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1
Forbes, N. "British financial and economic policy towards Germany, 1931-39." Thesis, University of Kent, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374158.
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Kern, Thorsten. "West Germany and Namibia's path to independence, 1969-1990: foreign policy and rivalry with East Germany." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24509.
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This thesis examines West Germany's relationship with Namibia between 1969 and 1990. It investigates West German foreign policy towards Namibia, at the height of the Namibian liberation struggle, against the backdrop of East and West German rivalry. It brings to light that the post-war division of Germany into two separate states significantly impacted both German states' policies towards Namibia. The Federal Republic of Germany's (FRG) changing approach towards the German Democratic Republic (GDR) is analysed in relation to the Federal Republic's shifting attitude towards the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO), Namibia's leading national liberation movement. It shows that the political dynamic that drove the normalisation of relations between East and West Germany played a key role in West Germany's move towards supporting SWAPO in the mid-to-late 1970. Furthermore, this thesis demonstrates that the Federal Republic's political landscape was dominated by political division over the issue of SWAPO's role in Namibia's future. This dissertation therefore examines the diverging views among political parties and its wider effects on shaping West Germany's policy towards Namibia. It calls to attention that political discord led to attempts by political factions to influence events in Namibia, independent of the Federal Government, through alternative instruments of foreign policy. Particular attention is also paid to the ideological underpinnings that promoted or hindered interactions and co-operation between East and West Germany in Namibia, on the one hand, and the two German states and SWAPO on the other. It reveals that West Germany's attitude towards SWAPO cannot be separated from the wider realities of the Cold War. In particular, it shows that the normalization of relations between West Germany and SWAPO can only be fully understood against the backdrop of intra-German rivalry.
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Ladpli, Pimpen. "Economic policy and development in south-east Asian economies." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390602.
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Ohinata, Shin. "Issues in economic growth and trade policy in East Asia." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4205/.
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This thesis consists of three studies. The topics discussed are in the area of international trade and economic growth with a reference to the policy issues in East Asia. The study in Chapter 2 presents a model of North-South trade which can explain the observed cross-country variations in factor prices. Intuition and evidence suggest that knowledge is largely non-excludable and hence all countries should have access to broadly similar technology. However, this public-good assumption for technology leads to implausible predictions of factor prices in standard models. The model in this study does not assume any differences in technology but its predictions are consistent with observations. In Chapter 3, the implications of the two vintage models for growth accounting are examined. Growth accounting studies have shown that total factor productivity growth in East Asian economies has been slower than expected. Analysis of the vintages models suggests that this puzzling finding could be due to mismeasurements of capital arising from the particular characteristic of East Asian growth experience. In Chapter 4, it is shown that when asymmetric economies adopt an open regionalism policy, some of them may gain at the expense of others. This result is very different from the commonly held view in the literature. In certain situations, some economies in the bloc achieves a higher welfare level than under global free trade. A policy of open regionalism could therefore turn out to be an obstacle to the process of multilateral trade liberalization.
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Agalewatte, Tikiri Bandara. "Competitive industry policy for economic development in Sri Lanka lessons from East Asia /." Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20050111.134706/index.html.
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Vonyó, Tamás. "Post-war reconstruction and the economic miracle : the dynamics of West German economic growth during the 1950s and 1960s." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669982.
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Donnelly, Saraid L. ""Sell or Slaughter": The Economic and Social Policies of German Reunification." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/490.
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This paper looks at the struggles faced by German policymakers in the years following reunification. East Germany struggled with an immediate transformation from a planned economy to a social market economy, while West Germany sent billions of Deutsche Marks to its eastern states. Because of the unequal nature of these two countries, policymakers had to decide on what they would place more emphasis: social benefits for the East or economic protection for the West. The West German state-level, Federal Government and the East German governments struggled in finding multilaterally beneficial policies. This paper looks at the four key issues of reunification: currency conversion, transfer payments, re-privatization, and unemployment. In following the German Basic Law, the policies pursued in terms of these issues tended to place more emphasis on eastern social benefits.
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Thomson, Neil. "Barriers to change and integration in foreign M and As within East Germany : a qualitative study." Thesis, City University London, 1998. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/7562/.
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Many domestic take-overs and mergers are not successful, over half fail. Crossborder M&As are even more fraught with problems due to differing national cultures exasperating different organisational cultures. International M&As in rapidly transforming East Germany offer attractive possibilities for research as change in the firm, and resistance to it, takes place against a backdrop of external, revolutionary societal change as well as internal, national and organisational clashes. The research followed a grounded theory, qualitative methods approach embedded in the overarching strategic management theoretical framework of the Resource Based View of the Firm. Through a series of case interviews with East German managers and employees in six foreign acquired M&As split off from old combines, together with employees released after take-over, the type of acculturation and perceived level of integration was examined. A model was developed to measure post acquisition integration problems signalled by acculturative stress. By highlighting using two of the case studies as a contrast, acculturative stress was seen to make a significant contribution to causes of failure. On the other hand, further development of the model showed successful integration as having implications as a stepping stone to two-way learning and onwards to long term success. The research's claims to contribution can be synthesisedd own to three areas. Firstly, the importance of the group in East Germany has been overlooked and its continued existence in the face of pressures for more individualisation has important implications for motivation, incentives, change and learning. Secondly, the choice of top managers and their relationship to the firm (co-ownership or not) is crucial in reducing acculturative stress and achieving integration and two-way learning. Finally, the acquired human resources, due to their knowledge, knowledge potential through unlearning, shared experiencesa nd languagea re a potential route to competitive advantage. The areas of contribution form the basis for speculation and future research.
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Burger, Csaba. "Occupational pensions in Germany : an economic geography." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:94e64b94-3bf7-4fb6-b8f5-102a472f4be7.
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By the end of the twentieth century, the generous German public pay-as-you-go pension system had been struggling with a serious deficit due to the country’s ageing population. In 2001, the German government enacted the “Riester” pension reform, named after Mr. Walter Riester, the Labour Minister brokering it, which reduced the level of publicly provided pensions, and strengthened the funded occupational and private pillars in order to replace the loss in retirement income. This thesis investigates the role and structure of occupational pensions during the Riester-reform and in its aftermath, using an economic geography perspective. In doing so, it discusses the role of trade unions and employer associations (social partners) in moulding the structure of the occupational system, and investigates the geography of occupational pensions both at employer and at employee level. Empirically, the thesis is based on an in-depth interview with Mr. Walter Riester, and a unique, proprietary data-set of a German occupational pension provider, containing information on 332 thousand employees and over 12 thousand employers. The results show that the internal division of social partners played a critical role in leaving occupational pensions voluntary, but they have been successful in setting standards on the occupational pension market by means of collective bargaining. Employers and employees show systematic spatiotemporal patterns in their pension-related decisions, confirming the importance of local relationships and local contexts in implementing social partners’ measures and in the transformation of the welfare state. It is finally pointed out that the Riester-reform was a part of a gradual transition, which has been reducing employers’ autonomy in order to reinforce the social role of occupational pensions. To achieve that and to catalyse the reform process, employers’ and employees’ risk exposure has been mitigated in the hope that old-age poverty can be avoided.
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Leung, Kar-foo Leeds. "Shenzhen : the showcase of China's open policy /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17982352.
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Deutschmann, Franziska K. [Verfasser]. "Three Essays on Socio-economic Transitions : The Case of East and West Germany / Franziska K. Deutschmann." Konstanz : KOPS Universität Konstanz, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1205665455/34.
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Van, der Heyden Ulrich Klaus Helmut. "GDR development policy with special reference to Africa, c. 1960-1990." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001860.
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This thesis explores the political, economic and theoretical underpinnings of the German Democratic Republic’s (GDR’s) development policies towards the Third World between c.1960 and 1990. Particular attention is paid to Africa. Case studies of assistance to SWAPO and the ANC further focus the attention of the reader on southern Africa in particular. Aspects of both military and civilian aid are considered, including both development initiatives overseas in Africa, and development training for Africans within the GDR itself. Since German “reunification”, the GDR’s history has been explored largely from a West German perspective. The present work attempts to provide a more balanced view of successes and shortcomings of the GDR’s policies towards, and interaction with, African countries and liberation movements. It also aims to bring to the attention of English-speaking readers German archival sources, other primary sources and published works which they would otherwise have been unlikely to encounter. From its formation, the GDR made strenuous efforts to develop relations with countries which were either free from colonial dependency or were struggling for freedom. Over the course of thirty years, it followed a number of different approaches, and developed diverse objectives. These were shaped in the wider context of the cold war, the Hallstein doctrine (which established that the FRG – and, in effect, its allies - would not establish or maintain diplomatic relations with any state that recognised the GDR), the relationships between the GDR and partner socialist states, and the economic difficulties faced by the GDR. Arising from this complex situation, from time to time, both internally in the GDR and in terms of its foreign affairs, tensions and discrepancies arose between theoretical objectives and political and economic reality. Despite these severe constraints, during the period under review, the volume and range of the GDR’s relationships with developing countries increased dramatically. For example, between 1970 and 1987, the number of developing countries with which the GDR had foreign economic relations on the basis of international agreements grew from 23 to 64. Viewed within its economic context, the state was arguably far more committed to development aid than the Federal Republic of Germany. In addition, there is a great deal of evidence that “solidarity” with developing nations and the oppressed enjoyed a considerable degree of popular support.
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De, Roy van Zuydewijn Edwin Karel Willem. "The arms transfer policy of the Federal Republic of Germany towards the Middle East, 1949-1982." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321547.
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Traylor, John Christopher 1960. "American business and United States foreign economic policy in East Asia, 1953-1960." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276538.
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The Eisenhower Administration sought to create a large role for U.S. multinational corporations, who could provide a significant amount of the capital needed for trade expansion and industrial growth. This policy became known as "trade not aid." The trade not aid policy reflected both the fiscal conservatism and ideological beliefs of the Eisenhower Administration. By 1957 Eisenhower shifted to a policy of trade and aid. This study examines three foreign economic policies in the context of American-East Asian relations. It focused primarily on Japan, since that country served as the center of the American regional "workshop economy" concept in Asia. Tracing the development of the trade/aid program, this thesis then compares and contrasts governmental policies with business activity and opinion during the 1950s. It concludes that the foreign economic policy of the Eisenhower Administration contained serious flaws, served the needs of only a few countries in the region, and was weighted heavily toward a military support role rather than economic development. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)
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Phelps, Thomas Edward. "The German peasant family, 1925-1939 : the problems of the republic and the impact of national socialism." Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/720350.
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Rural society during the German National Socialist movement has been overlooked by most historians. Instead the urban elements are stressed. I have chosen to study the impact of National Socialism upon peasant families.Three major limitations exist for this project. First, only the peasant family itself is reviewed. Second, this project is concerned only with the years from 1925 through 1339. Third, this project limits its review to only that territory comprising Germany after World War I. This was done to allow for a more equal comparison of agricultural statistics.The construction of this project remains simple. Three major chapters exist. Chapter One reviews the Republic: its politics, economy, and the problems of the peasant family. The remaining chapters then review these problems as they were resolved by the National Socialists. Chapter Two reviews the family itself: family size, health, inheritance, and social status. Chapter Three reviews farm-management: production, mechanization, labor, and prosperity. Both chapters are divided into two parts: part one reviews the new policies; part two reviews the impact.The findings of this project were different than expected. I had expected to find minimum improvement in the condition of peasant families. Instead, I discovered that, in general, these policies failed in their objectives. The reasons for these failures differed. But much of the blame rests in faults of the laws themselves. Final results, however, were mixed. Farm-management improved slightly, but the family itself witnessed reduced health. The average family was not destitute, but neither did it prosper.Department of History
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Bauer, Raimund. "A 'New Order' : National Socialist notions of Europe and their implementation during the Second World War." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21828.
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The term Europe was omnipresent in the Third Reich during the Second World War. An abundance of primary sources attests to the German interest in a new European order. Nevertheless, historiography is in disagreement on the Europeanness of this New Order and on its actual relevance for National Socialist policies. This study argues that these differing appraisals are the result of a mistaken understanding of the National Socialist New Order. National Socialist Germany did not pursue a single, stable, and clear-cut notion of Europe-to-be, but constantly kept negotiating its war aims and the future of Europe under the heading New Order. By means of a discourse-analytical approach, this thesis reconstructs this New Order and shows that its defining dimensions were long-standing and well-established knowledge and belief systems: the idea of European economic cooperation and völkisch beliefs. Depending on the military situation and the scope of the German sphere of influence, the discursive weight of these interpretive frames varied during the war. Nevertheless, they produced temporarily stable visions of Europe-to-be. Contrasted with this development, an analysis of German policies clearly demonstrates that the New Order discourse did matter. A hermeneutical approach which draws on discourse-analytical concepts of power relations makes clear that the New Order discourse was powerful. It defined the permissible ways of thinking and speaking about the future of Europe and it endowed the activities of German occupation authorities and private companies with meaning. Thus, this study and its innovative perspective shed new light on the New Order and broaden our understanding of National Socialist wartime policies. Its findings suggest that the National Socialist Europe must not be dismissed as anti-European. National Socialist Germany discursively constructed and realised its own ideals of Europe-to-be. This völkisch and economic reorganisation not only guided the policies of German occupation policies and informed the actions of private businesses, but it also fits well into the German tradition of European thinking.
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Dabu, Adina. "Theoretical Frameworks and Conceptual Approaches to Economic Development in East and Central Europe. Romania-Case Study." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44619.
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The development literature considers Romania from both the sociological and economic standpoints as a developing country with a large agricultural sector. Due to the specific nature of the structure of its economy and society Romania encountered a series of specific problems in its process of social and economic development, a process that began in the mid 19th century. A constant problem for the Romanian policy makers over the last century has been how to shrink the country's agricultural sector and develop the industry and service sectors to reach a level comparable to that of more advanced economies. Romania tried to solve this problem with various policies based on and inspired by a set of sociological and economic views, theories and models. Those policies were only partially successful and today the problem of underdevelopment and unsatisfactory economic performance is still largely unsolved.
In the hypothesis of a rational policy making process (defined as conscientious relationship with past experiences based on a rational learning process) the post 1989 agricultural reforms should have been informed by the lessons provided by both the pre-communist and communist periods. Taking as a starting point this premise my study is constructed around the following hypothesis: If the policy process was a rational decision-making process, we would expect that the ideas, concepts, and theories that led to policy failure and mixed results in the past be rejected or correspondingly adjusted to the new context.
In order to test this hypothesis the study develops a twofold approach: First, it identifies the main sequences of ideas - policies - results - lessons that characterized each of the pre-communist, communist, and post-communist periods. Second, it compares the ideas, policies, and lessons that could have been drawn from past experiences in regard to agricultural development with the actual ideas and agricultural policies that have been implemented in the post-communist period. The comparison reveals the extent to which the rational decision making model was displayed. In order to make this comparison operational the research design proceeds along the following lines:
The key post-communist legislation regarding agriculture that was passed after 1989 is identified. By the detailed analysis of this body of legislation and of one of the most comprehensive reports on agriculture issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food in Romania in 1999-2000, the dominant agricultural policy paradigm of the period, the key ideas that were behind it, and the main consequences that followed for agriculture are distinguished. The major agricultural reform policies in the pre-communist and communist periods (1864-1948 and 1948-1989) and the basic concepts and theories that informed each of them are documented. Thereafter, an overview of the economic, sociological and structural consequences of these ideas and policies is provided and pinpoints the main lessons that could be eventually derived by looking in retrospect to each of the periods.
In accordance with these objectives the study is structured as follows: Chapter 1 outlines the Romanian reform legislation between 1989-2000 and, in line with point one above, uses this legislation as a vehicle to reveal the key ideas, policies and consequences for agricultural development in the last, post-communist decade. Chapter 2 and 3 fulfill the objectives stated in point two above. More precisely, chapter 2 starts by looking at the policy reforms in the pre-communist period, while in parallel outlining the main ideas, policies, consequences, and lessons of the period. Similarly, chapter 3 describes the main policy reforms of the communist period and pays special attention to the lessons that could have been drawn from this period's policies and their consequences. The conclusions wrap up the analysis and discuss the extent to which the study's main hypothesis has been supported or infirmed.Master of Science
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Taksz, Ildiko. "Economic policy implementation in East-Central Europe : industrial privatization in Hungary in the early 1990s." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389764.
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Wan, Ho Yin Adrian, and 溫浩然. "A critical analysis of the role of the state in economic development of East Asia: the case studies of Taiwan andJapan." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31953281.
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PINCHUK, NATALIA. "TESTING NEOREALIST THEORIES IN CASE OF GERMANY¿S EEC ENLARGEMENT POLICY, 1961-1979." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/174257.
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Neorealism as a theory of international relations is criticized for its failure to predict a state foreign policy behavior. We argue, by contrast, that neorealism can be used as a theory of foreign policy at the structural level of analysis. Particularly, this study evaluates two neorealist theories – defensive realism and offensive realism, against historical records using a congruence analysis approach. To uncover the neorealist theories' explanatory power, ex ante predictions are generated regarding the policy of the Federal Republic of Germany towards the European Economic Community's (EEC) Northern enlargement and the Mediterranean enlargements in the 1960's and the 1970's. The defensive realism's and offensive realism's predictions then are tested against the empirical evidence. The newly declassified archival documents have shown that neorealist theories capture much of the variation in Germany's EEC enlargement policy. It demonstrated that variation in the German foreign policy took place after a clearly defined shift in distribution of power, and consequently, in a realm of security had occurred. The research thus doubts negative criticism about neorealism as a tool for understanding state foreign behavior by initiating inquiry into the direct interaction between the distribution of power in the international system and state's security needs. It also advances the literature on neorealist theories by shifting their application away from war to cooperation. Furthermore, after this study it is now possible to conclude on which of the neorealist theories has the most potential regarding application to foreign policy analysis. From the test results we recommend defensive realism as a theory which has grater potential of explanatory power.
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Lodolo, Debora <1995>. "30 years after the Berlin Wall Fall: are regional economic inequalities still based on the West-East divide in Germany?" Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16138.
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After many years of being labeled as the “Sick man of Europe”,Germany has established itself as a real economic power in Europe in the last years. Today the country is the largest market in Europe with the highest GDP and it stands out for its stable macroeconomic standpoint, its low rate of unemployment and its high volumes of export, which mainly rely on the strength of its innovative industry.
However, on the 30th anniversary of the Berlin Wall fall, we investigate if these positive economic results have been achieved by the whole country or if the economic gap between the East and West still dominates and affect regional imbalances within Germany.
Scholars agree that, although the undeniable economic progress made in Eastern Germany, the establishment of equal living conditions throughout the federal territory – proclaimed after the collapse of Berlin Wall – has not been reached. Several challenges need still to be faced by East Germany: the fragmented corporate structures and the lack of large companies, the high dependence on transfer from Federal Government, and the weakness of its labor market characterized by lower wages and higher unemployment in comparison with the West.
Nevertheless, recent research suggest that different economic development does not always follow the previous inner-German border and that, regional variances emerge also between the south and the north or between the cities and the country.
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Barabasch, Antje. "Risk and the school-to-work transition in East Germany and the United States." unrestricted, 2006. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07262006-155533/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2005.Richard D. Lakes, committee chair; Philo Hutcheson, Jennifer R. Esposito, Philipp Gonon, committee members. Electronic text (451 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed July 5, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 363-411).
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Nastansky, Andreas, and Hans Gerhard Strohe. "The impact of changes in asset prices on real economic activity : a cointegration analysis for Germany." Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4376/.
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This paper reviews theoretical and empirical evidence of asset price movements impact on the real economic activity. A key channel is the wealth effect on consumption. Fluctuations in stock prices and housing prices influence the households wealth and could have important impacts on households consumption. In addition, stock prices may affect corporate sector investments and property prices may affect building activity. Here, the method of cointegration is used to estimate the wealth effect and the investment effect in aggregate time series for Germany after the Reunification in 1990. Moreover, we discuss the role of asset prices in the monetary policy strategy of the ECB.
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Thomsen, Stephan Lothar. "Evaluating the employment effects of job creation schemes in Germany." Heidelberg : [Mannheim] : Physica-Verlag ; ZEW, Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1950-2.
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Wan, Ho Yin Adrian. "A critical analysis of the role of the state in economic development of East Asia : the case studies of Taiwan and Japan /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23425751.
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Bush, Glenn K. "The economic value of Albertine Rift Forests : applications in policy and programming." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2309.
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The objective of this thesis is to quantitatively understand the economic performance of protected area management strategies for forest and biodiversity conservation. Examples such as integrated conservation and development and eco tourism are assessed in terms of their ability to deliver on welfare benefits to local communities, and an assessment of the opportunity costs of forest conservation as a land use strategy. In addition the contribution of forest conservation in protected areas can make to poverty alleviation and economic development is also examined. The geographical focus of this study is the Albertine Rift region of East and Central Africa, stretching north from the southern end of Lake Tanganyika through the spine of Africa to the northern end of Lake Albert. The Albertine Rift is one of Africa’s most important landscapes for the conservation of forests and biodiversity. The overarching objective is addressed using a series of case studies empirically valuing the opportunity costs of conserving forests in a selection of sites in the central part of the Albertine Rift. The success of conservation is most often measured against progress in reducing habitat or species loss and not often in terms of the contribution of the protected area to poverty alleviation and local economic development. Achieving improvements of conservation strategies in the social dimension requires objective evidence on their effects. Economic valuation of protected area resources provides a quantitative means of assessing the promise and performance of conservation policies in achieving welfare benefits to local communities. This thesis provides three case studies each addressing current valuation and social issues in conservation and sets them in a context of managing protected areas in the broad dynamic setting of poverty alleviation and economic growth from a developing economy perspective. In addition two of the empirical studies are as concerned with methodological enquiry and the performance of novel environmental economic valuation techniques, such as the contingent valuation and choice modelling approaches, as the application of results to conservation questions. The empirical studies show that the benefits to local households and communities from their local forests may be greater than at first perceived. Across all protected area categories, biomes and income groups, households derived significant amounts of their overall income from their local protected area with large proportions of the value of goods harvested from forests being consumed in the home. Amongst income groups high income households often appropriated a greater share of the value of forest goods. There was no significant difference found between the household consumption and the sale of protected area products between income groups. The findings indicate that imposing reductions in forest use may increase poverty amongst local people whilst increasing household income will not necessarily reduce forest exploitation. This indicates that community conservation and integrated conservation and development programmes must target the poor forest adjacent households more actively to ensure poverty alleviation, whilst providing improved protection and law enforcement for effective conservation. It is also shown that biodiversity conservation can have an economic return through mountain gorilla eco-tourism. Findings show a disparity between what constitutes eco-tourism and the real values of tourists towards biodiversity conservation and local social benefits from protected areas. Despite showing a high marginal utility for biodiversity conservation, consumers are unwilling to pay for local community benefits from tourism as part of the permit price to view gorillas. Clearly the link between successful conservation and the welfare status of local communities is not sufficiently established in the minds of consumers to influence their spending decisions. The challenges of effectively mobilising communities to protect biodiversity are discussed in the context of the variable impacts of integrated conservation and development programs over the last three decades. Direct payment payments for conservation services schemes are discussed as an innovative tool to add to the gamut of community approaches currently on offer. Payments for conservation schemes are viewed with cautious optimism in terms of their possibility for success. Despite their allure of being more economically and socially efficient at achieving welfare and conservation objectives, given the complex nature of any society, no less research in to social and economic dynamics of protected area use by local communities would be needed to ensure success of such schemes. However, the overwhelming majority of benefits form protected areas are tied up in ecosystem services values. Mechanisms to generate funding and distribute payments for these benefits in terms of offsetting the local opportunity costs are essential to change local behavior and reduce forest degradation and destruction.
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De, Monts de Savasse Alix M. A. H. (Alix Marie A. H. ). "Power shifts : a techno-economic analysis of multinational electricity market development in the Middle East." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117916.
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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 103-107).
Electricity demand has been rising rapidly in the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates). As a result, the diversification and sustainable transition of their electricity sectors has been a priority. As part of these efforts, the GCC countries interconnected their electricity grids in 2011, with the aim of sharing reserve capacity, thus enhancing system reliability. The GCC has sought to further utilize this interconnection by developing a regional market in order to exchange power real-time across borders and reap the economic efficiencies of regional trade. However, the utilization rate of the interconnector remains low (around 8%) due to fuel subsidies, different stages of national electricity market development, and the lack of clear trading rules. This thesis analyzed how the interconnector could be better utilized. A network constrained multi-period economic dispatch with optimal DC power flow and uniform loss representation model was developed in order to assess the economic benefits of cross-border trade within the GCC. It covered fifteen years of planned capacity expansions, from 2016 to 2030, resulting in a model that incorporates 428 power plants across the six GCC countries and a high-level network representation with 26 nodes and 68 high-voltage transmission lines. Analysis specifically focused on how operational costs (fuel and variable operation & maintenance costs) and electricity prices could be reduced by trading power across borders on current and planned GCC infrastructure. Based on the data available, our model revealed that about USD $1 Billion could be saved in annual operational costs (about 2% when using international fuel prices) from this regional electricity trade. The model also revealed the overwhelming impact of fuel subsidies, calculating that the GCC would spend more on fuel subsidies for electricity production annually (around USD $60 Billion) than the complete yearly operational costs of the six countries combined without. Removal of subsidies would significantly affect the volume and direction of exports across the network, flipping some countries from net importers to exporters, as well as impacting the utilization rate of transmission lines.
by Alix M.A.H. de Monts de Savasse.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
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Loebl, H. "Government-financed factories in the North East of England in the context of the evolution of regional policy : 1934-1948." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356164.
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Lorenz, Astrid. "Politische Institutionen." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-158343.
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Der Beitrag untersucht anhand der Verfassungen, inwieweit die Institutionenpolitik in Ostdeutschland mit der Einführung der Institutionen abgeschlossen war. Er zeigt, dass die Verfassungen häufig
geändert wurden, gibt einen Überblick über die ähnlichen Materien und Gründe dieser Änderungen sowie über die Verfassungsdynamik jenseits des Verfassungstextes. Der Beitrag argumentiert, dass die Verfassungspolitik und Verfassungsauslegung in den neuen Ländern Integrationsdefizite der Bundesebene kompensieren kann und sondiert die Mechanismen dieses Ausgleichs. Da die Einbettung in den bundesdeutschen Föderalismus ihre Risiken abmildert, könnten die Freiräume für integrationsförderliche politisch-institutionelle Experimente stärker genutzt werden.
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Moeller, Richard R. "Shadow foreign policy : the relationship of the Social Democratic Party of West Germany and the Socialist Unity Party of East Germany and the negotiations surrounding the 'common dialogue', 1984-1987." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20693.
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Foreign policy formulation and implementation is, for the most part, associated within the parameters of an executive centred examination. Moreover, foreign policy when it deals with a political party, is nearly always explored within the confines of a party in government. There are, however, circumstances that challenge both of these premises. The German political system allows for a substantial influence of political parties in foreign affairs as well as the leverage of opposition parties in influencing foreign policy of the government. Given the particular character of the German political system, political parties there have been able to influence foreign policy much more than those of other Western European nation-states. This thesis examines the influence of the Social Democratic Party of West Germany (SPD) on foreign policy and the party's attempt to practice foreign policy while in opposition. During the mid-1980s, the West German Social Democratic Party conducted negotiations and produced three joint proposals with the East German Socialist Unity Part (SED). This thesis specifically examines these three joint proposals, known as the "Common Dialogue," produced by the two parties from the years 1984 to 1987. The first two SPD-SED proposals relate to security affairs and attempt to create a chemical and a nuclear weapons free zone in Central Europe. The third proposal formulated a set of ideological norms in order to establish a political "culture of dispute" in which opposing Eastern and Western viewpoints could be argued without the threat of conflict. The SPD's intention was to put pressure on its own government as well to pressure the military blocs with the aim of replacing the established practice of deterrence with the new concept of "common security".
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Whitehurst, Fiona Clare. "The use and misuse of clusters in economic development policy : a case study of two cluster policy initiatives in the North East of England." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/896.
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This thesis examines the development of cluster policy and considers the extent to which difficulties in implementing cluster policy can be attributed to a lack of understanding of the concepts that underlie clusters. In order to move beyond the work of Michael Porter's (1990,1998) and to provide a conceptualisation of clusters that considers the notion that traded transactions may be more efficiently conducted when spatially concentrated, but also allows for an understanding that economic processes are path dependent, influenced by their institutional and cultural context and shaped by the motivations and behaviour of individual actors, this thesis uses Storper's (1997) `holy trinity' of `technologies-organisations-territories' as a framework to examine a wide range of concepts that underlie our understanding of clusters. The conclusion is that clusters are highly context dependent, and that multilayered explanations for their existence and evolution are required. The way in which cluster policy has developed is also highly context dependent and each element of Storper's triumvirate has implications for cluster policy. Given a lack of agreement as to the definition and nature of cluster policy, this thesis proposes that cluster policy development be understood as a process and a five-stage cluster policy model is developed. This model is used both to consider the literature regarding cluster policy and also as a framework to examine the development of two cluster policy initiatives in the North East of England and their impact on actors within one particular cluster in the region. These case studies indicate that the level of understanding of cluster concepts amongst policy makers, and issues throughout the cluster policy making process, impacted on the development and the outcomes of the policy initiatives, but that the development and outcomes were also influenced by the nature of the particular cluster. The thesis concludes that a better understanding of the scale and boundaries of clusters and the distinct theoretical elements making up cluster concepts may lead to a better conceptualisation of clusters and cluster theory. A series of policy recommendations is then drawn.
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Williams, Helen Marie. "Examining the nature of policy change : a new institutionalist explanation of citizenship and naturalisation policy in the UK and Germany, 2000-2010." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3464/.
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This thesis combines two burgeoning fields – New Institutionalism and migration studies – to explain the process of institutional change. It tests six hypotheses drawn from a hybrid theoretical framework drawn from Historical Institutionalism, Rational Choice Institutionalism, and Sociological Institutionalism, identifying concrete mechanisms of reproduction and sources of endogenous and exogenous change. It applies this framework to changes in access to citizenship in the form of citizenship and naturalisation policy in the United Kingdom and Germany between 2000 and 2010. Its greatest contributions lie in a more comprehensive explanation of endogenous factors and incremental changes, two aspects of institutional change that have received inadequate theoretical attention and empirical investigation. Testing economic, power-based, and ideational explanations for change, it concludes that each of the New Institutionalisms makes an important contribution to a complete understanding of the process of change and the dynamics of this policy area in two very different European countries.
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Mugova, Terrence Tafadzwa. "Interdependence and business cycle transmission between South Africa and the USA, UK, Japan and Germany." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002680.
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The process of globalisation has had a large impact on the world economy over the past three decades. Economic globalisation has manifested itself in the increasing integration of goods and services through international trade and the integration of financial markets. As a consequence the existence of co-movements in economic variables of different countries has become more evident. The extent to which globalisation causes a country’s economy to move together with the rest of the world concerns policy-makers. When such co-movement is significant, the influence of policy-makers on their respective domestic economies is significantly reduced. South Africa re-entered the international economy in the early 1990s when the forces of globalisation, especially for developing countries, seemed to gain momentum. Empirical research such as Kabundi and Loots (2005) found strong evidence of international co-movement between the world business cycle and the South African business cycle, particularly following South Africa’s integration into the global economy. This study examines the relationship and interdependence between South Africa and four of its major developed trading partners. More particularly, the study examines the question of whether business cycles are transmitted from Germany, Japan, US and UK to South Africa, and/or from South Africa to Germany, Japan, the US and UK. The study employs structural vector autoregressive (SVARs) models to analyse monthly data from 1980:01–2008:04 on industrial production, producer prices, short-term interest rates and real effective exchange rates. The results show that South Africa benefits from economic growth in both the UK and US. They also indicate significant price transmission from Germany and Japan to South Africa, with transmission in the opposite direction being statistically insignificant. The impulse response graphs show that a positive one standard deviation shock to both German and Japanese producer prices has a negative impact on South African output (industrial production) growth. Furthermore, South African monetary policy is relatively unresponsive to international monetary policy stances. The findings of this study indicate that South African policymakers need to take into consideration economic performance of the country’s major trading partners, with particular emphasis on the UK and US economies.
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Priesmeier, Christoph [Verfasser]. "Dynamic Interactions Between Public Finances and Economic Activity in Germany : Time Series Perspectives on the Sustainability, Cyclicality, Sensitivity and Economic Impact of Fiscal Policy / Christoph Priesmeier." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1108809073/34.
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Lee, Wang Hwi. "The political power of economic ideas : comparative policy responses to the East Asian financial crisis in South Korea and Malaysia." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1784/.
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This thesis explores the politics of economic adjustment in South Korea and Malaysia. Empirically, it examines how Korea and Malaysia responded to the East Asian financial crisis. A widespread perception is that Korea pursued orthodox policies (the Washington consensus) while Malaysia used unorthodox policies (the post-Washington consensus). However, this interpretation exaggerates the divergence in macroeconomic adjustment policies (e.g., different exchange rate regime policy and their relationship with the IMF), thereby underestimating the 'policy' convergence in macroeconomic stabilisation and structural reform at least from late 1997 to mid-1998. For this reason, this thesis explores the convergence and divergence in a balanced perspective. Theoretically, it interprets why the 'policy' convergence emerged between Korea and Malaysia from an ideational perspective. The convergence was caused, in part, by economic ideas - the Washington consensus or neoliberalism - that prevailed among both the international financial institutions (IFIs) and national policy makers. The consensus de-legitimised the existing economic system by attributing the underlying causes of the financial crisis to structural weaknesses in the financial and corporate sectors. In addition, the consensus provided a far-reaching blueprint for institutional change. This is why both countries embraced neoliberal policies particularly in structural reform, irrespective of IMF interventions. The emphasis on economic ideas does not mean that ideational approaches overlook the role of interests and institutions. Vested interests - big business and organised labour - and state capacity had a considerable impact on policy-making. Thus ideas-oriented approaches are complementary to - rather than conflicting with - interest-oriented and institution-oriented approaches.
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Wai, Pong-wa, and 韋邦華. "Embedded autonomy in the "East Asian economic miracle": the case of Hong Kong with special reference to banking,textile and garments, and electronics sectors." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29791133.
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Adams, Stephanie P. "Too Many (Working) Women: Economic Reconstruction and Constructing Gender Roles in Western Germany, 1946-1957." Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1212782224.
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Haston, Catriona M. "A tale of two states : a comparative study of higher education reform and its effects on economic growth in East and West Germany 1945 - 1989." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1780/.
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The hypothesis at the heart of this thesis is that long-term economic growth depends on the discovery and development of new ideas and technologies which enable innovation resulting in increased productivity. As technological innovation generally results from research processes instigated and performed by those with higher levels of education, it becomes important to analyse higher education as an economic actor as well as a symbolic institution of cultural and elite reproduction. The thesis compares the development of higher levels of human capital in East and West Germany over the period 1945 – 1990: states with two very different and competing myths of democratic legitimacy and radically opposed social, political and economic systems but both convinced that human capital development held the key to reconstruction and economic growth. In highlighting the imperatives for reform and outlining the main changes which took place in higher education within the strictures imposed by competing ideologies, the thesis assesses the effectiveness of human capital investment in terms of the success of the economic objectives identified by both countries. The thesis finds that the initial hypothesis is proven, albeit that its effectiveness was mitigated by a number of external economic shocks and internal social and political factors which, in the end, led to the demise of the East German regime.
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Dam, Ewout. "European Innovation Policy through the European Regional Development Fund : A case study of East-Netherlands." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för fysisk planering, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-14965.
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In this study is analysed how the ERDF (European Regional Development Funding) in East-Netherlands approaches innovation and how this approach is shaped and complemented byEuropean, national and regional policy. This is done by analysing how the targeted interventionapproach and the institutional approach are used in the ERDF and adjacent policies. The twoapproaches are both based on a different argument on how innovation policy makes an impact.By doing this the study contributes to the analysis of European policy and it empirically appliesconcepts used in theory on innovation and regional economic development. This gives policy makersinput for the development of innovation policy and especially for the development of Europeanpolicy post 2020. For academia this study shows theoretical gaps in the concepts applied andprovides suggestions for further research on these concepts. The study concludes that ERDF fundingin East-Netherlands is strongly based on the targeted intervention approach. The use of thisapproach results from the governance structure under which ERDF is implemented. The EU 2020strategy has been influential in the final shape of the policy, while the national level has a lessimportant role. Innovation policy at the regional level complements the ERDF policy because it is alsobased on concepts from the targeted intervention approach. The institutional policy implemented atthe European and national level has weaker links with the ERDF programme.
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Mirescu, Alexander. "Communism and Communion Religious Policy, Church-Based Opposition and Free Space Development: A Comparative Study of East Germany, Poland and Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1989." NEW SCHOOL UNIVERSITY, 2012. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3461657.
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Masterson, James R. "Economic Interdependence and Conflict: The Case of China and its Neighbors." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1258741002.
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Zhang, Wei, Long Chen, Huanhuan Wang, Ying Li, Gengchong Zhen, Xuejie Ye, Yindong Tong, Yan Zhu, and Xuejun Wang. "Economic Evaluation of Health Benefits of Mercury Emission Controls for China and the Neighboring Countries in East Asia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2619.
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Globally, coal-fired power plant (CFPP) is a major source of mercury. China is developing its first National Implementation Plan on Mercury Control, which priorities the control of emissions from CFPPs. While social benefits play an important role in designing environmental policies in China, the benefits associated with mercury control are not yet understood, mainly due to the scientific challenges to trace mercury's emissions-to-impacts path. This study evaluates the benefits of mercury reductions in China's CFPPs for China and its three neighboring countries in East Asia. Four policy scenarios are analyzed following the policies-to-impacts path, which links a global atmospheric model to health benefit analysis models to estimate the economic gains from avoided mercury-related adverse health outcomes under each scenario, and take into account key uncertainties in the path. Under the most stringent scenario, the benefits of mercury reduction by 2030 are projected to be $432 billion (95% CI: $166–941 billion), with the benefits for China and the neighboring countries accounting for 96% and 4% of the total benefits, respectively. Policy scenario analysis indicates that coal washing generates the greatest benefits in the near term, whereas upgrading air pollution control devices maximizes health benefits in the long term.
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Ip, Peng Kin. "O crescimento da regiao da Asia do leste : o caso particular de Macau, a emergencia de um bloco na regiao." Thesis, University of Macau, 1996. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636859.
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Ravi, Kumar Swetha. "A techno-economic analysis of a residential solar Photovoltaic system installed in 2010 : A comparative case study between California and Germany." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-105187.
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With environmental concerns and energy needs increasing, many regions in the world are promoting renewable energy technologies making use of various policy instruments. Although today the PV systems price is decreasing, which gives it a competitive edge; we see the technology still being dependent on policy instruments for its dissemination. The aim of this study is to research on whether or not a solar PV system is economically viable under certain circumstances. The study analyzes this by performing a cost beneficial analysis for the lifetime of the solar PV system making use of a discounted savings model. The systems being considered in this study are from California and Germany as these regions are leading in solar PV dissemination in their respective regions. The policies that are aiding the deployment of solar PV technologies are varied and thus this study compares benefits from different policy instrument for a residential customer investing in a solar PV system. The research objectives in this study are pursued making use of major concepts such as Grid Parity, Levelized Cost of Electricity and financial methods such as discounting. Further, to understand how the different independent variables such as retail electricity prices, PV system pricing, WACC, self-consumption rate and storage availability are having an impact and how the results change with variation in these variables, a sensitivity analysis is conducted. The results obtained in this study show that a solar PV system installed in California and Germany both make net benefits over their lifetime. When compared, the Californian solar PV system under the Net Energy Metering policy is making more net economic benefits in the range of $ 40,351 in Eureka and $53,510 in San Francisco; when compared to the German solar PV systems under the Feed in Tariff ranging $4,465 in Berlin and $11,769 in Munich. Furthermore the Californian solar PV systems still prove to be more beneficial even when compared to the German solar PV systems under the self-consumption law of the Feed in Tariff ranging $ 6,443 in Berlin and $ 13,141 in Munich. But when the self-consumption rate is increased in the German case, it is noted that the associated benefits increase. The study at hand thus results in the California Net Energy Meter policy instrument proving to be more beneficial to a residential customer than the German Feed in tariff with and without self-consumption. Another important finding made in this study is that despite the German solar PV system making lesser benefits than the Californian ones, they attain Grid Parity before the ones in California.
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Neef, G. D. "The failure of quadripartite negotiations for economic reform and the blockade of Berlin : American policy, currency reform and the division of Germany, 1945-48." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272933.
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Mason, Robert. "Economic factors in Middle East foreign policies : the case of oil and gas exporters with special reference to Saudi Arabia and Iran." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3838.
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This thesis identifies the relationship between economic factors and non-economic factors, and the relative weight of each, in the conduct of Middle East foreign policies but with special reference to Saudi Arabia and Iran between 2001 and 2012. In the Saudi case, economic factors are contextualized within its traditional themes of maintaining security and stability through international alliances and promoting stable and long term energy export markets. In the case of Iran, economic factors such as the role of sanctions in facilitating closer ties with a range of anti-western states are put into perspective by other factors such as national security issues and emerging splits in the decision making elite. The research draws on a conceptual hybrid of constructivism and omni-balancing and by doing so pays particular attention to the perceptions of foreign policy decision makers in their assessments of the domestic, regional and international environments. The conceptual framework therefore accounts for historical events such as the Islamic revolution and perceived hostility to it, and enduring Saudi-Iranian tensions based on sectarian and ideological struggles for dominance across the Middle East. Oil policy, including oil production, pricing and security of supply and demand, is found to be the paramount economic factor in the foreign policies of Saudi Arabia and Iran, but weighted in favour of the former. As swing producer in OPEC, Saudi Arabia needs to maintain sustainable oil supplies to its allies in the West, and increasingly East, whilst leveraging its oil reserves against adversaries such as Iran. In contrast, Iran has the incentive, but a dwindling capability, to maximise its oil revenues to fund the national budget amid tightening U.S.-led sanctions designed to curb its nuclear programme. The thesis also finds that economic factors such as ‘riyal politik’ as well as non-oil trade and investment deals are less effective in Saudi and Iranian foreign policy. This is because they tend to be offered or utilised as short-term leveraging mechanisms in new or unstable bilateral relationships with a variety of state or nonstate actors which do not always share their ideological perspective or interests. To overcome significant geo-strategic and ideological incompatibilities, reciprocal confidence building measures and active engagement on a broad set of contentious issues is prescribed.
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Foisy, Cory A. "Soviet war-readiness and the road to war : 1937-41." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79938.
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This is a study of the foreign and domestic policies of the USSR as they pertain to its war-readiness, as well as the degree to which these policies presumably opened the door to the European conflagration and, in 1941, to the Nazi-Soviet war. Topics to be discussed include: (1) the crash industrialization of the Soviet Union and industrial war preparations from 1928--41; (2) the development of Soviet military doctrine before and after 12 June 1937; (3) a critical re-examination of the popularly accepted reasons for the devolution of the Soviet armed forces; and (4) Soviet foreign policy from 1937--41. The chronological end of the paper (1941) is followed by a brief epilogue discussing the evident success of the Soviet industrialization program by reference to Soviet industrial performance during the Nazi-Soviet war. Furthermore, the epilogue will challenge the popular depiction of the German invasion as an effortless, seamless advance into the Soviet heartland.
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Gondwe, Carlton H. M. "Dependency, economic integration and development in developing areas : the cases of EAC, ECOWAS and SADCC." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66066.
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Lorenz, Astrid. "Politische Institutionen: die ostdeutschen Landesverfassungen als dynamischeIntegrationsstifter." Verlag Barbara Budrich, 2011. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13060.
Full textAbstract:
Der Beitrag untersucht anhand der Verfassungen, inwieweit die Institutionenpolitik in Ostdeutschland mit der Einführung der Institutionen abgeschlossen war. Er zeigt, dass die Verfassungen häufig
geändert wurden, gibt einen Überblick über die ähnlichen Materien und Gründe dieser Änderungen sowie über die Verfassungsdynamik jenseits des Verfassungstextes. Der Beitrag argumentiert, dass die Verfassungspolitik und Verfassungsauslegung in den neuen Ländern Integrationsdefizite der Bundesebene kompensieren kann und sondiert die Mechanismen dieses Ausgleichs. Da die Einbettung in den bundesdeutschen Föderalismus ihre Risiken abmildert, könnten die Freiräume für integrationsförderliche politisch-institutionelle Experimente stärker genutzt werden.
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Lundequist, Per. "Spatial clustering and industrial competitiveness : Studies in economic geography." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Department of Social and Economic Geography, Uppsala University, 2002. http://publications.uu.se/theses/99-2002-0429140456/.
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