Journal articles on the topic 'German language Reflexives'

Cross-linguistically unusual though it is for active clauses with reflexive pronouns as objects to be passivizable, German does permit such passives. Passives with reflexives, widely neglected in German grammar, are examined against the backdrop of purportedly general constraints on the control of reflexive pronouns and on relational interchanges in passivization. As to control, reflexive pronouns in passives appear to be under split control, with semantic and morphosyntactic controllers (active subjects and passive dummy subjects, respectively) not coinciding. As to relational interchanges, passives with reflexive pronouns are prone to lack exemplary subjects despite the presence of potentially subjectivizable objects in corresponding active constructions, with case marking and verb-agreement not necessarily operating in tandem.

ABSTRACTWe report the results from two eye-movement monitoring experiments examining the processing of reflexive pronouns by proficient German-speaking learners of second language (L2) English. Our results show that the nonnative speakers initially tried to link English argument reflexives to a discourse-prominent but structurally inaccessible antecedent, thereby violating binding condition A. Our native speaker controls, in contrast, showed evidence of applying condition A immediately during processing. Together, our findings show that L2 learners’ initial focusing on a structurally inaccessible antecedent cannot be due to first language influence and is also independent of whether the inaccessible antecedent c-commands the reflexive. This suggests that unlike native speakers, nonnative speakers of English initially attempt to interpret reflexives through discourse-based coreference assignment rather than syntactic binding.

This paper provides a contrastive account of agent demotion in German and Polish. While agent demotion is a relatively broad term that is often used including mere backgrounding, the focus is on lexical and morphosyntactic means that allow for agents to be omitted entirely, such as different forms of the passive voice, reflexive constructions, generic pronouns or unaccusative verbs with impersonal subjects (among others). It is argued that passive constructions consisting of an auxiliary and a participle seem to exhibit much higher frequencies in German, while Polish commonly uses subjectless constructions such as agentless reflexives, certain modal elements or the -no/-to-construction. This confirms the more central position of German within the SAE Sprachbund and accounts for transfer phenomena that may arise when speakers of either language become learners of the other.

Previous work has shown that heritage grammars are often simplified compared to their monolingual counterparts, especially in domains in which the societally-dominant language makes fewer distinctions than the heritage language. We investigated whether linguistic simplification extended to the anaphoric system of Turkish heritage speakers living in Germany. Whereas the Turkish monolingual grammar features a three-way distinction between reflexives ( kendi), pronouns ( o), and syntactically-unconstrained anaphors ( kendisi), German only distinguishes between two categories, pronouns and reflexives. We examined whether heritage speakers simplified the Turkish anaphor system by assimilating the syntactically unconstrained anaphor kendisi to either of the two categories attested in the societally-dominant language, German. Speakers’ sensitivity to grammatical distinctions in comprehension was assessed using an offline antecedent selection task and an online self-paced reading task. Our results showed that heritage speakers retain the three-way anaphoric distinctions of the monolingual grammar but there were also differences between the results of the offline and the online tasks. We suggest that processing paradigms are a useful complement to judgment tasks when studying how heritage speakers use grammatical distinctions involving optionality, as online measures can reveal distinctions that are allowed, even if dispreferred by comprehenders.

It is a general and undoubtedly true assumption that the passive has a higher frequency in Danish than in German. One of the reasons for this is that the Danish language allows passivization to a much larger degree than does the German, not least because of its special -s-passive. In both languages passivization depends on the non-identity of the grammatical subject and the semantic case objective; in Danish all verbs with this feature are fundamentally passivizable, in German only when besides that they involve an element of controllability. This fact reflects special historical circumstances, developed from reflexive constructions as a substitute for the crumbling medium, the -s-passive in its inmost essence does not demand an agent and was therefore originally attached only to non-agentive verbs. On the other hand the complex passive (the blive-/werden-passive) seems originally to have been used only in connection with agentive verbs; the German language did not develop a new passive after the disappearance of the medium and consequently only verbs, the contents of which can at least be controlled by the subject, were absorbed in the periphrastic passive.

This paper presents a detailed analysis of reflexive nominal compounds like self-assessment in English and their counterparts in nine other languages, whose number and use has strongly increased in these languages over the last several decades. The first component of these compounds is shown to be related to intensifiers like selbst in German and its cognate form self- in English, whose multiple uses also underlie different semantic types of reflexive compounds (self-help vs. self-control), whereas the second component typically derives from transitive verbs. Among the central problems discussed in this paper are the question of the productivity of these compounds and the possibility of deriving their meaning in a compositional fashion. The parameters of variation manifested by the sample of languages under comparison in this pilot study concern inter alia the form of the intensifier (native or borrowed, one or two), the semantic type, and the lexical category of the resultant compound.

The ultimate goal of the study is to examine the acquisition of intensifiers in English and German. In this paper an overview of the first results regarding four L1 English-speaking children will be given. Contrary to previous claims in the literature (e.g. Thomas 1990), it will be argued that intensifiers are used by children in early phases of language acquisition. Intensifiers play an important role in early phases of language acquisition since they can be used to express the wish either to be included or excluded in a certain action and thus contribute to structuring a central aspect of the child's discourse.

In the context of the increasing migration into Germany that has taken place in recent years and German efforts to establish an inclusive school system, which enables learners from different religious, ethnic, language and social backgrounds with and without disabilities to participate, religious education has become a key topic for interdisciplinary discourse between theology, philosophy, and pedagogy in German schools. The following questions are of special interest: How can we manage diversity in inclusive classroom settings in general, and specifically: how can we do so with regard to worldview diversity? Does worldview diversity in schools exist, and if so, how can we recognize it in its plurality and complexity? How can we acknowledge different worldviews in the context of a changing inclusive school system? In this article, we would like to present the theoretical foundation, the research setting and the first findings of our ongoing pilot studies of worldview education at an inclusive German school. The experiments are part of a larger project context that is also described. The case study presented in this article, in which innovative language and machine learning technology was used for data analysis, illustrates the potential of inclusive methods and didactic concepts such as Universal Design for Learning, Learning in the Presence of the Other, and Reflexive Inclusion for inclusive worldview education in the context of a religiously pluralized and secularized society.

The article deals with the analysis of the effectiveness of the application of a group work strategy in value dimensions of a professional training of intending teachers of German in terms of an acmeological approach. The results obtained from the research on the basis of the Faculty of Foreign Languages of Pavlo Tychyna Uman State Pedagogical University have been represented. The study presupposed three stages. At the first stage the category of students and their level of second foreign language proficiency were characterized. Research questions and hypothesis were also identified. At the second stage the research methodology was outlined as well as the tools, which were used to obtain data. At the third stage the questionnaire results were analyzed. A group work with the use of an acmeological approach is an effective strategy for teaching German. Teachers who use it systematically note its effectiveness. We roughly divided the experiment into two parts – passive and reflexive, which were accompanied by our observation, recording the features of the educational process for further development of questionnaires and analysis of the results of collected data. In terms of effectiveness, this strategy increases the motivation of learners to master the German language and stimulates the creation of a friendly learning environment, in which the intending school teachers have more speaking opportunities. Prospects for further research are based on the need for a detailed analysis of the possibilities of the implementation of an acmeological approach in the process of teaching German inUkrainian institutions of higher education. Keywords: group work; professional training; foreign language education; acmeological approach;future teacher of German; motivation; communication.

AbstractThe present article demonstrates how research on confiscated late-seventeenth-century letters allows us to gain insight into linguistic practices of second and third generations of Dutch-speaking migrants who lived in the German city of Hamburg, in a predominantly Low German region. The historical background of the preserved Heusch correspondence, spoken and written communication in merchant circles, and foreign language learning will be discussed. Apart from examining features such as epistolary formulae, ellipsis, and code switching, the question is also addressed of the degree to which interference from Low (or High) German is found. An analysis of the letters reveals both adoption of the Low German reflexive pronoun sick and a diverse pattern of using the relative particle so, which is shown to be a clear case of adopting (and maybe even extending) a supraregional German relativisation strategy.

This paper investigates the Arabic origins of Basque and Finnish pronouns mainly and Basque verbs to be/have secondarily from a Radical Linguistic Theory perspective, a slightly revised version of Lexical Root Theory. The data consists of personal and demonstrative pronouns in Finnish and Basque in the main and verbs to be/have in the latter. The results show that Finnish and Basque pronouns have true Arabic cognates, with the same or similar forms and meanings. Their formal differences, however, result from natural and plausible causes and different courses of linguistic change. For example, Basque ni 'I', Finnish mina/mä ‘I', and Arabic ana (ani, inni) 'I' are identical cognates, in the second of which /m/ split from /n/; Finnish sina/Te'you' come from Arabic anta/-ta 'you' via reversal and turning /t/ into /s/; similarly, Basque zu 'you' is derived from Arabic -ta/-ka (iaka) 'you (nom./acc.) where /k/ became /z/, which compares very easily with Old English ge 'you' and German Sie 'you'; Finnish reflexive itse 'self' is from Arabic dhaat(i) 'myself' via reordering and replacing /dh/ by /s/. Third person pronouns in both languages are originally demonstrative pronouns, which is similar to what happens in English and Indo-European languages and Chinese as well, all of which come from Arabic dha/ti 'this'. Similarly, all Basque verbs to be/havehave true and identical Arabic (and English, German, Latin) cognates. As a consequence, the results indicate, contrary to Comparative Method claims, that Arabic, Basque and Finnish are genetically related, leading to the postulation of a single, perfect, sudden world language, which may be called Radical or Root Language, from which all human languages descended. The Radical Language could not have died out at all but has instead survived into modern languages, having been preserved almost intact in Arabic. They, therefore, prove the adequacy of the radical linguistic or lexical root theory according to which Arabic, Basque, and Finnish are genetically related besides English, German, French, Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, and Mandarin Chinese which have already been found to be dialects of the same language with Arabic being their origin all because of its phonetic capacity or complexity, huge lexical variety and multiplicity, and linguistic permanence or sustainability.

This book was published in the Linguistics Series of European University Studies, and is written in German. As the book's title suggests, this monograph is primarily a comprehensive analysis of reflexivity in spoken Standard Chinese in the framework of Integrational Linguistics. The author demonstrates that Chinese marks reflexivity only phonologically, with the use of reflexive pronoun(s), and argues that ziji (自己) is the only reflexive pronoun in Standard Chinese. Different languages distinguish between referential and non-referential reflexive pronouns, and the author briefly demonstrates this with German sich. Referential uses denote semantic reflexivity (inhaltliche Reflexivität), whereas non-referential uses represent formal reflexivity (formale Reflexivität). Su asserts that the Chinese reflexive pronoun ziji is always referential and that there is no formal reflexivity in Chinese. Since the research mainly focuses on the word ziji, not only in its reflexive usage but also in relation to intensifying and contrastive meanings and effects, this monograph could also be considered as a comprehensive research on ziji in Standard Chinese.

The present article investigates the acquisition of the pronominal systems by French and Italian monolingual children and by bilingual German–French and German–Italian children, demonstrating a stable asymmetry: object and reflexive clitics are acquired later than nominative clitics and strong subject and object pronouns. We will widen the scope of former investigations to include the acquisition of strong pronouns and argue that the observed asymmetry can be accounted for if we combine the external (categorial status) and internal syntax of pronouns (internal structure). In particular, we argue for the relevance of the absence/presence of a nominal layer (N-layer) in the internal structure of a pronoun. This approach can account for the observation that pronouns containing an N-layer, i.e., strong subject pronouns, subject clitics and strong object pronouns, are acquired simultaneously and earlier than pronouns which lack the N-layer, i.e., object clitics and reflexive clitics.

The subject of this research is characteristics of the verbs of movement in the German language. The goal consists in determination of peculiarities of the German verbs of movement in the forms that express continuous action (“Verlaufsformen”).  These forms were common in colloquial language, but currently are not used as the language norm. Determination of the corpus of such verbs was followed by the analysis of each verb of movement in by the three possible forms of continuous action listed in the dictionary. The author explores the characteristics of presence or absence of direct object and reflexive particle next to the verb; analyzes the frequency of territorial application and possible use in speech. The scientific novelty of consists in comprehensive description of the peculiarities of functionality of the verbs of movement in forms of continuous action in the modern German language. It was established that most verbs are used in the same form of continuous action, and some verbs are used in several forms, with indication of a priority form; all verbs are used similarly by other characteristics highlighted in the research. The acquired results can be valuable in the development of materials for theoretical courses on German grammar, theory and practice of translation, interpretation of text in German language, and communication with the native speakers.

AbstractThe goal of this article is to diagnose a verbal construction which has made it to common use in Austrian German and is typically unknown to many speakers of Federal German who have not been exposed to Austrian German. This construction is based on the verb gehen (‘go’) conjoined by a particle and the reflexive. An argument for its analysis as a degree-based sufficiency construction is developed, which is constructed by extending existing approaches in the literature on enough constructions and suggesting a meaning of the construction at hand, which is presuppositional in multiple respects. The results of diachronic corpus searches as well as the significance of the results of this work for the space of possibilities of the semantic change of motion verbs are discussed.

AbstractThe article surveys German-language ayurvedic cooking and nutrition books from 1990 until today. The semantic analysis reveals a market diversification that corresponds to the following categories: health, diet, spirituality, and individualism. These are main attractors of Ayurveda along with its promises of holistic balance and cosmological integration. Because this development can be interpreted as a reaction to the Western scientific formation of "Ayurveda" within popular life advice literature, this essay uses the concept of reflexive nutrition as derived from M. Stausberg's reflexive ritualization (ZRGG 1/2003). Furthermore, the success of these books indicates an absence of Christian dietetics in Germany's religion landscape.

The article deals with acquisition of listening competence in German as a foreign language classes at higher educational institutions. The authors analyze major studies conducted by scientists in this field. To solve the set tasks in the research, the following classification of classical (analytical/articulatory, imitative/acoustic, analytical-imitative/combined) and innovative (communicative, personal-activity, competence, level, reflexive and cultural) methodological approaches to the development of learners' phonetic competence is suggested. It is proved that currently, the use of the stated methods in the educational process is of the great interest in the methodology of teaching foreign languages i.e. the combination of classical methods with innovative techniques and Internet resources that, in their turn, contain a huge amount of additional information in various forms. In practice, it was confirmed that the use of innovative techniques and Internet resources in foreign language classes develops learners' competence in listening, helps to increase their motivation and success along with creating favourable conditions for their active self-development. The paper describes and analyzes modern educational and informational Internet resources in terms of their relevance to the research issue and different levels of foreign language proficiency. The effectiveness of the suggested set of exercises is proved as they provide practice, development and achievement of the new level of learners' listening skills. Pertinent interactive sites and YouTube channels, offering teaching materials and audio samples relevant to the topic of the lesson and the level of learners' foreign language proficiency, are used to create assignments within the frameworks of classical and innovative approaches to the study of a foreign language. It has been shown that the presentation of audio material in a Podcast format is currently the most modern as a Podcast enables practicing and improved comprehension of the German-language interviews on various interesting topics in free time. It is also proved that the use of mnemonic, multisensory techniques as well as mental maps while doing listening comprehension exercises significantly contributes to the development of learners' competence in listening.

A perennially challenging topic in generative syntax, the Middle Construction, has been the topic of several recent dissertations, including the book under review. Although not acknowledged as such in the published book, this is a moderately revised version of the Dr. Phil. (Promotion) dissertation, Middles in German: the syntax and semantics of transitive reflexive sentences, defended at the Humboldt-Universität in Berlin in 1998. Steinbach's book is clearly the fullest treatment of the Middle Construction in German published in recent times. It presents an original and challenging analysis of this construction and offers a wealth of penetrating observations. As is natural for a review article, however, we will focus more on what we see as the problems and weaknesses of Steinbach's analysis than on the book's virtues.

Research on non-native pronoun resolution has predominantly been concerned with (i) ‘ordinary’ 3rd person pronouns/anaphors like En. "he", "she", "they" or "himself", "herself", "themselves", (ii) language pairs involving English as the native (L1) or the foreign (L2) language, and (iii) the role that binding constraints and syntactic structure in general play in L2 versus L1 processing. The present paper – a follow-up study to Pitz et al. (2017) – deviates from this trend in all three respects: We investigate how L1-Norwegian learners of L2-German interpret the two German possessive pronouns/determiners "sein" (≈ his) and "ihr" (≈ her or their), arguing that lexical divergence between the possessive systems, and in particular the formal similarity between binding-neutral L2-German "sein" and the L1-Norwegian reflexive possessive "sin", may enhance or interfere with L2 comprehension, depending on the structural conditions. In Section 2 we briefly present the two possessive systems. Section 3 summarizes relevant research on pronoun resolution, with a special view to possessives. Sections 4–6 present a pilot study on L1-Norwegian learners’ grammaticality judgments of "sein" and "ihr" in simple sentences (Sect. 5) and a forced-choice resolution experiment involving a group of L1-Norwegian learners with a background two or three years’ teaching of L2-German at high-school level and a control group of native speakers of German (Sect. 6). The final Section 7 provides a summary and concluding discussion of our findings.

Abstract Of the numerous factors affecting language development, a particular role has been assigned to Metalinguistic Awareness (MLA) as a major constituent of the cognitive development of experienced language learners, while being itself a key to accelerated language learning (e.g., Jessner, 2008). The present study explores the relationship between multilingual usage and MLA in French-speaking Quebeckers (n = 66) with different language backgrounds who start to learn German after English in a formal setting. ‘Multilingual experience’ was operationalized by the frequency and the diversity of foreign language use across 10 different contexts of use. A reflexive dimension of MLA was assessed by means of the THAM-3 (Pinto & El Euch, 2015), and complemented by think-aloud protocols produced during a multilingual translation task, which reflected an applied dimension of MLA. Multiple regression analyses suggest that both frequency and diversity of non-native language use in specifically literacy-based activities predicted the applied dimension of MLA.

The paper contains notes for the processes of interpretation and language change starting out from the phenomenon that emerged from the motion verb gehen, ‘go’, joined by the reflexive and the particle aus, ‘out’ in Austrian German. An empirical case is primarily made that the constructions if fully implicative. Furthermore, it is suggested that concepts such as Maximize Presupposition and co-development in contact can be useful tools in the equipment of researchers working on semantic change. Finally, a methodological point is suggested towards bridging synchronic and historical data collection processes.

Verbs in German and Arabic are of two types: active and passive. Passive voice is a grammatical voice construction that is found in many languages. Out of grammatical perspective, each main verb has a form in the active and one in the passive known as a "genus verbi" (type of verb). In passive voice, both in German and in Arabic, the focus is on the action itself or on the result of the action; often the perpetrator is not mentioned. In German, to conjugate verbs in the passive voice, you must know the forms of werden (to become). German uses werden + the past participle and states it at the end of a sentence. In Arabic, the passive is formed by changing the vowels on the verb; the vowel series u-i-a occurs instead of the a-vowels. Transitive prepositional verbs originally are intransitive verb with a preposition added to the action of the sentence. In German, the prepositional group can be combined with the prepositions von or durch, while in Arabic, such a prepositional group occurs only in certain cases. In contrast to Arabic, the passive in German is impossible with reflexive verbs. In some cases, an impersonal passive in German corresponds with a personal passive in Arabic. The present paper discusses some of these verbs traced in a chart that shows the most important results when compared with their Arabic equivalents. In grammatischen Darstellung findet man für jedes Vollverb eine Form im Aktiv und eine im Passiv, es wird von „genus verbi“ (Art des Verbs) gesprochen. Im Passiv steht sowohl im Deutschen als auch im Arabischen das Geschehen selbst oder das Ergebnis der Handlung im Vordergrund; aus der Sicht der betroffenen Person oder Sache; oft wird der Täter nicht gennant. Im Deutschen wird die passivische Verbform mit dem Hilfsverb werden und dem Partizip II gebildet, während die Vokalreihe u-i-a anstelle der a- Vokale im Arabischen eintritt. Die im Aktiv mit Präpositionen verbundenen Verben bilden in beiden Sprachen ein unpersönliches Passiv. Im Deutschen kann die Präpositionalgruppe mit den Präpositionen von oder durch verbunden werden. Im Unterschied dazu tritt solche Präpositionalgruppe im Arabischen nur in bestimmten Fällen mit من قبل auf. Im Unterschied zum Arabischen ist das Passiv im Deutschen bei reflexiv Verben unmöglich. In einigen Fällen entspricht ein unpersönliches Passiv im Deutschen einem persönlichen Passiv im Arabischen.

In Spain, as in the rest of the non-Anglophone Western world, English-language film titles have become texts (or paratexts) of great cultural importance. The titles of the films that one may encounter in Western cinema can be considered, on the one hand ephemeral, elusive, and inconsequential. However, on the other hand, despite their clear irrelevance, film titles are considered to be the genuine contemporary cultural texts, for their continued presence in the media and for their evocative nature: an important marketing tool. Moreover, the result of what happens when film titles are translated into other languages and cultures has always intrigued the audience: this is perhaps indicative of the vast universe of translation studies. The differences between languages are palpable, not only from a linguistic point of view but also from a pragmatic, historical or cultural standpoint. In this paper, we deal with the translation of Quentin Tarantino’s film titles into a number of European languages, including Spanish, Catalan, French and German. Quentin Tarantino’s films are controversial, self-reflexive and have acquired a significant recognition within popular culture. Most of the typologies employed so far have revolved around the notion of ‘fidelity” in the translation of film titles, and involving such strategies as literal translation, transposition, addition, etc. We wish to propose here another avenue for investigation: that of film-title translation as a complex (and globalised) rewriting phenomenon that benefits the commercial and ideological interests of the film industry.

The research reconstructed the category of state in the old Germanic languages (Gothic, Old Saxon, Old Icelandic, Old English, Old High German) by structuring categorical focuses within the state paradigm. In the paper it is proposed to consider the category of state in the Old Germanic languages as “fuzzy multiplicity” where the nucleus is the predicate of state, and around it concentrates the state protocategorial construction with subject-object relations of physical, emotional-psychological, mental state and state of perception which transmit different macro-states within the state situation that contains such categorical focuses as quality, opposition, divergence, convergence and mobility. The article covers the essence of the categorical focus for qualitative state category in the Old Germanic languages. In particular, it was done comparison of quantitative indicators usage in state protocategorial constructions for active state, intertiv (inactive constructions), mediopassiv, constructions with IV-class verbs with ending –nan in Gothic, constructions with copula-verbs “to be/to become” + participle II, constructions with participle II, reflexive constructions, reciprocal constructions. Comparison was done in the Gothic-Scandinavian and West-Germanic language areas, and it is based on such Old Germanic literature sources as the Gothic Bible “Wulfila”, “Beowulf”, “Heliand”, “Song of Hildebrand”, “Muspilli”, “Song of Ludwig”, “Old Norse Edda”. The methods used in the study revealed the fundamental development actualisers and similar and distinctive features of the category of state in the Old Germanic languages. The reconstruction of the category of state for the Old Germanic languages in modern aspect has been restored. The research represents new vision of existing truths and positive experience for re-thinking the given interpretations.

For more than 40 years, a debate on gender-related person references has been taking place in the German-speaking world. My contribution starts with a differentiation of four registers, which are currently practiced in writing and have developed specific reasoning discourses and specific social contexts of usage, as I try to show. I am going to examine these four styles of gendered person reference as “registers” in the sense of anthropological linguistics (Agha 2007). This concept of “enregisterment” implies that the producers connect themselves to a socio-symbolic cosmos and can be perceived with cultural evaluations (in production and re­ception), for example, as conservative, feminist, queer, liberal (Kotthoff 2017). Here I shall explore their (socio)linguistic underpinnings within conceptions of language ideology in order to grasp the communication-reflexive charges of these discourses.

The paper provides review of the monograph by Ekaterina Evgrashkina The Semiotic Nature of Semantic Uncertainty in Modern Poetic Discourse (based on German and Russian poetry), published in the Russian language as part of the series NEUERE LYRIK. Interkulturelle und interdisziplinäre Studien. Herausgegeben von Henrieke Stahl, Dmitrij Bak, Hermann Korte, Hiroko Masumoto und Stephanie Sandler. BAND 5. Berlin: Peter Lang, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2019. 173 s. ISBN 978- 3-631-78193-7. The monograph deals with the main trends of German and Russian poetry of the last decades. The focus is on the phenomenon of hermetic poetry. Modern authors consciously choose writing strategies such as literary improvisation, language play, and various intermedial inclusions. The first chapter ‘The problem of poetic meaning’ provides a theoretical framework for the field of research. It introduces the definitions of discourse, the concepts ‘language games’ (developed by L. Wittgenstein), ‘text / discourse’, ‘text / work’, dialogical dimensions of poetic text. The second chapter ‘Semiotics of modern poetry’ covers the concept ‘mobile semiosis’ (J. Baudrillard) and some others. In hermetic poetic discourse, generation of meaning is based on mobile semiosis, in which the relationship of stability between the signifier and the signified is called into question. In The Role of the Reader, Umberto Eco describes two models of the reader, different strategies for interpreting text. Susan Sontag denies the possibility of final interpretation of a text, she suggests eroticism of art instead of hermeneutics. The third chapter ‘Linguistic installations’ considers various manifestations of poetic Hermeticism in modern poetry, the experience of concrete and visual poetry in German: Timm Ulrichs (1940), Klaus Peter Dencker (1941), Barbara Köhler (1959), Werner Herbst (1943–2008), Anatol Knotek (1977), Herta Müller (1953). The final chapter ‘The self-reflexive discourse’ deals with the trend of modern poetry towards free verse and construction of new complex poetic forms. The process of occasional word formation is shown in the lyrical texts by German poets Thomas Kling (1957–2005), Lutz Seiler (1963), Konstantin Ames (1979), Lioba Happel (1957), Thomas Böhme (1955), and by Russian authors Polina Andrukovich (1969), Alexander Ulanov (1963), Dmitry Vorobyov (1979). In poetic discourse, the constitution of the poetic subject correlates with the introduction of new elements of culture into the poetic text. Such innovations do not lead to a mechanical increment of the elementary meaning, but to a structural transformation of the whole picture. The reviewed monograph is significant in that it provides theoretical understanding of individual poetic practices and the analysis of specific empirical material – the latest German and Russian poetry.

From a typological perspective, the verbs of sitting, standing and lying have been described relatively extensively. Against this background, the present paper provides a contrastive study of the lexical semantics of the Swedish posture verbs sitta ‘sit’, stå ‘stand’ and ligga ‘lie’ based on the Multilingual Parallel Corpus (MPC), which contains extracts from Swedish novels and their published translations into English, German, French and Finnish. Since the corpus is a very rich data source, the study is focused on the use of posture verbs as locative verbs. It turns out that it is possible to arrange the languages along a continuum with respect to the use of posture verbs versus the copula to describe the location of inanimate objects. In Finnish the copula dominates completely, in English there is more of a balance (in this kind of written text), whereas the posture verbs dominate in German and Swedish. French stands out as a completely different type in this comparison, since the copula is used very little and posture verbs hardly at all. Actually, there is a tension in French between the use of a small number of verbs with a general locative meaning as translations and the use of a large variety of reflexive verbs and resultative constructions with past participles (e.g. être fixé ‘be attached’) which convey fine-grained information about the placement. Among the languages that use posture verbs as locative predicates, there is a general similarity with respect to the factors that condition the choice between lie and stand, whereas even closely related Germanic languages differ with respect to the semantic factors that condition the choice of sit as a locative predicate.

Abstract Against the backdrop of the societal differentiation of literacy, the paper investigates spelling variation in digital written communication beyond the binary paradigm of standard and nonstandard. To this end, the paper proposes a formal classification of digital spelling variants and then focuses on the socio-communicative functions of these variants in usage. Theoretically grounded in the notions of register and social indexicality, the paper discusses how spelling variants are metapragmatically ordered by social actors and deployed in text-messaging interactions in order to indicate interpretive context. To investigate these phenomena holistically, the paper furthermore presents a tripartite research framework that addresses digital writing regarding its I) structural variants, II) communicative practice, and III) reflexive awareness. Afterwards, this methodological approach is applied empirically. This is done based on a data set that includes samples of everyday literacy by 23 German adolescents: informal WhatsApp texting, on the one hand, formal school essays on the other. The exemplary analyses focus on phonostylistic spellings (e. g. elisions such as <ich hab> instead of <ich habe>) and graphostylistic spellings (e. g. graphemic substitutions such as <daß> instead of <dass>) in these WhatsApp interactions, reconstructing the metapragmatic status of standard orthography in digital writing. By combining structure-oriented, interactional, and ethnographic perspectives, the paper seeks a disciplinary dialogue by relating concepts of sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology not only to research fields of media linguistics but also to research on writing systems.

Despite the work of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson (1989), the concept of relevance has not enjoyed the popularity it deserved among translators as it appears to be more productive in information science and sociology than in translation studies. The theory of relevance provides underpinnings of a unified account of translation proposed by Ernst-August Gutt. However, if the concept of relevance should take into account all parameters of legal translation, the approach should be pragmatic and not cognitive: The aim of a relevant translation is to produce a legal text in the target language which appears relevant to the lawyer in the target legal system, namely a text that can be used in the same way as the original source text. The legal translator works as a facilitator from one legal system into another and relevance is the core of this pragmatic approach which requires translation techniques like adaptation rather than through-translation or calque (in the terminology of Delisle/Lee-Jahnk/Cormier 1999). This contribution tries to show that relevance theory, which was developed in the field of sociology by Alfred Schütz, could also be applied to translation theory with the aim of producing a correct translation in a concrete situation. Some examples extracted from one year of the practice of an expert law translator (German-French) at the Court of Appeal in the Alsace region illustrate our claim and underpin an approach of legal translation and its heuristics that is both pragmatic and reflexive.

Abstract Given the current call for interdisciplinarity, we reflect on pragmatic methodological implementations of collaborative research – by drawing on empirical evidence from two large-scale cross-disciplinary research projects and by theoretically framing them in trilingual contexts (German, French, and English). These are two major innovations compared to the existing body of literature in this domain. Our empirical analysis shows that multi-, inter- or trans-disciplinary collaboration is an oscillating process along a spectrum of cross-disciplinarity – spanning additive, converging and synthesizing work patterns, i.e. multi-, inter-, and transdisciplinarity. Such an umbrella-term avoids the common amalgamation of ‘interdisciplinarity’ as the overarching category (cross-disciplinarity of whatever form) and one of the relevant subcategories (the specific work form that a research team chooses). Concretely, if the majority of methods are developed through communal negotiation processes, then a truly interdisciplinary analysis of research results can only be guaranteed through recursive self-reflexive loops. Initial research questions may still be additive and interactions can oscillate during the project process between addition und tentative convergence. We label this process situative interdisciplinarity. Multi-, inter- and transdisciplinarity are thus subsumed as a processual entity: flexible, possibly hybrid subforms of cross-disciplinarity. It needs constant reactivation, framing, timing and mediation by project managers. The major challenge lies in the collaborative transfer of concepts, theories, methods and research subjects. This transfer requires translation, explication and transposition of the various disciplinary ‘languages’ and can only be converged in an open-minded, team-oriented and reflexive work environment.

Within the social sciences and humanities, especially in the field of cultural studies, research has increasingly been dealing with the dissolution of cultural and social boundaries. However, the question of how interactants perceive themselves and construct and describe their interaction space in a certain ‘culture’ or ‘society’ can only be answered empirically. In this regard, the methodological framework of cognitive metaphor theory has proven to be facilitative. From a cognitive semantics point of view, metaphors by no means refer to an external world in a descriptive sense, but are important mediators between cognition and language, as well as between the individual and society. On the basis of two research projects — one on the metaphorical construction of society in German and Brazilian written and spoken corpora, and another on filmed intercultural interactions in the context of an ongoing research — it will be revealed how participants in communication use culture-specific metaphorizations when localizing themselves and others. In addition, the role of animated ‘compound image schemas’, such as container, outside-inside and up-down, will be explored at the linguistic as well as the gestural level when functioning as ‘patterns of orientation’ and ‘meaning formulas’. While from a communicative-participative perspective such schemas serve to reduce complexity, they are also highly significant from the participants’ own extracommunicative-reflexive point of view where interpretations regarding divergent behavioral patterns are concerned.

Abstract: Interference is a language error in the mixing of first language elements into the second language. One of the error types is composing a second language sentence using the structure of the first language. This phenomenon is discussed in syntax. Syntax is the linguistic branch that refers to the rules for arranging words and phrases to make a well-formed sentence. The purpose of this study is to identify Indonesian syntactic interference toward German on the texts Schriftlicher Ausdruck taken from the B1-Prüfungsvorbereitung-course. The total number of texts was 21. Sentences containing Indonesian syntactic interference were recorded in the documentation table and analyzed using the language error theory by James and Corder. The results showed that there are one hundred and ten-sentence data containing Indonesian syntactic interference. The data are grouped into error and mistake categories. The data that include errors are interference of word order in a sentence, omission of sentence elements (subject, reflexive pronoun, verbs, conjunction), the addition of sentence elements (preposition), and use of sentence element (conjugation). The data that include mistakes are interference of the use of sentence elements (verb according to the context of the sentence, conjunction, preposition, adverb, and word). Keywords: interference, syntax, schriftlicher ausdruck Abstrak: Interferensi adalah kesalahan berbahasa berupa bercampurnya unsur bahasa pertama ke dalam bahasa kedua. Salah satu kesalahan tersebut seperti menulis kalimat bahasa kedua menggunakan aturan pembentukan kalimat bahasa pertama. Fenomena ini dibahas dalam sintaksis. Sintaksis merupakan cabang linguistik yang khusus membahas aturan penyusunan kata dan frasa untuk membentuk kalimat dengan susunan yang tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi interferensi sintaksis bahasa Indonesia terhadap bahasa Jerman pada teks karangan schriftlicher Ausdruck yang diambil dari mata kuliah B1-Prüfungsvorbereitung. Keseluruhan karangan yang diteliti berjumlah 21. Kalimat yang mengandung interferensi sintaksis bahasa Indonesia di data pada tabel dokumentasi dan dianalisis menggunakan teori kesalahan berbahasa oleh James dan Corder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat seratus sepuluh data kalimat yang mengandung interferensi sintaksis bahasa Indonesia. Data tersebut dikelompokkan ke dalam error dan mistake. Data yang termasuk error yaitu interferensi urutan kata dalam kalimat, penanggalan unsur kalimat (subjek, pronomina refleksif, verba, konjungsi), penambahan unsur kalimat (preposisi), dan penggunaan unsur kalimat (konjungsi). Data yang termasuk mistake adalah interferensi penggunaan unsur kalimat (verba sesuai konteks kalimat, konjungsi, preposisi, adverbia, dan kata). Kata kunci: interferensi, sintaksis, schriftlicher ausdruck

AbstractThe school environment of the 21st century is shaped by rapidly changing social and societal conditions that teachers need to adapt to, increasing linguistic, cultural and ethnic diversity among other things. The development of attitudes to cope with these constant societal transformations is one of the main challenges of teacher professionalization today. In this chapter, we concentrate on the self-positioning and argumentation patterns of two Luxembourgish primary school teachers. We focus on the question how these teachers construct differences and homogeneity, what kind of categories and norms they rely on (e.g. performance, sociocultural background, and language) and in how far mechanisms of in- and exclusion become visible.With its trilingual tradition and school system (mainly Luxembourgish, French and German), and at the same time a highly diverse society with more than 170 nationalities, Luxembourg represents a particularly interesting case. As the recent PISA studies have repeatedly shown, the Luxembourgish school system (including its traditional trilingualism and strong orientation on language education) produces a high degree of inequality, and represents an important challenge especially for children of migration.With our study, which is based on in-depth interviews and which adopts an analytical approach combining elements of content and discourse analysis, we found a tendency towards a backward oriented idealized orientation of the past and a high degree of insecurity. We also show which ambivalences the teachers are confronted with and their efforts to deal with these ambivalences.We hope to contribute to a deeper understanding of how teachers position themselves vis a vis the existing diversity in schools, and which discourse and argumentation patterns they rely on. We see this study as part of research on teacher professionalization that will be useful for reflexive pre- and in-service teacher training.

The article analyzes the theoretical foundations of the modern project of rational ethics, in which the ethics of discourse is interpreted as a critical theory of society and a critic of modern morality. I. Kant was one of the first to offer the possibility of generalizing the norms of morality and perception of ethics as a transcendental critique of morality. Neo-Kantianism develops ethics as the most important part of the philosophical system and fixes its scope by the idealistic theory of morality (H. Cohen, P. Natorp). In Russian philosophy, modern ethics is perceived as a normative theory that has to do with issues of self-determination, moral regulation, and freedom of choice. The origins of discourse ethics in the philosophy of the 20th century go back to the “pragmatic turn” and to vigorous discussions about hermeneutics of language and its a priori status in German philosophy, and in analytical philosophy regarding the understanding of metaetics. The modern program of ethics of discourse receives meaningful justification as the logic of moral argumentation in the social philosophy of J. Habermas and in the transcendental pragmatics K.-O. Apel. The ethics of discourse is born from the real need to justify moral requirements and norms. Ethics as a critique of moral argument is associated with the pre-reflexive horizon of the life world, why it is a deontological, formalistic and universal ethics. Two significant projects of discourse ethics, presented in the article as an analysis, should be defined as “weak and strong” variants of philosophical transcendental idealism in modern science.

The development of new biomedical technologies has contributed to changing, blurring the boundaries between the norm and pathology of a human being. It is about a gap in the notions of norm and pathology, illness and treatment that are accepted in scientific communities. As a framework of the emerging humanistic scientific paradigm the principles of a subject-oriented approach to the patient are being developed, aimed at maintaining the patient's control over the recovery process, at developing his/her subject position, which implies his/her active and responsible participation in the treatment process and in medical decision-making. Formation of the considered approach in medical institutions is connected with the development of new institutions and practices. The author shows that the procedural model of the institute of medical cases ethical expertise is aimed at developing a subject-oriented approach in clinical practice. At the same time, the patient, as a participant of ethical expertise, acquires the experience of reflexive reasoning and, thus, enabling the possibility and capability for a patient to be involved in the process of treatment management on a new basis. The article presents some results of the author's study of the procedural model of ethical expertise in German medical settings in the context of describing the main gaps and problems associated with the implementation of the subject-oriented approach. The research was conducted using the methods of semi- formalized interview, substantial analysis of research and methodological literature. As the study has shown, the main problems of the subject-oriented approach implementation in the practice of ethical expertise are related to the trends of bureaucratization and commercialization of this practice in the hospital environment. It seems that the issue of developing an appropriate language ensuring equal participation of the subjects of the expertise is important. Prospects for humanization of this practice are seen to be connected with the inclusion of representatives of patient communities and self-help groups of patients in this practice.

The philosophical situation at Copenhagen University in the 1960’s was dominated by two positivists. Th elogical positivist Jørgen Jørgensen – who had written the history of the “movement” – and the legal positivistAlf Ross. There were also two “outsiders”: Peter Zinkernagel, who did more analytical philosophy of language in the British style, and K. Grue Sørensen who was working in the traditions of neo-Kantianism. In 1955 Grue-Sørensen was hired as the first professor in education – after a long controversy about the scientific status ofeducation as a discipline – but with a focus on the history of education. He had received a doctoral degree in philosophy in 1950 with a dissertation on refl exivity as a philosophical concept and a thesis about the reflexivity of consciousness. He was also an objectivist in ethics, and had been critical of the prevalent moral relativism and subjectivism found in recent philosophy. Jørgensen and Ross had done important work on moral argumentation with more technical work on the logic of imperatives and norms. Moral objectivism was not only wrong but in a way also “immoral” because it undermined their belief in democracy. Especially Jørgensen also thought that the idea of reflexivity was wrong when applied to consciousness. Neither statements nor consciousness could be reflexive – that is refer to themselves/itself. The reflexivity of consciousness is – according to Jørgensen – simply not an empirical psychological fact. Grue-Sørensen tried to establish the foundation of a theory of education based both on conceptions of consciousness and of the relation between scientific knowledge – facts – and moral values – in a neo-Kantian fashion. For him the interplay between ethics and knowledge was a central part of a theory of education – a belief due to which he never became a professor of philosophy – having tried many times. These debates in philosophy and in education were superseded in the 1970’s by the rise in influence of the German inspiration from Critical Theory and the demise of logical positivism.

Dear readers,You are looking at a new edition of the Contemporary Military Challenges, which includes contributions by the authors employed in Slovenian defence system; all except for one work in the Slovenian Armed Forces. This continues our tradition that the last issue in a year includes Slovenian military authors.The previous, thematic, issue devoted to hybrid threats was published entirely in English. It drew different responses from the readers, although some articles have also been published in Slovene on our website. We have received a letter from a reader, who specifically highlighted the problem of publishing a Slovenian pu-blication in English. He agreed that his letter be published on the website of the Contemporary Military Challenges, where our reply is also published (in Slovene). The reader mainly underlined his concern about the preservation and development of Slovene military language. Indirectly, he listed a few hesitations for which we believe deserve a few explanations related to the publication of the Contemporary Military Challenges.Within the framework of developing military professional literature, which is imposed by the Defence Act, the Slovenian Armed Forces publish several different periodicals, such as Vojaškošolski zbornik (Military Education Journal), Vojaška zgodovina (Military History) and other occasional publications (Prava smer, Prvi, Modri, etc.). The Ministry of Defence, on the other hand, also publishes a biweekly Slovenska vojska (Slovenian Armed Forces).Among all the publications published by the Slovenian Armed Forces, the Contemporary Military Challenges are the only publication ranking among scienti-fic and professional publications. It is included in the Slovenian Research Agency’s list of magazines. One of the quality conditions for publications to be included in this list is that one of the four issues in a year be published in English. In line with the higher education legislation, the publication of articles in a periodical of such rank provides authors with habilitation points. Therefore, the authors take this as a form of motivation, both, for external scientists and experts as well as for those employed in Slovenian defence system. The importance of developing quality Slovenian military scientific and professional subjects has been discussed in several articles by many Slovenian authors1. As for the younger generations, a number of experts and scientists from various faculties and other institutions have cooperated with our Editorial Board. Since the publication was indexed in an international database, the interest of foreign and Slovenian authors to publish in our publication has increased. All in all, the number of quality writers in Slovenian defence system has been increasing, which is evident from the articles and statistics published on our website. The Editorial Board has developed links and cooperation with various command and staff schools in the EU and NATO. We exchange experiences, knowledge and new findings. We wish for other military experts and scientists to be able to publish their articles in the Slovenian Armed Forces publication, but our main wish is for other people from partner countries to be able to learn about our knowledge and experiences. A value added undoubtedly lies in the exchange of articles with foreign military scientific and professional publications, and cooperation among editorial boards2. We have developed cooperation with the institutions such as Center for Civil-Military Relations from Monterey, USA; European Center for Security Studies George C. Marshall from Germany; Research Institute for European and American Studies from Greece and others. Different experts take part in the process of developing Slovenian military literature, including proofreaders and translators. The cooperation of both has resulted in the publication of several Slovenian terminology handbooks and dictionaries3. We can thus write with an easy conscience that, we, at the Ministry of Defence and the Slovenian Armed Forces are doing our best to provide for quality development of Slovenian military literature and terminology. However, it is true that a lot remains to be done. Of course, the above-mentioned facts are not perceived as a reason to rest on our laurels. International security environment is a very dynamic one and the Slovenian Armed Forces constitute a part of it. Our daily routine in this environment represents a constant challenge and demonstrates a need for confirming our quality. Personally, I am convinced that the Slovene language with a long tradition in the Slovenian Armed Forces is under no threat. I believe that today’s membership and the role of our country in international structures differs a great deal from the one from our former common country. The proofreaders and translators, who have been supporting the making of the Contemporary Military Challenges for thirteen years, perceive the development of their domain as an every-day challenge rather than a problem. On the other hand, it also represents an excellent opportunity for the print media, the development of Slovenian military science and professional literature, and the exchange of knowledge with others. The opinions of our readers are a precious stimulation for the reflexions about the accuracy of our goals and, of course, about the best way to attain them. In addition to other factors, our decisions have lately also been largely influenced by the financial aspects of publishing our publication. As usual, we kindly invite all who would like to contribute to the development of military subjects to participate in the making of the Contemporary Military Challenges. You are, of course, welcome to contribute polemics and comments; however, professional and scientific articles written in line with the “Instructions for the Authors of Papers”, which we publish at the end of our publication, are a better way of developing the quality of military literature. In this issue of the Contemporary Military Challenges, Tanja Pečnik introduces a subject entitled Geopolitical Determination of the Slovenian Armed Forces – Formation of Multinational Forces in the Area of Western Balkans. Her aim was to verify the possibility of Slovenia or any of other former Yugoslav republics thinking about expanding their geopolitical influence by building closer military relations. Comprehensive operations planning in NATO has been discussed by Jože Grozde who claims that the resolution of crisis in post-Cold War conflicts by using military force has proved ineffective, since it does not guarantee significant improvements in the security situation. NATO has introduced comprehensive operations planning in support of the comprehensive approach of the international community to the resolution of complex crises. In his Command and Control Paradigm in the Enforcement of Military Discipline, Vojko Obrulj discusses military discipline from two aspects, i.e. as an individual’s attitude towards military discipline, and as a behavioural discipline. Regulations or Code of Conduct and Behaviour for the Providers of Education and Training in the Slovenian Armed Forces is a subject which stimulated the writing of Mojca Pešec. The providers of education and training are obliged to attain the highest competence standards and to respect the values regulating mutual relation-ships of the participants. She therefore proposes the adoption of such a document.In his article entitled Views of Slovenian Armed Forces Members on Postings to International Duties Abroad, Branko Podbrežnik presents the results of a research he conducted among these service members. He has found that, in this respect, the latter have to cope with various challenges concerning them personally, their life and work, as well as the life of their families. Finally, the author discusses the way the defence system provides its support.The Challenges of Development Strategy Regarding Information and Communications Technology Services have inspired the writing of Mihael Nagelj. According to his findings, the experiences regarding the implementation of business strategies in modern organisations had shown that strategies can only be implemented by using advanced information technologies.We wish you pleasant reading. Perhaps the above-mentioned subjects will inspire an idea for a new or an already familiar subject which could be presented to others in a new or a different way.

RESUMENLa pretensión de este artículo es ofrecer una serie de reflexiones y valoraciones metodológicas sobre la historia medieval de la Iglesia y la religiosidad partiendo de algunos aspectos destacados de la producción historiográfica reciente y esbozar ciertas propuestas en la misma clave metodológica. Este ensayo reflexiona sobre temas, enfoques y perspectivas, sobre los niveles de estudio de lo religioso y sobre la integración de la historia de la Iglesia y la historia social, y aboga por una historiasocial de la Iglesia.PALABRAS CLAVE: Historia Medieval, Historia de la Iglesia y la vida religiosa en la Edad Media, Metodología histórica, Liturgia y sociedad, Tendencias historiográficas.ABSTRACTThe aim of this article is to offer a series of reflections and methodological evaluations on the medieval history of the Church and religiosity based on some outstanding aspects of recent historiographical production, and to outline certain proposals in the same methodological vein. This essay reflects on themes, approaches and perspectives, on the levels of study of the religious and on the integration of the history of the Church and social history, and advocates a social history of the Church.KEY WORDS: Medieval History, History of the Church and religious life in the Middle Ages, historical methodology, liturgy and society, historiographical trends. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAbad Ibáñez, J. A., La celebración del misterio cristiano, Pamplona, Eunsa, 1996.Andrés-Gallego, J., “Historia religiosa en España”, Anuario de historia de la Iglesia, 4 (1995), pp. 259-270.Araus Ballesteros, L. y Prieto Sayagüés, J. A. (coords.), Las tres religiones en la Baja Edad Media peninsular. Espacios, percepciones y manifestaciones, Madrid, La Ergástula, 2018.Arranz Guzmán, A., “Amores desordenados y otros pecadillos del clero”, en Carrasco Manchado, A. I. y Rábade Obradó, M. del P. (coords.), Pecar en la Edad Media, Madrid, Sílex, 2008, pp. 227-262.Asensio Palacios, J. C., “Neuma, espacio y liturgia. La ordenación sonora en Compostela según el Codex Calixtinus”, Medievalia, 17 (2014), pp. 131-152.Asociación de historia religiosa contemporánea, http://www.aehrc.es/ (consulta: 2-1-2019).Associaçâo Nacional de História, Brasil, http://www.snh2013.anpuh.org/ (consulta: 28-12-2018).Aurell, J. y Pavón Benito, J. (eds.), Ante la muerte: actitudes, espacios y formas en la España medieval, Pamplona, Universidad de Navarra, 2002.Bartolomé Herrero, B., Iglesia y vida religiosa en la Segovia medieval (1072-1406), Tesis Doctoral, Madrid, Universidad Complutense, 2000.Bartolomé Herrero, B., “Los obispos de Segovia en la Edad Media. Siglos XII, XIII y XIV”, Anthologica annua, 63 (2016), pp. 11-561.Bazán Díaz, I., Los herejes de Durango y la búsqueda de la Edad del Espíritu Santo en el siglo XV, Durango, Museo de historia y arte de Durango, 2007.Beceiro Pita. I. (dir.): La espiritualidad y la configuración de los reinos ibéricos (siglos XII-XV), Madrid, Dykinson, 2018.Bricourt, H. Hélène y Klöckener, M. (eds.), Liturgie, pensée théologique et mentalités religieuses au haut Moyen Âge. Le témoignage des sources liturgiques, Munster, Aschendorff Verlag, 2016.Burke, P., ¿Qué es la historia cultural? Barcelona, Paidós Ibérica, 2006.Bynum, C., Christian Materiality: An Essay on Religion in Late Medieval Europe, Brooklyn, Zone Books, 2011.Carrasco Manchado, A. I. y Rábade Obradó, M. del P. (coords.), Pecar en la Edad Media, Madrid, Sílex, 2008.Carrero Santamaría, E. y Rico Camps, D., “La organización del espacio litúrgico hispánico entre los siglos VI y XI”, Antiquité tardive: revue internationale d’histoire et d’archéologie (Ejemplar dedicado a Isidore de Séville et son temps), 23 (2015), pp. 239-248.Cavero Domínguez, G., Martín Fernández, un obispo leonés del siglo XIII. 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This paper discusses the behavior of picture NP reflexives in German and English. Taking the analysis of Pollard/Sag (1994) as a starting point, we show that their main conclusion for English, viz. that picture NP reflexives are exempt from Principle A, does not apply to German. As a first step, we present an alternative formulation of Principle A for German. But the principles proposed for German and English do not offer any explanation for the universal behavior of anaphors if they cannot be related to each other. We thusn propose a more general Principle A to hold universally. Individual, language-specific instantiations of this Principle A are derived from determining certain parameter settings.

Abstract The article addresses the question of what happens to internal linguistic variability in a language contact situation by looking at how first-generation Russian immigrants in Germany use two variants of possessive pronouns (reflexive and non-reflexive) for referencing the subject. To what extent does the frequency of the variants, as well as linguistic constraints on their use, remain the same as in the monolingual variety, or change to converge with the structures of the majority language? A forced choice sentence completion task was conducted with 96 adult monolingual Russian and 96 adult bilingual Russian-German speakers to measure the frequency of both variants and the effect of animacy and referentiality of the possessum. The results reveal an increased frequency of the non-reflexive variant in bilingual Russian, indicating convergence with German. At the same time, bilingual speakers observe the same animacy and referentiality constraints on the possessive choice as monolinguals. The effect of linguistic constraints, however, is smaller than the influence of individual speaker-related variables. Overall, our study indicates that convergence in language contact affects the frequency but not the conditioning of the variants and only in some bilingual individuals.

The present paper reports on two empirical studies concerning the acquisition of possessive systems by L2 learners of Norwegian and German respectively. The first study investigates comprehension and production in written translation while the second study is a set of offline experiments testing the interpretation of possessives by both native speakers and German learners of Norwegian. Norwegian distinguishes between reflexive and irreflexive possessives, while German does not. The reflexive stem form si* is phonologically similar to German sein*, but may correspond to ihr*, a feminine or plural possessor, as well. These differences make the acquisition of Norwegian and of German as a foreign language a complex procedure of restructuring both at the phonological and the grammatical level. Results of the study indicate that the only partly overlapping forms and structural constraints on possessives in the two languages are cognitively demanding in L2 acquisition and subject to transfer effects.

The present study deals with two vital linguistic phenomena, namely the state reflexive and the state passive in contemporary German. These linguistic phenomena are treated not only according to semantic, but also according to syntactic criteria. The state reflexive and the state passive play an important role in today's linguistic usage, so that they should be given special attention and interest as linguistic phenomena. The use of the state reflexive and the state passive gives the speaker or writer a means of avoiding superfluous language elements in the sentence. The present work tries to show the difference between the reflexive state and the passive state, since the Iraqi students as well as the German-learning Arabs have great difficulties in using these two grammatical phenomena.

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Abstract This article examines subjunctive approaches to history and memory as a novel aesthetic and ethical mode of Holocaust (post-)memory in two prominent examples of contemporary German-Jewish fiction. I argue that Katja Petrowskaja’s Vielleicht Esther (2014) and Robert Menasse’s Die Hauptstadt (2017) develop subjunctive modes of Holocaust (post-)memory as a response to a crisis of witnessing in the post-survivor era. Faced with the dying out of the survivor generation and the increasing institutionalization and hypermediation of Holocaust memories, these two authors invoke the subjunctive to self-reflexively account for their historical positionality and critique monolithic memory discourses (Petrowskaja), while also aiming to (re-)invest a stagnant culture of Holocaust memory with political urgency and futurity (Menasse). Subjunctivity thus emerges as a central yet underexamined mode of contemporary German-Jewish writing which has the potential to transform wider cultures of Holocaust (post-)memory, by moving ‘beyond the traumatic’ (Rigney 2018) in the direction of futurity.

AbstractGrammaticalised reciprocal markers in Germanic derive from combinations of a quantifier and the alterity word ‘other’, elaborating on a minimalist strategy of identical NP repetition suggesting rather than expressing reciprocity (‘earl[s] hated earl[s]’). Subserved by quantifier floating, they develop fromfree to tighter syntactic combinations and eventually intomorphological units, tending towards complete inflectional deactivation. Sooner or later in all Germanic languages, the quantifier part of the reciprocal gets inside prepositional phrases (‘earls fought each/one with other’> ‘earls fought with each/one other’). German continues this fusional theme by combining the reciprocal with prepositions in compounds; and in Bavarian it eventually gets reduced further to a bound stem limited to (partly lexicalised) combinations with a preposition, thus being barred from the direct object relation, unlike the reflexive. In tracing this overall diachronic scenario, the question is raised of the pronominality (or pro-NP-hood) of reciprocals in Germanic. It is argued that, regardless of their nominal and referential source, reciprocals here strongly incline towards becoming adverbs of attenuated, situational rather than personal reference, highlighting the relational (role reversal) rather than the (co-)referential component of reciprocity, as is common also elsewhere.

The concept Gleichnis—together with original phenomenon (Urphänomen) and metamorphosis (Metamorphose)—is key to Goethe’s worldview and one of his favorite terms due to its semantic polyvalence and ambivalence in German. Primarily in religious contexts, Gleichnis means “likeness” and “parable”; in rhetoric it denotes “figurative language” in general; in poetry it refers specifically to a simile; and in philosophical terms it is grounded in “analogy.” Gleichnisse feature prominently in Goethe’s poetry as well as in his scientific and philosophical writings. Since he uses this concept self-reflexively, his oeuvre amounts to a theory of Gleichnis. This entry showcases Goethe’s poetic practice of Gleichnis in prominent examples ranging from lyric, epic, and drama, and in so doing seeks to outline the basic structure of Gleichnis as a metapoetic form of reflection which aims to harmonize and transcend the disciplinary differences between theological, philosophical, and scientific discourses.