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Journal articles on the topic 'German Spies'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Holman, Brett. "William Le Queux, the Zeppelin Menace and the Invisible Hand." Critical Survey 32, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2020): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cs.2019.112605.

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In contrast to William Le Queux’s pre-1914 novels about German spies and invasion, his wartime writing is much less well known. Analysis of a number of his works, predominantly non-fictional, written between 1914 and 1918 shows that he modified his perception of the threat posed by Germany in two ways. Firstly, because of the lack of a German naval invasion, he began to emphasise the more plausible danger of aerial attack. Secondly, because of the incompetent handling of the British war effort, he began to believe that an ‘Invisible Hand’ was responsible, consisting primarily of naturalised Germans. Switching form from fiction to non-fiction made his writing more persuasive, but he was not able to sustain this and he ended the war with less influence than he began it.
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2

Hiley, Nicholas. "Decoding German spies: British spy fiction 1908–18." Intelligence and National Security 5, no. 4 (October 1990): 55–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684529008432079.

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3

Bayley, Susan. "Fictional German governesses in Edwardian popular culture: English responses to German militarism and modernity." Literature & History 28, no. 2 (September 14, 2019): 194–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306197319870372.

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Historians have tended to focus on propaganda when assessing Edwardian attitudes towards Germans, but a shift of focus to fiction reveals a rather different picture. Whereas propaganda created the cliché of ‘the Hun’, fiction produced non- and even counter-stereotypical figures of Germans. An analysis of German governess characters in a selection of short stories, performances, novels, and cartoons indicates that the Edwardian image of Germans was not purely negative but ambivalent and multifarious. Imagined German governesses appeared as patriots and spies, pacifists and warmongers, spinsters and seducers, victims and evil-doers. A close look at characterisations by Saki [H. H. Munro], M. E. Francis [Margaret Blundell], Dorothy Richardson, D. H. Lawrence, Radclyffe Hall, Frank Hart and others reveals not only their variety but also their metaphorical use as responses to Germany’s aggressive militarism and avant-garde modernity. Each governess figure conveyed a positive, negative or ambivalent message about the potential impact of German militarism and modernity on England and Englishness. The aggregate image of German governesses, and by inference Germans, was therefore equivocal and demonstrates the mixed feelings of Edwardians toward their ‘cousin’ country.
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4

Burdick, Charles B., and David Kahn. "Hitler's Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II." Military Affairs 50, no. 4 (October 1986): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1988029.

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5

Auspurg, Katrin, Josef Brüderl, and Thomas Wöhler. "Does Immigration Reduce the Support for Welfare Spending? A Cautionary Tale on Spatial Panel Data Analysis." American Sociological Review 84, no. 4 (July 10, 2019): 754–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122419856347.

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There has been a long-lasting debate over whether increasing ethnic diversity undermines support for social welfare, and whether this conflict thesis applies not only to the United States, but also to European welfare states. In their 2016 ASR article, Schmidt-Catran and Spies analyzed a panel (1994 to 2010) of regional units in Germany and concluded that this thesis also holds for Germany. We argue that their analysis suffers from misspecification: their model specification assumes parallel time trends in welfare support in all German regions. However, time trends strongly differed between Western and Eastern Germany after reunification. In the 1990s, Eastern Germans’ attitudes adapted to a less interventionist Western welfare system (“Goodbye Lenin effect”). When allowing for heterogeneous time trends, we find no evidence that increasing proportions of foreigners undermine welfare support, or that this association is moderated by economic hardship (high unemployment rates). We conclude with some general suggestions regarding the conceptualization of context effects in spatial analyses.
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6

Byford, Jeffrey M. "The Spies Dilemma: A Cold War Case Study on East German Espionage." Social Studies 104, no. 4 (July 2013): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00377996.2012.712558.

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7

Burds, Jeffrey. "“Turncoats, Traitors, and Provocateurs”: Communist Collaborators, the German Occupation, and Stalin’s NKVD, 1941–1943." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 32, no. 3 (December 13, 2017): 606–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325417742486.

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Historians have long assumed that Germany closely followed a take-no-prisoners policy in dealing with captured communists in the East. That was the direct conclusion to be drawn from Hitler’s notorious Commissar Order issued on the eve of the Barbarossa invasion, which prescribed summary execution of all communists and communist officials. Data published in the Soviet Union largely confirmed this impression, reflecting a dramatic reduction in Communist Party members during the first six months of the war in the East. New data suggest, however, that far from annihilating communist cadres as part of the so-called “Jewish-Communist” threat, the German occupation authorities instead recruited many former communists for service in occupation governmental work, as spies, or in other roles vital to German authorities in eastern zones. Post-Soviet archives offer profound insights into the development of Stalin’s special policy towards these suspected communist turncoats.
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8

Richard, Ronan. "« Conspuez l’espion ! C’est l’Allemand qu’il nous faut ! » : Fausses nouvelles et fabrique de l’espion dans l’Ouest de la France durant la Première Guerre mondiale." Infox, Fake News et « Nouvelles faulses » : perspectives historiques (XVe – XXe siècles), no. 118 (September 10, 2021): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1081085ar.

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During the war, the accumulation of tensions, anguish and collective traumas form a "breeding ground" most conducive to the birth and proliferation of false news, rumors and legends. The first of them, spy mania, explodes in the first hours of the conflict. The home front becomes the scene of a veritable jingoistic outburst, leading many civilians to relentlessly hunt down this "enemy from within" demonized by propaganda focusing on German barbarism. In Brittany, this psychosis was cleverly prepared by pre-war publications denouncing the presence on the coast of a "vanguard of the German army". In this context, rumors and fantastic gossip abound and create suspicion towards anything that seems strange. These elements of false news, sometimes relayed by newspapers, are mainly spread orally, through wounded soldiers on leave or even refugees. They generally pass through the main communication crossroads, especially train stations. Thus, fed with rumors and legends, the population of the home front is actively involved in the hunt for spies, often degenerating into vengeful and irrational popular violence all the more embarrassing for the authorities that, as in this case, these spies are simply imaginary.
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9

Orziev, Mahmud Zaynievich, and Ahmadjon Asror ogli Ahmadov. "THE SECOND WORLD WAR AND THE UNOPENED AFGHAN FRONT." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 4, no. 3 (June 26, 2020): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2020/4/3/14.

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This article highlights the activities of foreign spies and Turkestan immigrants in Afghanistan during World War II by analyzing historical sources and literature. Also, the National Organization of Bukhara and Bukhara residents in the territory of Afghanistan and the issues of its activities and fate were analyzed on the basis of primary sources. In addition, the causes and factors of the defeat of the German and Japanese espionage in Afghanistan have been covered
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10

Povlsen, Steen Klitgård. "PÅ TYSKE PRÆMISSER, MEN MED GLOBALT PERSPEKTIV - OVERVÅGNING I NYERE TYSK LITTERATUR." K&K - Kultur og Klasse 38, no. 110 (December 29, 2010): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v38i110.15776.

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SURVEILLANCE AND SPYING IN NEW GERMAN LITERATURESurveillance is a remarkably prominent issue in the actual political debate in Germany. It is undoubtedly connected with past experiences. Both the Nazi-regime and the communist dictatorship in East Germany from 1945‑1989 developed sophisticated systems for controlling citizens, thus the modern sensibility in Germany toward surveillance is explicitly a reaction against those regimes. “Never more a GDR” is a slogan that is often seen in newspapers and Internet sites.It is surprising however that this topic has had a relatively insignificant position in new German literature since the fall of the wall. In the late eighties and early nineties surveillance and spying was treated with humour and forbearance: there was something comical about the spy-game; the spies were often poor guys and it was the general conviction that the system would disappear with the reunion.All this has changed after September 11th and the fight against terrorism which it activated. The opening up of the Stasi archives has also drawn new attention and sensibility to the issue. Two examples of this new tone are presented: Susanne Schädlich writes about her uncle spying on her father Hans-Joachim Schädlich – also after his emigration to Western Germany. It is a story about a family fission and of how to continue one’s life with the treachery of a once beloved person. Juli Zeh uses her education and training as a jurist to scrutinize the total system of surveillance in a society still claiming to be democratic. She does so in a collection of essays (with Ilija Trojanow) and in her best seller novels, latest Corpus delicti with the Kafka-sounding subtitle “a process”. Juli Zeh is the most prominent example of the tendency in new German literature to take up the tradition from the GDR-literature with its ethical obligation and fight against the totalitarian state. She is an example of the tendency to activate this special German tradition under new political circumstances – and new global perspectives.
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11

Varat, Benjamin E. "On Tunnels and Warheads: East German Spies and Canadian Nationalists in the Age of Kennedy." Reviews in American History 46, no. 1 (2018): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2018.0020.

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12

Zverev, V. O., and O. G. Polovnikov. "Secret Agents of the Russian Gendarmerie in the Fight against Espionage at the Beginning of the First World War." Modern History of Russia 10, no. 4 (2020): 892–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2020.405.

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The article discusses the limited intelligence capabilities of the gendarmerie departments of the Warsaw Governor General (Lomzinska, Warsaw, Kielce, Lublin, and Radom provinces) in the fight against German and Austrian spies in the second half of 1914 and the first half of 1915. One reason for the secret police’s lack of readiness is the reluctance of the gendarmerie-police authorities to organize counter-response work on an appropriate basis. The rare, fragmentary, and not always valuable information received by agents of the investigating authorities did not allow the gendarmes to organize full-scale and successful operational work on a subordinate territory to identify hidden enemies of the state. The low potential, and, in some cases, the complete uselessness of secret service personnel for the interests of the military wanted list led to the fact that most politically disloyal persons were accidentally identified by other special services. In most cases, spies were detected either due to information from army intelligence and counterintelligence agencies, or due to the vigilance of military personnel of the advanced units of the Russian army. The authors conclude that the gendarmerie departments were unable to organize a systematic operational escort of military personnel of the Russian armies deployed in the Warsaw Military District. Despite the fact that the duty of the gendarmerie police included not only criminal procedures, but also operational searches, there was no qualified identification of spies with the help of secret officers.
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13

Hochscherf, Tobias. "A Casablanca of the North? Stockholm as imagined transnational setting in the British spy thriller Dark Journey." Journal of Scandinavian Cinema 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 329–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jsca_00007_1.

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The article examines the largely forgotten British émigré film Dark Journey, its Swedish setting and Scandinavian release. The spy drama, which tells the story of German and French secret agents in Stockholm during World War I by mixing thriller elements with romance, raises a number of questions regarding the representation of spies in a Scandinavian context, Sweden as a contested film market in the later 1930s and the transnational production strategy of films made at the Denham studios in Britain. It is one of the films that helped the profession of secret agents to change its image from a dingy and unchivalrous activity to an adventurous, illustrious and cosmopolitan enterprise. Interestingly, the film offers a very positive portrayal of its German protagonist, played by Conrad Veidt, that is at odds with other Anglo-American spy films but not at all uncommon for Swedish spy fiction.
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14

Stephens, Rodney. "Shattered Windows, German Spies, and Zigzag Trenches: World War I through the Eyes of Richard Harding Davis." Historian 65, no. 1 (September 1, 2002): 43–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6563.651016.

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15

Golinski, Sophie, and Sebastian Henn. "Imperialisten, Spione oder Retter?" Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie 59, no. 1 (October 1, 2015): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfw.2015.0001.

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Imperialists, spies or rescuers? Characterization of direct investments from Russia, India and China in German daily newspapers. Direct investments originating from Russia, India and China in Western countries not only have grown in number but also have raised diverse public resentments. These reservations can partly be attributed to media reports that by transporting distinct views and evaluations influence the recipients’ perceptions and thus help to shape public acceptance of foreign investors - an aspect hardly been reflected in the literature so far. Aiming at elaborating both the content of the discourse and the positions attributed to the investors in two German daily papers, this study applies discourse analysis as systematic content analysis. Its results show that the primary focus of the analysed articles has been put on employment-intensive brownfield investments and that the investors are associated with different basic positions that not only root in the companies themselves but rather in images attributed to their countries of origin.
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16

ZATLIN, JONATHAN R. "Out of Sight: Industrial Espionage, Ocular Authority and East German Communism, 1965–1989." Contemporary European History 17, no. 1 (February 2008): 45–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777307004274.

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AbstractThe Stasi continues to enjoy a reputation as one of the most effective espionage agencies in the world, especially in the area of foreign intelligence gathering. This article employs the case of Gerhardt Ronneberger, one of East Germany's most capable spies, to challenge assumptions about the Stasi's operational successes, economic relevance and methodological proficiency. In particular, it argues that East German intelligence gathering was undermined by an institutionalisd distinction between sight, or the work of observation, and vision, or the process of signification. In Ronneberger's case, the spy agency wasted considerable time and resources trying to make sense of his operational performance and political reliability. In the end, however, even his most spectacular successes, which included smuggling a laser-guided navigation system into the GDR and acquiring proscribed computer chip and microprocessor designs from Toshiba, did not matter, since they did not change East Germany's inability to narrow the technological gap with the West.
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17

Maddrell, Paul. "The Economic Dimension of Cold War Intelligence-Gathering: The West's Spies in the GDR's Economy." Journal of Cold War Studies 15, no. 3 (July 2013): 76–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00371.

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This article uses new evidence from the former archive of the Ministry of State Security (Stasi) of the German Democratic Republic to show that important intelligence was gathered by Western intelligence agencies, above all those of the United States, from well-placed human sources in the GDR's economy during the first twenty years of the Cold War. This intelligence influenced policymakers' understanding of the GDR's economy and informed debates about weapons procurement and the best trade, credit, information, and aid policies to pursue vis-à-vis the GDR and the Soviet bloc. The intelligence obtained from spies in the GDR's economic bureaucracy and industrial enterprises declined in quality from the 1960s on because of effective counterintelligence measures adopted by the Stasi. The loss of this information contributed to Western policymakers' failure in the 1980s to grasp the full extent of the economic crisis in the GDR that helped to precipitate the Communist regime's collapse.
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18

Stelzl-Marx, Barbara. "Death to Spies! Austrian Informants for Western Intelligence Services and Soviet Capital Punishment during the Occupation of Austria." Journal of Cold War Studies 14, no. 4 (October 2012): 167–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00279.

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Using recently declassified sources from Russian archives, this article discusses the status of the Soviet-controlled eastern zone of Austria during the postwar occupation (1945–1955) as a principal spying ground in Central Europe. The Western occupation powers hired many Austrians to gather information on the deployments of the Soviet Army and the Soviet authorities' exploitation of the “German assets” they had seized at war's end. The Austrians' principal incentive to spy was financial; they were well paid by their Western handlers. Austrian women had love affairs with Soviet soldiers and officers and then served as double agents for the West until the Soviet counterintelligence services caught up with them. From 1947 onward, some 500 Austrians disappeared after being detained by Soviet state security personnel and accused of spying. More than 100 of these Austrians were sentenced to death by Soviet Military Tribunal No. 28990 in Baden from 1950 until Iosif Stalin's death in March 1953, and they were then executed in Moscow. In retrospect the mismatch between the actions of these Austrian “spies” and the penalties meted out to them is striking. The Soviet penal system was exported to occupied areas during the Cold War in intelligence “games” against the West, with tragic consequences for “Stalin's last victims.”
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19

Haider, Isabel. "Austrian Law as a Safe Haven for Foreign Spies? An Analysis on the Basis of the Recent Phenomenon of ‘Embassy Espionage’." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 26, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 201–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-02603002.

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This article aims to assess, from a legal point of view, the repeated allegation of Austria being a safe haven for foreign espionage and interception, based on the assumption that only such activities detrimental to Austria were criminalized under its laws. A comparison with German and Swiss law shows that the requirement of the presence of a detriment to the prosecuting state is rather common than an exemption. In fact, among those three countries only the Austrian and Swiss laws criminalize espionage against foreign states based on their neutrality statuses. In particular, a comparison of the statistics draws further attention to the striking imbalance of convictions for espionage against foreign states between Switzerland and Austria, despite the repeated claim of Austria being a hot spot of international espionage activities. Although no final answer can be reached, the article seeks to give possible responses to this contradiction.
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20

Tuffs, Annette. "Germany: Doctor spies." Lancet 339, no. 8789 (February 1992): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)91667-w.

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21

Makarov, Arkadii N., and Elena V. Kirichuk. "Image of Mary Stuart in Tragedies of C. H. Spiess and F. Schiller." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 7 (July 30, 2020): 266–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-7-266-283.

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Features of the interpretation of events related to the life and death of the Queen of Scotland, Mary Stuart (1542-1587), in the works of the outstanding German playwright F. Schiller (1759-1805) and his contemporary, the famous writer Christian Heinrich Spiess (Spiess, 1755-1799) is considered. The originality in the image of the last days of Mary by C. H. Spiess and F. Schiller is emphasized. The question is raised about the various literary and aesthetic positions of both German writers. Attention is paid to the review of works in various genres and genres of art dedicated to Mary Stuart by Spiess and Schiller. First, an analysis of the work of the author, which is secondary in the framework of German and European literature, is presented, since Spiess wrote his tragedy many years before the great German playwright. It is shown that Schiller’s tragedy was written with a characteristic thirst for epic coverage of reality, while the stage play of Spiess is more focused on the events of the last days of Mary Stuart’s life and turns into a chamber work. The results of the study can be used when giving lecture courses on foreign literature of the XVIII-XXI centuries, special courses on the literature of Western European countries, on the problems of classical literature in Germany, as well as literature of the Western European Enlightenment and pre-romanticism.
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22

Harnischmacher, Robert. "West Germany — Paradise for Spies?" Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 60, no. 1 (January 1987): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032258x8706000103.

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23

Drynda, Joanna. "Ein Spiel mit Stereotypen? Zu Matthias Nawrats Roman ‘Die vielen Tode unseres Opas Jurek’ (2015)." Studia Germanica Posnaniensia, no. 37 (April 5, 2017): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sgp.2016.37.08.

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Matthias Nawrat, born in 1979 in Opole, has been living in Germany since 1989. In his latest novel Die vielen Tode unseres Opas Jurek (2015) the author returns to the country of his birth in order to recount one century of the Polish as well as of the Polish-German history. The ghastly-comical family-story uses mobile parts of stage scenery from a picaresque novel – in the centre stands a man (grandfather Jurek) who, in spite of all the atrocities of the 20th century, won’t let others prevent him from leading a joyful life. While staging the story of a struggling artist, he refers back to stereotypes, obviously with the intention of strenghtening the existing models. This contribution poses a question if the game has been successful.
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HARNISCHMACHER, ROBERT. "A Special Report (I) West Germany—Paradise for Spies?" International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 12, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1988): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01924036.1988.9688888.

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25

van Dijk, Ruud. "Interrogation Nation: Refugees and Spies in Cold War Germany." Journal of Cold War Studies 23, no. 1 (2021): 246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_r_00995.

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26

Koenig, R. "Espionage: American Spied for East Germany." Science 270, no. 5239 (November 17, 1995): 1111b—1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5239.1111b.

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27

Spillner, Bernd. "Das Spiel mit Metaphern in deutschen Geburtsanzeigen." Germanica Wratislaviensia 142 (January 11, 2018): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0435-5865.142.21.

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Seit einigen Jahren werden deutsche Geburtsanzeigen überwiegend in Tageszeitungen publiziert. Die Eltern versuchen nicht nur, ihre Freude über die Geburt ihres Kindes auszudrücken, sondern auch mit Hilfe von Metaphern ungewöhnlich und originell zu wirken. Häufig wird die Mitteilung auch als bimodaler Text konstruiert, wobei ein verbaler Textteil mit einer unerwarteten Abbildung kombiniert wird. Das bildliche Element wird gescannt oder aus dem Internet heruntergeladen. Es kann dabei auch scherzhaft eine andere Textsorte fiktiv als Geburtsanzeige verwendet werden.Playing with Metaphors in German announcements of birthdaySince a couple of years German announcements of birthday mostly are published in daily news­letters. The parents of the children not only try to express their happiness about the birth, but also to show off unexpected and original texts by using special metaphors. Often announcements are presented as multimodal texts by combining verbal parts with pictures. The non-verbal parts may be scanned ore downloaded from the Internet. Sometimes even fictitious text types are used in order to construct unusual and humorous announcements.
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Hindersmann, Jost. "Nordic noir vs. spies in the cold: The reception of Scandinavian TV and film adaptations in Germany." Journal of Scandinavian Cinema 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jsca_00004_1.

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Scandinavian crime novels and their adaptations as TV dramas and films, commonly known as Nordic noir, are very popular in Germany. Nordic noir often has a political content and when spies appear, they are usually portrayed negatively. Scandinavian spy novels and their adaptations, on the other hand – with the exception of Guillou’s Coq Rouge series – never reached wide audiences in Germany.
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29

Clarkson, Alexander. "Book Review: Interrogation Nation: Refugees and Spies in Cold War Germany." International Migration Review 54, no. 3 (October 2, 2019): 943–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918319874340.

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30

Степанов, В. Н. "The Concepts of Spiel (playing) и Kampf (struggle) within the Structure of the Conceptual Sphere of Power in the German Philosophic Tradition." Иностранные языки в высшей школе, no. 2(57) (July 12, 2021): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2021.57.2.002.

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В статье рассматривается семантическое пространство концептов “Spiel” («игра») и “Kampf” («борьба»), которое, как показало исследование, достаточно полно и системно структурировано. Концептосфера “Spiel” («игра») и “Kampf” («борьба») выявлена по базисным пропозициям с опорой на лексическое значение слов и контексты их употребления в соответствии с репрезентациями пяти базисных фреймов: предметного, акционального, посессивного, идентификационного, компаративного. Количественное измерение концептов определяется в соответствии с лексикографическим описанием: оппозиция форм единственного и множественного числа зафиксирована в словарях и подтверждается в корпусе выбранных для анализа текстов и языковых контекстов. В квалитативном, качественном, отношении концепты оцениваются нейтрально. Локативные характеристики представлены у концепта “Spiel”. В схемах контактного действия “Spiel” («игра») и “Kampf” («борьба») выступают в нескольких ролях — объекта и медиатива. В качестве субъектов “Spiel” («игра») и “Kampf” («борьба») выступают базовые концепты “Kraft” («сила») и “Macht” («власть»). Ханна Арендт определяет борьбу в качестве родового признака политики — «борьба за власть» (ради власти). Борьба в ее представлении может выступать родовым признаком жизни (Leben). Мишель Фуко определял власть через родовой признак — как игру (Spiel), которая в непрерывных столкновениях и противостояниях (Kämpfen) соотношение сил преобразует, усиливает и извращает. Борьба (Kampf), по мнению Фуко, выступает средством игры (Spiel), в определенном смысле — ее формой. The paper examines semаntic space occupied by the concepts of “Spiel” («game») and “Kampf” («struggle»), which, as the research shows, is comprehensively and systemically structured. The conceptual sphere of “Spiel” and “Kampf” is elicited with consideration of the basic propositions, proceeding from the lexical meaning of the words and the contexts of their usage, according to the representations of the five basic frames (subject-focused, actional, possessive, identificational, comparative). The quantitative evaluation of the concepts is determined according to their lexicographic descriptions: opposition of the singular and plural forms is registered in dictionaries and confirmed by the corpus of texts and language contexts selected for analysis. From the qualitative and quantitative perspectives, the concepts are assessed neutrally. Locative characteristics are found in the concept of “Spiel”. In the patterns of contact interaction, “Spiel” and “Kampf” perform several roles — those of the object and the mediative. The role of the Subject for “Spiel” and “Kampf” is performed by the basic concepts of “Kraft” (force) and “Macht” (power). Hannah Arendt sees struggle as the generic feature of politics — “struggle for power” (for the sake of power). And power, as she sees it, might act as the generic feature of life (Leben). Michel Foucault defined power by its generic feature as a game (Spiel), which, in the course of incessant conflicts and oppositions, transforms, enhances or distorts the balance of powers. Struggle (Kampf), from Foucault’s viewpoint, is a means of playing (Spiel), and, in a certain sense, is its form.
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31

Tuffs, Annette. "One in 20 East German doctors spied on patients or colleagues." BMJ 335, no. 7630 (November 29, 2007): 1113.1–1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39412.492836.94.

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32

Perrot, Adeline, and Ruth Horn. "Ethical Issues Relating to Prenatal Genetic Testing." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Bioethica 66, Special Issue (September 9, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbbioethica.2021.spiss.93.

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"Introduction: Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is a rapidly developing genomic technology that is constantly widening its scope and opening up new possibilities in reproductive medicine. Ten years after NIPT has been made commercially available, it is increasingly entering routine antenatal care as either a first- or second-tier test. In England, France and Germany, for example, NIPT has been made available free-of-charge as a second-tier test to women with a higher chance of common chromosomal anomalies. The clinical implementation of NIPT carries benefits but also raises important ethical questions. Our project analyses these questions within their specific contexts in England, France and Germany. Methods: As part of a wider research project, which will involve qualitative methods, we conducted a document analysis to compare arguments about, and regulations governing NIPT in the three countries in: law and policy document; public reports; medical press; academic literature; and media. Results: Despite the similarities between the three countries to offer NIPT as a second-tier screening tool, they exhibit differences with regard to their public discourses about prenatal genomics, screening policies, the risk-thresholds they use, professional regulations and laws. These differences have an impact on the way ethical issues emerge, and questions about the meaning of health, illness and disability, the scope of public health interventions, social inclusion and exclusion as well as reproductive choice are approached in each country. "
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Deschatre, Thomas, Olivier Féron, and Marc Hoffmann. "Estimating fast mean-reverting jumps in electricity market models." ESAIM: Probability and Statistics 24 (2020): 963–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ps/2020027.

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Based on empirical evidence of fast mean-reverting spikes, electricity spot prices are often modeled X + Zβ as the sum of a continuous Itô semimartingale X and a mean-reverting compound Poisson process Ztβ=∫0t ∫ℝxe−β(t−s)p̲(ds,dt) where p̲(ds,dt) is Poisson random measure with intensity λds ⊗dt. In a first part, we investigate the estimation of (λ, β) from discrete observations and establish asymptotic efficiency in various asymptotic settings. In a second part, we discuss the use of our inference results for correcting the value of forward contracts on electricity markets in presence of spikes. We implement our method on real data in the French, German and Australian market over 2015 and 2016 and show in particular the effect of spike modelling on the valuation of certain strip options. In particular, we show that some out-of-the-money options have a significant value if we incorporate spikes in our modelling, while having a value close to 0 otherwise.
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Aptroot, A., P. Diederich, C. M. van Herk, L. Spiers, and V. Wirth. "Protoparmelia Hypotremella, a New Sterile Corticolous Species from Europe, and its Lichenicolous Fungi." Lichenologist 29, no. 5 (September 1997): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1997.0096.

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AbstractProtoparmelia hypotremella van Herk, Spier & Wirth, a sterile corticolous lichen, is described as a species new to science, so far known from Austria, SW Germany and the Netherlands. It is rapidly spreading in Germany and the Netherlands. It is apparently close to P. oleagina, and is often found growing together with that species on oak trees along roads in the Netherlands. Both species are host to the lichenicolous fungi Sphinctrina anglica and Tremella wirthii.
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35

Schewe, Manfred, and Susanne Even. "What exactly is an apple pie? Performative arts and pedagogy: Towards the development of an international glossary." Scenario: A Journal of Performative Teaching, Learning, Research X, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/scenario.10.2.6.

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Please note that this is a slightly edited version of the group discussion. Scenario wishes to acknowledge the vital contribution of Josephine Rutz by expressly thanking her for the transcription of the discussion. MS: Welcome everyone to this afternoon’s group discussion as part of the 4th SCENARIO FORUM Symposium. As you have read in the Symposium programme the German professional association Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft (BAG) Spiel & Theater e.V. aims to develop an international glossary of key terms in the area of applied drama and theatre and has invited professionals from outside Germany to become involved in this project. Thank you for coming along to this session which is the first brainstorming session on the topic of an international glossary in the area of Performative Arts and Pedagogy. The participants in today’s group discussion are based at institutions in English speaking countries. I wish to thank especially our guests from abroad for their contributions to the Symposium: Barbara Schmenk from Canada, University of Waterloo; Katja Frimberger from Britain, Brunel University, London and Mike Fleming, University of Durham; and, of course, also a big thanks to my university colleagues Róisín O’Gorman and Bernadette Cronin, based in the Department of Drama and Theatre Studies ...
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36

Serizawa, Masumi, Takaaki Uda, and Shiho Miyahara. "PREDICTION OF FORMATION OF RECURVED SAND SPIT USING BG MODEL." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.papers.24.

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The morphological features of recurved sand spits were studied by selecting recurved sand spits in Namibia, Sandy Hook on the US east coast, and Graswarder spit in Germany. The elongation of a recurved spit was predicted using the BG model (a model for predicting three-dimensional beach changes based on Bagnold’s concept). A recurved spit was formed in Case 1 when waves were incident at angles of 45° and -30° with a duration ratio of 0.85:0.15. The width of the recurved sand spit in Case 1 increased with the elongation of sand spit, and the overall shape became similar to the expanded bird wing, which well explains the configuration of a recuved sand spit formed in Namibia. In Case 2 when waves were obliquely incident at angles of 45° and -45° with the same duration ratio as in Case 1, a sand spit extended straight, which well resembles Graswarder spit in Germany.
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37

Burrow, Carole J., Susan Turner, Sylvain Desbiens, and Randall F. Miller. "Early Devonian putative gyracanthid acanthodians from eastern CanadaInternational Geoscience Programme (IGCP) Contribution 491, Middle Palaeozoic Vertebrate Biogeography, Palaeogeography, and Climate." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 45, no. 8 (August 2008): 897–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e08-033.

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In 1890, Traquair assigned isolated fin spines from the Early Devonian of eastern Canada to a new gyracanthid acanthodian Gyracanthus incurvus , based on the similarity of the distinctive oblique ridges on the spines to the ornament on the large robust fin spines of Gyracanthus spp. from the British Carboniferous Coal Measures. Other similarly ornamented spines from the Early Devonian of Germany were tentatively assigned in 1933 by Gross to the same genus as a new species Gyracanthus? convexus . Based on examination of the type material, as well as newly collected specimens from Emsian sandstones and mudstones of the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec and the Atholville beds, New Brunswick, we erect a new genus Ankylacanthus gen. nov. for these two species. Spines of the new genus are distinguished by being laterally flattened and thin-walled, with a single row of denticles along one side of the posterior groove, and having thin spine ridges ornamented with low smooth nodes. Other Early to Middle Devonian specimens in South America, Saudi Arabia, and Iran are also tentatively referred to the new genus, which seems to have had an early (Lochkovian–Pragian) cross-north Gondwanan distribution, transferring into Laurentia and spanning Emsian–Eifelian times.
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38

Scholten, Matthé, Laura Van Melle, Jakov Gather, Yolande Voskes, Guy Widdershoven, and Jochen Vollmann. "Opportunities and Risks of Self-Binding Directives: Results from Interview Studies with Stakeholders in Germany and The Netherlands." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Bioethica 66, Special Issue (September 9, 2021): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbbioethica.2021.spiss.108.

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"Self-binding directives (SBDs) are a special type of psychiatric advance directive in which service users agree in advance to (coercive) treatment they might late refuse during a mental health crisis. SBDs aim to empower and protect service users by enabling them to state their values and to plan their (coercive) treatment in advance in consultation with the treating psychiatrist. SBDs have been widely discussed in the ethics literature. Topics include ethical issues surrounding competence, revocation and the ethical justification of involuntary commitment and treatment based on SBDs. Little empirical research on SBDs has been conducted thus far. The Netherlands is to the best of our knowledge the only country with explicit legal provisions for SBDs. On the 1st of January 2020, the new Dutch Law on Compulsory Mental Health Care (Wvggz) entered into force. The implications of this law for the use of SBDs are still unclear. In this presentation, we will present insights from a qualitative interview study on stakeholders’ experiences with SBDs under the new law and their views on the ethical opportunities and challenges of SBDs. Based on the results, we give recommendations for the implementation of SBDs in other European countries. "
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39

Dunley, Richard. "‘Not Intended to Act as Spies’: The Consular Intelligence Service in Denmark and Germany 1906–14." International History Review 37, no. 3 (July 30, 2014): 481–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2014.942677.

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40

Stone, James. "Spies and diplomats in Bismarck’s Germany: collaboration between military intelligence and the Foreign Office, 1871–1881." Journal of Intelligence History 13, no. 1 (November 28, 2013): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16161262.2013.861220.

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41

Duffin, Christopher J., and Lars Joiko. "A fin spine of Recurvacanthus (Myriacanthidae, Holocephali) from the Posidonienschiefer (Early Jurassic) of SW Germany." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 296, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2020/0908.

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The fin spine of a myriacanthid holocephalian from the Lower Toarcian (Early Jurassic) Posidonienschiefer Formation of Ohmden, near Holzmaden, is described and, following comparison with other Mesozoic holocephalian dorsal fin spines, identified as Recurvacanthus uniserialis Duffin, 1981. This is the first record of Recurvacanthus from the German Posidonienschiefer, and only the second specimen known. In addition to extending both the stratigraphical and geographical ranges of the genus, the specimen represents an addition to the known chondrichthyan diversity of the Posidonienschiefer.
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42

Hutchens, Kristen, Jessica Nelson, Elizabeth Plachta, Jonathan Rosamond, Nick Scannavino, Vimi Shad, and Russell Miller. "The Laws of Others: A Jurisprudential Reflection on The Lives of Others." German Law Journal 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 951–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000225.

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The movie The Lives of Others is not simply a voyage back in time. For many, it is an introduction to an entirely new world, albeit a world with troubling resonance for the so-called “War on Terror.” Director Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck peels back the iron curtain to expose the day-to-day lives of an unlikely assemblage of artists, spies and Apparatchiks in East Germany right before the regime fell. Several themes are presented: the emptiness of power perverts an ideology and those who should wield the public's trust; the goodwill of a cold-hearted, intrusive spy becomes the salvation of a reluctant revolutionary; a neighbor's desire for self-preservation costs a lover her life. This widely acclaimed movie underscores the fragility and insecurity of normal life in East Germany and invites movie-watchers to reflect on the fragile quality of their present-day business, personal and social relationships.
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43

Lindinger, Georg, and Bettina Schmietow. "Shifting Responsibilitiesin Medicine 4.0 – A Project Report." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Bioethica 66, Special Issue (September 9, 2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbbioethica.2021.spiss.75.

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"In this contribution, we anticipate the results of the research project “Medicine 4.0 – the ethical basis of digitalization in healthcare” funded by the German Ministry of Health, which investigated the ethically relevant effects of digitalized medicine using mobile health (mhealth) and telemedicine as prime examples, with the final aim of deriving policy-relevant overarching recommendations. In an iterative interdisciplinary approach, we linked social science research with analytic research on the ethically relevant effects of these technologies, including on the doctor-patient relationship, the relationship between responsibility and solidarity in healthcare and on the autonomy of the individual. In both the ethical and social science research, a key focus concerned the identification and analysis of an apparent diversity of stakeholder values and perspectives. In mobile or mhealth, which we concentrate on for this presentation, technology developers, insurances, physicians and public health professionals as well as ‘patient-consumers’ need to be looked at and involved. Their outlook in turn may converge, but also be in tension or collide, e.g. regarding conditions for data access and use, liability in case of malfunction or misuse and the overall question of responsibilities in a context of shifting roles and role anticipations. The research combines ethical insight and expert stakeholder perspectives on the most pressing issues in this fast-moving field. Further, traditional issues such as informed consent, confidentiality and the role of individual autonomy, are in part redefined with the emerging role of automated or algorithmic decision-making. "
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44

Kant, Marion. "The Moving Body and the Will to Culture." European Review 19, no. 4 (August 30, 2011): 579–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798711000202.

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From the Renaissance, dance and sport formed the basis of ‘polite’ and ethical behaviour. Both offered a frame within which social norms could be taught and enacted. Scholarship has often concentrated either on the history and aesthetics of dance or on those of gymnastics but neglected the proximity of both forms to each other. This paper focuses on one particular narrative: the intertwining of dance and gymnastics as utopian projects in the arousal of nationalism and creation of a new ‘German’ body. From Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, who sketched the first national and patriotic movement system in Die deutsche Turnkunst 1816, to dance master Franz Anton Roller, gymnastics teacher Adolf Spiess, and dance gurus Rudolf von Laban and Mary Wigman, it will demonstrate how the distinction between dance and gymnastics was constantly re-negotiated; and it argues that twentieth-century Modern Dance developed out of nineteenth-century Turnen and gymnastics. Dance intended to revolutionise German society physically and aesthetically and incorporated spatial concepts and movement sequences that gymnastics systems had already explored. Through their conceptions of motion in time and space, dance and gymnastics created a modern and revolutionary physical practice for the German nation.
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45

Gabriel, Gottfried. "Ästhetik und Politische Ikonographie der Briefmarke." Zeitschrift für Ästhetik und Allgemeine Kunstwissenschaft 54, no. 2 (2009): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.28937/1000106152.

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Die Briefmarke scheint ein so alltäglicher Gegenstand zu sein, daß ihr – von Motivsammlern einmal abgesehen – eine kunsthistorische oder gar ästhetische Aufmerksamkeit weitgehend versagt geblieben ist. Dabei hat Aby Warburg schon sehr früh die Briefmarke als ein Feld politischer Ikonographie erkannt, und auch von Walter Benjamin liegen Beobachtungen hierzu vor. Im Anschluß an frühere kulturgeschichtliche Arbeiten zur Bildersprache des deutschen Geldes untersucht der Vortrag am Bei- spiel der optischen Vergegenwärtigung des Brandenburger Tores auf Briefmarken der Weimarer Republik, des Dritten Reichs, der DDR und der Bundesrepublik die ästhetischen Darstellungs- und ikonographischen Propagandamöglichkeiten eines wenig beachteten Mediums. Stamps are so familiar to us as everyday objects that we – with the exception of philatelists – are not used to considering their aesthetic value or their place in a history of art. They have therefore seldom been systematically investigated in this light. Nevertheless, these issues have been treated by some scholars. Aby Warburg, for instance, was one of the first to identify the importance of stamps for political iconography; and Walter Benjamin has also made insightful observations in this regard. This article takes up earlier work on the cultural history of the iconography of German money. It investigates exemplarily the presentation of the Brandenburg Gate on stamps of the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich, the GDR, and the Federal Re- public of Germany, in order to elucidate more generally aesthetic forms of representation and their exploitation for purposes of propaganda.
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46

Gabriel, Gottfried. "Ästhetik und Politische Ikonographie der Briefmarke." Zeitschrift für Ästhetik und Allgemeine Kunstwissenschaft 54, no. 2 (2009): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.28937/6000480.

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Die Briefmarke scheint ein so alltäglicher Gegenstand zu sein, daß ihr – von Motivsammlern einmal abgesehen – eine kunsthistorische oder gar ästhetische Aufmerksamkeit weitgehend versagt geblieben ist. Dabei hat Aby Warburg schon sehr früh die Briefmarke als ein Feld politischer Ikonographie erkannt, und auch von Walter Benjamin liegen Beobachtungen hierzu vor. Im Anschluß an frühere kulturgeschichtliche Arbeiten zur Bildersprache des deutschen Geldes untersucht der Vortrag am Bei- spiel der optischen Vergegenwärtigung des Brandenburger Tores auf Briefmarken der Weimarer Republik, des Dritten Reichs, der DDR und der Bundesrepublik die ästhetischen Darstellungs- und ikonographischen Propagandamöglichkeiten eines wenig beachteten Mediums. Stamps are so familiar to us as everyday objects that we – with the exception of philatelists – are not used to considering their aesthetic value or their place in a history of art. They have therefore seldom been systematically investigated in this light. Nevertheless, these issues have been treated by some scholars. Aby Warburg, for instance, was one of the first to identify the importance of stamps for political iconography; and Walter Benjamin has also made insightful observations in this regard. This article takes up earlier work on the cultural history of the iconography of German money. It investigates exemplarily the presentation of the Brandenburg Gate on stamps of the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich, the GDR, and the Federal Re- public of Germany, in order to elucidate more generally aesthetic forms of representation and their exploitation for purposes of propaganda.
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47

Morris, Will. "Spiel Appeal: Play, Drug Use and the Culture of 1968 in West Germany." Journal of Contemporary History 49, no. 4 (September 11, 2014): 770–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009414538468.

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48

Kragujević, Gabrijela. "Methodology of the Sokol Physical Exercises for All Times." Physical Education and Sport Through the Centuries 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/spes-2016-0030.

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SummaryUnder the influence of the French bourgeois revolution and the free-minded, educated patriots, many European nations, revolted by the state and position of their peoples, awoke. Strongly influenced by democratism, liberalism and national romanticism, the first national states were created in Europe (Germany, France, and Italy), while in nationally deprived entities there were national leaders of the “revolutionary” movements striving towards national emancipation from the foreign authorities. Under the given social and historical circumstances in the Czech Republic, a gymnastic society was founded with the basic task of a camouflaged struggle for national revival and emancipation. It required the physical power, health, and morale of people, with the contribution of physical exercise with its means and methods. This opinion was the guiding principle for Miroslav Tyrš, MD, and his close associates who established, developed and expanded the Sokol gymnastic system, transformed from the higher national importance to the Slavic Sokol movement and creation of a universal humanistic system of physical exercise. The Sokol gymnastic system was based on democratic liberal ideological foundations, consisting of unique, consistent and coherent elements: organizations, ideologies, systems of physical exercises, socio-educational methods, Sokol dedication, members and Sokol press. The Sokol educational methodology was one of the most important elements of their work, and it could be carried out only in symbiosis and synergy with the Sokol ideology, the system of physical exercises, members and printed material.The Sokol gymnastic system was built on a scientific basis and systematics with its source in philosophical views of Tyrš and his immediate personal experience.
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49

Broo, Måns. "Noblemen, Spies, and a Hindu Monk Going to War: Notes on Swami B. H. Bon in New York, 1940–41." Journal of Hindu Studies 13, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhs/hiaa001.

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Abstract Based on previously classified material from the India Office, London, this article looks at the wartime correspondence generated by the offer of Gaudiya Vaishnava missionary Swami B. H. Bon (1901–82), at this time working in New York, to volunteer as a ‘Hindu chaplain’ in the fight against Nazi Germany. Combining this material with media reports and reminiscences, this article not only sheds light on a period in the life on Swami Bon that is little known, but also illuminates some of the hopes and anxieties of the last years of British colonial rule over India.
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50

Classen, Albrecht. "Medieval Combat in Colour: Hans Talhoffer’s Illustrated Manual of Swordfighting and Close-Quarter Combat from 1467, ed. and introduced by Dierk Hagedorn. Barnsley, S. Yorkshire: Greenhill Books, 2018, 319 pp., ill." Mediaevistik 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 548–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med.2019.01.165.

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The late Middle Ages witnessed the creation of numerous fencing books, mostly in Germany, illustrating the many different techniques, weapons, styles, strategies, and the movements, as Patrick Leiske discussed only recently in his Höfisches Spiel und tödlicher Ernst (2018; see my review here in vol. 32). Some of the true masters and teachers of this sport and fighting technique were Johannes Liechtenauer, Peter von Danzig, Sigmund Ringeck, and Hans Talhoffer, whom Leiske also discusses in a separate chapter.
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