Relevant bibliographies by topics / German language Relational grammar

Academic literature on the topic 'German language Relational grammar'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "German language Relational grammar"

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Plank, Frans. "Peculiarities of Passives of Reflexives in German." Studies in Language 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 135–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.17.1.06pla.

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Cross-linguistically unusual though it is for active clauses with reflexive pronouns as objects to be passivizable, German does permit such passives. Passives with reflexives, widely neglected in German grammar, are examined against the backdrop of purportedly general constraints on the control of reflexive pronouns and on relational interchanges in passivization. As to control, reflexive pronouns in passives appear to be under split control, with semantic and morphosyntactic controllers (active subjects and passive dummy subjects, respectively) not coinciding. As to relational interchanges, passives with reflexive pronouns are prone to lack exemplary subjects despite the presence of potentially subjectivizable objects in corresponding active constructions, with case marking and verb-agreement not necessarily operating in tandem.
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Stuyckens, Geert. "Influence of relational and referential coherence on the distribution of coordinated verb-second clauses in German and Dutch." Information Structure, Discourse Structure and Grammatical Structure 26 (November 2, 2012): 35–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.26.02stu.

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This paper investigates, from the point of view of role and reference grammar, the formal and the functional side of SLF (‘subject gap in finite/frontal clauses’) coordination on the basis of a bidirectional parallel German-Dutch corpus. The main research question is how relational and referential coherence are mapped to the syntactic structure of SLF and coordination constructions alternating with it. A typology of the alternative constructions is proposed. Since both relational and referential coherence at the discourse level, as well as the nexus types at the syntax level, are composed of more or less prominent states of affairs, the paper defines a relative concept of prominence on both these grammar levels and examines whether and, if so, how this concept influences the mapping between discursive and syntactic structure. In particular, it looks at absolute and relative frequencies so as to find potential trends in this mapping. There is a tendency that the more prominent the discursive states of affairs are, the more syntactically prominent the chosen coordination alternative is. The states of affairs linked by the interclausal coherence relation seem to affect the distribution of the coordination alternatives both in German and in Dutch. The state of affairs expressed by the information-structural status of the first subject seems to affect at least the distribution of two types. To a certain extent, both German and Dutch strive to iconically map discursive to syntactic prominence.
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Lutzeier, Peter Rolf. "Double accusatives in German: An application of CRMS-theory." American Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Literatures 4, no. 1 (January 1992): 55–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1040820700000822.

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ABSTRACTThis article addresses a problem at the interface between morpho-syntax and semantics: How to treat “double-accusative” constructions in German. The solution is given in relational terms, which suits the framework of CRMS-theory*. With regard to the first type of “double accusative” constructions [sie lehrt ihn die deutsche sprache ‘she teaches him the German language’], the option of different case marking is explained by general principles of CRMS-theory. With regard to the second type [sie nennt ihn einen lügner ‘she calls him a liar’], the clue for its full understanding comes from the following observation: in addition to the accusative marking of both complements there is a strong semantic tie between the two. That is why traditional grammar rightly speaks of such forms as einen lügner as an “accusative of identification”. As this idea of identification is realized at the content level in my approach, I do not see any reason for establishing a special relation “predicative” for the second type.
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Win, Lai Yee. "Construction of the transitivity system of Myanmar." Journal of World Languages 7, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 156–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwl-2021-0008.

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Abstract A number of studies on transitivity systems of languages have been conducted in the field of Systemic Functional Linguistics. Different linguists have described the transitivity systems of English, French, German, Japanese, Tagalog, Chinese, Vietnamese, Telugu, and Pitjantjatjara, adopting an upward approach which is not effective enough for discourse analysis. So far, there has been no description of the transitivity system of Myanmar in literature. The purpose of this paper is to put forward a clear description of the transitivity system of Myanmar that functions as one of the clause analysis methods from the experiential perspective. To construct a workable transitivity system of Myanmar, the present study follows He’s (forthcoming) (He, Wei. forthcoming. Categorization of experience of the world and construction of transitivity system of Chinese) new description of the Chinese transitivity system containing 32 types of processes that represent our experience of the world. Unlike previous studies, He (forthcoming) proposes autonomous and influential processes of action, mental, and relational clauses with no description of ergativity hypothesized by Halliday (1985) (Halliday, Michael Alexander Kirkwood. 1985. An introduction to functional grammar. London: Arnold) and Matthiessen (1995) (Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. 1995. Lexicogrammatical cartography: English systems. Tokyo: International Language Sciences Publishers). This new model is more comprehensive and effective than previous ones because it adopts a downward approach which can smoothly be applied to discourse analysis. In this paper, the transitivity analysis of Myanmar clauses is performed in accordance with the theories put forward by He (forthcoming) and the semantic configurations of 32 processes in Myanmar transitivity system are illustrated with authentic examples. Findings show that the proposed transitivity system of Myanmar can analyze clauses effectively and it is compatible with the discourse analysis of Myanmar. These findings will make an important contribution to further study of the systemic functional grammar of Myanmar.
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Stranovska, Eva, and Zdenka Gadusova. "Developing Reading Comprehension in L2 with respect to Text Genre and Form." Education and Self Development 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/esd.17.2.07.

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Self-development in terms of reading comprehension in a second foreign language is often practiced to a small extent in foreign language education. In the L2 (German language) educational process, the teacher focuses mainly on teaching basic grammatical phenomena and vocabulary. The development of reading comprehension in L2, as to text genres and forms, provides a new dimension in terms of self-development, as it mainly supports metacognitive processes and thus self-efficacy and success in a foreign language text understanding. The goal of the presented research was to find out connections between students success in reading comprehension with regard to different categories of text genres (adventure books, historical novels, fairy tales, poems, legends, and science fiction, and others) and text forms (either printed - magazines, newspapers, books, textbooks or electronic - e-books, websites, e-textbooks, and others). We were interested in whether a particular (concrete) genre or form of text does (or does not) contribute to the success in L2 reading comprehension or whether reading of any genre or form of text does (or does not) contribute to the success in L2 reading comprehension. The research was carried out in secondary vocational and grammar schools in Slovakia on a sample of 126 respondents. Statistically significant correlations were found between specific (concrete) genres and forms of texts and success in reading comprehension. It turns out that short stories, legends and books about nature predict better understanding of texts in the German language, and reading of printed books and magazines promotes success in L2 reading comprehension.
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Farrell, Patrick, and Barry J. Blake. "Relational Grammar." Language 67, no. 4 (December 1991): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415080.

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Kegl, Judy A. "Relational Grammar and American Sign Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 7, no. 2 (March 30, 2006): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.7.2.06keg.

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Kegl, Judy A. "Relational Grammar and American Sign Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 7, no. 2 (March 30, 2006): 131–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.7.2.07keg.

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Cox, Jerry L., Bill Dodd, Christine Eckhard-Black, John Klapper, and Ruth Whittle. "Modern German Grammar." Modern Language Journal 81, no. 4 (1997): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/328918.

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Whaley, Lindsay J., and Patrick Farrell. "Thematic Relations and Relational Grammar." Language 71, no. 4 (December 1995): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415767.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "German language Relational grammar"

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Fischer, Klaus. "Investigations into verb valency : contrasting German and English." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683145.

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Te, Velde John R. "Coordination and German syntax /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9935.

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Majova, Ernest Kollie. "Relational nouns in Xhosa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52428.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Relational nouns are dependent on one another in terms of how they themselves denote e.g. brother and neigbour denote individually standing in relation to at least one other individual in specific nouns. This study has established how relational nouns are treated in Xhosa. The study has focused on horizontal relations with a semantic feature of [± sibling] and hierarchical relations with two distingualising semantic features: [± dependent] and [± kinship]. According to these two types of relations the study has then been divided into two main sections, i.e. non-kinship relational nouns with vertical and horizontal relation with and without any dependency. The second part concentrated on kinship terms with emphasis on names such as marriage, lineal and collateral descent and in-laws. Various semantic features for kinship terms have been developed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Relasionele naamwoorde is afhanklik van mekaar in terme van hoedanig hulle self betekenis aandui, bv. Broer en buurman dui individue aan wat in verhouding staan met ten minste een ander individu op spesifieke maniere. Hierdie studie het vasgestel hoe relasionale naamwoorde in Xhosa behandel word. Die studie het gefokus op horisontale verhoudings met 'n semantiese kenmerk van [± verwantskap] en hiërargiese verhoudings met twee onderskeie semantiese kenmerke: [±afhanklik] en [± verwantskap]. Volgens hierdie twee tipes verhoudings is die studie verdeel in twee hoofafdelings, dit is relasionele naamwoorde met geen verwantskap met vertikale en horisontale verhoudings met en sonder enige afhanklikheid. Die tweede deel konsentreer op verwantskapsterme met nadruk op sake soos die huwelik, bloedverwante in die regstreekse linie en in die syline sowel as die aangetroude familie. Verskeie semantiese kenmerke vir verwantskapsterme is ontwikkel.
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Morin, Hélène. "Formen der Kohäsion in deutschen philosophischen Texten und deren Übersetzungen ins FranzÜsische : zu den "Pronominaladverbien" vom Typ "darüber" und "worauf"." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69622.

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The following thesis focuses on forms that traditional German grammar designates as "Pronominaladverbien." The objective was to establish the word class under which these forms-hereafter DWPs-should fall and their syntactic role. The thesis also aims at determining which translation procedures are used when translating German DWPs into French.
As a first step, DWPs were integrated into a classification system that took into account both their proform character and their various syntactic roles.
Organizing the DWP translations into a system proved to be somewhat arduous. After reviewing various translation theories, a conclusion became unavoidable: these systems do not accommodate all the characteristics of DWPs. A new classification system was devised.
With the new system, it became possible to identify the most frequent translation procedures used for each DWP type and, at times, to explain their frequency. The conclusion of the thesis is that French manages in most cases to translate German DWPs without significant semantic loss.
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Makhavhu, Mashudu Tryphinah. "Relational nouns in Tshivenda." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21885.

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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: 1.1 AIM OF THE RESEARCH Relational nouns are those nouns which have the characteristic of being related in some other way. These nouns also show us that there is always equality and inequality in status amongst the people. It is in this research where I am going to show this difference amongst tshivenda nouns. At the end of this study tshivenda relational nouns, with the involvement of vertical relations of dependency and horizontal relations with no dependency, will be explained. Focus on this issue will be paid to different kinship terms with dependency and no dependency. 1.2. ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY Chapter 2 is going to focus on the tshivenda relational nouns. In this chapter vertical relations of dependency and horizontal relations with no dependency will be clearly explained. Kinship terms and non-kinship terms are also going to be illustrated. In the illustration of non-kinship terms, different situations in which they occur are also given. Venda antonyms and synonyms as words that occur in horizontal relations with no dependency are distinguished and classified. Chapter 3 will basically be doing with the kikinship terms. Anthropological views on kinship will also be looked at. Anthropologists Radcliffe – Brown and Fortes give their different views on the concept of kinship. This chapter goes further by showing the linquistic views on kinship. Here Doodenough comes with two relationships that lead to lineal descent. Lounsburry also shows the structural analysis of lexical set of covers and partitions a semantic field. The chapter proceeds by defining marriage and also shows how the Vhavenda boys choose their partners, pay lobola and marry. A Venda lineal descent has also been illustrated. Different generations, from the fourth ascending generation to the third descending generation are explained. Chapter 4 will be showing the outcome of the research. This will be based on chapters 2 and 3.
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Taleghani-Nikazm, Carmen Masoomeh. "Politeness in native-nonnative speakers' interaction : some manifestations of Persian taarof in the interaction among Iranian speakers of German with German native speakers /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Burghardt, Josef. "Database system for teaching German." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/834506.

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It is not revolutionary to say that repetition and practical experience is a very important aspect in learning about and understanding a topic. This is especially true for languages, particularly from the point of view of vocabulary.Like in many other processes that deal with gaining knowledge, studying foreign words involves a lot of side work: For instance the selection of words, or their presentation for the actual training.The purpose of this thesis is to automate the study of vocabulary. To do so, an intelligent software package was developed. Divided into three parts the project takes into account the aspects from the language point of view, from the studying point of view, and from the computer science point of view.The fundamental idea to accomplish the goal is a relational database system. It is utilized by software programs that solve their tasks in respect to data management, data manipulation, storage and retrieval, in an efficient way.The system is developed for English speaking persons studying German as a foreign language. And with every language having its own nature, it naturally influences all levels and aspects of design and utilization of the database.l:
Department of Computer Science
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Gerdts, Donna B. "Object and absolutive in Halkomelem Salish." New York : Garland Pub, 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/18105458.html.

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Kumashiro, Fumiko. "Phonotactic interactions : a non-reductionist approach to phonology /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9963655.

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Auer, Anita. "The subjunctive in the age of prescriptivism : English and German developments during the eighteenth century /." Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9780230574410.

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Books on the topic "German language Relational grammar"

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Relationale Grammatik. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1999.

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Passivparadigmen im Spanischen und im Deutschen: Eine Untersuchung auf der Basis der Relationalen Grammatik in didaktischer Absicht. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1995.

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Murcia-Serra, Jorge. Grammatische Relationen im Deutschen und Spanischen: Eine empirische Untersuchung zur Rolle der einzelsprachlichen Form bei der Konzeptualisierung von Äusserungen im Text. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2001.

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Die Aktionalität des Deutschen im Vergleich zum chinesischen Aspektsystem. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1996.

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Li, Jie. Räumliche Relationen und Objektwissen: Am Beispiel "an" und "bei". Tübingen: Narr, 1994.

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Die Raumdarstellung in deutschen und französischen technischen Texten: Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen zur Frequenz der Darstellung räumlicher Relationen, zu ihrer sprachlichen Form und zu Inhalt-Form-Beziehungen. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1996.

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Verbale Tautonyme lateinischer Herkunft in deutsch-polnischer Relation: Ein Beitrag zur semantischen Beschreibung nach dem gebrauchstheoretischen Ansatz. Göppingen: Kümmerle, 1987.

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Mezhdunarodnai͡a vstrecha germanistov (1999 Vladimir, Russia?). Rossii͡a--Germanii͡a--problemy kommunikat͡sii na rubezhe novogo tysi͡acheletii͡a: doklady i tezisy dokladov na mezhdunarodnoĭ vstreche germanistov 17-21 mai͡a 1999 goda. Vladimir: Vladimirskiĭ gos. pedagog. universitet, 1999.

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Gschossmann-Hendershot, Elke. German Grammar. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009.

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Harris, Alice C. Georgian syntax: A study in relational grammar. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Pres, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "German language Relational grammar"

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Rosen, Carol. "Relational grammar." In Cross Currents in Second Language Acquisition and Linguistic Theory, 123. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lald.2.10ros.

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Steiner, Erich, and Elke Teich. "3. Metafunctional profile of the grammar of German." In Language Typology, 139–84. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.253.05ste.

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Fanselow, Gisbert. "German Word Order and Universal Grammar." In Natural Language Parsing and Linguistic Theories, 317–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1337-0_12.

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Penner, Zvi. "Asking Questions without CP’s? On the Acquisition of Rootwh-questions in Bernese Swiss German and Standard German." In Language Acquisition Studies in Generative Grammar, 177. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lald.8.10pen.

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Diedrichsen, Elke. "A Role and Reference Grammar parser for German." In Studies in Language Companion Series, 105–42. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.150.05die.

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Lleó, Conxita. "A preliminary study of wh-questions in German and Spanish child language." In Intonational Grammar in Ibero-Romance, 325–50. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ihll.6.15lle.

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Stutterheim, Christiane von, Ute Halm, and Mary Carroll. "28. Macrostructural Principles and the Development of Narrative Competence in L1 German: The Role of Grammar (8–14-Year-Olds)." In Comparative Perspectives on Language Acquisition, edited by Marzena Watorek, Sandra Benazzo, and Maya Hickmann, 559–85. Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Multilingual Matters, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781847696045-030.

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Falke, Stefan. "Developing a Knowledge Graph for a Question Answering System to Answer Natural Language Questions on German Grammar." In The Semantic Web: ESWC 2019 Satellite Events, 199–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32327-1_39.

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Stollhans, Sascha. "Designing escape game activities for language classes." In Innovative language teaching and learning at university: treasuring languages, 27–32. Research-publishing.net, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2020.40.1062.

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Escape games are an increasingly popular leisure activity involving a group of players completing tasks to achieve a pre-defined goal, which is usually escaping from a room. In this chapter, I briefly outline the educational potential of escape game activities in language classes within the frameworks of gamification, pervasive learning, and ‘serious games’, and in relation to transferable skills. This is followed by a description and evaluation of an escape game I developed for a grammar class on the idiomatic uses of German modal verbs. This was piloted with a first-year undergraduate class at Lancaster University. I conclude by discussing student feedback and considerations for similar activities in the future.
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"German grammar." In The German Language Today, 165–202. Routledge, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203425770-15.

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Conference papers on the topic "German language Relational grammar"

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Krompák, Edina. "Diglossia and Local Identity: Swiss German in the Linguistic Landscape of Kleinbasel." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.7-2.

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The city of Basel is situated in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, in the geographic triangle of three countries: France, Germany and Switzerland. Everyday urban life is characterised by the presence of Standard German and Swiss German as well as diverse migrant languages. Swiss German is ‘an umbrella term for several Alemannic dialects’ (Stepkowska 2012, 202) which differ from Standard German in terms of phonetics, semantics, lexis, and grammar and has no standard written form. Swiss German is predominantly used in oral forms, and Standard German in written communication. Furthermore, an amalgamation of bilingualism and diglossia (Stepkowska 2012, 208) distinguishes the specific linguistic situation, which indicates amongst other things the high prestige of Swiss German in everyday life. To explore the visibility and vitality of Swiss German in the public display of written language, we examined the linguistic landscape of a superdiverse neighbourhood of Basel, and investigated language power and the story beyond the sign – ‘stories about the cultural, historical, political and social backgrounds of a certain space’ (Blommaert 2013, 41). Our exploration was guided by the question: How do linguistic artefacts – such as official, commercial, and private signs – represent the diglossic situation and the relation between language and identity in Kleinbasel? Based on a longitudinal ethnographic study, a corpus was compiled comprising 300 digital images of written artefacts in Kleinbasel. Participant observation and focus group discussions about particular images were conducted and analysed using grounded theory (Charmaz 2006) and visual ethnography (Pink 2006). In our paper, we focus on signs in Swiss German and focus group discussions on these images. Initial analyses have produced two surprising findings; firstly, the visibility and the perception of Swiss German as a marker of local identity; secondly, the specific context of their display.
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Sun, Jiping, Roberto Togneri, and Li Deng. "A robust speech understanding system using conceptual relational grammar." In 6th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 2000). ISCA: ISCA, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/icslp.2000-410.

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Metheniti, Eleni, Pomi Park, Kristina Kolesova, and Günter Neumann. "Identifying Grammar Rules for Language Education with Dependency Parsing in German." In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling, SyntaxFest 2019). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-7712.

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Radionova, Svetlana. "Grammar Skills Development At Lessons Of German As A Second Foreign Language." In 11th International Conference on Education and Educational Psychology. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epiceepsy.20111.6.

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Koceva, Vesna, Dragana Kuzmanovska, Snezana Kirova, and Ana Vitanova-Ringaceva. "ANALYSIS OF GRAMMAR VOCABULARY IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEXTBOOKS: ITALIAN, GERMAN, ENGLISH, AND MACEDONIAN." In 16th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2022.1373.

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Mantasiah, R., Yusri, Hasmawati, and Muhammad Anwar. "A Preliminary Study in Developing a Contrastive and Error Analyses-based German Grammar Textbook." In 4th International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture, and Education (ICOLLITE 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201215.066.

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Cai, Ruichu, Boyan Xu, Zhenjie Zhang, Xiaoyan Yang, Zijian Li, and Zhihao Liang. "An Encoder-Decoder Framework Translating Natural Language to Database Queries." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/553.

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Machine translation is going through a radical revolution, driven by the explosive development of deep learning techniques using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). In this paper, we consider a special case in machine translation problems, targeting to convert natural language into Structured Query Language (SQL) for data retrieval over relational database. Although generic CNN and RNN learn the grammar structure of SQL when trained with sufficient samples, the accuracy and training efficiency of the model could be dramatically improved, when the translation model is deeply integrated with the grammar rules of SQL. We present a new encoder-decoder framework, with a suite of new approaches, including new semantic features fed into the encoder, grammar-aware states injected into the memory of decoder, as well as recursive state management for sub-queries. These techniques help the neural network better focus on understanding semantics of operations in natural language and save the efforts on SQL grammar learning. The empirical evaluation on real world database and queries show that our approach outperform state-of-the-art solution by a significant margin.
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Zinchenko, Valentina M. "FORMATION OF GRAMMAR COMPETENCE BY STUDENTS OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITIES (ON THE BASIS OF FRAME STRUCTURES STUDY IN THE GERMAN SENTENCE)." In TEACHING THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE OF STUDENTS OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AT PRESENT STAGE. PROBLEMS OF PRESERVING THE LANGUAGE AND CULTURE OF EVENKS OF RUSSIA AND OROCHONS OF CHINA. Amur State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/tfl.2020.9.

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Filippov, Konstantin A., Liubov’ N. Grigor’eva, Mikhail V. Koryshev, Kristina V. Manerova, and Andrei K. Filippov. "REMARKS ON PHONETICS AND SPELLING OF M. LOMONOSOV’S GERMAN TEXTS." In 49th International Philological Conference in Memory of Professor Ludmila Verbitskaya (1936–2019). St. Petersburg State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062353.08.

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Abstract:
M. Lomonosov’s texts in German provide numerous examples of word spelling inconsistency, e. g. Freiheit/Freyheit, Dero/dero, etc. The influencing factors for this are Lomonosov’s individual style and the scientific and educational discourse of 18th century Russia. The research focuses on the alternation of g/h and g/сh. The alternation at the beginning of a morpheme (Staffengagen/Staffenhagen) can be explained by the similarity in the pronunciation of the German letters g and h in Russian educational tradition. As possible reasons for the alternation in the intervocal position after i (abziegen/abzihen) and ei (verzeigen/ Verzeigung/verzeihen), one can point at voicing of a voiceless consonant /h/ in the position between two vowels and Russian spiranta /ɤ/ functioning as a variant of the phoneme /g/. In the final position of a word, the alternation of g / ch is observed in adjectives with the suffix -lich, causing a deviation from the standard spelling in the words neulig and unmöglig. In this case, the explanation could lie in the fact that in the German language, two productive derivational suffixes -ig and -lich exist, similar in form and in semantics. Also in the German texts of Lomonosov one can find variants Petersburg/Petersburch with alternating g/сh at the end of a word. The tradition of substituting -urch for -urg in place names survives in Russian grammar textbooks for foreigners up to mid–19th century as Russian г is pronounced as /x/ at the end of some words. Refs 22.
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Whitmore, Stacey. "Procedure Parsing: A Method for Parsing Handwritten Documents into Computer-Based Procedures." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002518.

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The nuclear industry is heavily procedure driven, where almost everything has a step-by-step instruction that is expected to be followed in detail. Historically, these procedures were printed on paper copies. Recently, the industry transitioned towards electronic copies (i.e., PDFs on tablets). One major drive for this transition is the introduction of human error and loss of situation awareness when using paper copies. However, electronic copies of documents inherently have the same error traps as their paper cousins. Therefore, there is an increased interest in a way to utilize the information in the step-by-step guidance, but to present it in a dynamic manner that guides the user and adapts to any encountered conditions. Researchers at Idaho National Laboratory propose a flexible, automated method based on document parsing and augmented by natural language processing (NLP) techniques, to address these shortcomings and capitalize on these recent advancements in machine learning. The proposed method provides a cost-effective solution for computer-assisted procedure parsing of hand-written control room procedures, originally authored in Word or PDF formats, into instructions that can be displayed as computer-based procedures (CBP) in a modern graphical user interface. The researchers devised, implemented and demonstrated the Operating Procedure Extender for Novel Systems (OPENS) method in 2020. The key to OPENS is to map the original procedure text into a context-free grammar, tying content to equipment, locations, and other steps, actions, etc. This formal grammar is then used to isolate and define keywords and actions verbs, such as “measure” or “evaluate” and tie them to specific equipment referenced within that step or located in other steps, substeps, actions, subactions and tables throughout the procedure. OPENS generates an abstract syntax tree from the document which it uses to store a copy of this information in the open-standard, machine-readable and human-readable file formats XML and JSON. The XML is useful to preserve the relational aspects of the procedure for referencing tables and branching information so the user can be directed to the next appropriate active step based on the values entered for that step and previous steps. The JSON is useful for storing and exchanging data objects used to track responses to previous steps and state changes in simulated environments. In future iterations, these formats can also be used for storing more detailed information about input during plant operation or simulation. The techniques the researcher developed could further be improved by integration of recent advancements in machine learning. NLP methods could standardize documents, correct for grammatical error, and provide automated semantic validation. The researcher expects that self-supervised techniques applied to collections of natural language instructions could strengthen the model with broader context. All these methods together give us a practical way to automatically extract protocols from documents and user interactions, empowering researchers, procedure writers and nuclear operators while moving the industry forward.
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