Journal articles: 'German language Spoken German Australia'

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Hunt, Jaime, and Sacha Davis. "Social and historical factors contributing to language shift among German heritage-language migrants in Australia: An overview." Linguistik Online 100, no. 7 (December 18, 2019): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.100.6025.

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Australia is a multicultural society in which over 300 different indigenous and migrant languages are spoken. While its cultural diversity is often celebrated, Australia’s linguistic diversity is still at risk due to the inherent monolingual mindset (cf. Clyne 2005) of its population. In this paper, we use a cross-disciplinary approach, drawing on both historical and sociolinguistic sources, to investigate some of the major causes of language shift among first- and subsequent generations of post-war German-speaking migrants in Australia. While historical and societal changes have provided greater opportunities for German to be maintained as a heritage language in Australia, these developments may have come too late or have not been effective in the face of English as the dominant language in Australia and as a global language. Our investigation indicates that Australians with German as a heritage language, like many other migrant groups, are still at a high risk of shift to English, despite recent opportunities for language maintenance provided by modern society.

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Maitz, Péter, and Craig Alan Volker. "Documenting Unserdeutsch." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 32, no. 2 (December 4, 2017): 365–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.32.2.06mai.

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Unserdeutsch, also known as Rabaul Creole German, is the only known German-lexifier creole. This critically endangered language has its origins in an orphanage in German New Guinea for mixed-race children, where Standard German was taught by mission personnel. Unserdeutsch was creolised in one generation, and became the in-group language of a small mixed-race community. It is now spoken by around 100 elderly speakers, nearly all immigrants to Australia. The current project is only the second documentation based on actual fieldwork and has a specific focus on the use and vitality of the language as used by the last generation of speakers. It has the aim of producing an Unserdeutsch corpus that will facilitate both future linguistic research and contact with the language for the descendants of Unserdeutsch speakers. Preliminary findings show variation among speakers along a continuum from heavily creolised basilect to an almost European German acrolect. Most of the lexicon is derived from German, while a number of basilectal grammatical constructions are the result of the loss of marked features in German and possible imperfect second language learning as well as relexification of Tok Pisin, the presumed substrate language.

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Amery, Robert. "A matter of interpretation." Language Problems and Language Planning 37, no. 2 (September 6, 2013): 101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.37.2.01ame.

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Kaurna, the language indigenous to the Adelaide Plains in South Australia, is being reclaimed from nineteenth-century written historical sources. There are no sound recordings of the language as it was spoken in the nineteenth century, and little has been handed down orally to the present generation. Fortunately, the nineteenth-century records of the language are reasonably good for the time, having been recorded by Christian Teichelmann and Clamor Schürmann, German missionaries who were trained in philology and a range of languages including Hebrew, Greek, Latin and Chinese. The language was also recorded, in part, by a number of other English, German and French observers. The Kaurna language is now being revived: rebuilt, re-learnt and reintroduced on the basis of this nineteenth-century documentation. In this process, numerous problems of interpretation are being encountered. However, the tools that linguistics provides are being used to interpret the historical corpus. A range of concrete examples are analysed and discussed to illustrate the kinds of problems faced and the solutions adopted.

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Stockigt, Clara. "Early Descriptions of Pama-Nyungan Ergativity." Historiographia Linguistica 42, no. 2-3 (December 31, 2015): 335–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.42.2-3.05sto.

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Summary Ergative marking and function are generally adequately described in the grammars of the small minority of the Aboriginal Australian Pama-Nyungan languages made before 1930. Without the benefit of an inherited descriptive framework in which to place foreign ergative morphosyntax, missionary-grammarians engaged a variety of terminology and descriptive practices when explaining foreign ergative structures exhibited by this vast genetic subgroup of languages spoken in an area larger than Europe. Some of the terminology had been previously employed in descriptions of other ergative languages. Other terms were innovated in Australia. The great distances separating missionary-grammarians describing different Pama-Nyungan languages, and the absence of a coordinating body fostering Australian grammatical description, meant that grammars were produced in geographic and intellectual isolation from one another. Regional schools of descriptive influence are however apparent, the strongest of which originates in grammars written by Lutheran missionaries of the ‘Adelaide School’. The synchronic descriptions of Pama-Nyungan languages made by missionary-grammarians in Australia informed the development of linguistics in Europe. There is however, little evidence of the movement of linguistic ideas from Europe back into Australia. The term ‘ergative’ to designate the case marking the agent of a transitive verb and the concept of an absolutive case became established practice in the modern era of Australian grammatical description without recognizing that the same terminology and concept of syntactic case had previously been employed in descriptions of Pama-Nyungan languages written in German. The genesis of the term ‘ergative’ originates in the description of Australian Pama-Nyungan case systems.

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Norrby, Catrin Elisabeth. "Variation in Swedish address practices." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 29, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 18.1–18.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/aral0618.

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This article explores variation in address in contemporary Swedish in Sweden-Swedish and Finland-Swedish. The research is part of a large-scale Australian project on changes in the address systems of French, German and Swedish. The present article focuses on results from 72 social network interviews conducted in Sweden (Gothenburg) and Finland (Vaasa). Both quantitative results (questionnaire part) and qualitative results (interview part) are presented. The findings suggest that the V pronoun of address – ni – is gradually disappearing in both national varieties. This tendency is clearly stronger in Sweden-Swedish; in spoken Sweden-Swedish V hardly exists any more, except for a controversial re-entry in communication between the young and middleaged and the very old in service encounters (c.f. Mårtensson 1986). Furthermore the results indicate that there is considerable variation between written (impersonal) and spoken Sweden-Swedish with a much higher acceptance for the V pronoun in written, impersonal contexts. The study demonstrates that national variation is considerable with much more use of V in Finland-Swedish.

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Norrby, Catrin Elisabeth. "Variation in Swedish address practices." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 29, no. 2 (2006): 18.1–18.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.29.2.03nor.

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This article explores variation in address in contemporary Swedish in Sweden-Swedish and Finland-Swedish. The research is part of a large-scale Australian project on changes in the address systems of French, German and Swedish. The present article focuses on results from 72 social network interviews conducted in Sweden (Gothenburg) and Finland (Vaasa). Both quantitative results (questionnaire part) and qualitative results (interview part) are presented. The findings suggest that the V pronoun of address –ni– is gradually disappearing in both national varieties. This tendency is clearly stronger in Sweden-Swedish; in spoken Sweden-Swedish V hardly exists any more, except for a controversial re-entry in communication between the young and middleaged and the very old in service encounters (c.f. Mårtensson 1986). Furthermore the results indicate that there is considerable variation between written (impersonal) and spoken Sweden-Swedish with a much higher acceptance for the V pronoun in written, impersonal contexts. The study demonstrates that national variation is considerable with much more use of V in Finland-Swedish.

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Lie, Zae-Ho, and Hyeong Min Kim. "Elliptical Phenomena in German Spoken Language." Journal of Next-generation Convergence Information Services Technology 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29056/jncist.2017.06.02.

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Entorf, Horst, and Nicoleta Minoiu. "What a Difference Immigration Policy Makes: A Comparison of PISA Scores in Europe and Traditional Countries of Immigration." German Economic Review 6, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 355–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2005.00137.x.

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Abstract The purpose of this article is to evaluate the importance of different immigration policies associated with corresponding migration backgrounds, command of national languages and intergenerational mobility, for the PISA school performance of teenagers living in European countries (France, Finland, Germany, United Kingdom and Sweden) and traditional countries of immigration (Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the US). Econometric results show that the influence of the socioeconomic background of parents differs strongly across nations, with the highest impact found for Germany, the UK and US, whereas intergenerational transmission of educational attainment is less likely in Scandinavian countries and in Canada. Moreover, for all countries our estimations imply that for students with a migration background a key for catching up is the language spoken at home. We conclude that educational policy should focus on integration of immigrant children in schools and preschools, with particular emphasis on language skills at the early stage of childhood.

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Weinert, Regina. "Postmodifying verb-second clauses in spoken German." Functions of Language 19, no. 2 (October 2, 2012): 235–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.19.2.04wei.

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This usage-based and corpus-based study examines the use of verb-second clauses as restrictive postmodifiers of noun phrases in spoken German (ich kenn leute die haben immer pech ‘I know people they are always unlucky’) in relation to verb-final relative clauses. Previous accounts largely work with de-contextualised and constructed data and stop short of accounting for the discourse function of verb-second postmodifying structures. The ratio of verb-final relative clauses to postmodifying verb-second clauses does not indicate a shift towards main clause syntax. Rather, the verb-second clauses form part of a set of existential or presentational and ascriptive copular constructions which serve to highlight properties of entities and/or introduce discourse topics. Relative clauses can be used for such functions, but this is not as common. The syntactic and semantic features associated with postmodifying verb-second clauses can be seen as a direct result of their discourse function, which only a corpus analysis could reveal. The paper also comments on the wider related aspects of verb position, clause combining and pronoun use in spoken German from the perspective of a usage-based language model.

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Kohl, Katharina, Jessica A. Willard, Alexandru Agache, Lilly-Marlen Bihler, and Birgit Leyendecker. "Classroom Quality, Classroom Composition, and Age at Entry: Experiences in Early Childhood Education and Care and Single and Dual Language Learners’ German Vocabulary." AERA Open 5, no. 1 (January 2019): 233285841983251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332858419832513.

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We examined independent and interactive links among three central characteristics of children’s experiences in early childhood education and care and the German receptive vocabulary of single language learners and dual language learners (DLLs). We allowed for possible differential effects depending on children’s language background. Our sample included 2,231 children ( n = 1,555 single language learners, n = 371 DLLs from families in which German was frequently spoken, n = 305 DLLs from families in which German was less frequently spoken). Children attended 177 classrooms in 95 early childhood education and care centers and were 30 to 80 months old. We found that classroom process quality predicted German vocabulary only for DLLs with low exposure to German in the family. An earlier age at entry was linked to a larger German vocabulary for all children, but the link was stronger for DLLs from families with low exposure to German. Classroom composition did not predict German vocabulary.

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Weinert, Regina. "Presentational/Existential Structures in Spoken versus Written German: Es Gibt and SEIN." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 25, no. 1 (February 19, 2013): 37–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542712000141.

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This article presents a synchronic, corpus-based examination of spoken German with regard to the distribution and function of presentational/ existential es gibt NP and a range of SEIN NP structures such as da SEIN, locative SEIN, es SEIN, and zero-locative SEIN. In particular, the use of da SEIN has been neglected in previous research. While es gibt is equally frequent in the spoken and written data, SEIN structures are typical of spoken German only, with da SEIN being the most frequent. The article concentrates on clauses with indefinite NPs, while the presentation of events with da and wider da-usage in spoken German are also considered.*

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Moosmüller, Sylvia, Carolin Schmid, and Julia Brandstätter. "Standard Austrian German." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45, no. 3 (December 2015): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100315000055.

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The development of Standard Austrian German (SAG; de-AT) is closely linked to the development of Standard German German (SGG; de-DE) as spoken in Northern Germany. Traditionally, SAG is strongly geared towards SGG norms. The orientation towards SGG norms goes back to at least 1750, when Maria Theresia ordered the adoption of the Upper Saxonian norms in place at that time (Ebner 1969, Wiesinger 1989). Since then, SAG pronunciation is modelled on SGG and Austrian newsreaders are instructed according to the norms of Duden's (2005)Aussprachewörterbuchand Siebs (1958, with an addendum for Austria) (Wächter-Kollpacher 1995, Soukup & Moosmüller 2011). This procedure leads to an inconsistent usage of SGG features in Austrian broadcasting media (Wiesinger 2009, Soukup & Moosmüller 2011, Hildenbrandt & Moosmüller 2015). Therefore, from a methodological point of view, pronunciation used in the Austrian broadcasting media is unsuitable for defining SAG (Moosmüller 2015).

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Pfau, Roland, and Markus Steinbach. "Optimal reciprocals in German Sign Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 6, no. 1 (December 17, 2003): 3–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.6.1.03pfa.

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Unlike most spoken languages, German Sign Language (DGS) does not have a single means of reciprocal marking. Rather, different strategies are used, which crucially depend on phonological (one-handed sign vs. two-handed sign) and morphosyntactic (plain verb vs. agreement verb) properties of the underlying verb. Moreover, with plain verbs DGS shows dialectal variation. Altogether there are four different ways of realizing reciprocal marking in DGS. In this paper, we compare a rule-based analysis for the reciprocal data (based on Brentari’s 1998 feature hierarchy) to an optimality-theoretic analysis. We argue that an OT-account allows for a more straightforward explanation of the facts. In particular, we show that the different strategies as well as the variation can be accounted for by the interaction of four, independently motivated constraints.

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KAUFMANN, EMILY, and ANDREA M. PHILIPP. "Language-switch costs and dual-response costs in bimodal bilingual language production." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20, no. 2 (December 2, 2015): 418–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728915000759.

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In communication, different forms of language combinations are possible for bimodal bilinguals, who use a spoken and a signed language. They can either switch from one language to another (language switching) or produce a word and a sign simultaneously (language blending). The present study examines language control mechanisms in language switching and simultaneous bimodal language production, comparing single-response (German or German Sign Language) and dual-response trials (Blend of the German word and the German Sign Language sign). There were three pure blocks, one for each Target-response (German, German Sign Language, Blend), as well as mixed blocks, in which participants switched between all three Target-responses. We observed language mixing costs, switch costs and dual-response costs. Further, the data pattern showed a specific dual-response advantage for switching into a Blend (i.e., a dual-response trial), indicating the specific nature of a blended response in bimodal bilingual language production.

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Hunt, Jaime. "Lexical hybridization of English and German elements: a comparison between spoken German and the language of the German newsmagazine Der Spiegel." Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 136, no. 2 (2019): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20834624sl.19.010.10605.

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KAUFMANN, EMILY, IRENE MITTELBERG, IRING KOCH, and ANDREA M. PHILIPP. "Modality effects in language switching: Evidence for a bimodal advantage." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21, no. 2 (January 16, 2017): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136672891600122x.

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In language switching, it is assumed that in order to produce a response in one language, the other language must be inhibited. In unimodal (spoken-spoken) language switching, the fact that the languages share the same primary output channel (the mouth) means that only one language can be produced at a time. In bimodal (spoken-signed) language switching, however, it is possible to produce both languages simultaneously. In our study, we examined modality effects in language switching using multilingual subjects (speaking German, English, and German Sign Language). Focusing on German vocal responses, since they are directly compatible across conditions, we found shorter reaction times, lower error rates, and smaller switch costs in bimodal vs. unimodal switching. This result suggests that there are different inhibitory mechanisms at work in unimodal and bimodal language switching. We propose that lexical inhibition is involved in unimodal switching, whereas output channel inhibition is involved in bimodal switching.

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Tworek, Artur. "Fokusakzente als rhetorische Hervorhebungsmarker in der gesprochenen Wissenschaftssprache. Eine deutsch-polnische vergleichende Signaluntersuchung." Studia Linguistica 35 (March 29, 2017): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1169.35.12.

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Focus accents as rhetoric markers in the spoken academic language. A German-Polish comparative initial analysisThe objects of this paper are the focus accents in the spoken academic German and Polish language. The comparative analysis of how the semantic importance can be shown by means of prosodic features confirms the special role of focus accents in the rhetoric formation of academic lecture in both languages.

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Möhrs, Christine, and Sarah Torres Cajo. "The Microstructure of a Lexicographical Resource of Spoken German." Rasprave Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje 46, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 921–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31724/rihjj.46.2.25.

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This paper presents the corpus-based lexicographical prototype that was developed within the framework of the project Lexik des gesprochenen Deutsch (=LeGeDe) as a thirdparty funded project. Research results regarding the information offered in dictionaries have shown that there is a necessity for information on spoken lexis and its interactional functions. The resulting LeGeDe-prototype is based on these needs and desiderata and is thus an innovative example for the adequate representation of spoken language in online dictionaries. It is available online since September 2019 (https://www.owid.de/legede/). In the following sections, after first focusing on the presentation of the project’s goals, the data basis, the intended end user, and the applied methods, we will illustrate the microstructure of the prototype and the information provided in a dictionary entry based on the lemma eben. Finally, we will summarize innovative aspects that are important for the implementation of such a resource.

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Bousquette, Joshua. "From Bidialectal to Bilingual." American Speech 95, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 485–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00031283-8620496.

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The present work examines nominal case marking in Wisconsin Heritage German, based on audio recordings of six speakers made in the late 1940s. Linguistic data provide positive evidence for a four-case nominal system characteristic of Standard German. At the same time, biographical and demographic information show that the heritage varieties acquired and spoken in the home often employed a different nominal system, one that often exhibited dative-accusative case syncretism and lacked genitive case—features that surfaced even when Standard German was spoken. These data strongly suggest that speakers were proficient in both their heritage variety of German, acquired through naturalistic means, as well as in Standard German, acquired through institutional support in educational and religious domains. Over time, these formal German-language domains shifted to externally oriented, English-language institutions. Standard German was no longer supported, while the heritage variety was retained in domestic and social domains. Subsequent case syncretism in Wisconsin Heritage German therefore reflects the retention of preimmigration, nonstandard varieties, rather than a morphological change in a unified heritage grammar. This work concludes by proposing a multistage model of domain-specific language shift, informed by both synchronic variation within the community as well as by social factors affecting language shift over time.

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Pickl, Simon. "Polarization and the Emergence of a Written Marker. A Diachronic Corpus Study of the Adnominal Genitive in German." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 32, no. 2 (April 23, 2020): 145–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542719000151.

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This article investigates the diachrony of the adnominal genitive in written German by analyzing its usage in a diachronic corpus of sermons from the Upper German dialect area spanning the time from the 9th to the 19th century. The wide temporal scope allows for a better assessment of the events relating to the genitive’s disappearance from spoken German in Early New High German and the successive rise of its adnominal form in written German. Sermons make it possible to study the phenomenon over a long time because they provide a relatively consistent data basis in terms of genre and region. At the same time, as a genre that has characteristics of both spoken and written language, sermons show signs of changing stylistic trends, which makes them valuable for gaining insights in the divergent development of genitive use in spoken and written German. In order to characterize this divergence better, I use the concept of polarization, which describes the differentiation of linguistic usage between disparate contexts such as speech and writing. It becomes clear that the changes in genitive use found in the corpus cannot be viewed independently of sociopragmatic factors and their impact on the stylistic shape of the texts.*

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Vanhove, Jan, and Raphael Berthele. "The lifespan development of cognate guessing skills in an unknown related language." International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iral-2015-0001.

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AbstractThis study investigates the lifespan development of the ability to correctly guess the meaning of foreign-language words with known translation-equivalent cognates. It also aims to identify the cognitive and linguistic factors driving this development. To this end, 159 German-speaking Swiss participants aged 10 to 86 were asked to translate 45 written and 45 spoken isolated Swedish words with German, English or French cognates. In addition, they were administered an English language test, a German vocabulary test as well as fluid intelligence and working memory tests. Cognate guessing skills were found to improve into young adulthood, but whereas they show additional increases in the written modality throughout adulthood, they start to decrease from age 50 onwards for spoken stimuli. Congruently with these findings, L1 vocabulary knowledge is a stronger predictor of written cognate guessing success, whereas fluid intelligence is the most important predictor in the spoken modality. Raw data and computer code used for the analyses are freely available online.

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Isel, Frédéric, Thomas C. Gunter, and Angela D. Friederici. "Prosody-assisted head-driven access to spoken German compounds." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 29, no. 2 (2003): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.2.277.

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Długosz, Kamil. "Entwicklung der Verbstellung beim fortgeschrittenen Erwerb des Deutschen als Fremdsprache." Glottodidactica. An International Journal of Applied Linguistics 47, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/gl.2020.47.2.03.

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This article investigates the acquisition of verb placement in German as a foreign language at an advanced stage of development. The main objective of the investigation is to analyse written and spoken language production in terms of the use of subject-verb-inversion, verbal bracket, and verb-final placement in subordinate clauses. The results reveal a discrepancy between written and spoken language production with respect to correct usage of the verb placement rules. While correctness in the written production task exceeded 97% for all phenomena, the oral translation task generated less correct sentences, but only for inversion and verb-final placement. The non-target usage of inversion and verb-final pattern in spoken production points to processing problems when translating from Polish into German, which are further confirmed by lower accuracy for these two phenomena. At the moment of testing, the verbal bracket has already been acquired, which is in line with the universal developmental sequence in the acquisition of German syntax.

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Burger, Susanne. "RVG1 - A prototype for the collection of current spoken German." Revue française de linguistique appliquée III, no. 1 (1998): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rfla.031.0067.

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Andersen, Christiane. "Syntax in Contact. Word Order in a Contact Variety of German Spoken in Eastern Siberia." Journal of Language Contact 9, no. 2 (April 29, 2016): 264–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00902003.

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A large number of local German language communities, language islands (Sprachinseln), were founded in different parts of Russia between 1765 and the second half of the nineteenth century. The continuity of development in the German-speaking communities was sharply interrupted by the Second World War. As a result, the specific variety ofRusslanddeutsch‘Russian German’ (rg) is in the process of dying out. This study investigates a sample of current spoken German in Eastern Siberia using the digitalized Siberian German Corpus (sgc) at the University of Gothenburg. The investigation attempts to establish (i) which word order variants are realized specifically in clauses with the German discourse markernun‘well’ and its Russian counterpartnu‘well’, and (ii) what the effect of language contact could be. The results of the analysis show a large variety of word order phenomena in the examples containing Russiannu. Verb-first orders are common in the data investigated. These variants also contain subject pro-drop. Furthermore, it is shown that a high degree of language contact is involved in these word order variants with the Russiannu. Different types of borrowing (including lexical transference) are frequent features of this contact variety.

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Steiner, Erich. "Contrastive studies of cohesion and their impact on our knowledge of translation (English-German)." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 27, no. 3 (October 12, 2015): 351–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.27.3.02ste.

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Abstract This article starts from the claim that knowledge about contrastive systems of cohesion and textual instantiations of these systems between English and German is important for translation, but that this knowledge is still fragmentary and insufficiently supported by empirical studies. This claim will be followed by three generalizing assumptions about contrastive differences in English-German cohesion which relate to (1) different degrees of local encoding of ambiguity in texts in terms of co-reference, (2) different degrees of registerial distinctions along the written-spoken and formal-informal distinctions, and (3) different orientations of discourses along the explicitness and information-density dimensions. These assumptions are being tested in corpus-based work in our group, and the currently available results will be summarized. The summary will be followed by a discussion and exemplification of implications for translation in both directions between English and German. As will be seen, an awareness of the main differences between English and German cohesion, between registers within these two languages and between written and spoken modes in particular are an important background for guiding translation strategies.

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Limberger, Bernardo K., Aline Fay Azevedo, Evelyn C. Ferstl, and Augusto Buchweitz. "Phonemic awareness in an oral German-origin Brazilian language: a study of Hunsrückisch and German bilinguals." Ilha do Desterro A Journal of English Language, Literatures in English and Cultural Studies 72, no. 3 (October 7, 2019): 427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8026.2019v72n3p427.

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Phonemic awareness is the ability to notice and manipulate language sounds in their base form (phonemes). It is associated with emerging literacy skills and predictive of skilled reading. The aim of the present study was to investigate phonemic awareness in German and its association with speaking a German-origin, but predominantly unwritten language. We investigated speakers of Hunsrückisch, a Brazilian minority language predominantly used in its spoken form. Participants were literate Brazilian Portuguese speakers who spoke Hunsrückisch and German or Hunsrückisch only. The results show faster, more accurate performance in the phonemic awareness task among participants who spoke Hunsrückisch and German, relative to those who spoke Hunsrückisch only. Participants who spoke Hunsrückisch only were able to perform the phonemic awareness tasks but having learned to read and write in German allowed for faster, more accurate performance, especially in relation to pseudowords.

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Gilles, Peter, and Jürgen Trouvain. "Luxembourgish." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43, no. 1 (April 2013): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100312000278.

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Luxembourgish (local language name: Lëtzebuergesch [ˈlətsəbuəjəʃ], French name: Luxembourgeois, German name: Luxemburgisch) is a small West-Germanic language mainly spoken in the multilingual speech community of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, where it is one of the three official languages alongside German and French. Being the first language of most Luxembourgers it also has the status of the national language (since 1984). Although in its origin Luxembourgish has to be considered as a Central Franconian dialect, it is nowadays regarded by the speech community as a language of its own. As a consequence, German is considered a different language. An official orthographical system has been devised. Luxembourgish is used very frequently in day-to-day oral communication at all social levels; it is very common on local radio and television; it is the only language spoken in parliament sessions and it is also very often used at the workplace. Although the vocabulary of Luxembourgish has a substantial number of loan words from French and German, the morpho-syntax follows Germanic patterns. Luxembourgish today has approximately 400,000 speakers, including many L2 speakers (around 43% of the population does not have the Luxembourgish nationality).

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Salmons, Joe. "Youth language in the German Democratic Republic: Its diversity and distinctiveness." American Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Literatures 3, no. 1 (January 1991): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1040820700000561.

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ABSTRACTThis article provides an overview of Jugendsprache, youth language, as spoken in the German Democratic Republic, a variety far less studied than its West German cousin. Attitudes toward and perceptions of GDR youth language are treated, showing far greater diversity than previous Western discussions have found. More importantly, this study provides empirical data from a variety of sources for a sociolect previously largely lacking such evidence.

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LEVI, SUSANNAH V. "Talker familiarity and spoken word recognition in school-age children." Journal of Child Language 42, no. 4 (August 27, 2014): 843–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000914000506.

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ABSTRACTResearch with adults has shown that spoken language processing is improved when listeners are familiar with talkers' voices, known as the familiar talker advantage. The current study explored whether this ability extends to school-age children, who are still acquiring language. Children were familiarized with the voices of three German–English bilingual talkers and were tested on the speech of six bilinguals, three of whom were familiar. Results revealed that children do show improved spoken language processing when they are familiar with the talkers, but this improvement was limited to highly familiar lexical items. This restriction of the familiar talker advantage is attributed to differences in the representation of highly familiar and less familiar lexical items. In addition, children did not exhibit accent-general learning; despite having been exposed to German-accented talkers during training, there was no improvement for novel German-accented talkers.

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FLORES, CRISTINA. "Differential effects of language attrition in the domains of verb placement and object expression." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15, no. 3 (December 12, 2011): 550–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000666.

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This study investigates the differential effects of language attrition in two diverse linguistic domains: verb placement and object expression. Linguistic phenomena at the syntax – discourse interface, such as object expression, have been shown to be more vulnerable to attrition than narrow syntax properties, such as verb placement. This study aims to test this hypothesis by analysing spoken data from Portuguese–German bilinguals who have moved away from the dominant German environment. The results show that the speakers who have lost continued German input after the age of eleven years exhibit difficulties regarding object expression in German but do not reveal any relevant syntactic deficits in the domain of verb placement.

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Concu, Valentina. "Grammatical Tenses and Communicative Intentions: A case study of the German Perfekt and Präteritum." Linguistic Frontiers 4, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lf-2021-0015.

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Abstract Recent research in syntax and corpus linguistics has shown how the German Perfekt (present perfect) and Präteritum (simple past) are widely used in written language—even though these tenses are commonly described in DAF (German as a foreign language) materials as used respectively in the spoken and written forms. While these analyses only focus on written corpora, an extensive study on the use of tenses in spoken interaction is still missing. In this paper, I try to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the use of Perfekt and Präteritum in the recordings of the Frankfurt Auschwitz trials, held in Frankfurt am Main, from December 20, 1963, to August 19, 1965, and available on the web page of the Fritz Bauer Institute. Textual analyses of the depositions of five former German prisoners of the Polish concentration camp show that German native speakers use both tenses in their spoken interactions. These results widely contradict their depiction in DAF materials, textbooks, and grammars. Furthermore, the types of Präteritum found are far more diverse than is traditionally held by scholars, who claimed that the use of this tense in spoken language is limited to verbs such as sein (to be), haben (to have) and modals, such as können (can), müssen (must), sollen (should), etc. The outcome of this study shows how the difference between Perfekt and Präteritum is determined by the subjective attitude of the speakers in relation to the information they want to convey.

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Schäfer, Lea. "Outlawing orality: Western Yiddish reflexes in German fiction." Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 4, no. 1 (March 26, 2018): 65–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jhsl-2016-0026.

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AbstractThis study analyses how fictional languages can be influenced by natural languages exemplified by the use of Yiddish. It shows how a fictional language can be a data source for research on historical development of Western Yiddish (WY) and its sociolinguistic situation. In contrast to the varieties of Eastern Yiddish (EY), which are still spoken today, Western Yiddish was given up during the complex acculturation process of West-Ashkenazic Jewry during the nineteenth century. As a language driven by a pejorative view of language variations and by growing antisemitism, Yiddish found its way into German fiction, where it is still used in contemporary fiction as a means of characterising Jewish figures. This article presents the main results of a corpus study on 53 of such fictional texts from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The Yiddish examples in Yiddish script will be primarily quoted in their original form and then be transliterated following the YIVO romanisation system (cf. Weinreich 1968). It will be shown that reflexes of spoken WY can be found in these imitations of Yiddish. This data can be used as secondary evidence of WY structures. Furthermore, the data gives an impression of the intensity of the language contact situation between German and Yiddish. In addition it gives insights into mechanisms of how German Jews were excluded from the German ideal of a Sprachnation.

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Lemmenmeier-Batinić, Dolores. "Lexical Explorer: extending access to the Database for Spoken German for user-specific purposes." Corpora 15, no. 1 (April 2020): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2020.0185.

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This paper presents Lexical Explorer, 2 a tool that allows interactive browsing and filtering of quantitative corpus information. It further describes how this tool can be used to support linguistic work on corpora of spoken German. By using Lexical Explorer, users can analyse quantitative corpus data by interacting with frequency tables and obtaining customised word profiles of word distribution across word form variation, co-occurrences and metadata. Interaction with corpus examples of particular corpus counts is also enabled. Lexical Explorer was developed as a prototype for user-specific corpus access and is aimed at researchers of German lexicon in spoken interaction. Although Lexical Explorer was developed on the basis of two small speech corpora of the German language, the underlying principle of this tool can be easily adapted to other corpora and other user groups. Moreover, the tool can be used to gain insights into the corpus structure as well as to study and verify corpus content in a transparent and user-friendly way.

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Anorkulov, Sanjar Iskandarovich. "THE VARIATION OF THE WORD IN THE GERMAN EVERYDAY-SPOKEN LANGUAGE." Theoretical & Applied Science 116, no. 12 (December 30, 2022): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2022.12.116.45.

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Hopp, Holger, and Michael T. Putnam. "Syntactic restructuring in heritage grammars." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 5, no. 2 (July 10, 2015): 180–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.5.2.02hop.

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In order to elucidate the structure of heritage grammars, this paper presents an analysis of word order variation in Moundridge Schweitzer German (MSG), a moribund heritage variety of German spoken in South Central Kansas. Based on elicited production data and an acceptability judgment task, we show that the current state of the MSG grammar maintains the asymmetric German verb-second (V2) and verb-final (V-final) word-ordering closely tied to specific pragmatic information associated with clause-types and complementizers. Extensive contact with English does not lead to adoption of English word order; rather, it occasions restructuring of German word order within the constraints of German syntax. We model these findings in a syntactic analysis following recent proposals by Putnam & Sánchez (2013) and Polinsky (2011) that challenge the notion of ‘incomplete acquisition’ as a way to conceptualize heritage language acquisition.

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Liebert, E. A. "German dialects of the Tomsk and Novosibirsk regions (based on the open online archive of German dialects in Siberia)." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 3 (2020): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/72/21.

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The paper interprets the data from the open online archive of German dialects (https:// www.tomdeutsche.ru/dialects/). This work was started ten years ago in Tomsk by Prof. Z. M. Bogoslovskaya and her students. The archive provides the records of the native dialects and folklore of Russian Germans whose speech originates from different mother tongues and has different degrees of preservation. Archival materials were collected on the territory of Tomsk and Novosibirsk regions during linguistic expeditions of recent years. Many dialects of the upper German and middle German types appear to be mixed, containing (primarily in phonological terms) the features of different dialect systems, mixed as early as last century. These are secondary language formations that are exclusively spoken by older people. It is not the case in the German-Mennonite dialect (Plautdietsch), which is based on the Low German language substrate. This dialect has a higher degree of preservation and is spoken not only by older people but also by young people and children. The genre component of the collected samples of folklore and religious practices does not show much diversity. The archive contains only a few samples of songs, ditties, and jokes that old speakers can still perform in their native dialect. A special role is played by literary German – it is the language of liturgical practices, of prayers and spiritual singing. The paper presents a number of dialect material transcriptions.

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Reimer, Laura, and Christine Dimroth. "Added Alternatives in Spoken Interaction: A Corpus Study on German Auch." Languages 6, no. 4 (October 15, 2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6040169.

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Particles such as German auch (‘also’) establish an additive relation between expressions in their scope (added constituent, AC) and context alternatives against the background of shared information (common denominator). In spoken interaction, however, explicit alternatives are not necessarily present and expressions can be construed as alternatives against different variants of a common denominator. It is the aim of the present paper to investigate to what extent the presence of alternatives influences the construction of utterances containing an additive particle. This is particularly relevant for German, where speakers can choose between an unstressed and stressed version of auch. We ask whether properties of the alternatives and their common denominators influence the choice to use stressed or unstressed auch. In a corpus study on spoken language, we classified the versions of auch, the particles AC, the alternatives in the preceding context and their common denominator. The results show that the speaker’s choice is influenced by the relation of the utterance to context alternatives. Specifically, the degree of explicitness of alternatives, the number of alternatives, and the degree of abstractness of the common denominator influence the continuation of the discourse, measured by the preference for one of the two variants of the particle auch.

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Khan, Sameer ud Dowla, and Constanze Weise. "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43, no. 2 (July 5, 2013): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100313000145.

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Upper Saxon (Obersächsisch/ɵːpoˁˈsɛksʃ/) refers to a group of dialects spoken by over two million people in the Free State of Saxony in eastern Germany. It is considered one of the eastern branches of Central German (Wiesinger 1983, Lewis 2009), with major phonological, morphological, and lexical differences from Standard German and other regional dialects.

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van der Wal, Marijke. "Early Modern migrants in a language contact setting: Characteristics of the Dutch Heusch correspondence (1664–1665)." Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 4, no. 2 (October 25, 2018): 253–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jhsl-2017-0029.

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AbstractThe present article demonstrates how research on confiscated late-seventeenth-century letters allows us to gain insight into linguistic practices of second and third generations of Dutch-speaking migrants who lived in the German city of Hamburg, in a predominantly Low German region. The historical background of the preserved Heusch correspondence, spoken and written communication in merchant circles, and foreign language learning will be discussed. Apart from examining features such as epistolary formulae, ellipsis, and code switching, the question is also addressed of the degree to which interference from Low (or High) German is found. An analysis of the letters reveals both adoption of the Low German reflexive pronoun sick and a diverse pattern of using the relative particle so, which is shown to be a clear case of adopting (and maybe even extending) a supraregional German relativisation strategy.

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Ritter, Anna. "Language choice and language contact in print advertisements for Russian-speaking immigrants in Germany." Russian Journal of Linguistics 25, no. 4 (December 18, 2021): 958–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-4-958-980.

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This study aims to analyze linguistic contact in a written language on a sample of advertisements for Russian-speaking immigrants in the German city of Nuremberg, where there is a well-developed infrastructure for Russian-speaking immigrants, including the availability of periodicals. The study has the following research questions: What functions do Russian and German, as well as other languages, perform in advertisements in periodicals for Russian-speaking immigrants? Is there a correlation between the subject matter of the ads and the language or languages used? What phenomena of language contact found in the spoken language of Russian-speaking immigrants are characteristic of advertisements? A corpus consisting of 443 advertisements, obtained through continuous sampling from periodicals, was collected for the study. The analysis revealed that Russian, German, English, Ukrainian, and Latin fulfil specific functions in the advertisements. It was found that, depending on the subject matter, advertisers choose a particular language or language combination for their ads. At the lexical and morphosyntactic levels were identified borrowings from German and English, entirely or partially grammatically integrated into Russian, and cases of code-switching between Russian and German. Thereby, the study highlights one aspect of the linguistic situation of the Russian-speaking community in Germany and may implicitly serve to assess the vitality of the Russian language in Germany.

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Sloos, Marjoleine. "The reversal of the BÄREN-BEEREN merger in Austrian Standard German." Phonological and Phonetic considerations of Lexical Processing 8, no. 3 (December 31, 2013): 353–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.8.3.05slo.

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In language change, a reversal of a merger is generally considered to be impossible, since after two sounds have become fully merged, they are no longer distinct, so no phonetic or phonological cues exist that could reverse this process. This article investigates such an ‘impossible’ merger reversal: the split of Bären vowel (orthographically represented by <ä> or <äh>) and the Beeren vowel (orthographically represented by <e>, <ee> or <eh> in Austrian Standard German. We investigated a corpus of spoken data, measured the acoustic properties of the vowels, and determined the degree of the merger (by computing Pillai scores) for younger and older speakers. It turns out that the two sounds were formerly merged, but currently a split can be observed as an ongoing process. This paper argues that language contact with Standard German as it is spoken in Germany motivates the ongoing reversal. Since the long vowel <ä> is also subject to substantial variation in German Standard German, in order to get the split right, Austrian speakers are likely to invoke orthographical knowledge. We will consider the mental representations of this sound, including the graphemic representations from an Exemplar Theory viewpoint.

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Hutsol, Anastasiia. "CONCEPTUAL SPACE OF GERMAN-SPEAKING MATRIMONIAL CONFLICT CONVERSATIONAL DISCOURSE." Germanic Philology Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 835-836 (2022): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/gph2022.835-836.32-40.

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The article deals with the conceptual space of matrimonial conflict discourse as a system of hierarchically organized and interrelated concepts, which are highlighted and analyzed according to their place in the discourse. The aim of the study is to establish the lingo-cognitive specifics of the conceptual space of German matrimonial conflict spoken discourse by identifying discourse-creating autochthons, their systematization, as well as detailed analysis. Research methods are based on the principles of both cognitive-discursive and system-structural linguistics in order to comprehensively analyze the cognitive resources of conceptual space. The inductive method is used to analyze the language material from its accumulation to further systematization and to establish its functional features in the German matrimonial conflict spoken discourse. Conceptual analysis within the construction method (to establish priority concepts) and statistical methods were also used, which allowed to determine the statistical significance of verbalized in the studied discursive forms of concepts, and, consequently, discourse-creating autochthons (the χ2-square) and determine the strength between researched concepts (contingency coefficient K). German matrimonial conflict discourse is a conflict-marked communication of people, which is characterized by symmetrical relations between communicators, assuming status-role equality and approximately the same age of speakers. The conceptual space of German matrimonial conflicting spoken discourse is a discursive configuration of multilevel and hierarchically ordered conceptual fillers of 506 concepts. The mental information quanta of the German matrimonial conflicting spoken discourse are represented by three macroconcepts: MENSCH / MAN, TÄTIGKEIT / ACTIVITY, UMGEBUNG / ENVIRONMENT, which, in turn, are represented by the concepts below.

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Meliss, Meike, Christine Möhrs, and Maria Ribeiro Silveira. "Erwartungen an eine korpusbasierte lexikografische Ressource zur ‚Lexik des gesprochenen Deutsch in der Interaktion‘: Ergebnisse aus zwei empirischen Studien." Zeitschrift für Angewandte Linguistik 68, no. 1 (March 29, 2018): 103–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfal-2018-0005.

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AbstractTwo empirical studies were carried out in the project „Lexik des gesprochenen Deutsch” (LeGeDe) at the Institute for the German Language (IDS) in Mannheim. The main goal of these studies was to shed light on people’s expectations of the planned lexicographical online-resource. In the first study, selected experts were interviewed in the form of a guided interview. In the second study, a broader online survey was conducted, which should reach a wider range of potential users. This contribution introduces the basic concepts of the project LeGeDe, outlines the two studies and presents selected results on four subject blocks: (i) sociodemographic data, (ii) personal use of (online) dictionaries, (iii) individual experience with the lexis of spoken language and (iv) expectations concerning a lexicographical online-resource for spoken German.

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Kaufmann, Göz, Rafael Vetromille-Castro, Bernardo Kolling Limberger, and Helena Dos Santos Kieling. "MINORITY GROUPS AND LANGUAGE DIVERSITY IN GERMANY AND BRAZIL: AN INTERVIEW WITH GÖZ KAUFMANN (UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG, GERMANY)." Caderno de Letras, no. 35 (January 19, 2020): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/cdl.v0i35.17784.

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Göz Kaufmann, who obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Heidelberg, Germany, in 1997, completed his habilitation treatise in 2016 and received the venia legendi (livre docência) in German Linguistics from the University of Freiburg, Germany. He holds a permanent position as a senior lecturer (Akademischer Oberrat) for linguistics in the German Department of the University of Freiburg. Kaufmann’s main research areas are sociolinguistics, language contact, language variation, and language change. In the area of language variation and change, his focus is on German minority varieties spoken in South America, particularly Mennonite Low German and Pomerano. Aside from lexical and morphological variation, he analyzes syntactic variation in these varieties combining variationist and generative approaches. Göz Kaufmann worked in Brazil as a guest professor and representative of the DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) at the UFRGS and the USP. At the University of Pelotas (UFPel), he has already taught several courses and presented numerous talks. For more information, see http://paul.igl.uni-freiburg.de/kaufmann/?Home

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Pieklarz-Thien, Magdalena. "Standardowa niemczyzna mówiona w kształceniu językowym na poziomie filologicznym. Krótkie podsumowanie najważniejszych wniosków z badań własnych i prezentacja przykładowych rozwiązań praktycznych." Prace Językoznawcze 20, no. 4 (September 16, 2019): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pj.4493.

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Sanishvili, Irina Tamazievna. "LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF A RHETORICAL QESTION (BASED ON GERMAN-LANGUAGE MATERIAL)." Globus: social sciences 7, no. 2(36) (July 19, 2021): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2713-3087-36-2-6.

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This article presents an overview of linguistic research of rhetorical question and describes its linguistic features. Different situations of use of rhetorical questions and their connection with syntactic structures and lexical composition of the statements are identified in this article. They are supported by examples from written and spoken German-language communication. It was found out in the research that linguistic structure of rhetorical questions is very diverse and not always is an indicator of the question being rhetorical.

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Scherrer, Yves, Tanja Samardžić, and Elvira Glaser. "Digitising Swiss German: how to process and study a polycentric spoken language." Language Resources and Evaluation 53, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 735–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10579-019-09457-5.

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Riehl, Claudia Maria, and Rahel Beyer. "Deutsch als Minderheitensprache." Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature 45, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/lsmll.2021.45.1.7-20.

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<p>This contribution focusses on varieties of German which are spoken in extraterritorial German communities. Many of these groups go back to emigration in the Middle Ages or in Early Modern Times and have developed a specific koiné which is characterized by dialect merger and language contact with the surrounding languages. Another group are so-called "border minorities", extraterritorial communities that emerged after World War I and are bordering German-speaking countries. The article first provides a historical overview of the various German-speaking minorities. Then, the different sociolinguistic settings of the respective language communities are addressed and illustrated by examples of communities with a different sociolinguistic and linguistic background.</p><p> </p>

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Uushona, Johannes, and Petrus Mbenzi. "Germanising Oshiwambo language." JULACE: Journal of the University of Namibia Language Centre 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32642/julace.v3i2.1383.

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Oshiwambo, a Bantu language spoken in Northern Namibia and Southern Angola, like other languages in contact, has adopted foreign words from other languages to meet the needs of its daily life vocabularies and activities. This paper identified and described the phonological changes which the loanwords from German go through to fit into Oshiwambo speech system and established the phonological rules that account for these changes. The paper is based on the hypothesis that words borrowed from other languages, especially European languages, into Oshiwambo, are phonologically modified to fit the Oshiwambo speech system because little information is available on the phonological wambonisation of German words. The data were collected from school textbooks, daily conversations and personal vocabularies of the researcher. The loanwords were transcribed for phonological analysis. The paper investigated how Oshiwambo borrowed words from German yet the two languages differ widely in terms of phonemic inventories and phonotactics. It has become evident that there are several vowel and consonant changes in the process of borrowing. The paper contributes to the linguistic study in the area of Oshiwambo in particular and Bantu languages in general. The knowledge acquired could be utilized by the institutions of higher learning too.

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Journal articles on the topic 'German language Spoken German Australia'

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