Journal articles on the topic 'German language Phonology'
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1
Baron, Desiree, Richard Wiese, and Jacques Durand. "The Phonology of German." Language 73, no. 4 (December 1997): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417356.
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Badi, Hussein Saddam. "Phonétique et phonétique corrective." Al-Adab Journal 1, no. 138 (September 15, 2021): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1i138.1093.
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This research deals with the topic of phonology and corrective phonology in a foreign French language. This study aims at improving the pronunciation of the German student who is learning French as a foreign language with the aim of finding the suitable ways of improving his pronunciation. In this study, we have chosen a German student who is studying French in the University Center for French Studies in Grenoble in France. We told this student to read a French text and we recorded this reading. Then we analyzed this dialogue in order to find the pronunciation mistakes and the effect of the German Language in learning French and to know the student's ability to pronounce new sounds that do not exist in the mother tongue. Finally, we proposed pronunciation corrections that were suitable to the student's case. This would help the teacher of French in Germany to manage the classroom and improve the pronunciation of his students and make them able to distinguish the sounds of both French and German languages.
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Hall, Tracy Alan. "The phonology of German /R/." Phonology 10, no. 1 (May 1993): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001743.
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The German uvular /R/ probably shows more surface variation than any other segment in the language. (1) illustrates that /R/ has a vocalic allophone [A], which can surface either as a glide or a vowel, a sonorant consonant allophone, which is pronounced as a uvular trill or approximant, and two obstruent allophones:In the present study I focus on the rules producing the consonantal allophones of /R/ in both Standard German and in certain dialects of the Lower Rhineland (henceforth LRG).
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Pierce, Marc. "The Phonology of German (review)." Language 78, no. 4 (2002): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2003.0050.
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LLEÓ, CONXITA. "Aspects of the Phonology of Spanish as a Heritage Language: from Incomplete Acquisition to Transfer." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21, no. 4 (August 7, 2017): 732–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728917000165.
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The present study analyzes percentages of target-like production of Spanish spirantization and assimilation of coda nasals place of articulation, in three groups of bilingual children simultaneously acquiring German and Spanish: two very young groups, one living in Germany and another one in Spain, and a group of 7-year-old bilinguals from Germany. There were monolingual Spanish and monolingual German control groups. The comparison between groups shows that the Spanish of bilinguals is different from that of monolinguals; and the Spanish of bilinguals in Germany is different from that of bilinguals in Spain. Results lead to the conclusion that the Spanish competence of the bilinguals from Germany is still incomplete, and influenced by transfer of the majority language (German). Only bilingual children living in Germany show influence of the majority language onto the heritage language, whereas transfer does not operate on the Spanish competence of the bilingual children from Spain.
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Pierce, Marc, and Wiebke Brockhaus. "Final Devoicing in the Phonology of German." Language 74, no. 2 (June 1998): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417902.
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YOUNG-SCHOLTEN, MARTHA, and MONIKA LANGER. "The role of orthographic input in second language German: Evidence from naturalistic adult learners’ production." Applied Psycholinguistics 36, no. 1 (January 2015): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716414000447.
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ABSTRACTA yearlong study of the acquisition of German by three American secondary school students reveals influence of orthographic input on their segmental development in phonology. The three had not been exposed to German prior to the year they spent in Germany, they received little explicit instruction on German, and they were the only native English speakers in their communities. Examination of their production of word-initial <s>, which is realized as [z] in German but [s] in English, points to influence of the orthographic input they received while interacting with written text as fully matriculated students in German secondary schools. Despite considerable aural input from their standard German-speaking peers, teachers, and host family members over the 12 months of their stay in Germany, the three learners’ production of word-initial <s> was typically [s]. Finer-grained analysis using Praat shows variation in voicing, suggesting these learners were also responding to the aural input.
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Walker, Douglas C., and Wilbur A. Benware. "Phonetics and Phonology of Modern German: An Introduction." Language 64, no. 2 (June 1988): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415450.
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Bates, Dawn, and Heinz J. Giegerich. "Metrical Phonology and Phonological Structure: German and English." Language 62, no. 3 (September 1986): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415502.
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Elston-Güttler, Kerrie E., and Thomas C. Gunter. "Fine-tuned: Phonology and Semantics Affect First- to Second-language Zooming In." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 1 (January 2009): 180–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21015.
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We investigate how L1 phonology and semantics affect processing of interlingual homographs by manipulating language context before, and auditory input during, a visual experiment in the L2. Three experiments contained German–English homograph primes (gift = German “poison”) in English sentences and was performed by German (L1) learners of English (L2). Both reaction times and event-related brain potentials were measured on targets reflecting the German meaning of the interlingual homograph. In Experiment 1, participants viewed a pre-experiment English film, then half of the participants (n = 16) heard noise and the other half (n = 16) heard German pseudowords during the experiment; in Experiment 2, participants (n = 16) viewed a pre-experiment German film then heard noise; and in Experiment 3, participants (n = 16) viewed the pre-experiment English film then heard real German words. Those who had viewed the English film then heard noise during Experiment 1 showed no L1 influence. Those who saw the English film but heard German pseudowords during Experiment 1, or viewed the German film before and heard noise during Experiment 2, showed L1 influence as indicated by N400 priming of L1-related targets in the first half of the experiment. This suggests that a pre-experiment film in the L1 or the presence of L1 phonology during the experiment slowed down adjustment to the L2 task. In Experiment 3 with real L1 words in the background, N400 priming of L1 meanings was observed throughout the entire experiment for lower-proficiency participants. We discuss our findings in terms of context types that affect L1-to-L2 adjustment.
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Rice, Curt. "Gjert Kristoffersen (2000). The phonology of Norwegian. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xvi+366." Phonology 18, no. 3 (December 2001): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095267570100416x.
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The phonology of Norwegian is the ninth book in the Oxford University Press series The Phonology of the World's Languages. With Kristoffersen's book, nearly half of this series is devoted to studies of Germanic languages, in which context his work supplements previous volumes on Dutch (Booij 1995), German (Wiese 1996) and English (Hammond 1999). The phonology of Norwegian fits comfortably into this series and the author has been successful in achieving his stated purpose of giving a thorough presentation of the phonological facts of Norwegian as well as offering analyses of many of those facts. The phonology of Norwegian can be seen as supplanting Kristoffersen (1991), the author's doctoral dissertation from the University of Tromsø, which has until this point arguably been the most comprehensive discussion of Norwegian phonology.
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Downing, Laura J. "Questions in Bantu languages: prosodies and positions." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 55 (January 1, 2011): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.55.2011.404.
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The papers in this volume were originally presented at the Workshop on Bantu Wh-questions, held at the Institut des Sciences de l’Homme, Université Lyon 2, on 25-26 March 2011, which was organized by the French-German cooperative project on the Phonology/Syntax Interface in Bantu Languages (BANTU PSYN). This project, which is funded by the ANR and the DFG, comprises three research teams, based in Berlin, Paris and Lyon. The Berlin team, at the ZAS, is: Laura Downing (project leader) and Kristina Riedel (post-doc). The Paris team, at the Laboratoire de phonétique et phonologie (LPP; UMR 7018), is: Annie Rialland (project leader), Cédric Patin (Maître de Conférences, STL, Université Lille 3), Jean-Marc Beltzung (post-doc), Martial Embanga Aborobongui (doctoral student), Fatima Hamlaoui (post-doc). The Lyon team, at the Dynamique du Langage (UMR 5596) is: Gérard Philippson (project leader) and Sophie Manus (Maître de Conférences, Université Lyon 2). These three research teams bring together the range of theoretical expertise necessary to investigate the phonology-syntax interface: intonation (Patin, Rialland), tonal phonology (Aborobongui, Downing, Manus, Patin, Philippson, Rialland), phonology-syntax interface (Downing, Patin) and formal syntax (Riedel, Hamlaoui). They also bring together a range of Bantu language expertise: Western Bantu (Aboronbongui, Rialland), Eastern Bantu (Manus, Patin, Philippson, Riedel), and Southern Bantu (Downing).
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Iverson, Gregory K., and Joseph C. Salmons. "Domains and directionality in the evolution of German final fortition." Phonology 24, no. 1 (May 2007): 121–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675707001133.
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Laryngeal realism (Honeybone 2005) holds that thoroughly voiced stops in a language like Dutch will be represented phonologically with the feature [voice], leaving the voiceless unaspirated stops laryngeally neutral, whereas the typically aspirated stops of a language like German are marked with the feature [spread glottis], rendering the passively voiced stops in this language neutral. These two languages also merge laryngeal oppositions in final environments, Dutch undergoing final devoicing but German final fortition. We apply the findings of Evolutionary Phonology (Blevins 2004, 2006b) to these distinctions in final laryngeal neutralisation, underscoring that the evolutionary approach to phonological alternation allows for non-assimilatory feature addition as well as loss. We examine in particular the known history of final fortition in German and find that the reference standard form of the language has evolved an alignment condition to the effect that a fortified syllable edge must match up with the morpheme edge.
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Westergaard, Marit, and Tanja Kupisch. "Stable and vulnerable domains in Germanic heritage languages." Oslo Studies in Language 11, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 503–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/osla.8515.
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This paper provides an overview of Germanic languages as heritage languages, i.e. languages acquired naturalistically by children in parts of the world where these languages are not the majority language. Summarizing research on different types of heritage speakers of Danish, German, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish, we identify certain stable and vulnerable domains. We focus on the so far best studied areas, word order and grammatical gender, adding evidence from other lesser studied domains, such as definiteness and phonology. We propose that in addition to the linguistic make-up of the phenomena in question, the size of the heritage community and, relatedly, opportunities to use the language need to be taken into account. The latter may explain, for example, why moribund varieties of German and the Scandinavian languages in North America appear to be less stable than the language of second-generation heritage speakers in Europe.
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Moyer, Alene. "ULTIMATE ATTAINMENT IN L2 PHONOLOGY." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 21, no. 1 (March 1999): 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263199001035.
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Within both first and second language acquisition research, a critical or sensitive period for complete attainment has largely been substantiated in phonological studies, although it is questionable whether age should be examined in isolation from sociopsychological influences and the extent of exposure to the second language. This study sets out to challenge the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) by examining phonological performance among highly motivated subjects who use German daily as graduate student instructors and who have been immersed in the language through in-country residence, augmented by years of instruction in both language- and content-based courses. The methodology developed seeks to expand the realm of factors that are potentially conflated with age, such as instruction, motivation, suprasegmental training, and self-perception of productive accuracy, and other factors that have not been addressed in previous studies on ultimate attainment. Production tasks target sounds difficult for nonnative speakers (NNSs) according to contrastive analysis, and task types range in complexity from isolated words to sentences, paragraphs, and free speech. A mean rating was computed for each speaker, including native speaker controls, according to native speaker judgments. When averaged across all tasks, nonnative speaker performance did not overlap with native performance. However, several variables correlated significantly with outcome, including suprasegmental training, which indicated performance closer to native level.
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Braun, Bettina. "Phonetics and Phonology of Thematic Contrast in German." Language and Speech 49, no. 4 (December 2006): 451–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00238309060490040201.
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Hall, Tracy Alan. "Lexical Phonology and the distribution of German [ ç ] and [ x ]." Phonology 6, no. 1 (May 1989): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700000920.
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This paper examines the distribution of the palatal fricative [ç] and the velar fricative [x] in Modern Standard German. The data are significant with respect to the theory of Lexical Phonology (Kiparsky 1982, 1985; Halle & Mohanan 1985; Mohanan 1986) because the rule of Fricative Assimilation (FA) which spreads the feature of backness from a vowel onto an immediately following tautomorphemic [ —voice, + high] fricative is a counterexample to Kiparsky's (1985) Structure Preservation hypothesis, according to which non-distinctive features must be introduced postlexically. It is also noteworthy that the present analysis produces both [x] and [ç] from a [— voice, + high] fricative which is unspecified for backness, contrary to the general tendency among previous researchers who have taken either /ç/ or /x/ to be the basic segment.
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Andersson, Samuel. "Creating boundaries and stops in German: An analysis in Universal Boundary Theory." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4724.
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This paper discusses the nature of prosodic representations, focusing on a case study from the phonology of Standard High German. This language displays devoicing, previously argued to be sensitive to syllables, and glottal stop epenthesis, previously argued to be sensitive to feet. This seems to require at least two prosodic constituents, the syllable and the foot. However, I show that the data can be analyzed straightforwardly in Universal Boundary Theory (UBT), a non-hierarchical theory of prosodic representations using only a single boundary symbol |. I introduce the central assumptions of UBT, and show that the theory can handle the syllable- and foot-level phonology of German, including affix-specific behavior and phase-based interactions between the syntax and phonology. I argue that UBT provides a better account of devoicing than a class of earlier analyses based on syllables. Moving beyond German, UBT predicts the existence of a new prosodic universal which cannot be captured by a traditional prosodic hierarchy: phonological processes apply top-down, from larger to smaller prosodic units. Future typological work will shed light on the crosslinguistic validity of this prediction.
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Ackermann, Tanja, and Christian Zimmer. "The sound of gender – correlations of name phonology and gender across languages." Linguistics 59, no. 4 (June 30, 2021): 1143–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0027.
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Abstract Our article is dedicated to the relation of a given name’s phonological structure and the gender of the referent. Phonology has been shown to play an important role with regard to gender marking on a name in some (Germanic) languages. For example, studies on English and on German have shown in detail that female and male names have significantly different phonological structures. However, little is known whether these phonological patterns are valid beyond (closely related) individual languages. This study, therefore, sets out to assess the relation of gender and the phonological structures of names across different languages/cultures. In order to do so, we analyzed a sample of popular given names from 13 countries. Our results indicate that there are both language/culture-overarching similarities between names used for people of the same gender and language/culture-specific correlations. Finally, our results are interpreted against the backdrop of conventional and synesthetic sound symbolism.
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Kupisch, Tanja, Dagmar Barton, Katja Hailer, Ewgenia Klaschik, Ilse Stangen, Tatjana Lein, and Joost van de Weijer. "Foreign Accent in Adult Simultaneous Bilinguals." Heritage Language Journal 11, no. 2 (August 30, 2014): 123–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.11.2.2.
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The study reported in this paper examines foreign accent (FA) in adult simultaneous bilinguals (2L1ers). Specifically, we investigate how accent is affected if a first language is acquired as a minority (heritage) language as compared to a majority (dominant) language. We compare the perceived FA in both languages of 38 adult 2L1ers (German-French and German-Italian) to that of monolingual native speakers (L1ers) and late second language learners (L2ers). Naturalistic speech samples are judged by 84 native speakers of the respective languages. Results indicate that the majority language is always spoken without an FA, while results for the heritage language fall between those of L1 and L2 speakers. For the heritage language, we further show that a native accent correlates with length of residence in the heritage country during childhood but not during adulthood. Furthermore, raters have comparatively more difficulties when judging the accent of a heritage speaker. The results of this study add to our current understanding of what factors shape the phonology of a heritage language system in adulthood.
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Plank, Frans. "Differential time stability in categorial change." Journal of Historical Linguistics 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2011): 269–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.1.2.05pla.
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Change affects different parts of the lexicon and grammar differently, and in particular some parts are more time-stable than others. The creation of family names from words of other classes is an example, and many such examples need to be examined before credible generalizations can be made about differential time stability in historical linguistics. In German, the language used here for illustration, family names typically derive from common nouns or adjectives designating the origin, place of residence, occupation, or salient personal characteristics of the families or their heads originally given those names. Despite such origins in nouns or adjectives, and despite retaining the phonology and partly also the syntax of their origins, family names in contemporary German have subtly, but comprehensively, severed ties with their ancestral word classes in their morphology upon attaining name status. This is shown for inflection as well as derivation, and this result renders the traditional word class categorization of family names as a type of noun in languages such as German untenable. Diachronic conclusions are drawn on this basis as to the transience of semantics-pragmatics and morphology on the one hand and the pertinacity of syntax and phonology on the other in category-changing developments of this kind, with other kinds of developments apparently showing different kinds of developmental dynamics.
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Bolter, David. "Prefixless Past Participles in West Central German: Phonology or Perfective Aspect?" Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik 85, no. 3 (2018): 259–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/zdl-2018-0011.
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Collischonn, Gisela. "Phonetics and Phonology of Tense and Lax Obstruents in German (review)." Language 78, no. 2 (2002): 375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2002.0070.
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Cahill, Lynne, Carole Tiberius, and Jon Herring. "PolyOrth." Written Language and Literacy 16, no. 2 (September 3, 2013): 146–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.16.2.02cah.
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The relationship between orthography, phonology and morphology varies with different languages and writing systems. These relationships are by no means random. They follow rules, albeit with exceptions, even for relatively irregular languages like English. In this paper, we present the PolyOrth approach to representing these relationships, which definines orthographic forms in terms of their phonological and morphological correspondences within inheritance lexicons. The approach involves defining Finite State Transducers (FSTs), but in a much more subtle way than traditional speech-to-text or text-to-speech transducers. We define FSTs to provide phoneme to grapheme mappings for onsets, peaks and codas, as well as a grapheme to grapheme FST which defines spelling rules. We demonstrate the approach applied to English, Dutch and German. These three languages are interesting because they share many features of all three levels (orthography, morphology and phonology) whilst also demonstrating significant differences. This allows us to illustrate not only a range of different orthography/ phonology/ morphology relationships within languages but also the possibility of sharing information about such mappings across languages.
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Penke, Martina, and Kathrin Schrader. "The role of phonology in visual word recognition." Written Language and Literacy 11, no. 2 (March 24, 2009): 167–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.11.2.04pen.
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The goal of this paper is to investigate the role phonology plays for visual word recognition and the change this role undergoes in the course of reading acquisition by providing data on German readers at different stages of reading proficiency. Erroneous responses in a semantic decision task, which employs words that are either homophonous or graphemically similar to a word of a previously introduced semantic field, were compared at different stages of reading development (i.e. in second- and fourth-grade school children and adults). In all age groups, subjects committed significantly more errors with homophones than with words graphemically similar to a word related to the given semantic field. The results show that phonological recoding plays an important role for visual word recognition not only with beginners but also in skilled readers and, hence, corroborate phonological models of reading.
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Lodge, Ken. "A declarative treatment of the phonetics and phonology of German rhymal /r/." Lingua 113, no. 10 (October 2003): 931–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3841(02)00142-0.
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Gooskens, Charlotte, and Femke Swarte. "Linguistic and extra-linguistic predictors of mutual intelligibility between Germanic languages." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 40, no. 2 (October 2017): 123–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586517000099.
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We report on a large-scale investigation of the mutual intelligibility between five Germanic languages: Danish, Dutch, English, German and Swedish. We tested twenty language combinations using the same uniform methodology, making the results commensurable for the first time. We first tested both written and spoken language by means of cloze tests. Next we calculated linguistic distance at the levels of lexicon, orthography, phonology, morphology and syntax. We also quantified exposure and attitudes towards the test languages. Finally, we carried out a regression analysis to determine the relative importance of these linguistic and extra-linguistic predictors for the mutual intelligibility between Germanic languages. The extra-linguistic predictor exposure was the most significant factor in predicting intelligibility in the Germanic language area. The effect of attitude was very small. Lexical distance, orthographic and phonetic distances were the most important linguistic predictors of intelligibility.
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Ouddeken, Nina. "Voicing distinctions in the Dutch-German dialect continuum." Linguistics in the Netherlands 33 (December 14, 2016): 106–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.33.08oud.
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Abstract This study investigates the phonetics and phonology of voicing distinctions in the Dutch-German dialect continuum, which forms a transition zone between voicing and aspiration systems. Two phonological approaches to represent this contrast exist in the literature: a [±voice] approach and Laryngeal Realism. The implementation of the change between the two language types in the transition zone will provide new insights in the nature of the phonological representation of the contrast. In this paper I will locate the transition zone by looking at phonetic overlap between VOT values of fortis and lenis plosives, and I will compare the two phonological approaches, showing that both face analytical problems as they cannot explain the variation observed in word-initial plosives and plosive clusters.
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Levi, Susannah V., and Richard G. Schwartz. "The Development of Language-Specific and Language-Independent Talker Processing." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 56, no. 3 (June 2013): 913–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2012/12-0095).
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Purpose In this study, the authors aimed to investigate how differences in language ability relate to differences in processing talker information in the native language and an unfamiliar language by comparing performance for different ages and for groups with impaired language. Method Three groups of native English listeners with typical language development (TLD; ages 7–9, ages 10–12, adults) and 2 groups with specific language impairment (SLI; ages 7–9, ages 10–12) participated in the study. Listeners heard pairs of words in both English and German (unfamiliar language) and were asked to determine whether the words were produced by the same or different talkers. Results In English, talker discrimination improved with age. In German, performance improved with age for the school-age children but was worse for adult listeners. No differences were found between TLD and SLI children. Conclusion These results show that as listeners' language skills develop, there is a trade-off between more general perceptual abilities useful for processing talker information in any language and those that are relevant to their everyday language experiences and, thus, tied to the phonology. The lack of differences between the children with and without language impairments suggests that general auditory processing may be intact in at least some children with SLI.
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Kabak, Bariş, and René Schiering. "The Phonology and Morphology of Function Word Contractions in German." Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 9, no. 1 (March 2006): 53–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10828-005-4533-8.
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Dohlus, Katrin. "Phonetics or phonology: asymmetries in loanword adaptations; French and German mid front rounded vowels in Japanese." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 42 (January 1, 2005): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.42.2005.275.
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It is one of the most highly debated issues in loanword phonology whether loanword adaptations are phonologically or phonetically driven. This paper addresses this issue and aims at demonstrating that only the acceptance of both a phonological as well as a phonetic approximation stance can adequately account for the data found in Japanese. This point will be exemplified with the adaptation of German and French mid front rounded vowels in Japanese. It will be argued that the adaptation of German /oe/ and /ø/ as Japanese /e/ is phonologically grounded, whereas the adaptation of French /oe/ and /ø/ as Japanese /u/ is phonetically grounded. This asymmetry in the adaptation process of German and French mid front rounded vowels and further examples of loans in Japanese lead to the only conclusion that both strategies of loanword adaptation occur in languages. It will be shown that not only perception, but also the influence of orthography, of conventions and the knowledge of the source language play a role in the adaptation process.
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Lleó, Conxita, and Michael Prinz. "Consonant clusters in child phonology and the directionality of syllable structure assignment." Journal of Child Language 23, no. 1 (February 1996): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900010084.
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ABSTRACTThe production of target consonant clusters at early stages of acquisition is analysed from a phonological representational perspective. The data stem from five normal monolingual German and four normal monolingual Spanish children at ages from 0;9 to 2;1, observed in naturalistic settings. At the beginning stages, target clusters are reduced to a single consonantal position, due to lack of branching of the syllabic constituents. This finding coincides with other results in the literature, which have in general been explained by means of universal principles. Nevertheless, there is an essential difference between the German and the Spanish data: German children tend to prefer the first consonant and Spanish children the second one. This difference can only be explained in terms of parameterization of syllabification, which in German takes place from left to right and in Spanish from right to left. At later stages, when clusters begin to be produced with two consonantal positions, they offer evidence for the beginning of branching of syllabic constituents, due to parameterization, and for the chronological order of the setting of the subsyllabic parameters. Our data offer evidence in favour of the following acquisitional hierarchy: CV > CVC > CVCC > CCVCC.
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Berg, Kristian. "Identifying graphematic units." Written Language and Literacy 15, no. 1 (January 30, 2012): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.15.1.02ber.
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It is a matter of debate how far the description of a writing system should be based on the units and categories of the respective spoken language. The present paper pursues the idea of relative autonomy: accordingly, writing systems should be based on as little phonological information as possible. Otherwise, existing structures may be superimposed by structures from the spoken language and not be discovered. As a necessary step in this direction, the present paper proposes a procedure to identify vowel and consonant letters across languages without reverting to phonology. This is achieved by making use of the different distribution of vowel and consonant letters. The proposed identification procedure is shown to work for English, Dutch, and German. Keywords: letter distribution; written minimal pairs; multi-dimensional scaling
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Kennard, Holly J., and Aditi Lahiri. "Nonesuch phonemes in loanwords." Linguistics 58, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 83–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0033.
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AbstractLoanwords may or may not affect the phonological system of a language. Much of the loanword literature has focused on the adaptation of “foreign” contrasts to native systems; however, there are certain cases where languages appear to have borrowed new phonemes. We argue that loanwords alone cannot introduce a new phoneme into a language unless there are special circumstances. We examine three case studies of apparently borrowed “unusual” phonemic contrasts: Swiss German initial geminates, Bengali retroflex stops, and English voiced fricatives. In each case, we find that rather than the loanwords introducing brand-new phonemes, an existing allophonic alternation has become phonemic due to a large influx of loanwords. Thus, the phonology rather than the phonetics alone – marked or otherwise – dominates the absorption of loans.
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Stelter, Julia. "To pun or not to pun?" Languages in Contrast 11, no. 1 (March 22, 2011): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.11.1.04ste.
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This paper presents a contrastive analysis of puns in English and German based on a bilingual corpus of 2,400 jokes from published collections. The main assumption is that punning in the two languages differs in quantity and quality because of contrasts in morphosyntax, lexis and phonology. More precisely, given that the creation of most types of paronomastic jokes is considered to be facilitated in English, the English data set is expected to show a higher number and a greater variation of puns. However, a few manifestations of punning are assumed to occur particularly often in the German data. Seven hypotheses related to these predictions are tested. The most significant finding is that puns in the English set clearly outnumber puns in the German set.
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Abryutina, Anna, and Anna Ponomareva. "German-English Interference in the Field of Vocalism (Based on the Speech of Germans who Study English as a Foreign Language)." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 1 (53) (April 12, 2021): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2021-53-1-128-143.
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The growing popularity of contrastive phonology as a branch of linguis-tics is seen now, in particular, due to the spread of bilingualism and multilin-gualism. Globalization involves the ability to speak several languages, in the study of which the phonetic level is primarily considered. The purpose of this work is to examine and describe the most likely consequences arising from in-terference in the articulation of vowel sounds in the English-language speech of Germans who study English as a foreign language. The article deals with monophthongs, diphthongs, and triphthongs, dis-cusses possible variations in the articulation of sounds, as well as the processes of reduction, elision, and substitution. Descriptive and comparative methods are the leading ones in the work, however, the instrumental method is also used to determine deviations from the norm and the nature of changes in articulation. The paper identifies a number of trends in the articulation of English sounds by Germans and reveals the reasons of the main difficulties which stu-dents face while studying phonetic norms of RP and speaking German as their native language, i.e. the qualitative and quantitative mismatch of allophones. The achievement of this goal testifies to the theoretical significance of this work, namely, the possibility of further detailed research in the field of sociophonetics and phonostylistics.
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DECLERCK, MATHIEU, IRING KOCH, and ANDREA M. PHILIPP. "Digits vs. pictures: The influence of stimulus type on language switching." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15, no. 4 (June 15, 2012): 896–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728912000193.
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Stimuli used in cued language switching studies typically consist of digits or pictures. However, the comparability between both stimulus types remains unclear. In the present study, we directly compared digit and picture naming in a German–English language switching experiment. Because digits represent a semantic group and contain many cognates, the experiment consisted of four conditions with different stimulus sets in each condition: digits, standard language switching pictures, pictures depicting cognates, and semantically-related pictures. Digit naming caused smaller switch costs than picture naming. The data suggest that this difference can be attributed to phonology. Both methodological and theoretical implications are discussed.
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Wiese, Richard. "Phonological versus morphological rules: on German Umlaut and Ablaut." Journal of Linguistics 32, no. 1 (March 1996): 113–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700000785.
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This paper addresses the relationship between phonology and morphology, using the vowel alternations of Standard German Umlaut and Ablaut as relevant examples. Umlaut is analysed as a completely unified process of vowel fronting which can be found in a wide variety of morphologically derived environments. A number of non-linear phonological analyses of Umlaut, involving a floating feature, are presented and compared. While Umlaut is interpreted, in current analyses, as a morphological rule, the present paper argues for its status as a lexical phonological rule.Ablaut, on the other hand, is, synchronically, a totally unpredictable vowel change found mostly in the paradigms of so-called strong verbs. On the grounds of its internal and external behaviour, it is argued that this phenomenon must receive a completely different description by means of additional specifications for lexical entries.
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Kraehenmann, Astrid. "Swiss German stops: geminates all over the word." Phonology 18, no. 1 (May 2001): 109–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675701004031.
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This paper presents evidence for two claims: (a) that the underlying contrast between stops in Swiss German dialects is based purely on quantity and (b) that the duration of the stop closure is its sole reliable phonetic reflex, i.e. there is a geminate–singleton opposition acoustically manifested in long–short closure duration. Using production and perception data on initial, medial and final stops in Thurgovian, a dialect spoken in north-eastern Switzerland, we show that the pattern of phrase-medial contrast neutralisation supports both arguments: when the extra phonological length position of a geminate is not syllabifiable, the closure duration shortens and underlying geminates and singletons become indistinguishable. The perception data in particular make evident that closure duration is the crucial cue of the underlying contrast, because, in the absence of this phonetic correlate, listeners can no longer discriminate an underlying geminate from a singleton. The results bear not only on central issues concerning the representation of geminates but also on some intricacies of the phonology–phonetics interface.
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Atterer, Michaela, and D. Robert Ladd. "On the phonetics and phonology of “segmental anchoring” of F0: evidence from German." Journal of Phonetics 32, no. 2 (April 2004): 177–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4470(03)00039-1.
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Steriopolo, Olena. "SEGMENTAL AND SUPRASEGMENTAL PHONETICS OF THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2020, no. 30 (March 2020): 166–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2020-30-11.
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The article is dedicated to the study of the current state of segmental and suprasegmental phonetics and phonology of the Ukrainian language reviewed from the recent comparative investigations. In the focus of the research there is the analysis of phonemes’ syntagmatics and paradigmatics as well as the survey of the word stress realizations and the peculiarities of Ukrainian intonation as contrasted to German. The phonetical and phonological peculiar features of sound system and structural types of syllables in Ukrainian are also analyzed. Besides, Ukrainian word stress and intonation are studied as well as the phonetic realization of Aesop’s fable “The Sun and the Wind”. The research has been focused on the functioning of phonemes in the strong and weak position, in stressed and unstressed syllables. The typological discrepancies on the segmental and suprasegmental levels have been made distinct. The peculiarities of transcribing and transliterating Ukrainian texts in German have also been studied. The following conclusions have been arrived at. Ukrainian intonation differs from German intonation by the melody of interrogative sentences. The most relevant words in the utterance, the so-called semantic centres, are tonically realized at the highest pitch level with the subsequent fall, the intensity is maximum. The semantic centre in the Ukrainian texts under investigation is in the final part of the utterances, while in spontaneous speech the position of the centre may vary.
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KRÄMER, MARTIN. "Richard Wiese, The phonology of German (The Phonology of the World's Languages). Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pp. ix+358." Journal of Linguistics 38, no. 3 (November 2002): 645–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226702311915.
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te Velde, John R. "German V2 and the PF-Interface: Evidence from Dialects." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 29, no. 2 (May 10, 2017): 147–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542716000222.
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This investigation of certain verb-second structures found in the German dialects Kiezdeutsch, Yiddish (both Eastern and Western), Bavarian, and Cimbrian, and to a more limited extent in colloquial German, leads to the hypothesis that Phonological Form, via the interface with the narrow syntax, provides three strategies for compliance with the verb-second restriction on main clauses. These are i) the remapping of two syntactic constituents into a single prosodic phrase, ii) the reduction and remapping of two or more words into a single prosodic word, and iii) the prosodic marking of the syntactic edge of a main clause where a restart of the clause occurs. The investigation, using minimalist tools, underscores the central role of the syntax-phonology interface without eliminating the need for the semantic interface in the derivation of German verb-second structures.*
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Liebert, E. A. "How to write in Plautdietsch?" NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 17, no. 3 (2019): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2019-17-3-32-41.
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The article raises issues related to written fixation of the oral Mennonite language called Plautdietsch. The Mennonites – members of one of the Protestant churches, established first in Holland and northern Germany – changed their place of residence over the centuries. The Mennonite language emerged in Prussia and later in Ukraine, where their large colonies had lived. Being a striking feature of this specific ethno-confessional community, Plautdietsch was and still is used almost exclusively in oral communication and does not have any established written standard. The phonology of Plautdietsch may be identified, in general, as Low German, although there is a number of significant phonological features are not characteristic of Low German area. Now the Plautdietsch native speakers live all over the world: in Canada, Germany, Russia, in particular, in Siberia, where their own, yet unstable, written standard of the language is being formed. One of the main problems concerning its fixation is caused by the complicated vocalism and high instability observed in the pronunciation of many vowels and diphthongs, the main source of difficulties preventing elaboration of the means for writing. In this paper, we focus on these unstable features of the vocal system. It provides a brief overview of currently available written samples of Plautdietsch, produced in Canada, Germany, and Russia. Some of them are based on the Latin alphabet and norms of the German spelling. Others, on the contrary, depart from it, using specific letter combinations, unknown earlier, introducing geminates (double consonants), refusing to spell nouns with a capital letter or to use umlauts (for technical convenience). Developments and tentative approaches of some Germanists from Russia who introduced their own ways of writing Plautdietsch in their research papers are presented. As an illustration, the samples of such a graphic system, elaborated by the linguist from Novosibirsk I. A. Kanakin (1940–2018), are given. They were not published and are kept in the personal archive of the author of the article. Our own principle of writing is presented too, and this as a part of the project implementation – compiling and publishing a small handbook for reading in this language, which is addressed to children, whose native language is Plautdietsch and who study literary German at school. Taking this into account, the most appropriate ad-hoc solution seems to use a form of writing that is close to German spelling and is accepted today in Germany.
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Barrs, Keith. "Errors in the use of English in the Japanese linguistic landscape." English Today 31, no. 4 (November 2, 2015): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026607841500036x.
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Foreign words which have been borrowed into the Japanese language, especially in the last few centuries, are commonly labelled as 外来語, gairaigo, meaning words (語, go) coming in (来, rai) from outside (外, gai). This umbrella term encompasses lexical items from numerous foreign languages, including Russian, French, Spanish, Italian, Korean, German, and English. As they undergo the borrowing process into the Japanese linguistic system, the words are likely to undergo modification, particularly in terms of their phonology, orthography, semantics, and syntax. The overwhelming majority of gairaigo have their roots in the English language; estimates put their number at around 10% of the Japanese lexicon (Daulton, 2008; Stanlaw, 2004). They include borrowings in the daily Japanese vocabulary (ニュース, nyūsu, news); ones used primarily in specialist fields, (コーパス, kōpasu, corpus), and others recorded in dictionaries but that play very little part in actual language usage (インディビデュアル, indibijyuaru, individual).
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Schmidt, Karsten. "Morphophonographic regularities in German: the graphematic syllable boundary." Written Language and Literacy 17, no. 2 (September 22, 2014): 253–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.17.2.04sch.
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It is widely acknowledged that the German writing system is not only phonographically structured but also represents morphological information (besides other grammatical information). Stem constancy, i.e. the graphic resemblance between morphologically related words, is the most prominent example of this. It is, however, only the phenomenological peak of morphographic structures within the German writing system. This paper deals with the question of how the graphematic coding of phonological and morphological information interacts systematically and how this morphophonographic interaction can be modeled in an adequate way. The theoretical framework for this investigation is a – slightly modified – non-linear graphematic approach as proposed by Primus (2010) and Evertz and Primus (2013). In analogy to non-linear phonology, this framework operates with a graphematic hierarchy. Within the framework, well- known and only recently established graphematic concepts – e.g. letter features, the graphematic syllable or the graphematic word – can be modeled as parts of a hierarchically structured system. This hierarchy shows the dependencies between the different graphematic units and how the writing system codes grammatical information in a suprasegmental way. Keywords: phonographic and morphographic regularities; German writing system; non-linear graphematics; stem constancy; graphematic syllabification
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Herrmann, Annika. "The interaction of eye blinks and other prosodic cues in German Sign Language." Sign Language and Linguistics 13, no. 1 (August 20, 2010): 3–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.13.1.02her.
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As an interface phenomenon, prosody interacts with all components of grammar, even though it is often subsumed under the broad area of phonology. In sign languages, an equivalent system of prosody reveals interesting results with regard to modality-independent notions of language structure. This paper presents data from a study on German Sign Language (Deutsche Gebärdensprache, DGS) and investigates prosodic cues on the basis of annotated video data. The focus of the study was on eye blinks and their use in prosodic structuring of signed utterances. Systematic methodology, annotation, and statistical evidence provided the basis for a thorough analysis of blinking behavior in DGS. The results suggest a consistent use of certain eye blinks as markers to indicate prosodic phrase boundaries. A constant 70%/30% ratio of prosodic and non-prosodic blinks further indicates the efficient use of this device. Even though some aspects of blinking are subject to inter-signer variation, the prosodic use of blinks is intriguingly similar across signers. However, blinks are not obligatory boundary markers in DGS. I propose an analysis that takes into account various factors such as syntactic constituency, prosodic structuring, and particularly the interplay of various nonmanuals such as eye gaze, head nods, and facial expressions. The fine-grained distinction of blinks resulting from a modified categorization for eye blinks and additional statistical computations give insight into how visual languages realize phrase boundaries and prosodic marking and to what extent they use the system consistently.
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Sánchez, Karin Vilar. "Functional-Communicative Grammar (Spanish-German) for Translators and/or Interpreters." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 47, no. 2 (December 31, 2001): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.47.2.03san.
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In the present research project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture we are working on the elaboration of a contrastive functional-communicative grammar (Spanish-German) for translators and/or interpreters on CD Rom which is considered a valuable working tool for this group. It is well-known that one does not translate words and structures but tekst or discourse. In order to do so, the translator/interpreter must understand the communicative intention of the original tekst or discourse and reproduce it in the target tekst. That means, not only does he/she need a solid idiomatic knowledge (knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, phonology, suprasegmental and extralinguistic elements)in both languages but also a good knowledge of the expressive aspect of all these linguistic resources (i.e. which resources are used to express which function in what kind of situation or tekst and with what effect). However, the existing grammar books do not help him/her in an effective way because none of them offer him/her easily accessible information about the resources (lexical, grammatical, phonological, orthographic, suprasegmental, extralinguistic) that exist in each language for the expression of specific functions (e.g. “make a request”), determined by the type of tekst or discourse and adding information about the frequency of use and the pragmatic connotations of each linguistic form.
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Jassem, Wiktor. "More on German [ç] and [x]." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21, no. 1 (June 1991): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100300006034.
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The two notes in JIPA 20(2) by Kohler (1990) and Ladefoged (1990) concerning the phonemic status of present-day Standard German ç] and [x] are one of many pieces of evidence that distributional (‘taxonomic’) phonemics has happily survived the thirty-year war with Generative Phonology and its offspring. But it is common knowledge among linguists that even half a century after Bloch's (1948) classic paper there is still no fixed and exhaustive set of postulates for phonemic analysis. Such questions as partial overlapping or neutralization or—especially important—‘grammatical prerequisites’ (Pike 1947, 1952) are still open issues, and it is quite probable that, at least for the last-named problem, there is no single, universal solution. In fact, it may very well be that languages differ inherently in this respect, and that for some of them the decision cannot be made in categorial terms. In nonextreme cases there may be at least two different solutions, each valid within its respective framework, one based on the assumption of the analytical primacy of grammatical (or part-grammatical) analysis, and the other on the reverse assumption of pure phonetic distribution. But even with juşt one of these alternatives, one given phonetic-environmental description may lead to a number of different solutions, as exemplified with particular conspicuity by Łobacz (1973). Admitting the alternative of primacy of morphemic analysis vs. pure phonetic distribution, she demonstrated that 504 (sic) different phonemic interpretations of one kind of Standard Polish are possible.
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WARNER, NATASHA, JEESUN KIM, CHRIS DAVIS, and ANNE CUTLER. "Use of complex phonological patterns in speech processing: evidence from Korean." Journal of Linguistics 41, no. 2 (June 28, 2005): 353–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226705003294.
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Korean has a very complex phonology, with many interacting alternations. In a coronal-/i/ sequence, depending on the type of phonological boundary present, alternations such as palatalization, nasal insertion, nasal assimilation, coda neutralization, and intervocalic voicing can apply. This paper investigates how the phonological patterns of Korean affect processing of morphemes and words. Past research on languages such as English, German, Dutch, and Finnish has shown that listeners exploit syllable structure constraints in processing speech and segmenting it into words. The current study shows that in parsing speech, listeners also use much more complex patterns that relate the surface phonological string to various boundaries.