSTER, 2011), that deals with wind power, and the VLS (Satellite Launch Vehicle) project, that uses as motor the rockets developed within this Cooperation.
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Rapera, Corazon L. "Potential impacts of various capital gains tax structures on forest investments." Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-135205/.
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Swartz, Derrick Ian. "The theory and politics of state economic intervention in South Africa, with specific reference to industrial policy between 1979 and 1990 : a strategic-relational approach." Thesis, University of Essex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260411.
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Foisy, Cory A. "Soviet war-readiness and the road to war : 1937-41." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79938.
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This is a study of the foreign and domestic policies of the USSR as they pertain to its war-readiness, as well as the degree to which these policies presumably opened the door to the European conflagration and, in 1941, to the Nazi-Soviet war. Topics to be discussed include: (1) the crash industrialization of the Soviet Union and industrial war preparations from 1928--41; (2) the development of Soviet military doctrine before and after 12 June 1937; (3) a critical re-examination of the popularly accepted reasons for the devolution of the Soviet armed forces; and (4) Soviet foreign policy from 1937--41. The chronological end of the paper (1941) is followed by a brief epilogue discussing the evident success of the Soviet industrialization program by reference to Soviet industrial performance during the Nazi-Soviet war. Furthermore, the epilogue will challenge the popular depiction of the German invasion as an effortless, seamless advance into the Soviet heartland.
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Grönroos, (fd Johansson) Per. "Pension Reform in Continental Europe : A comparative study of pension reform in Germany and France during the years ofausterity 1990-2010." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-159219.
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As demographic and economic contexts have shifted, the need for pension systems to reform has increased. Often, however, these systems have proved difficult to change – especially in continental Europe. Despite this, Germany, by many considered particularly reform resistant, succeeded in reforming its pension system; while France, with its strong executive power, has not. As research has yet to find a consensus on what factors makes welfare retrenchment possible, this field requires more attention. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to analyse the developments of the German and French pension systems, from 1990-2010, and to unearth what factors made successful reform possible in Germany while it failed in France. Using a comparative case study, all major pension reforms in the two countries during the time period, are analysed from four institutionalist perspectives. The results point to three main factors explaining Germany’s successful reform. Firstly, the shock brought on by the reunification of East and West Germany forced politicians to act. France on the other hand, experienced no such shock. Secondly, the subduing of the unions removed the main veto player against reform. In contrast, the French unions, whose political power lies in their ability to call for manifestations and shift public opinion, could not be outflanked. Lastly, the new liberal ideas that permeated German politics around the turn of the century provided a locus for change that was lacking in France. These results suggest the importance of external pressure, veto players and ideational factors to major welfare reform.
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Amano, André Tomio Lopes. "A estratégia oculta de continuidade: a política econômica do governo Sarney (1985-1990)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29082016-102531/.
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A década de 1980 ficou conhecida no Brasil como a década perdida. Certamente, os anos 1980 expressaram fortemente o que representou a chamada crise da dívida para os países periféricos, especialmente, os latino-americanos. Os governos da Ditadura militar condicionaram as políticas econômicas para o pagamento da dívida externa. A dívida foi internalizada e estatizada ao longo dos anos 1980, o que deixou o país à beira do colapso, com queda do produto interno, altas taxas de inflação e com o Estado paralisado por conta do endividamento externo e interno. O governo Sarney, apesar de ser o primeiro governo civil após a Ditadura, não foi eleito pelo voto do povo. A transição democrática, feita em comum acordo com os grupos que deixavam o poder, levou à mudança somente na aparência, mas a essência permanecia a mesma. Sarney era presidente do partido (PDS) sucessor da Arena e sustentáculo político civil da Ditadura. Deixou o partido em junho de 1984, portanto, menos de um ano antes de tomar posse como presidente da República, em uma coalização aparentemente de oposição. Assim, essa dissertação busca compreender de que forma as políticas econômicas do governo Sarney também representaram uma continuidade em relação aos governos anteriores, apesar dos sucessivos planos de estabilização, que grande parte da historiografia econômica considerou como não-ortodoxos.1980s were recognized as the lost decade. Certainly this period expressed what represented the known debt crisis for underdeveloped countries especially the latin americans. The military government engaged the economical policies to payment of external debt. The debt became public at 1980s and this induced a fall on the internal product, a high inflation rates and had the effect on the State leading to a standstill period caused by the external and internal debts. Sarney was not elected by people vote even he was the first president after military government. The democratic transition period was achieved by pact with the left group power and this fact changed appearance only and not the essence. Sarney was the president of PDS, followed by the Arena witch sustained the military government; he has left this party in June 1984, one year before become president of Republic seeming opposition grouping. This study aim to understand the economical policies of Sarney government is continuing of previous governments although stabilization plans were attempt and that the economical historiography considers as not orthodox.
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Medeiros, Marlon Clovis. "A geografia econômica do setor agroalimentar brasileiro: investimentos, recursos ociosos e dinâmica cíclica (1990 - 2007)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-02122009-113643/.
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A presente tese analisa o desenvolvimento do setor agroalimentar brasileiro, no período pós-1990, e suas relações com as oscilações da economia brasileira, com sua inserção internacional e com a política agrícola. O papel dos investimentos, da demanda e dos recursos ociosos ocupa espaço central na análise. A hipótese central é que a dinâmica do setor agroalimentar brasileiro, na década de 1990 e seguinte, foi marcada mais pelo amadurecimento dos investimentos realizados nas décadas de 1970 e 80, do que pela dinâmica da abertura e desmonte da ação do Estado da década de 1990. Baseado na teoria da dinâmica cíclica com formação de recursos ociosos de Ignácio Rangel e com apoio de ampla análise de dados argumentou-se que: 1- o crescimento do setor agroalimentar na década de 1990, e das exportações agrícolas após 1999, foram possíveis pelos investimentos e pela política de desenvolvimento do setor das décadas de 1970 e 80. Os investimentos no setor agroalimentar possuem uma dinâmica cíclica que respondeu a partir da década de 1990 reativamente ao crescimento, e que retornam após 1999 com recursos oficiais e a partir de 2003 com a elevação dos preços internacionais de commodities agrícolas. 2- a trajetória dos sub-setores do setor agroalimentar foi heterogênea, em conseqüência da mesma política macroeconômica. Logo, a diferença dos impactos causados relacionou-se diretamente a trajetória de cada sub-setor no período anterior à abertura em termos de investimentos, de nível tecnológico e em especial quanto as perspectivas de crescimento ou estagnação da demanda. 3- As oscilações da conjuntura, da política macroeconômica e das políticas setoriais são fundamentais. O setor é sensível a distribuição de renda, às taxas de crescimento do PIB e ao aumento do desemprego. Além disso, o setor agroalimentar apresentou um papel político central: na década de 1980, como elemento para o controle da inflação, recebeu incentivos e proteção; na década de 1990, as exportações são liberadas mas recorre-se às importações para baixar os preços internos. Após 1999, o setor passa a ocupar novamente o lugar de auxiliar na obtenção de divisas, de redução do déficit comercial e retomada do crescimento do PIB (como no início da década de 1980). Com isso, os interesses do setor se reforçam (incluindo seus representantes no legislativo e no executivo) e novas políticas setoriais de incentivo começam a surgir. 4- A dinâmica regional da agricultura é outro elemento central para se compreender os movimentos mais amplos do setor. A ociosidade de terras e de instalações industriais (devido as grandes distâncias entre as áreas produtoras de matérias-primas e a indústria e também devido aos impostos interestaduais) possui um componente territorial que influencia em toda a dinâmica do setor agroalimentar. As diferentes condições de solo, relevo e clima influenciam na produtividade e na escolha das técnicas utilizadas, o que gera grande diferenciação regional no Brasil.This thesis analyzes the development of the Brazilian food sector in the post-1990, and its relations with the fluctuations of the Brazilian economy, with its international integration and agricultural policy. The investments, demand and idle resources has an important role. The central hypothesis is that the dynamics of the Brazilian food industry in the 1990s and after, was leaded by maturity of the investments in the 1970s and 80s. Based on the theory of cyclical dynamics with formation of idle resources by Ignacio Rangel and with broad support from data analysis, it was argued that: 1- the growth of food industry in the 1990s, and agricultural exports after 1999 were made possible by the investments and the development policy of the industry of the 1970s and 80s. Investment in food sector have a cyclical dynamic that responded from the 1990s reactively growth, and after returning in 1999 with governmental resources from 2003 to the rising international prices of agricultural commodities. 2- the trajectory of the sub-sectors of the food industry was heterogeneous, as a result of the macroeconomic policy. The difference of the impact caused is related directly to the trajectory of each sub-sector in the period before the opening, in terms of investments, technological level and specially on the prospects for growth or stagnation of demand. 3- Fluctuations in the economy, the macroeconomic policy and sectoral policies are crucial. The food sector is sensitive to distribution of income, the growth rates of GDP and increased unemployment. Moreover, the food sector had a central political role: in the 1980s, as an element for controlling inflation, its received subsidies and protection, in the 1990s, exports are released but it relies on imports to reduce domestic prices. After 1999, the food sector will again occupy the place of help in obtaining foreign currency, reducing the trade deficit and leading to growth of GDP (as in the early 1980\'s). With this, the interests of the sector is strengthening (including their representatives in the legislative and the executive) and new policies to encourage food sector begin to emerge. 4- The regional dynamics of agriculture is another key element to understanding the movements of the food sector. The idleness of land and industrial plants (due to the large distances between the areas producing raw materials and industry and also due to tax interstate) has a territorial component that influences the dynamic in the food sector. The different soil conditions, topography and climate influence the productivity and the choice of techniques, which generates large regional differences in Brazil.
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Shai, Kgothatso Brucely. "An afrocentric critique of the United States of America's foreign policy towards Africa : the case of Ghana and Tanzania, 1990-2014." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2610.
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Thesis (Ph. D. (International Politics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016The United States of America’s (US) foreign policy towards Africa has been the subject for debate. This is partly because the country’s relationship with African countries is not consistent. By and large, such relations are shaped by a number of factors which include political orientation and material resources. Within this context, the present study uses case studies from two different parts of Africa to tease out US foreign policy towards Africa. This explorative study uses Ghana and the United Republic of Tanzania (hereafter referred to as Tanzania) as test cases to compare and critique the post-Cold War foreign policy of the US towards Africa. It does this by first analysing and constructing the theoretical material on the three pillars of the US Africa policy (oil, democracy and security) and subsequently, contemporaneously locating the US relationship with Ghana and Tanzania. Largely, the study carries a historical sensibility as it traces the US relationship with Ghana and Tanzania from as far as the colonial era. History is crucial in this regard because the past provides a sound basis for understanding the present and future. To add, in International Politics theory holds sway and history is used as a laboratory. In this thesis, the researcher proposes Afrocentricity as an alternative theoretical paradigm crucial in understanding US foreign policy towards Africa. As it shall be seen, such a paradigm (theoretical lens) remains critical in highlighting the peculiarity of the US relationship with Ghana and Tanzania. It is envisaged that a deeper understanding of the US foreign policy towards Ghana and Tanzania is achievable when its analysis and interpretation is located within a broader continental context of Africa. To realise the purpose of this study, the researcher relies methodologically on interdisciplinary critical discourse and conversations in their widest forms. With reference to the test cases for this study, the agenda for democratic consolidation features prominently on both of them while oil is only applicable to Ghana in this regard. In contrast, Tanzania distinguishes itself both as a victim of terrorism and equally so as a strategic partner on the US anti-terrorism efforts in East Africa. Yet, oil in West Africa’s Ghana is important for the US both as an economic resource and a strategic energy source during wartime periods. Overall the ‘differential’ foreign policy towards individual African states is also a significant observation which dispels the myth of a universal US foreign policy framework. Keywords: Africa, Afrocentricity, democracy, East Africa, foreign policy, Ghana, oil, security, Tanzania, United States of America, West Africa.
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Gillenwater, Nia R. "Why Are We Still Listening to this Dead British Guy: An Analysis of Emergency Liquidity Assistance in Germany During the Sovereign Debt Crisis." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/864.
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Germany’s position of power within the European Union disguises how impacted the German economy was by the 2008 Financial Crisis and Europe’s subsequent Sovereign Debt Crisis. Two of Germany’s major banks-Commerzbank and Bayerische Landesbank- suffered major losses and required emergency liquidity assistance (ELA) to survive. Walter Bagehot wrote the theory underpinning lenders of last resort (LLRs) in 1873 but how has the development of systemically important banks affected the usefulness of Bagehot’s theory? This paper aims to explain why Germany is in need of updated LLR recommendations through an analysis of the ELA Germany at large, Commerzbank and Bayerische Landesbank received. It also aims to empirically prove the stigma and public distrust of ELA through a regression of Commerzbank’s daily stock returns using an augmented Fama/French model. I find that Bagehot’s theory and recommendations are out of date for our current global financial sector. I cannot empirically prove any stigma or public distrust of Commerzbank, there is no relationship between Commerzbank stock returns and the augmented Fama/French factors.
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Kleinwächter, Kai. "Die Anreizregulierung in der Elektrizitätswirtschaft Deutschlands : Positionen der staatlichen sowie privaten Akteure." Master's thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2012/4795/.
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Die deutsche Energiewirtschaft befindet sich im Umbruch. Ein neuer staatlicher Ordnungsrahmen wurde geschaffen. Zentrales Element für die Regulierung der Stromnetze ist die „Anreizregulierung“ ‒ simulierter Wettbewerb, zentral gesteuert von der Bundesnetzagentur, um missbräuchliches Verhalten auszuschließen.
Ausgehend von der Entwicklung des Energiemarktes seit dem 19. Jahrhundert analysiert Kai Kleinwächter die unterschiedlichen Interessen der Bundes- und Länderregierungen, der Stadtwerke sowie der großen Energiekonzerne bei der Einführung dieses Steuerungsinstrumentes. Bewertet werden auch die politischen Machtpotenziale der Akteure sowie ihr Einfluss auf den Gesetzgebungsprozess.
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Caro, Céline. "Le développement de la conscience environnementale et l’émergence de l’écologie politique dans l’espace public en France et en Allemagne, 1960-1990." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-64392.
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Ecology is a critical current of thought towards industrialized societies, which spreads throughout the Western countries in the second half of the 20th century. As a social movement, Ecologists try to set the rules of a society more respectful of the environment and the living conditions ; as a political movement, they offer a new model for society. Between 1960 and 1990, France and Germany present similarities regarding a growing sensitivity towards the environmental issues in their populations and the progressive accession of ecology to the political stage. A more detailed analysis nevertheless reveals historical, economical, social, political and institutional as well as cultural and mental characteristics peculiar to each country underlining important differences in these fields and explaining the clichés about a romantic Germany concerned with the need to preserve the biosphere and a Cartesian France ignoring the environmentL’écologie est un courant de pensée critique à l’encontre des sociétés industrialisées qui se développe dans la seconde moitié du XXème siècle en Occident. En tant que mouvement social, les écologistes cherchent à définir les règles d’une société plus respectueuse de l’environnement et du cadre de vie ; en tant que courant politique, leurs réflexions ont pour but de proposer un autre modèle de société. Entre 1960 et 1990, la France et l’Allemagne présentent des similitudes en matière de prise de conscience environnementale au sein de la population et au niveau de l’arrivée de l’écologie sur la scène politique. Une analyse comparative plus précise dévoile toutefois des caractéristiques historiques, économiques, sociales, politiques et institutionnelles ainsi que culturelles et mentales propres à chaque pays qui permettent de souligner des divergences importantes dans ces domaines et d’expliquer les clichés se rapportant à une Allemagne romantique, sensible à la protection de la biosphère, et une France cartésienne, négligente sur le plan environnemental
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Thompson, Jay Arthur. "Greater flexibility, greater growth : a comparative study of labor and capitalist models in Japan, Germany, and the United States." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002217.
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Marx, Jean-Samuel. "Neues Deutschland – neues Deutschlandbild? : Selbstdarstellung und Rezeption der Berliner Republik in Frankreich von 1990 bis in die Gegenwart." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAC034.
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La réunification ne transforma pas uniquement l’Allemagne sur le plan intérieur, mais eut également d’importantes répercussions sur sa place en Europe et dans le monde. Le nouveau contexte général ainsi que le changement générationnel au sein de la classe politique dans les années qui suivirent, entraînèrent aussi une évolution de l’autoreprésentation de la République fédérale. Tout cela ne resta pas sans conséquences sur sa perception à l’étranger. L’objectif de la présente thèse est d’analyser l’autoreprésentation de la jeune « République de Berlin » et sa réception en France de 1990 à nos jours. La question centrale est de savoir quelle image l’Etat allemand cherche à donner de lui-même et quelle image de l’Allemagne domine en France. Il s’agira de mettre en évidence les évolutions concrètes que l’on peut observer en la matière depuis la réunification, les facteurs permettant de les expliquer ainsi que de déterminer dans quelle mesure il existe une corrélation entre l’autoreprésentation de l’Allemagne et sa réceptionReunification not only changed Germany domestically, but also had an important impact on its position in Europe and in the world. The new general framework as well as the generational change in politics in the following years also led to a change in the self-representation of the Federal Republic. All this did not remain without consequences on the perception of the country abroad. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the self-representation of the young “Berlin Republic” and its reception in France from 1990 to the present. The key question is which public image does the German state promote of itself and which image of Germany prevails in France. It will be highlighted how this has changed concretely since reunification, by which factors this development can be explained, and to what extent a correlation exists between Germany’s self-representation and its reception
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Harris, Stanley E. "Investment decisions in a changing South Africa from 1990 to 1999 (transition) : analysis of the decade of the 1990s." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53476.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is an investment performance review covering the ten years from 1990 to 1999. To many investors the 1990s were a tough decade because of the political, economic and social changes, which caused investment uncertainty. The primary focus is to examine the implications of these changes during the 1990s on the investment strategies of South Africans. Furthermore, the aim is to provide insight into investment decision-making during the period of transition and transformation. The analyses specifically address the importance of the investment environment on portfolio construction and maintenance. The objective is to see how far the investors ventured in their efforts to 'beat" the South African share market under changing conditions. The structure of the portfolio was evaluated as well as the investor's preferences and beliefs during the period under review. It also looked at the investors' attitudes and philosophies. Effective portfolio management was important because changing conditions were becoming challenging. The investor's investment mix and the risk associated with each investment determined the effectiveness of managing the portfolio. Furthermore, this study examines the investors' objectives, constraints and strategies. In the final analysis, this study examines investment strategy and investment performance in retrospect. It presents a ten-year historical analysis of the South African environment which was affecting investment decisions. It was also found that investors were fulfilling their expectations, they were looking at medium and long-term investment opportunities. Furthermore, stock-picking was done with greater caution. The opening of global investment markets further enhanced the investment opportunities. Moreover the investors realised the importance of diversification in order to reduce risk. The investors will be presented with challenges and opportunities in the next decade (or century). Therefore this study also concludes with an assessment of possible future investment scenarios for the South African investors. Finally, investment decision was interpreted against the political, economical, social and other changes that took place during the period of transition. The key to investment success was the investor's ability to manage the changing South African environment.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is 'n oorsig van die beleggingsvaardighede gedurende die tydperk 1990 tot 1999. Vir baie beleggers was die negentigs 'n baie moeilike dekade as gevolg van die politieke, ekonomiese en sosiale veranderings. Hierdie veranderings het onsekerheid laat ontstaan by die beleggers. Die primêre fokus is om die implikasies van die veranderings op die beleggingsstrategieë van die Suid Afrikaanse belegger te ondersoek. Verder, is die doelook om insig te bekom oor die beleggingsbesluitneming gedurende die periode van verandering en transformasie. Hierdie analise salook in besonder aandag gee aan die belangrikheid van die gepaardgaande beleggingsomgewing en op die konstruksie en instandhouding van die beleggingsportefeulje. Die doel is om ook vas te stel hoe die beleggers gespekuleer het om die Suid Afrikaanse aandele mark te klop gedurende die periode van verandering. Die samestelling van die portefeulje is ge-evalueer sowel as die beleggers se voorkeure en menings. Daar is ook ondersoek ingestel na die belegger se houding en filosofie. Effektiewe beleggingsbestuur was belangrik gedurende die tydperk omdat die veranderde omstandighede uitdagend geword het. Die belegger se beleggingssamestelling en die gepaardgaande risiko het die doeltreffendheid van die bestuur van die portefeulje bepaal. Verder ondersoek hierdie studie ook die beleggers se doelwitte, beperkinge en strategieë. In die finale analise is dit hoofsaaklik 'n retrospektiewe ontleding van beleggingbestuursvaardighede gedurende die 1990s. Dit is n tienjaar historiese analise van die Suid Afrikaanse beleggingsomgewing wat 'n invloed gehad het op die beleggingsbesluitnemings. Die beleggers het hul verwagtings goed hanteer en het gesoek na medium- en langtermyn beleggingsmoontlikhede. Bowendien is die beleggings gedoen met groter omsigtigheid. Die opening van die wêreld markte het ook groter beleggingsmoontlikhede geskep. Verder het die beleggers ook besef dat diversifikasie belangrik is om risiko te verminder. Beleggers sal te staan kom voor uitdagings sovel as gunstige beleggingsmoontlikhede in die volgende dekade (of eeu). Daarom sluit hierdie studie af met toekomstige beleggingsmoontlikhede en die faktore wat sal bydra tot die toekomstige beleggingsaksie en besluitneming. Ten slotte, die beleggingsbesluit is geïnterpreteer teen die politieke, ekonomiese en sosiale veranderinge wat plaasgevind het. Die sleutel tot die beleggingssukses was die vermoë van die beleggers om die veranderde omstandighede te kan hanteer.
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Kreter, Paulo Roberto de Medeiros. "Atores e interesses chilenos nas negociações com o mercosul : a política exterior do Chile para o mercosul nos anos 1990-2000." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/10822.
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O objetivo desta dissertação é explicar os motivos que levaram os subseqüentes governos do Chile a não se tornarem membros plenos do Mercado Comum do Sul (Mercosul) durante a década de 1990. Faz-se a abordagem através de uma análise das mudanças ocorridas no Chile, a partir de meados da década de 1960 até o ano 1990, para explicar a atuação do país em âmbito regional. Por possuir características singulares, o Chile iniciou a década de 1990 redemocratizado, economicamente estável e com altas taxas de crescimento, o que despertou a atenção dos demais países da América Latina, que estavam reestruturando suas economias e seu papel no cenário internacional – principalmente Brasil e Argentina. A análise da história contemporânea do Chile e a forma como se conduziu sua política externa são as bases que sustentam esta dissertação. Ao reestruturar seu corpo diplomático e incrementar as relações entre o Estado e os setores privados chilenos, o país possuiu uma estratégia de inserção internacional que deu prioridade a outras regiões do mundo, relegando o Mercosul a um segundo plano em sua agenda de política internacional. Esta postura em sua política externa, levou o Chile a não se tornar membro pleno do Mercosul durante a década de 1990.The present thesis seeks to explain the reasons why Chile did not became a South Cone Common Market member (Mercosur) during the 1990 decade. The changes occurred in the Chilean politics during the middle 1960's decade explain its Southern Cone foreign policy at the 1990's decade. Chile, with its particular characteristics, begun the nineties democratized with economic stability and high taxes of economic growth. This fact attracted the attention of other neighbor countries in Latin America that where restructuring their economies and parts at the international scenario, especially Brazil and Argentina. Chilean contemporary history analysis and the way its foreign policy was conducted are the basis which sustain this thesis. Restructuring its diplomatic team and improving the relations between Chilean public and private sectors, made the country start a new strategy of international insertion giving priority to other regions of the world, relying to Mercosur a secondary position. This international politic position led Chile not to be a Mercosur full member during the 1990 decade.
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Sampaio, Adriano Vilela. "Liberalização financeira e autonomia de política econômica: o caso brasileiro de 1990 a 2007." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9376.
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The objective of this work is the study of the Brazilian economic policy autonomy in the context of increasing capital mobility and financial liberalization initiated on the 1990s. In order to accomplish our purpose, it is made a brief presentassesation of the evolution of the international financial system and of the debate between liberalization and capital controls on the theoretical and empirical literature with the purpose of comprehending how the functioning of the international financial system may restrict the economic policy autonomy and whether this restriction is desirable or not. The analysis of econometrical papers that tried to assess the impacts of the Brazilian financial liberalization showed that given the divergences of the results, it is not possible to corroborate the hypothesis that the financial liberalization generated the benefits proclaimed by its defenders. About the works that discussed the economic policy autonomy, the results didn t allow a definitive conclusion. It was made an econometrical exercise to assess the impacts of the financial integration, represented by capital flows, over the economic policy autonomy. The results suggest a loss on the economic policy autonomy in the period jan/1995 dec/1999 and that such loss didn t occur in the period jan/1999 dec/2007, although the capital flows had been relevants on explaining the interest rate
O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo da autonomia da política econômica brasileira no contexto de crescente mobilidade de capitais e liberalização financeira iniciada a partir dos anos 90. Para tanto, faz-se uma breve apresentação da evolução do sistema financeiro internacional e do debate entre liberalização e controles de capitais na literatura teórica e empírica com o propósito de compreender de que forma o funcionamento do sistema financeiro internacional pode restringir a autonomia de política econômica dos países e se essa restrição é desejável ou não. A análise de trabalhos econométricos que trataram dos impactos da liberalização financeira brasileira mostrou que, dada a divergência dos resultados, não é possível corroborar a hipótese de que a liberalização financeira brasileira trouxe os benefícios apregoados por seus defensores. Em relação aos trabalhos que discutiram a autonomia de política econômica, os resultados não permitiram uma conclusão mais segura. Foi realizado um exercício econométrico para avaliar os impactos da integração financeira, representada pelos fluxos de capitais, sobre a autonomia de política econômica. Os resultados sugerem a perda de autonomia de política econômica no período jan/1995-dez/1998 e que não houve essa perda no período jan/1999-dez/2007 embora os fluxos de capitais tenham se mostrado relevantes na explicação da taxa de juros