Relevant bibliographies by topics / Germany – Colonies – Race relations

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Germany – Colonies – Race relations'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Germany – Colonies – Race relations"

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Schulze, Frederik. "German Missionaries, Race, and Othering Entanglements and Comparisons between German Southwest Africa, Indonesia, and Brazil." Itinerario 37, no. 1 (2013): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115313000235.

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Recent approaches in global history and postcolonial studies have pointed to global aspects of colonialism and suggested that the history of colonialism should not be described just as a unidirectional history of power, because the reverberations of colonialism within the metropolis were also important. If we reflect further, we might ask not only if the metropolis and the colonies were entangled, but also if different colonial contexts had connections to one another. Pursuing this in the case of missionary activities, Rebekka Habermas recently demanded that scholars connect missionary history and global history so as to examine the global entanglements of the mission. She drew attention to missionary societies’ active on a global scale. It stands to reason that missionary societies, as global actors, pursued similar politics in different regions and, therefore, different regions and contexts were thereby connected. But is it possible to show direct entanglements between individual mission contexts? Can we explain certain practices and discourses in colonial situations better if we look at other regional contexts?In testing these questions, the case of the so-called “emigrant mission” (Auswanderermission), directed at Germans emigrants to Brazil by a sister organisation of the Protestant Rhenish Missionary Society, is instructive. Strangely, Habermas mentioned neither the Americas nor the emigrant mission when she proposed the analysis of global entanglements of the mission, as if there had been no missionary activities in the Americas. But it is exactly this kind of entanglement that seems most interesting, the entanglement between regions with apparently different histories. This paper tries to address this lacuna by asking if the history of the emigrant mission in Brazil can be linked with “normal” missionary contexts of, for example, missions directed at non-Europeans, in order to understand why certain discourses were circulating in Brazil. In this instance, the former German colony of Southwest Africa and the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Nias serve as classical missionary examples, as the Rhenish Missionary Society was very active in these regions. In considering relations between German emigrants in Brazil, the German colony in Africa, and the German mission in a Dutch colony, one must remember that Brazil, although it figured very prominently in German colonial debates of the nineteenth century, was not a formal German colony.
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Llewellyn, Matthew P. "Dominion Nationalism or Imperial Patriotism? Citizenship, Race, and the Proposed British Empire Olympic Team." Journal of Sport History 39, no. 1 (2012): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.39.1.45.

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Abstract In the aftermath of a calamitous British performance at the 1912 Olympic games in Stockholm the British Olympic Association (BOA) announced a plan to consolidate the various units of the British Empire into a single Olympic team for the forthcoming 1916 Berlin games. Casting their eyes ahead towards Berlin, an event generating extra importance given the continued escalation of Anglo- German antagonism, the BOA conceived that a unified Greater Britain team would solidify colonial and dominion relations with the old mother country and salvage Britain’s self-perceived reputation as the leader of modern sport. Efforts to maintain Britain’s global sporting position by welding the United Kingdom and its colonial possessions into a formidable Olympic team faced stern opposition. The growing political independence of Britain’s colonies and dominions, coupled with the perilous administrative task of selecting, organizing, and financing a transcontinental British team compounded problems with the BOA’s imperial ambitions.
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Vögele, Hannah. "Colonial Intimacies." Kvinder, Køn & Forskning, no. 1 (June 28, 2022): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kkf.v32i1.128717.

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This paper contends that relations of property and propriety of “western modernity” engender and articulate different forms of violence, crucially including sexualised violence. Going beyond the limits of dominant frameworks and liberal feminism’s approaches to violence, this paper takes seriously the need to trace how modern ways of relating are intimately connected to colonial modes of dispossession and propertisation. Therefore, I draw on historical resources and present a constellation history with fragments from the context of relations of intimacy in German colonial rule. This shows how hegemonic family relations and marriage laws were used to control access to land and resources, as well as workers and their bodies. Logics of imperial intervention in sexuality and the use of sexualised violence extend beyond this specific spatio-temporal context into the present. This highlights how categories of race, gender and sexuality develop with, through and for, proprietary relations. The ambiguous role of white women vis-à-vis colonial relations of ownership reinforces a critique of limited approaches of liberal feminism and stresses the importance of anti-colonial organizing against violence.
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Rose, Sonya O. "Race, empire and British wartime national identity, 1939–45*." Historical Research 74, no. 184 (2001): 220–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00125.

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Abstract Britain's self-portrait as a democratic and paternalistic imperial nation was persistently undermined by the contradictory repercussions of racial divisiveness. The consequences of racism in both the metropole and in the colonies threatened the metropole-colonial relations so fundamental to British imperial sensibilities. Thus, government officials were involved throughout the war in repairing Britain's reputation with its imperial subjects. Using evidence from Colonial Office and Ministry of Information files, this article contributes to historical understanding of the empire's place in British national identity in the World War II years. It suggests the extent to which racism at “home” and in the colonies destabilized British efforts to bolster imperial loyalties that would persist into the post-war future.
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Knox, Bruce. "Colonies and Colonisation in Bulwer Lytton’sThe Caxtons,A Strange StoryandThe Coming Race." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 44, no. 6 (2016): 857–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2016.1227027.

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Williams, John Hoyt. "Observations on Blacks and Bondage in Uruguay, 1800-1836." Americas 43, no. 4 (1987): 411–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007186.

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In the last ten years there has been a great deal of interest in the scholarship devoted to the related issues of slavery and race relations in Latin America. This writer has himself published works which shed some light on the Black “experience” in isolated, interior Paraguay in the nineteenth century. The ongoing task to more fully understand the different patterns of racial (in all of its aspects) relations in Latin America has been fruitful and has elucidated much of a story, an experience, long hidden. There is, however, much to be done, for the vast bulk of the studies published to date deal with a few, selected countries (or colonies); most notably Brazil and Cuba. Nations such as Chile, Uurguay, Colombia and even Argentina, have received as yet very little attention from the scholars of slavery and race relations.
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Turner, Joe. "Internal colonisation: The intimate circulations of empire, race and liberal government." European Journal of International Relations 24, no. 4 (2017): 765–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066117734904.

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This article proposes that ‘internal colonisation’ provides a necessary lens through which to explore the relationship between violence and race in contemporary liberal government. Contributing to an increasing interest in race in International Relations, this article proposes that while racism remains a vital demarcation in liberal government between forms of worthy/unworthy life, this is continually shaped by colonial histories and ongoing projects of empire that manifest in the Global North and South in familiar, if not identical, ways. In unpacking the concept of internal colonisation and its intellectual history from Black Studies into colonial historiography and political geography, I highlight how (neo-)metropolitan states such as Britain were always active imperial terrain and subjected to forms of colonisation. This recognises how metropole and colonies were bounded together through colonisation and how knowledge and practices of rule were appropriated onto a heterogeneity of racialised and undesirable subjects both within colonies and Britain. Bringing the argument up to date, I show how internal colonisation remains diverse and dispersed under liberal empire — enhanced through the war on terror. To do this, I sketch out how forms of ‘armed social work’ central to counterinsurgency in Afghanistan and Iraq are also central to the management of sub-populations in Britain through the counterterrorism strategy Prevent. Treating (neo-)metropoles such as the UK as part of imperial terrain helps us recognise the way in which knowledge/practices of colonisation have worked across multiple populations and been invested in mundane sites of liberal government. This brings raced histories into closer encounters with the (re)making of a raced present.
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Naranch, Bradley D. "“Colonized Body,” “Oriental Machine”: Debating Race, Railroads, and the Politics of Reconstruction in Germany and East Africa, 1906–1910." Central European History 33, no. 3 (2000): 299–338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156916100746356.

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The years 1906–1910 were a period of crisis and unstable consensus in German colonial history. In contrast to the debates of the previous two decades following Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's 1884 decision to establish overseas protectorates, colonial discourse in Germany after 1905 shifted decisively away from abstract considerations of the desirability of colonies for economic and imperialist expansion to focus on the more practical matters of colonial policy and long-term developmental reform. Indeed, given the fact that by 1905 the German colonial empire covered a sprawling expanse of land six times the size of the German state, including territories in Africa, the South Pacific, and a naval base (Tsingtao) on the coast of China, the enormous challenges of managing its far-flung and costly possessions were becoming increasingly difficult to meet. For better or for worse, the Kaiserreich had become a de facto colonial power, and German society was increasingly and uncomfortably being forced to recognize the hazards and burdens of its fledgling global empire.
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Noyes, John K. "Nomadic fantasies: producing landscapes of mobility in German southwest Africa." Ecumene 7, no. 1 (2000): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096746080000700103.

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In nineteenth-century Germany, ‘nomadism’ was an epithet frequently applied with little distinction to pastoralist, hunter-gatherer and semi-agriculturalist societies. It was used as a description not only of actual indigenous social organizations or economies, but also of a propensity to wander, an inconstancy and hence an obstacle to civilization. This was not confined to anthropological and ethnographic discourse. It also influenced policymaking in the colonies, particularly in discussions of land rights and land utilization. At the same time, discussions of nomadism, when applied to indigenous populations, awakened associations with a key theme in German national identity and national history - that the German nation had once shared this love of wandering. Debates on nomadism in the colonies expressed certain perceptions of German identity, but also anxieties about the mobility of labour and capital. The example chosen in this paper is German southwest Africa at the turn of the century.
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Maynes, Mary Jo. "Carol Poore,The Bonds of Labor: German Journeys to the Working World, 1890–1990. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2000. 298 pp. $39.95 cloth." International Labor and Working-Class History 68 (October 2005): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547905220239.

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Approaches to the history of class relations in Germany as elsewhere have changed dramatically over the past two decades or so. Historical class analysis, which once pointed to the clear significance of class as a social marker, a cultural and political identity, in short, as a force of history, has became dulled in the wake of the collapse of socialism, the decline of organized labor, and the intellectual challenges associated with postmodernism, feminism, and race theory. As one student remarked in a recent seminar on the history and historiography of class relations in Europe, class has become the unexamined third pillar of the race, class, gender triad. Historians do not deny the significance of class relations; it has just that figuring out how to theorize and document the history of class is much more complicated than it used to be.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Germany – Colonies – Race relations"

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Schneider, Rosa B. ""Um Scholle und Leben" zur Konstruktion von "Rasse" und Geschlecht in der kolonialen Afrikaliteratur um 1900 /." Frankfurt : Brandes & Apsel, 2003. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/52134354.html.

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Colman, Richard Geoffrey. "A comparative evaluation of personal social and youth service responses to youth of foreign origin and their communities in West Germany and the United Kingdom." Thesis, Leeds Beckett University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240204.

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Wood, Cathy. "The Marshall Islands and the Germans, 1860-1914." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1988. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26184.

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The Marshall Islands are to be found in the very heart of the Pacific Ocean and are quite the furthest of all South Sea Archipelagos from the major ports of the large continents bordering on the Pacific Basin. This geographical position meant that the Marshall Islanders were far away from the traditional shipping routes of the early sailing vessels and remained undisturbed by the events of the outside world. Their contacts with exogenous elements up to the beginning of the nineteenth century were brief and accidentaL‘ But unlike other South Sea island groups this isolation extended well into the middle of the nineteenth century as the violent reputation of the Marshallese chiefs and the relatively inhospitable nature of the people assisted in keeping passing ships at bay. The frequent calling of whaling vessels and the intermittent residency of deserters, that was so much the norm in other Pacific Island'chains , was almost non-existant in the Marshalls. This independence on the part of the Marshall Islanders was eventually eroded, not by the more violent and belligerent elements of South Sea pirates like Bully Hayes and Captain Ben Pease, but by quiet, peaceable missionaries from genteel parlours of Boston middle class suburbs. Their settlement in the islands in 1857 prized open the door of trade and allowed the irreversible contact and influence of outside cultures. The first trader to take advantage was a German from Braunschweig, Adolf Capelle, but his roots were not firmly implanted in the Germanic States (Germany was not founded as a nation until 1871L and his connections did not extend beyond the Pacific area. The linking of the Marshalls to German shores came through the later establishment of the Hamburg trading houses of Godeffroys and Hernsheims in the 1870s. It was the activities of these companies and their demands for German government support of their trading interest that led to the founding of a German Protectorate in the islands in 1885. This ensured a continual social, political and economic relationship between the German nation and the Marshallese people until the outbreak of the First World War.
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McDonough, Francis Xavier. "The Conservative Party and Anglo-German relations 1905-1914." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369550.

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Dube-Luvai, Valerie M. C. E. ""Ja, Ich habe einen deutschen Pass, aber ich bin doch schwarz": Black German Confrontations with Blackness." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2002. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6663.

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This thesis explores the complexities of constructing a German identity as a black German. The recent emergence of Germany's black minority group was generally perceived as an opportunity to reevaluate Germanness as it has been understood in the past. However, this thesis shows that a reevaluation of Germanness lacks full support because traditional German ideals of racial superiority continue to exist in the consciousness of all Germans - black and white. This suggests that theories of racial superiority continue to determine belonging and identity construction in Germany. Above all, the presence of Western racial ideology in black German identity construction signifies a development of self-rejection and the disunity of the black German population. This thesis explores these effects through black German literature, survey interviews and German media.
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Ruano, de la Haza Jonathan. "The Rise of the United States' Airfield Empire in Latin America, North Africa, the Middle East, and Southern Asia (1927-1945). How America's Political Leaders Achieved Mastery over the Global Commons and Created the "American Century"." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23557.

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This dissertation makes the argument that the Franklin Roosevelt administration (1933-1945) embarked upon a global hegemonic project to transform the United States into a world empire and bring about the "New World Order." In addition, the expansion of U.S. commercial and military air routes was seen as instrumental to the realization of this project.
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Phillips, Matthew Todd. "The Millennium and the Madhouse: Institution and Intervention in Woodrow Wilson's Progressive Statecraft." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1310738105.

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Andreys, Clemence. "Qingdao dans l’imaginaire colonial allemand du premier vingtième siècle." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO20079.

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A travers l’analyse du discours colonial, à la fois narratif et figuratif, sur Qingdao, il s’agit d’étudier la culture coloniale dans sa complexité : le processus colonial renvoie à la fois à l’expérience de la colonisation en Chine et aux répercussions de l’expansion impériale dans l’Allemagne wilhelminienne. Il participe ainsi aux mécanismes de définition de l’identité nationale. La construction d’une « communauté imaginée », telle que l’a définie Benedict Anderson, se fait à travers la colonisation et le regard porté sur les colonisés. La représentation de l’Autre est, en effet, toujours orientée vers les contours de sa propre culture. Il s’agit d’un phénomène d’auto-contemplation à travers l’image de l’Autre, d’un retour à Soi par la médiation d’une fiction de l’Autre. L’évolution de l’image de Qingdao et la pérennité du lien entre la métropole et l’ancienne colonie, la survivance de Qingdao dans les médias allemands montrent que la mise en scène du souvenir est une autre composante de la fabrication de l’image mythique et que se crée un passage de la mythification à la mystification<br>Analyzing the narrative and figurative colonial discourse about Qingdao means examining the colonial culture in its complexity. Indeed the colonial process reflects both the experience of colonization in China and its impact on Wilhelminian Germany. It plays an important part in the process that led to the definition of national identity. The construction of the “imagined community” discussed by Benedict Anderson emerges through the colonization and the gaze of the colonizers on the colonized. Colonialism is a discourse about the Other and the Far Away which is always oriented towards its own contours. The Other was painted as someone different so that self identity could be established. This is a phenomenon of self-admiration through the image of the Other, a return to oneself through the mediation of Other’s fiction. It is also worth noting the persistence of Qingdao in the German media in the years after the loss of the colony. The staging of the souvenir is another element of the fabrication of the mythical image. With the “colonial guilt lie” there was a transition from mythification to mystification
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Eldridge-Nelson, Allison. "Veil of Protection: Operation Paperclip and the Contrasting Fates of Wernher von Braun and Arthur Rudolph." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1510914308951993.

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MASS, Sandra. "Weisse Helden, schwarze Krieger : zur Geschichte einer kolonialen Imagination, 1918-1964." Doctoral thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5898.

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Defence date: 16 February 2004<br>Examining board: Prof. Richard Bessel, University of York ; Prof. Regina Schulte, Ruhr-Universität Bochum/European University Institute, Florence ; Prof. Bo Stråth, European University Institute, Florence ; Prof. Bernd Weisbrod, Universität Göttingen<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Books on the topic "Germany – Colonies – Race relations"

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German colonialism: Race, the Holocaust, and postwar Germany. Columbia University Press, 2011.

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Alexander, Honold, and Scherpe Klaus R. 1939-, eds. Mit Deutschland um die Welt: Eine Kulturgeschichte des Fremden in der Kolonialzeit. J.B. Metzler, 2004.

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Aitken, Robbie John Macvicar. Black Germany: The making and unmaking of a diaspora community, 1884-1960. Cambridge University Press, 2015.

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Weis(s)heiten im postkolonialen Deutschland: Das Konzept des critical whiteness am Beispiel der Selbst- und Fremdwahrnehmung von Menschen afrikanischer Herkunft und Weissen Deutschen in Deutschland. PETER LANG, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2009.

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1959-, Langbehn Volker Max, ed. German colonialism, visual culture, and modern memory. Routledge, 2010.

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Wiedenroth-Coulibaly, Eleonore. Spiegelblicke: Perspektiven Schwarzer Bewegung in Deutschland. Orlanda, 2015.

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Schubert, Michael. Der schwarze Fremde: Das Bild des Schwarzafrikaners in der parlamentarischen und publizistischen Kolonialdiskussion in Deutschland von den 1870er bis in die 1930er Jahre. F. Steiner, 2003.

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Das Bild des Negro-Afrikaners in der deutschen Kolonialliteratur (1884-1945): Ein Beitrag zur literarischen Imagologie Schwarzafrikas. Reimer, 1985.

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Zig, Layton-Henry, and Wilpert Czarina, eds. Challenging racism in Britain and Germany. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

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Hopeful journeys: German immigration, settlement, and political culture in colonial America, 1717-1775. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Germany – Colonies – Race relations"

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Givens, Terri E. "Post-War Transitions: The Conflation of Immigration and Race." In The Roots of Racism. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529209204.003.0005.

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In this chapter I focus on three critical transitions that had a major impact on transatlantic race relations. The first was the early 1900s and the era after the civil war which would define the ongoing inequalities for African Americans and the first race-based restrictive immigration policies in the US The second is the post-World War II era of labor migration in Europe, when immigrants from former colonies in the developing world found themselves the focus of anti-immigrant sentiment and restrictive immigration policies in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly in the UK. The third period is the era of immigrant settlement in Europe, when family reunification and asylum seekers fueled an ongoing migration flow, despite the stop placed on labor recruitment in France and Germany.
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Sorkin, David. "The Atlantic World." In Jewish Emancipation. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164946.003.0019.

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This chapter assesses how the Atlantic world of Dutch and British colonies followed the west European pattern of emancipation. Jews were spread across numerous colonies. The thirteen British colonies were not preponderant: each of the communities of “Curaçao, Surinam and Jamaica had more Jews in the mid-eighteenth century than all of the North American colonies combined.” In the British colonies of Canada, Jamaica, and the thirteen colonies, Jews achieved civil rights largely without controversy or conflict. In contrast, Jews organized and campaigned for political rights. In the early American republic, Jews received rights state by state, in Canada colony by colony. In the United States and Canada, political rights were linked to disestablishment of the church and the enactment of religious equality. In Jamaica, it was entwined with race relations.
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Heere, Cees. "Conclusion." In Empire Ascendant. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837398.003.0008.

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The conclusion reflects on how questions of race and empire came to occupy a central place in Anglo-Japanese relations during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Reviewing some of the study’s main arguments, it dwells on what the inter-imperial debates on Anglo-Japanese relations reveal about contemporary thinking on race and empire, and the often-conflicting demands and perspectives of policymakers in London and the settler colonies. Immigration and naval defence were particular areas where disagreements were liable to arise, with the dominions seeking imperial support for their vision of a ‘white empire’, while the British strove to insulate the ‘imperial’ business of diplomacy from colonial interference.
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Murray, Michelle. "Recognition Refused." In The Struggle for Recognition in International Relations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878900.003.0005.

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This chapter explores how Imperial Germany came to be viewed by the established European powers as a revisionist power. It argues that as Germany became more uncertain about its status in the international order, its fear of misrecognition increased and in response it turned to the recognitive practices constitutive of world power status to ameliorate its growing social insecurity. Specifically, Germany’s fear of misrecognition sustained the Anglo-German naval race, making a naval understanding impossible despite repeated British attempts at negotiating an arms control agreement. Moreover, the fear of misrecognition and experience of disrespect led Germany into a second confrontation with Britain over the independent status of Morocco during the Agadir Crisis. Germany’s belligerent foreign policy and willingness to risk war over matters not of vital interest led the European great powers to increasingly view Germany as a revisionist state whose power needed to be contained. The chapter shows how the experience of humiliation drove German foreign policy, contributing to its construction as a revisionist power and destabilizing the international order in the years before the First World War.
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Cifuentes, Luis Fernández. "Notions of Empire: Transatlantic Art at the Height of the Cold War (A Case Study)." In Transatlantic Studies. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789620252.003.0024.

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In 1955, Barcelona’s III Bienal de Arte Hispano-Americano had a double mission. First, it aspired to re-unite the countries of Spain’s old empire under the principles of a common race, a common view of the world, and, especially, a common language and religion. Second, it meant to help introduce Spain–a new ally of the United States–in the Cold War’s international cultural and political scene. The Bienal, however, revealed mostly irreparable fractures and contradictions, and hardly any unity or integrity in the newly conceived Empire. It showed divergent and hostile tendencies and ideologies; hierarchical relations between metropolis and colonies; double standards (one criterion for the national scene and another for the international scene); clashing differences between national and foreign, abstract and figurative (Tàpies’ dissidence versus Guayasamín’s synthesis or fusion), the dictates of the markets and the directives of the regime, and even between divergent modes of analysis. Not an image that could be sold easily abroad.
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Gieseke, Jens. "Whom Did the East Germans Trust? Popular Opinion on Threats of War, Confrontation, and Détente in the German Democratic Republic, 1968–1989." In Trust, but Verify. Stanford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9780804798099.003.0008.

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This chapter outlines ideological, official, and bottom-up trust regimes within East Germany, examining the attitude of the East German population toward its own government and that of the Federal Republic. It unearths, for example, how a noticeable sympathy and trustworthiness emerged among East Germans toward West German parties and politicians in the wake of Ostpolitik. However, the departure of West German chancellor Willy Brandt in 1974, the presidency of Ronald Reagan, and the renewed nuclear arms race and NATO's decision to position nuclear weapons in Western Europe helped to offset this asymmetry of trust relations by partially alienating East Germans from Western policies. In the first half of the 1980s, this decline of vertical trust relationships and emotional bonds in East Germany opened the space for the rise of horizontal trust regimes.
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Bidnall, Amanda. "Introduction." In West Indian Generation. Liverpool University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781786940032.003.0001.

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The history of West Indian (or Caribbean) migration to Great Britain and its impact on British national identity have been the subjects of growing scholarly interest, but they are often viewed in terms of racial tension and conflict—as a series of crisis moments marked by violence and growing anti-immigration sentiment. This Introduction states the author’s thesis that in the years after the Second World War, when the British Empire was reinventing itself as a “New” Commonwealth, and decolonization was on the horizon, a coterie of artists fused a catholic array of concerns in their work and found an echo in the British cultural establishment. They worked within British cultural institutions and trends and expressed a positive vision of national belonging that was multi-racial, anti-racist, and focused on Britain’s historic connection to its West Indian colonies. In doing so, these men and women were less symbols of a racial divide or national angst than they were a driving force behind a postwar cultural revolution. The chapter also reviews some of the essential primary and secondary literature in British cultural studies, the history of Black Britain, and contemporary sociological studies of English “race relations.”
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Potter, Simon J. "Fraternizing in the Ether, 1931–1933." In Wireless Internationalism and Distant Listening. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198800231.003.0003.

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During the early 1930s faith in a utopian form of wireless internationalism was shaken by the world economic crisis, the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, and the Nazi revolution in Germany. Radio still seemed a potential means to encourage international understanding and peace, but increasingly it also appeared to be a powerful tool of propaganda that might serve aggressive nationalist ends. As Europe’s broadcasting infrastructure became more formidable, broadcasters continued to work through the International Broadcasting Union to regulate the airwaves and combat interference and hostile propaganda. These measures were only partially effective and were ignored by a powerful new station broadcasting commercial programmes across Europe in several languages, Radio Luxembourg. The League of Nations also began to study the disruptive impact of radio on international affairs, and established its own broadcasting station, Radio Nations. Relay work continued, linking up the broadcasters of Europe and forging new connections across the Atlantic. The number of short-wave broadcasters increased significantly during this period, and the BBC established its own short-wave Empire Service, designed to reach out to white expatriate listeners in Britain’s colonies, and to English speakers in the ‘dominions’. Many in the US could also tune in, and British civil servants, notably at the Foreign Office, worried about the impact on Anglo-American relations.
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