Relevant bibliographies by topics / Germans in Galicia

Academic literature on the topic 'Germans in Galicia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 26 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Germans in Galicia"

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Shanes, Joshua. "Neither Germans nor Poles: Jewish Nationalism in Galicia before Herzl, 1883-1897." Austrian History Yearbook 34 (January 2003): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006723780002049x.

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Although galician jewry constituted one of the largest Jewish communities in the world before World War I, it has attracted too little scholarship. Galician Jews sat on the frontier between East and West. Religiously and economically, they were similar to Russian and Romanian Jewry, but since their emancipation in 1867 they enjoyed wideranging civil and political rights akin to those of their Western brethren. Historians focusing either on the numerically more significant Russian Jewry, or the politically and financially more important Western Jewry, have tended to avoid Galicia, even though the region was home to almost a million Jews by the turn of the century. Most Zionist historiography has also underemphasized the importance of this community, particularly in the pre-Herzlian period, by which time Galician Zionists could already boast a considerable degree of organizational infrastructure. This neglect is partly a reflection of the general historiographical trend within modern Jewish history. It also reflects, however, the unusual nature of Galician “Zionism,” which was largely Diaspora-oriented—directed toward national cultural work in the Diaspora as well as political activities designed to secure national minority rights—long before Zionists in either Russia or the West had begun to engage in such activities.
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MASYK, Roman. "The authority‘s Policy of the Interwar Poland Concerning Economical Initiatives of the National Minorieties of the South-Eastern Provinces." Наукові зошити історичного факультету Львівського університету / Proceedings of History Faculty of Lviv University, no. 22 (July 14, 2022): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/fhi.2021.22.3701.

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The Ukrainians predominated in the south-eastern provinces of the interwar Poland (Eastern Galicia) while the Polish there were remarkable for their political and social influences. The majority of the Ukrainian peasants were greatly interested in the agrarian reforms because of the lack of lands. The authorities resolved this problem in the interests of the Polish and it caused the conflicts between these two nations. In the south-eastern provinces Polish cooperation was inferior to the Ukrainian. At that time the cooperation of Ukrainians was the only possibility to realize their economic initiatives. In the Eastern Galicia the Jews were mainly engaged into trade and commerce and as a rule they live in cities and towns. The Polish law limited their economical rights. The Armenians and Germans of the Eastern Galicia were influenced by the Polish economical organizations and the Armenians lost their economical identity, but the Germans organized a lot of their own cooperations different from the others of that type.
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RUDA, Oksana. "EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF THE UNION OF THE CHURCHES OF THE EVANGELICAL AUGSBURG AND HELVETIC CONFESSIONS IN INTER-WAR GALICIA." Contemporary era 11 (2023): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/nd.2023-11-20-38.

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The article covers the activities of the Union of the Churches of the Evangelical Augsburg and Helvetic Confessions in Inter-war Galicia in the 20s–30s of the 20th century, aimed at satisfying the cultural and educational needs of German parishioners. It shows, that in the interwar years, the Polish state pursued such a national-educational and religious policy towards the German minority of the region, the result of which was supposed to be the denationalization and assimilation of the German population, given that Protestant pastors made significant efforts both to preserve the national separateness of the Germans of the region and to support continuous spiritual connection with the German culture. It confirms that education and culture specifically served as the unifying factors that protected the German colonists of Galicia from assimilation processes and strengthened their connection with the population of Germany. Likewise, it has been established that the Protestant clergy focused their activities on the religious upbringing of children and youth of German nationality, the development of private German-language primary and secondary schools, youth religious societies, and charitable organizations, which became the stronghold of German identity in interwar Galicia. The article reveals that primary private German-language educational institutions, which were attended by about 59.1 % of all German students in the region, operated with the help of the union. Those included two gymnasiums in Lviv and Stanislaviv, as well as the German National University. The author of the article asserts that the pastors’ active participation in the development of private national schooling was partly a response to the obstacles that the Polish authorities placed on the way to the development of German-language educational institutions. It was observed that through the organization of private German-language schools, the pastors tried to raise the level of national and religious consciousness of the devotees to some extent. The author suggests that through active pastoral and educational activities of the union’s clergy, the parishioners were closely connected with the German national culture, which contributed to the preservation of their ethnic identity. Keywords Protestantism, religious communities, German population, Galicia, the Polish state, educational institutions.
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Pelczar, Roman. "Niższe szkoły realne w Galicji w latach 1842–1873." Prace Historyczne 149, no. 1 (March 28, 2022): 97–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.22.006.14619.

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Lower Realschule schools in Galicia in 1842–1873 The aim of the article is to present the activities of lower Realschule schools, which were a type of vocational schools operating in Galicia from 1842 to (essentially) 1873. They were established in the major cities of Galicia. Most of them were organised at elementary main schools, but several operated as independent facilities. Only boys were eligible to enrol in Realschule schools. The pupils represented various nationalities (Poles, Ukrainians, Germans, Jews) and religions. The schools prepared young people for work in various professions in industry and trade. The article deals with all important issues related to the operation of lower Realschule schools. It discusses the establishment of the school network, their division into independent and dependent facilities, the teaching staff and the student community, as well as their didactic activities. The article supplements the body of knowledge on the history of education in Galicia.
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Harandzha, Vasyl. "The Greek Catholic Theological Academy in Lviv in the conditions of the persecution of the Church by the Soviet government." Scientific Yearbook "History of Religions in Ukraine", no. 33 (2023): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33294/2523-4234-2023-33-1-117-130.

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The activities of the Greek Catholic Theological Academy in Lviv are examined. It is stated that this higher educational institution was founded by Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytskyi in 1928. Despite the difficult relationship between the Ukrainians of Galicia and the Polish government, the Theological Academy was able to exist and quite quickly developed. The situation changed in 1939, after the partition of Poland between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. Thus, Galicia came under Soviet rule. In 1941, after the beginning of the German-Soviet war, all Ukrainian lands were quickly occupied by the Germans. However, already in 1944, the Bolsheviks came to Galicia again, finally joining it to the Ukrainian SSR. As a matter of fact, this research is focused on studying the state of Greek Catholic theological education during the first Soviet occupation of Galicia in 1939–1941 and after the return of communist power in 1944. It is shown that, despite the openly anti-religious policy of the new government, the leaders of the Church tried to ensure the continuity of the development of theological science and the training of new clergy. In the conditions of the ban on the official activities of any theological educational institutions during 1939–1941, Metropolitan Sheptytskyi managed to organize illegal theological courses for his students and sought to restore the activities of a full-fledged educational institution. Instead, it is researched that after the return in 1944, the Bolsheviks became more cautious in their attitude towards Greek Catholics and did not close the Theological Academy, which resumed normal activities during the Nazi occupation. The management of the academy used this time to expand its activities, in particular to open new faculties. However, this policy of the Bolsheviks in relation to the Greek Catholics turned out to be temporary. A few months later, the persecution of this Church began. Among other measures, the work of the Theological Academy in Lviv was finally stopped. Keywords: Theological Academy, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, Andrei Sheptytskyi, Josyf Slipyi, Second World War, Soviet occupation
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Łapot, Mirosław. "Development of the Education of Galician Jews at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries as Exemplified by the City of Lviv." Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia 18 (2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843925sj.20.001.13869.

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In 19th and the beginning of 20th century Galician Jews left step by step the isolated world of traditional culture for the opened worldwide culture. At the start of this way, they knew only one path of life, based on many centuries of tradition, but, at the end, it provided many paths to self-realization. Some of them were still devoted, other secular, some of them felt Jews, others felt Poles of Mosaic faith or Germans of Mosaic faith, some were involved in the Zionist movement, others in socialism. Many of them considered Galicia to be their own little Motherland and manifested the features of local patriotism. It was possible thanks to the modernization of their lifestyle, and public education turned out to be one of the most important factor in this process.
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Martynenko, V. "German Population Local Evacuations from the USSR Occupied Regions in winter-spring 1943." Problems of World History, no. 13 (March 18, 2021): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-13-4.

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One of the elements of the “total war” declared by the Nazi leadership in February 1943 was the massive displacement of the civilian population of the occupied Soviet territories to the deep rear. As a rule, these movements were voluntary compulsory. Among those who were also subjected to mandatory evacuation were ethnic Germans, who, as a rule, enjoyed the special patronage of the occupation authorities. Most of them, of course, could not help fearing reprisals after the return of Soviet power and therefore preferred to retreat with the Wehrmacht. As a result, during the first few months of 1943, thousands of refugees of German nationality were quickly evacuated from several occupied regions of the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, and the BSSR. Some of them, by decision of the SS leadership, remained on the territory of the Reichskommissariat “Ukraine”, while others left for the imperial region of Warthegau and the General Government. Despite their very modest scale, these evacuations had at least two main outcomes. First, they became, in a sense, a prototype (especially at the organizational level) of administrative relocations that unfolded in the autumn of the same year on the territory of Ukraine. Some considerations (such as the idea of the concentration of German refugees on the right bank of the Dnieper or in Galicia) would later form the basis for further plans of the Nazi leadership. Secondly, the arrival of a fairly large contingent of Soviet Germans in the Reich required several changes to the legal framework governing the procedure for their naturalization. A significant part of these innovations will determine the fate of the majority of German immigrants from the USSR practically until the end of the war. In the presented article, based on the involvement of a significant array of documents from the archival funds of Germany, the characteristic features of the evacuation of ethnic Germans from the occupied regions of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus in winter-spring 1943 are considered.
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Kelly, T. Mills. "Last Best Chance or Last Gasp? The Compromise of 1905 and Czech Politics in Moravia." Austrian History Yearbook 34 (January 2003): 279–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006723780002052x.

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On November 27, 1905, leading members of the Czech and German communities in Moravia agreed to a political compromise that divided power in the provincial diet between Czechs, Germans, and members of the landowning and ecclesiastical aristocracy. Over the next few years, the Moravian agreement was used as a model for political compromises in Bukovina (1910) and Galicia (1914).1 For decades historians hailed the Moravian compromise and its successors as evidence that the feuding nations of the late Habsburg monarchy could indeed find sufficient common ground to live together in peace. Although in the past decade scholars generally have taken a more cautious approach to the results of these compromises, much of this work betrays a sense of disappointment over a missed opportunity. Somehow, the Czech-German compromise in Moravia might have become a model for ethnic cooperation, proof that the monarchy's contentious national communities could work out their differences and live together, or at least a sign
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Soukupová, Blanka. "The Socio-Historical Contexts of Czech Anti-Semitism and Anti-German Sentiments Following the Establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic and their Reflection in Contemporary Caricatures." Slovenský národopis / Slovak Ethnology 67, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/se-2019-0001.

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Abstract The Czechoslovak Republic was created as the national state of the Czechs and Slovaks. Although it was based on the ethnic principle, the new state simultaneously assured relatively extensive rights for its national and religious minorities; in the Czech lands primarily for Czech Germans and the structured Jewish minority (in the new state, Jews could claim Jewish nationality and religion, or only Jewish religion). Although the Jewish minority was ideologically and politically heterogeneous and absolutely loyal to the state, it repeatedly became, not for the first time historically, the target of largely socially and ethnically motivated attacks after the foundation of the Republic. However, their nature was escalated even more by the difficult social conditions following World War I and the generally traumatic experience of the unexpected world war. Contemporary journalism helped disseminate the image of Jews as the main culprits who had caused the world war and were responsible for the general post-war destabilisation and shortages, Jews as non-state building residents of the republic, disloyal, pro-German orientated asocial elements, intensified by the image of Jewish refugees from Galicia and Bukovina, justly or unjustly accused of operating chain businesses. Contemporary journalism also emphasised the traditional image of Czech Germans as the ancient enemy of the Czech nation, currently accused of starting World War I. The fact that most Czech Germans were truly disloyal citizens of the new state after the foundation of the republic (and again in the 1930s) was balanced by the efforts of the Czechoslovak government to “win the Germans over for the new state” and therefore controlled the suppression of anti-German sentiments which were often linked to anti-Jewish sentiments. The text questions the significance of the image of the national enemy at a time in history that saw the destabilisation of existing socio-political relations, undoubtedly represented by the dissolution of the monarchy and the rise of new national states in Central Europe and their contemporary visualisation.
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Binder, Harald. "Making and Defending a Polish Town: “Lwów” (Lemberg), 1848-1914." Austrian History Yearbook 34 (January 2003): 57–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800020439.

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Many east central European towns and cities bear several names, reflecting the ethnic and religious diversity once characteristic of the region. The town chosen in 1772 by the Habsburgs as capital of their newly acquired province of Galicia serves as an example. In the second half of the nineteenth century Ruthenian national populists referred to the city as “Ľviv”; Russophiles designated the city “Ľvov.” For Poles and Polonized Jews the town was “Lwów,” and for Germans as well as German- and Yiddish-speaking Jews the city was “Lemberg.” The ethnic and linguistic reality was, in fact, much less clear than these divisions would suggest. For much of the period of Habsburg rule, language barriers remained permeable. The city's inhabitants were multilingual, often employing different languages depending on the type of communication in which they were engaged. By the
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Germans in Galicia"

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Schneider, Ulrike. "Der Erste Weltkrieg und das ‚Ostjudentum‘. Westeuropäische Perspektiven am Beispiel von Arnold Zweig, Sammy Gronemann und Max Brod." HATiKVA e.V. – Die Hoffnung Bildungs- und Begegnungsstätte für Jüdische Geschichte und Kultur Sachsen, 2016. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34825.

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Nance, Agnieszka B. Arens Katherine. "Nation without a state imagining Poland in the nineteenth century /." 2004. http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/2136/nanceab042.pdf.

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Nance, Agnieszka B. "Nation without a state: imagining Poland in the nineteenth century." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/2136.

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Books on the topic "Germans in Galicia"

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Siredz︠h︡uk, Petro. Sot︠s︡ialʹno-ekonomichne stanovyshche i kulʹturne z︠h︡ytti︠a︡ nimet︠s︡ʹkoï menshyny Skhidnoï Halychyny (20-30-i rr. XX st.). Ternopilʹ: Ekonomichna dumka, 2008.

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1901-, Bouza-Brey Trillo Fermín, Instituto Padre Sarmiento de Estudios Gallegos. Sección de Prehistoria e Arqueoloxía., Museo do Pobo Galego, and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Departamento de Historia 1., eds. Galicia--da romanidade á xermanización: Problemas históricos e culturais. [Santiago de Compostela]: Sección de Prehistoria e Arqueoloxía do Instituto de Estudios Galegos "P. Sarmiento", 1993.

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Logusz, Michael O. Galicia Division: The Waffen-SS 14th Grenadier Division 1943-1945. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub., 1997.

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Orallo, Irene Sueiro. Deutsche Modalpartikeln und ihre Äquivalenzen im Galicischen: Ein Beitrag zur kontrastiven Linguistik. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2002.

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Heike, Wolf-Dietrich. The Ukrainian division "Galicia," 1943-45: A memoir. Toronto: Shevchenko Scientific Society, 1988.

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Garrido, Carlos. Dicionário terminológico quadrilíngue de zoologia dos invertebrados : alemám, inglês, espanhol, galego-português = Diccionario terminológico cuatrilingüe de zoología de los invertebrados : alemán, inglés, español, gallego-portugués = Four languages terminologic dictionary of invertebrate zoology: German, English, Spanish, Galician-Portuguese. [Spain]: Associaçom Galega da Língua, 1997.

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Meyer, Henry George. Meyer family tree: A research of our ancestors : Germany, Austria (Galicia & Bukowina), Russia (Bessarabia), Canada. Regina, Sask., Canada: Focus Pub., 1987.

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Resino, Álvaro Rodríguez. Del Imperio Romano a la Alta Edad Media: Arqueología de la Tardoantigüedad en Galicia (siglos V-VIII). Noia, A Coruña [Spain]: Toxosoutos, 2006.

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Johnson, Louella Float. The Flot-Float family: Waldensians from Hesse, Germany and the Mueller-Miller and Hubin families : Mennonites from Galicia. St. Paul (1065 Carlton Dr. St. Paul, MN 55126): L. Johnson, 1997.

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Novaria, Guido. A un passo dalla libertà: 1944 : odissea sul colle Galisia. Ivrea (To.): Priuli & Verlucca, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Germans in Galicia"

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Oso, Laura, and Pablo Dalle. "Migration and Social Mobility Between Argentina and Spain: Climbing the Social Hierarchy in the Transnational Space." In Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America, 235–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48442-2_8.

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AbstractThis chapter analyses the relationship between migration and social mobility in Argentina and Spain from a transnational perspective focusing on two dimensions: the patterns of intergenerational social mobility of immigrants and natives in both countries; the social mobility strategies and trajectories of Galicians families in Buenos Aires and Argentinians, of Galician origin, who migrated to Galicia after the 2001 crisis. The chapter begins by contextualizing the migratory trends in Europe and Latin America. This is followed by a comparative study of how immigration impacts on the class structure and social mobility patterns in Argentina and Spain. Quantitative analysis techniques are used to study the intergenerational social mobility rates. The statistical analysis of stratification and social mobility surveys have been benchmarked against previous studies conducted in Argentina (Germani, G., Movilidad social en la sociedad industrial. EUDEBA, Buenos Aires, 1963; Dalle, P., Movilidad social desde las clases populares. Un estudio sociológico en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (1960–2013). CLACSO/Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani-UBA/CICCUS, Buenos Aires, 2016) and Spain (Fachelli, S., & López-Roldán, P., Revista Española de Sociología 26:1–20, 2017). Secondly, qualitative research methods are used to consider the social mobility strategies and class trajectories of migrant families. We analyse two fieldworks, developed in the framework of other research projects (based on 44 biographical and semi-structured interviews). These case studies were carried out with Galicians that migrated to Argentina between 1940 and 1960 and Argentinians, of Galician origin, who migrated to Galicia after the 2001 crisis.
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Aleksiun, Natalia. "Food, Money and Barter in the Lvov Ghetto, Eastern Galicia." In Coping with Hunger and Shortage under German Occupation in World War II, 223–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77467-1_12.

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Voloshchuk, Ievgeniia. "Characters of Eccentrics from Galicia in the German-Language Prose of the Interwar Period." In Wiener Galizien-Studien, 77–96. Göttingen: V&R unipress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/9783737009232.77.

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Sencer, Emre. "From Galicia to Galilee: The Ottoman and German Expeditionary Experiences in the First World War in Comparison." In Expeditionary Forces in the First World War, 261–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25030-0_10.

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Stimmer, Benedikt. "Language and Civilisation – Imperial Education Practices and the Dissemination of German in Early Habsburg Galicia (1772–1790)." In Kirche und Klöster zwischen Aufklärung und administrativen Reformen, 179–90. Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/9783205214069.179.

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Kludkiewicz, Kamila. "Museums of a Stateless Nation, between History and Art." In Spaces for Shaping the Nation, 131–52. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839466940-007.

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In this article, Kamila Kudkiewicz is dedicated to the question of Polish national museums in the nineteenth century. At the end of the eighteenth century, the historical territory of Poland was divided among Russia, Austria, and Prussia. Each of these countries had its own laws and policies towards Poles: take, for example, the policies of Russification and Germanization implemented by the Russian and German authorities in their respective territories and, contrastingly, the autonomy granted to Polish Galicia in Austria-Hungary after 1860. Despite the differences between the regions, in the second half of the nineteenth century, Poles founded museums that were perceived to be 'national', whether on a de facto basis - as attested by publications and written sources from the period - or because they had the word 'national' in their very name. Although early initiatives to create museums with the designation 'national' were undertaken in Poland as early as the eighteenth century, actual national museums (or institutions considered to be such) only emerged after 1870. The latter consisted of : the Musee National Polonais (Polish National Museum) in Rapperswil, Switzerland (opened 1870), the Muzeum im. Mielzynskich w Poznaniu (Mielzynski Museum in Poznan, 1881), the Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie (National Museum in Krakow, 1883), the Muzeum Narodowe im. Krola Jana III we Lwowie (King Jan III National Museum in Lviv, 1908), and the Muzeum Sztuk Pieknych w Warszawie (Museum of Fine Arts in Warsaw), which was called after 1916 the Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie (National Museum in Warsaw). The most important Polish national museums were established in large urban centres, namely in regional capitals (i.e. Poznan, the capital of Greater Poland in the nineteenth century within the borders of Prussia, and Krakow, the main city of Galicia in the nineteenth century within Austria and later Austria-Hungary), but also in other nations (i.e. Rapperswil in Switzerland). They were founded by city authorities, learned societies, or private collectors. The fact that the museums were established and managed by various entities made their activities very diverse. However, one can observe two main areas of interest for Polish national museums in the nineteenth century: national (Polish) history, on the one hand, and Polish art, primarily contemporary painting, on the other. In some cases, like that of Rapperswil, the dominating elements of the collection were connected with historical elements that, at least initially, were also sentimental, nostalgic, and emotional in character. This sentimentality bespeaks the institution's intended influence on viewers. Elsewhere, the wish to exhibit and promote Polish art prevailed over the interest in objects related to national history (i.e. the Mielzynski Museum in Poznan). And certain museums underwent an evolution in their declared status, from that of a national gallery of painting to that of an institution attempting to show various aspects of Polish culture (National Museum in Krakow). The present analysis of the activity of these museums will focus on the discourse accompanying their creation, the goals set by their founders, and the curation of their exhibitions.
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Webber, Jonathan, Chris Schwarz, and Jason Francisco. "Glimpses of the Jewish Culture That Once Was." In Rediscovering Traces of Memory, 53–88. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786940872.003.0003.

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This chapter discusses Jewish culture as it once was, which stands in sharp and powerful contrast to the ruins of Poland. It illustrates towns and villages of Polish Galicia in the present-day that still has vivid traces of the strength and splendour of Jewish culture before its destruction during the Holocaust. It also mentions synagogues and Jewish cemeteries that escaped being substantially damaged by the Germans or have been meticulously restored. The chapter looks at remarkable buildings and monuments that are far from being desolate, abandoned, and in ruins, which existed in Galicia before the genocide. It describes the art and architecture of Galician synagogues that were influenced by mystical ideas and encouraged with a richness of decorative features that cannot be found in other countries where Jews of Polish origin live.
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Webber, Jonathan, Chris Schwarz, and Jason Francisco. "The Holocaust: Sites of Massacre." In Rediscovering Traces of Memory, 89–92. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786940872.003.0004.

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This chapter recounts what happened in Polish Galicia during the Holocaust, emphasizing the brutality of the destruction by the Germans and the range of locations where Jews were murdered in occupied Poland. It includes photographs that go beyond conventional symbols that reveal how the Jews were hunted down and murdered. It also describes the remaining physical fixtures in Auschwitz, such as the barracks, barbed wires, entry gates, and the ruins of the gas chambers, that testify the force and fury of the systematic annihilation of over one million Jews. The chapter talks about the case of the Bełżec death camp in south-east Poland in which 450,000 Jews were deported and gassed immediately upon arrival. It considers Bełżec as the cemetery of the Jews of Galicia as countless Jewish communities met their end in 1942 and only seven have been thought to have survived.
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Shanes, Joshua. "Papers for the Folk: Jewish Nationalism and the Birth of the Yiddish Press in Galicia." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 16, 167–88. Liverpool University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774730.003.0010.

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This chapter addresses Jewish nationalism and the birth of the Yiddish press in Galicia. Jewish nationalism in Galicia, like its Viennese counterpart, was initially a movement largely of the secular intelligentsia, especially students. Raised in a Polish cultural (and educational) milieu, Jewish students tended at first to identify strongly with Polish nationalist aspirations, but the increasing rejection they experienced from Polish nationalists, among whom antisemitism was sharply rising, made them choice targets for Zionist propaganda. Galician Zionists attacked their 'assimilationist' rivals ferociously, and tried to inspire Galician Jews to support the rebirth of a Jewish national culture instead. At first they relied on the German-language Viennese organ Selbst-Emanzipation, but by 1892, they had begun to publish their own Polish-language literature, including a party organ, Przyszłość (The Future).
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Stevenson, David. "The Expansion of the Conflict August 1914-April 1917." In The First World War and International Politics, 41–86. Oxford University PressOxford, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198202813.003.0003.

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Abstract The war of 1914 originated in a sequence of decisions that seemed rational to the Governments that made them yet in their cumulative effects brought no belligerent what it sought. States went to war on the assumptions that its international ramifications could be limited, its domestic repercussions managed, and that military operations would yield a rapid and decisive result that could be translated into a corresponding political gain. In the event, the opening offensives brought not victory, but frustration or disaster: to the French, in Lorraine and the Ardennes; to the Austrians, in Serbia and Galicia; to the Russians, at Tannenberg; and to the Germans, on the Marne. Nor were the succeeding counter-offensives more conclusive. From now on, the outstanding feature of the conflict was stalemate. From Switzerland to Flanders there formed an unbroken line of trenches that the attacks of neither side displaced by more than a few miles for the next three and a half years. In Eastern Europe large tracts of territory did change hands, and smaller belligerents were overrun; but Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia remained in the field. Stalemate on land was matched by stalemate at sea, where the expected clash of battlefleets failed to materialize and neither the Allied blockade nor German submarine warfare had rapid results. And stalemate in battle was paralleled by stalemate on the home fronts and in the diplomacy that intermittently continued across the barbed wire. Neither side could end the war by military operations. But neither could end it by inducing a collapse in enemy morale and revolution behind the lines. Nor could either end it by negotiation and compromise on its political objectives, or war aims.
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Conference papers on the topic "Germans in Galicia"

1

Pilar, Martin. "EWALD MURRER AND HIS POETRY ABOUT A DISAPPEARING CULTURAL REGION IN CENTRAL EUROPE." In 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on ART and HUMANITIES - ISCAH 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscah.2023/s28.06.

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The contemporary Czech poet using the pseudonym Ewald Murrer (born in 1964 in Prague) used to be a representative of Czech underground literature before 1989. Then he became one of the most specific and original artists of his generation. The present essay deals with his very successful collection of poetry called The Diary of Mr. Pinke (1991, English translation published in 2022). Between the world wars, the most Eastern part of Czechoslovakia was so-called Subcarpathian Ruthenia (or Karpatenukraine in German). This rural and somewhat secluded region neighbouring Austrian Galicia (or Galizien in German) in the very West of Ukraine and the South- East of Poland used to be a centre of Jewish culture using mainly Yiddish and inspired by local folklore. The poems of Ewald Murrer are deeply rooted in the imagery of Jewish and Rusyn fairy tales and folk songs. While Marc Chagall, the famous French painter (coming from today�s Byelorussia), discovered these old sources of Jewish art for European Modernism, Ewald Murrer uses the same sources but his approach to literary creation can be seen as much more post-modern: he uses but at the same time also re-evaluates old myths and archetypes of this region with both a lovely kind of humour and more serious visions of Kafkaesque absurdity that are probably unavoidable in Central Europe. The fictional and highly poetic diary of Mr. Pinke is highly significant as a sophisticated revival of the almost forgotten culture of a Central European region that almost definitely stopped existing after the tragic times of the Holocaust and Stalinism.
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2

Pilar, Martin. "EWALD MURRER AND HIS POETRY ABOUT A DISAPPEARING CULTURAL REGION IN CENTRAL EUROPE." In 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on ART and HUMANITIES - ISCAH 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscah.2023/s10.06.

Full text
Abstract:
The contemporary Czech poet using the pseudonym Ewald Murrer (born in 1964 in Prague) used to be a representative of Czech underground literature before 1989. Then he became one of the most specific and original artists of his generation. The present essay deals with his very successful collection of poetry called The Diary of Mr. Pinke (1991, English translation published in 2022). Between the world wars, the most Eastern part of Czechoslovakia was so-called Subcarpathian Ruthenia (or Karpatenukraine in German). This rural and somewhat secluded region neighbouring Austrian Galicia (or Galizien in German) in the very West of Ukraine and the South- East of Poland used to be a centre of Jewish culture using mainly Yiddish and inspired by local folklore. The poems of Ewald Murrer are deeply rooted in the imagery of Jewish and Rusyn fairy tales and folk songs. While Marc Chagall, the famous French painter (coming from today�s Byelorussia), discovered these old sources of Jewish art for European Modernism, Ewald Murrer uses the same sources but his approach to literary creation can be seen as much more post-modern: he uses but at the same time also re-evaluates old myths and archetypes of this region with both a lovely kind of humour and more serious visions of Kafkaesque absurdity that are probably unavoidable in Central Europe. The fictional and highly poetic diary of Mr. Pinke is highly significant as a sophisticated revival of the almost forgotten culture of a Central European region that almost definitely stopped existing after the tragic times of the Holocaust and Stalinism.
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3

Carvalho, Braulio Fernandes de, Gustavo Nogueira Barreto, and Antônio Sérgio Farias Castro. "ÁRVORES NATIVAS RECOMENDADAS PARA COMPOSIÇÃO URBANA EM PARNAÍBA-PI." In I Congresso Brasileiro On-line de Estudos Ecológicos. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/rema/2696.

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Introdução: O município de Parnaíba-PI encontra-se em área ecotonal de Caatinga e Cerrado, sob influência pré-Amazônica e litorânea. Possui uma variedade geográfica com diversas fitofisionomias, como dunas, restingas, tabuleiros litorâneos inundáveis ou drenados, praias e manguezais. Apesar da rica biodiversidade, é comum encontrar árvores exóticas em detrimento de espécies nativas. Objetivos: Propor uma lista de palmeiras e árvores nativas adequadas para plantio em Parnaíba-PI. Material e métodos: Consultas à literatura, a bancos de dados eletrônicos (IPNI e REFLORA) e visitas de campo a ecossistemas diversos do Piauí e Ceará. Resultados: Xixá (Sterculia striata), Pau-d’arco-roxo (Handroanthus impetiginosus), Pau-d’arco-amarelo (Handroanthus ochraceus), Caraúba (Tabebuia aurea), Caroba (Jacaranda brasiliana), Tamboril (Enterolobium contortisiliquum), Sucupira-preta (Bowdichia virgilioides), Barriguda (Ceiba glaziovii), Angico (Anadenanthera colubrina), Fava-d’anta (Dimorphandra gardneriana), Tingui (Magonia pubescens), Cedro (Cedrela odorata), Cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica), Umburana-de-cambão (Commiphora leptophloeos), Umburana-de-cheiro (Amburana cearensis), Cajazeira (Spondias mombin),) Umbuzeiro (Spondias tuberosa), Sapucaia (Lecythis pisonis), Sapucaí (Lecythis lurida), Faveira (Parkia platycephala), Angico-branco (Albizia niopoides), Mororó (Bauhinia subclavata), Catingueira (Cenostigma pyramidale), Pitombeira (Talisia esculenta), Fígado-de-galinha (Martiodendron mediterraneum), Catingueiro (Chamaecrista eitenorum), Sambaíba (Curatella americana), Pau-marfim (Agonandra brasiliensis), Cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale), Oitizeiro (Moquilea tomentosa), Caneleiro (Cenostigma macrophyllum), Jenipapo (Genipa americana), Carnaúba (Copernicia prunifera), Coco-babão (Syagrus cearensis), Garampara (Dipteryx lacunifera), Macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata), Gameleira (Ficus pakkensis), Juazeiro (Sarcomphalus joazeiro), Janaguba (Himatanthus drasticus), Cauaçu (Coccoloba latifolia), Jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril), Miolo-roxo (Peltogyne confertiflora), Pau-d’óleo (Copaifera martii), Buritizeiro (Mauritia flexuosa), Trapiá (Crateva tapia), Torém (Cecropia palmata), Ingazeiro (Inga vera), Mangue-vermelho (Rhizophora mangle), Mangue-preto (Avicennia germinans), Mangue-de-botão (Conocarpus erectus), Tucum (Astrocaryum vulgare), Mangaba (Hancornia speciosa), Gonçalo-alves (Astronium fraxinifolium), Catanduva (Pityrocarpa moniliformis), Babaçu (Attalea speciosa), Maçaranduba (Manilkara cavalcantei), Jucá (Libidibia ferrea), Tatajuba (Maclura tinctoria), Pereiro (Aspidosperma pyrifolium), Puçá (Mouriri pusa) e Angelim (Andira fraxinifolia). Conclusão: Deve-se priorizar o uso de múltiplas espécies nativas, garantindo diversidade biológica e maximizando os serviços ambientais, como controle erosivo, aprisionamento de carbono, percolação de água pluvial, sombreamento, amortização de marés e produção de alimentos e de abrigos para fauna. Devem-se considerar as especificidades do local de plantio, de modo a incluir espécies adequadas às condições edáficas, e cujas características não interfiram na locomoção de veículos e pedestres, causem danos à rede elétrica ou destruam calçadas.
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