Journal articles on the topic 'German History and criticism'
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1
Ignatova, Irina, and Elena Zubarkina. "Media Criticism in Germany: History and Theory." Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism 8, no. 3 (July 16, 2019): 512–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-6203.2019.8(3).512-523.
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The article is dedicated to the study of the history and theory of media criticism in Germany and the importance of the phenomenon of media criticism for the development and successful functioning of the mass media in German-speaking countries. The theoretical preconditions for the development of media criticism in Germany and its historical stages play an important role in understanding the modern institution of media criticism and the mechanisms of its impact on the recipient. Media criticism has existed since the media themselves appeared, and the existence and emergence of new media is always accompanied by positive or negative feedback on them. The development of the media inevitably leads to their criticism. The article considers media criticism as a global criticism of the media and as a study of individual specific phenomena in the media environment. The estimated role of media criticism is recognized by German-speaking researchers as one of the main functions. And it must be understood that media criticism provides an opportunity for a reasoned discussion about the media, without which neither the existence of the media, nor indeed the society as a whole is possible. Media criticism generates an open discussion and thereby contributes to the enlightenment of society. To some extent, setting norms and standards for the quality of journalism, it forms ethical boundaries of communication, both for journalists and for the audience. The stages of development of media criticism in Germany, described in the article, cover the period from the late 1980s to the present. The main subsystems of mass media are considered: television media criticism, media criticism on the radio, in print media, media criticism in the Internet space. Thanks to this, we get a full picture of the formation and development of media criticism in Germany.
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Leventhal, Robert S., and Peter Uwe Hohendahl. "A History of German Literary Criticism, 1730-1980." South Atlantic Review 55, no. 4 (November 1990): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3200468.
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Giles, Steve, and Peter Uwe Hohendahl. "A History of German Literary Criticism, 1730-1980." Modern Language Review 86, no. 3 (July 1991): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3731135.
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Laane, Tiiu V., and Peter Uwe Hohendahl. "A History of German Literary Criticism, 1730-1980." Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 44, no. 1/2 (1990): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1347073.
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Gemünden, Gerd, and Noah Isenberg. "Introduction: German-Language Film Criticism—History and Practice." New German Critique 47, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0094033x-8607521.
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Малинов, А. В. "Slavophil Mirrors (V.I. Lamansky's Criticism of the Perception of Russia and Slavism in German Science)." Диалог со временем, no. 80(80) (December 5, 2022): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.80.80.003.
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В статье рассматриваются взгляды крупнейшего отечественного слависта академика Владимира Ивановича Ламанского на немецкую науку. Ламанский относил себя к славянофильскому направлению в русской философии, был создателем учения о трех цивилизационных мирах, для него было характерно антагонистическое восприятие европейской культуры. Определение греко-славянского мира, частью которого является Россия, он дает через противопоставление романо-германскому миру или Европе. Показано формирование негативного образа европейской (немецкой) науки у Ламанского: от непосредственного знакомства с Германией во время научных командировок до несогласия с распространенной в Германии точкой зрения на Россию и славянство. Указаны основные моменты критики Ламанским немецких ученых: опровержение сравнения славян с женщинами, неграми, кельтами, рассуждения о ту-ранстве русских, признание славян низшей расой и т.п. Делается вывод, что отрицательное отношение Ламанского к немецкой науке было вызвано политизацией славянского вопроса, стремлением немецких ученых обосновать неизбежность подчинения славян немцам, отказ славянам в возможности создать самобытную культуру. The article examines the views of the largest Russian Slavist academician Vladimir Ivanovich Lamansky on German science. Notes that Lamanskii regarded himself a Slavophile trend in Russian philosophy, was the founder of the doctrine of the three worlds of civilization for which was typical of antagonistic perceptions of European culture. The definition of the Greco-Slavic world, of which Russia is a part, is given by him through opposition to the Romano-Germanic world or Europe. The formation of a negative image of European (German) science in Lamansky is shown: from direct acquaintance with Germany to disagreement with the point of view on Russia and the Slavs that is widespread in Germany. The main points of his criticism of German scientists are indicated: refutation of the comparison of the Slavs with women, Negroes, Celts, reasoning of the Russians' outrageousness, recognition of the Slavs as a lower race, etc. Substantiate the inevitability of the subordination of the Slavs to the Germans, the refusal of the Slavs to create an original culture.
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Koshar, Rudy J. "Playing the Cerebral Savage: Notes on Writing German History before the Linguistic Turn." Central European History 22, no. 3-4 (September 1989): 343–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900020525.
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I want to begin by suggesting that to speak of a linguistic turn in the writing of modern German history is premature. It may be true that intellectual history on both sides of the Atlantic has taken “the” linguistic turn, in the sense that, more than ever before, much current research involves “a focused concern on the ways meaning is constituted in and through language.” The formal properties, degree of sophistication, and utility for historians of these studies vary greatly. They encompass by now almost classical poststructuralist perspectives, methodologically more conservative discussions of cultural representation, and the influential works of Quentin Skinner and J.G.A. Pocock. Yet history writing on twentieth-century Germany, considered broadly, stands very much before rather than after a linguistic turn, if there will be a turn at all. Scholars of modern German cultural, social, or political history who engage current debates on language and rhetoric in truly innovative ways are the exception rather than the rule. Moreover, considerations of a linguistic turn in modern German history take place at a time when some historians criticize poststructuralist thought more forcefully than ever before.4 This makes for an interesting confluence of tensions, especially when one considers that disciplines such as literary criticism and anthropology have turned anew to the study of history.
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Born, Gary. "The 1933 Directives on Arbitration of the German Reich: Echoes of the Past?" Journal of International Arbitration 38, Issue 4 (July 1, 2021): 417–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/joia2021022.
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In 1933, the National Socialist government of the German Reich issued a collection of directives regarding the use of arbitration to resolve disputes, focused specifically on disputes between the Reich and private parties. The 1933 Directives made a number of general criticisms of the arbitral process as a means of adjudication, and relied upon these criticisms to significantly restrict the use of arbitration to resolve disputes with German state entities. The Reich Directives provide a neglected, but instructive, historical perspective on arbitration law and practice in Germany, both in the 1930s and before. At the same time, parts of the 1933 Directives also have unmistakable parallels to current debates about investor-state and commercial arbitration. Among other things, the Directives contain recommendations regarding the drafting of arbitration agreements and the conduct of arbitral proceedings which, while in some areas out-dated, could in other respects be mistaken for current discussions regarding best practices in international commercial and investment arbitration. More importantly, the Directives’ criticisms of the arbitral process, and the National Socialists’ rationales for those criticisms, have striking analogues to aspects of contemporary debates about investment arbitration and proposals to abandon or restrict investment arbitration. Those parallels raise important, if uncomfortable, questions about these contemporary critiques and proposals for reform. investor-state, arbitration, ISDS, criticism, Achmea, directives, Germany, National Socialism, history
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Bucco, Martin, and Rene Wellek. "A History of Modern Criticism: 1750-1950. VII German, Russian, and Eastern European Criticism, 1900-1950." Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 47, no. 1/2 (1993): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1347573.
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Ziolkowski, Theodore, and René Wellek. "A History of Modern Criticism, 1750-1950. 7: German, Russian, and Eastern European Criticism, 1900-1950." World Literature Today 67, no. 1 (1993): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40149060.
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Gaido, Daniel. "The First Workers’ Government in History: Karl Marx’s Addenda to Lissagaray’s History of the Commune of 1871." Historical Materialism 29, no. 1 (March 19, 2021): 49–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341972.
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Abstract In Marxist circles it is common to refer to Karl Marx’s The Civil War in France for a theoretical analysis of the historical significance of the Paris Commune, and to Prosper-Olivier Lissagaray’s History of the Commune of 1871 for a description of the facts surrounding the insurrection of the Paris workers and its repression by the National Assembly led by Adolphe Thiers. What is less well-known is that Marx himself oversaw the German translation of Lissagaray’s book and made numerous additions to it. In this article we describe Marx’s addenda to Lissagaray’s work, showing how they contribute to concretising his analysis of the Paris Commune and how they relate to the split in the International Working Men’s Association between Marxists and anarchists that took place after the Commune’s defeat. We also show how Marx’s additions to the German version of Lissagaray’s book were linked to his involvement with the recently created Socialist Workers’ Party of Germany and to his criticism of the programme it had adopted at the congress celebrated in the city of Gotha.
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Peterson, Paul Silas. "Romano Guardini in the Weimar Republic and in National Socialist Germany: With a brief look into the National Socialist correspondences on Guardini in the early 1940s." Journal for the History of Modern Theology / Zeitschrift für Neuere Theologiegeschichte 26, no. 1 (May 27, 2019): 47–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znth-2019-0003.
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Abstract Romano Guardini was one of the most important intellectuals of German Catholicism in the twentieth century. He influenced nearly an entire generation of German Catholic theologians and was the leading figure of the German Catholic youth movement as it grew exponentially in the 1920s. Yet there are many open questions about his early intellectual development and his academic contribution to religious, cultural, social and political questions in the Weimar Republic and in National Socialist Germany. This article draws upon Guardini’s publications, the secondary literature on Guardini and on some archival material, seeking to outline his early development and his engagement with the ideological context following World War I and in National Socialist Germany. Here Guardini’s criticisms of the modern age are presented. Besides this many other issues are addressed, such as his criticism of the women’s movement, his understanding of the youth movement, reception of Carl Schmitt, views of race, interpretation of the controversial Volk-concept, contribution to a Jewish journal in 1933, and his basic positions on the issues of obedience, order and authority. While Guardini was viewed critically by some National Socialists in the Third Reich, the administrative correspondences on him in the 1940s actually show that there was an internal debate about him among the National Socialist officials. This involved different figures, including a diplomat who came to Guardini’s defense. The internal disagreements were made more complicated because Guardini’s brothers were apparently members of the Fascist Party in Italy at this time.
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Mcnally, Joanne M. "East German kabarett: Between ambivalence and focused political criticism." Debatte: Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe 7, no. 1 (May 1999): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09651569908454600.
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Langbehn, Volker. "Ferdinand Oyono's Flüchtige Spur Tundi Ondua and Germany's Cameroon." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 128, no. 1 (January 2013): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2013.128.1.142.
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Almost anyone who reads ferdinand oyono's une vie de boy (1956) in any language will conclude that the novel focuses on French colonialism. But is it only about colonialism by the French? An analysis of the many German resonances throughout the text—as well as an engagement with the German translation of Une vie de boy—suggests that it is about much more. Oyono's Une vie de boy enables the reader to reflect on Europan colonialism more broadly beyond the role of France. The novel offers a lens onto Germany's colonial history because Cameroon was a former colonial “protectorate” of the German empire. This historical context, therefore, places Une vie de boy in both national and transnational contexts. While my reading addresses possible connections or similarities between French and German colonialism, the publication in German itself adds an important layer to the understanding of Une vie de boy in Germany. In consideration of the political activism of the novel's German publisher, Johann (Hans) Fladung (1898-1982), the publication of Oyono's novel can be read as a criticism of German historiography in the 1950s, which frequently avoided Germany's colonial history, a history that has been linked with the crimes of the Holocaust (Zimmerer).
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Gross, Michael B. "Catholicism, Popular Culture, and the Arts in Germany, 1880-1933. By Margaret Steig Dalton. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. 2005. Pp. xii+378. $35.00. ISBN 0-268-02567-3." Central European History 39, no. 2 (May 19, 2006): 314–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906260126.
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The growth of research on religious topics from different conceptual perspectives in the past several years represents what one scholar has now called the “religious turn” in modern German historical study. With Catholicism, Popular Culture, and the Arts in Germany, Margaret Steig Dalton has made another important contribution to this historiography with a study of Catholic cultural criticism from the Wilhelmine period through the Weimar Republic. Her focus is on what she calls the “Catholic cultural movement,” and by cultural movement she means production in the arts broadly understood from literature to film and radio.
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Hurth, Elisabeth. "William and Ralph Waldo Emerson and the Problem of the Lord's Supper: The Influence of German ‘Historical Speculators’." Church History 62, no. 2 (June 1993): 190–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3168143.
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The studies by Julie Ellison, Barbara Packer, and Wesley T. Mott demonstrate that Emerson's exposure to German biblical criticism worked steadily on his religious mind. While the former studies focus on the problem of the relation of faith to history and the more inclusive problem of the shift away from an evidentialist christology, the present study wants to show that the confrontation with German biblical criticism issued in the case of William and Ralph Waldo Emerson in a decisive change of profession and a break with the ministerial office. Moreover, this study also sets out to demonstrate that Ralph Waldo Emerson's appropriation of German biblical criticism presented an important anticipation of the intuitional doctrines of Transcendentalism. When William Emerson, following the example of such American Göttingen students as George Ticknor and Edward Everett, journeyed to Göttingen in 1824 he experienced a professional crisis triggered by the critical methods of the Göttingen exegetes J. G. Eichhorn and J. D. Michaelis. The biblical criticism which prevailed in Göttingen posed a threat for Unitarians not so much because of the depreciation of supernatural revelation as because of the very method with which this disparagement was brought about. The questioning of the historicity of the biblical narratives characteristic of the so-called “higher criticism” practiced at Göttingen cut against the grain of the Unitarian biblical tradition which regarded the biblical narratives as a factually reliable repository of “the history of Christ.” “There is no other theory,” Andrews Norton observed with regard to higher criticism, “in which propositions ready to weaken man's faith in the genuineness of the Gospels, are so elaborately and plausibly introduced.”
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Kuzovova, Natalia. "SOVIET REPRESSION AGAINST REFUGEE JEWS FROM THE TERRITORY OF POLAND AND CZECH-SLOVAKIA BEFORE AND AT THE BEGINNING OF WORLD WAR II." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 9 (December 25, 2021): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.112018.
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Purpose: to analyze a set of documents stored in the funds of the State Archives of Kherson region – cases of repressed refugees from Poland and Czechoslovakia in 1938-1941. Based on historiographical and source studies on this topic, to outline the general grounds for arrest and persecution of refugees by Soviet authorities and to find out why Jews – former citizens of Poland and Czechoslovakia – found themselves in the focus of repression. Research methodology. The main research methods were general and special-historical, as well as methods of archival heuristics and scientific criticism of sources. Scientific novelty. Previously unpublished documents are introduced into scientific circulation: cases of repressed refugees from Poland and Czechoslovakia, analysis of the Soviet government's policy towards Jews who tried to escape from the Nazis in the USSR and the Union Republics in southern Ukraine, including Kherson. The forms of repression applied by the NKVD to refugee Jews are analyzed, and the consequences of such a policy for the German government's policy of genocide in the occupied territories are examined. Conclusions. The study found that the formal reason for the persecution of Jewish refugees was the illegal crossing of the border with the USSR, since the Soviet Union, like many countries in the world, refused to accept Jews fleeing the Nazi persecution. The Soviet government motivated this by the fact that refugee Jews spread mood of defeat and panic, spied for Germany, Britain, and Poland, had anti-Soviet views, and conducted anti-Soviet campaigning. As a result of the arrests and deportations of Jewish refugees, the Jewish population, particularly in southern Ukraine, was unaware of the persecution of Jews in lands occupied by Nazi Germany. In fact, the Jewish refugees sent to the concentration camps, along with the Germans of Ukraine and the Volga region, were the only groups of people thus "evacuated" by the Soviet authorities on ethnic grounds. However, due to the enemy's rapid offensive, refugees who did not fall into the hands of the NKVD shared the tragic fate of Ukrainian Jews during the Holocaust.
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Ebanoidse, Igor А. "Karl Jaspers’ “Question of German Guilt” in the Context of the German Self-Criticism." History of Philosophy Yearbook 27 (December 28, 2022): 36–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0134-8655-2022-37-36-57.
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On the example of German philosophical thought of the first half of the 20th century, the paper examines the problem of collective guilt of the nation for the actions of its state. Particular attention is paid to the formation of the revanchist ideology that led to the domination of National Socialism. The paper also addresses the history of the criticism of the German imperial statehood, which had developed by the end of the 19th century.
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Langenbacher, Eric. "Twenty-first Century Memory Regimes in Germany and Poland: An Analysis of Elite Discourses and Public Opinion." German Politics and Society 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 50–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2008.260404.
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One of the most important developments in the incipient Berlin Republic's memory regime has been the return of the memory of German suffering from the end and aftermath of World War II. Elite discourses about the bombing of German cities, the mass rape of German women by members of the Red Army, and, above all, the expulsion of Germans from then-Eastern Germany and elsewhere in Central and Eastern Europe have gained massive visibility in the last decade. Although many voices have lauded these developments as liberating, many others within Germany and especially in Poland—from where the vast majority of Germans were expelled—have reacted with fear. Yet, do these elite voices resonate with mass publics? Have these arguments had demonstrable effects on public opinion? This paper delves into these questions by looking at survey results from both countries. It finds that there has been a disjuncture between the criticisms of elites and average citizens, but that the barrage of elite criticisms leveled at German expellees and their initiatives now may be affecting mass attitudes in all cases.
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Steding, Elizabeth Priester. "What Stories Are Being Told?" Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 42–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jemms.2014.060103.
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Much like history textbooks, literature textbooks produce a grand narrative, telling a nation's story via its literature. This article examines the presentation of literature of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in upper level secondary school (Oberstufe) textbooks published in Germany in 2009 and 2010. Twenty years after German unification, literature textbooks are largely divided into two groups in accordance with their handling of literature from the failed socialist state: some focus on ideological criticism of the GDR, and some choose to avoid politics as much as possible. Both options result in a simplistic, even reductionist (grand) narrative of GDR literature. Case studies on Christa Wolf and Günter Grass reveal a consistent, positive portrayal of West German literature and a polarized representation of GDR literature.
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Vogel, Thorsten, and Benjamin Cortez. "The (In)Consistency of the German Foreign Transaction Tax Act with European Law." Intertax 39, Issue 8/9 (August 1, 2011): 404–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2011045.
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The German Foreign Transaction Tax Act [FTTA; Außensteuergesetz (AStG)] has, in recent history, been the subject of criticism concerning its consistency with European law. The legislator has reacted to this criticism and adapted the FTTA to be in accordance with the requirements set forth by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and European law. Despite the actions taken by the German legislator, doubts remain whether the FTTA fulfils the requirements of European law. This article, therefore, analyses the provisions of the FTTA in regard to their consistency with the basic European freedoms.
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Shepherd, David, and Rene Wellek. "A History of Modern Criticism: 1750-1950. Vol. VII: German, Russian, and Eastern European Criticism, 1900-1950." Modern Language Review 88, no. 4 (October 1993): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3734527.
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Hart, Thomas R., and Rene Wellek. "A History of Modern Criticism, 1750-1950: Vol. 7, German, Russian and East European Criticism, 1900-1950." Comparative Literature 44, no. 2 (1992): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1770347.
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Fay, Brendan. "Conservative Music Criticism, the Inflation, and Concert Life in Weimar Germany, 1919–1924." Cultural History 6, no. 2 (October 2017): 141–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cult.2017.0147.
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In surveying the thirteen crisis-ridden years that Weimar democracy endured from its founding in 1919, perhaps none loom as large as the hyperinflation years spanning 1922–1923. According to many historians, the ‘Great Disorder’ not only destroyed the bonds between different social classes but also shattered Germans’ faith in and commitment to Weimar democracy. At the same time, Germany's cultural conservatives found themselves weathering a ‘cultural crisis’ brought on by the combined forces of artistic and technological innovation. In this article, I argue that our sense of Weimar's crises has been profoundly shaped by knowledge of what came later, and has tended to differ markedly from contemporaries’ sense of history and their place in it. This article examines the inflation's impact on German concert life, reassessing cultural conservatives—long held as hostile to Weimar democracy—and their attitudes toward German classical music, the nation, and society during the turbulent early years of the Weimar Republic.
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Baryshnikov, Vladimir N., Victor N. Borisenko, and Oleg Yu Plenkov. "The Student Riots in Germany and their Aftermath." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 4 (2022): 1212–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.411.
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This article deals with the peculiarities of the student protests of 1968 in Germany and their political and social consequences. Among the many protests in the West that year, they had particularly far-reaching consequences for German society. These consequences were related to the heavy legacy of the Nazis, who committed grave crimes against humanity during World War II. It is for this reason that the article places a special emphasis on overcoming the Nazi past, which played an extremely important role in the emergence and spread of youth protests in the FRG. Placing the German protests in the context of a generally rather homogeneous and synchronous protest movement in all Western countries against the old values of bourgeois society and its morals poses difficulty – it is no accident that one of the symbols of youth protest was John Lennon's single “Yesterday”. The past (“yesterday”) indeed came suddenly into the spotlight and was subjected to unrelenting criticism. But the changes in the political culture of society and its mentality were very significant. The mutation toward the triumph of leftist-liberal discourse in the West German public consciousness was so complete and total that it is possible to state, as German satirists joke, that the situation was similar to the way public opinion was controlled in the GDR. As a result, it can be rightly asserted that 1968 in the FRG was perhaps the most important reason for the triumph of left-liberal political discourse in Germany.
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Kovalyov, N. I. "‘A type of a literary Cheka agent’: G. Benn on S. Tretiakov’s Berlin lectures." Voprosy literatury, no. 5 (November 29, 2021): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2021-5-72-87.
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The article examines an incident in the history of Russo-German literary relations — the lectures delivered by a LEF (Leſt Front for Arts) leader Sergey Tretiakov in Germany (1930–1931) and their reception by German literary circles. Along with ecstatic feedback from leſtist writers, Tretiakov’s appearance provoked criticism from a more conservative public. It is to the criticism of the lecture from the viewpoint of ‘art for art’s sake’ that Gottfried Benn devotes his radio broadcast of ‘The New Literary Season’ (1931), subjected to a detailed analysis in this article. Although contesting Tretiakov’s views of the relationship between literature and politics, as well as offering their slightly cartoonish depiction, Benn provides a fairly detailed description of thetheses; it becomes an important source of information about the contents of Tretiakov’s lectures since one of them was never published. Comparing Benn’s rendering of Tretiakov’s ideas with other publications by Tretiakov, the author discovers that Benn presents an accurate summary of Tretiakov’s critical views on Russian classics and the role of a writer in a Socialist society.
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Leventhal, Robert S. ":Rosenzweig and Heidegger: Between Judaism and German Philosophy.(Weimar and Now: German Cultural Criticism, number 33.)." American Historical Review 110, no. 3 (June 2005): 886–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.110.3.886.
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Hexham, Irving, and Karla Poewe. "Source Criticism and the Reconstruction of Reality A Reply to Brigitte Schoen and Hubert Seiwert." Nova Religio 6, no. 1 (October 1, 2002): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2002.6.1.129.
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This paper responds to criticism of our earlier work on the German anticult debate by Ms. Schoen and Prof. Dr. Seiwert. In it we argue that Schoen misunderstood and misread our article as a result of her obsession with published texts. Both Schoen and Seiwert underestimate the importance of history in creating the ethos that shapes the German debate about new religions.
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Nycz, Grzegorz. "The Bitburg Controversy from the New Cold War Perspective: Reagan’s Views on WWII Nazi Germany’s Soldiers’ Victimhood." Ad Americam 22 (March 28, 2021): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/adamericam.22.2021.22.03.
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The Bitburg Controversy from the New Cold War Perspective: Reagan’s Views on WWII Nazi Germany’s Soldiers’ Victimhood
Why to go back to 1985 to discuss present-day key concerns of international relations fromthe perspective of World War II history during the Cold War? The May 5, 1985 Bitburg cemetery celebrations, when US president altogether with German chancellor (Helmut Kohl) paid tribute to WWII veterans (of both sides of the conflict) was an example of the Ronald Reagan administration’s public relations fiasco: the “Great Communicator” failed to refer to WWII history in a manner that would save him from harsh criticism. Importantly, the 1985 debate concerning the Bitburg ceremony and the moral aspects of a homage to German (Axis) WWII soldiers gave an incentive to “Historikerstreit” in Germany, a dispute regarding WWII history in a manner comparable to Holocaust responsibility as a collective burden carried by Germans. The Bitburg cemetery, since the 1930s a monument (Kolmeshöhe Ehrenfriedhof) to WWI German military victims, and then to their younger colleagues during WWII (Wehrmacht and, controversially, Waffen-SS) remained a broadly commented upon focal point of Cold War disputes, allowing such questions that might bring about a possibilityof ground-breaking change in present-day political rivalries caused by failed (or successful) Cold War propaganda related to WWII choices. The Bitburg case as a particularly illustrative one and could also shed more light on the post-Soviet Russian effort to increase its influence by relying on the myths of the “Great Patriotic War”.
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Grawe, Lukas. "The Prusso-German General Staff and the Herero Genocide." Central European History 52, no. 4 (December 2019): 588–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938919000888.
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AbstractHistorians have examined the Herero genocide in German South West Africa extensively. The role of the Prusso-German general staff has received only rudimentary treatment, however. The following study focuses on the actions of this institution and its chief. Evidence indicates that initially and with varying degrees of success the general staff was heavily involved in German military actions. After the Battle of Waterberg, however, the local military commander, Lieutenant General Lothar von Trotha, fought his own war. Meanwhile, the general staff gravitated toward a different role: shielding Trotha from criticism emanating from German civilian leaders and the public. The impulse to protect sprang not only from a harmony of views about the annihilation of the Herero, but also from an urge to preserve the prestige of the German military after unexpected losses at the hands of “African savages.” In fact, the Prusso-German general staff was complicit in, if not partly responsible for, the conduct of genocidal warfare in GSWA.
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Alheit, Peter, and Bettina Dausien. "A brief history of biographical research in Germany." Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa (Auto)biográfica 3, no. 9 (December 20, 2018): 749–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31892/rbpab2525-426x.2018.v3.n9.p749-764.
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The contribution gives a brief historical insight in the beginning and the drastic change of biographical thinking particularly in the educational sphere. Biography is a theme addressed by German educational sciences ever since its historical beginnings in the late 18th century. The discovery of the autonomous, educated, middle-class subject is rooted in that interest in biography, which also shaped the process of “biographisation” of the lower social strata a century later. Even post-modern and post-structural criticism of the ‘subject’ towards the end of the 20th century has a lasting influence on educational science. Understanding the historical background and the consequences of this threefold change of ideas in the concept of “biography” in the German tradition is the aim of this article.
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Holmes, Andrew R. "Biblical Authority and the Impact of Higher Criticism in Irish Presbyterianism, ca. 1850–1930." Church History 75, no. 2 (June 2006): 343–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700111345.
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The decades between 1850 and 1930 saw traditional understandings of Christianity subjected to rigorous social, intellectual, and theological criticism across the transatlantic world. Unprecedented urban and industrial expansion drew attention to the shortcomings of established models of church organization while traditional Christian beliefs concerning human origins and the authority of Scripture were assailed by new approaches to science and biblical higher criticism. In contradistinction to lower or textual criticism, higher criticism dealt with the development of the biblical text in broad terms. According to James Strahan, professor of Hebrew at Magee College, Derry, from 1915 to 1926, textual criticism aimed “at ascertaining the genuine text and meaning of an author” while higher “or historical, criticism seeks to answer a series of questions affecting the composition, editing and collection of the Sacred Books.” During the nineteenth century, the controversy over the use of higher critical methods focused for the most part upon the Old Testament. In particular, critics dismissed the Mosaic authorship and unity of the Pentateuch, arguing that it was the compilation of a number of early documentary fragments brought together by priests after the Babylonian Exile in the sixth century B.C. This “documentary hypothesis” is most often associated with the German scholar, Julius Wellhausen. Indeed, higher criticism had been fostered in the extensive university system of the various German states, which encouraged original research and the emergence of a professional intellectual elite. It reflected the desire of liberal theologians to adapt the Christian faith to the needs and values of modern culture, particularly natural science and history.
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Gaido, Daniel. "Archive Marxism and the Union Bureaucracy: Karl Kautsky on Samuel Gompers and the German Free Trade Unions." Historical Materialism 16, no. 3 (2008): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920608x315266.
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AbstractThis work is a companion piece to ‘The American Worker’, Karl Kautsky's reply to Werner Sombart's Why Is There No Socialism in the United States? (1906), first published in English in the November 2003 edition of this journal. In August 1909 Kautsky wrote an article on Samuel Gompers, the president of the American Federation of Labor, on the occasion of the latter's first European tour. The article was not only a criticism of Gompers's anti-socialist ‘pure-and-simple’ unionism but also part of an ongoing battle between the revolutionary wing of German Social Democracy and the German trade-union officials. In this critical English edition we provide the historical background to the document as well as an overview of the issues raised by Gompers' visit to Germany, such as the bureaucratisation and increasing conservatism of the union leadership in both Germany and the United States, the role of the General Commission of Free Trade Unions in the abandonment of Marxism by the German Social-Democratic Party and the socialists' attitude toward institutions promoting class collaboration like the National Civic Federation.
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Laane, Thu V. "A History of German Literary Criticism, 1730-1980 edited by Peter Uwe Hohendahl." Rocky Mountain Review 44, no. 1-2 (1990): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rmr.1990.0026.
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Milosavljevic, Boris. "Bozidar Knezevic (1862-1905): Biography, philosophy, reception and criticism." Theoria, Beograd 60, no. 3 (2017): 155–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1703155m.
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Bozidar Knezevic (1862-1905) was a Serbian philosopher of history. His philosophico-historical system is presented in his two-volume Principles of History (Law of Order [succession] in History, 1898; and Proportion in History, 1901). Knezevic was a proponent of Spencerism, the philosophy of the then most popular philosopher, Herbert Spencer. For Knezevic, history, as a positive science, is actually the real philosophy, and the true goal of history is the brotherhood of humankind: ?it remains for scientific history to bind man to man; history is to bind all peoples and all times, to bring them closer to one another and to reconcile them?. He saw global history as an evolutionary ascent to moral and intellectual unification of humankind. Knezevic?s book of aphorisms (on morality, history, religion etc.) The Thoughts (1902) was very popular. He translated writings of Henry Thomas Buckle, Thomas Carlyle and Thomas Babington Macaulay into Serbian. He translated from French, German and Russian as well. Abridged versions of his writings and selected aphorisms are published in English (History, the Anatomy of Time: The Final Phase of Sunlight, translated by George Vid Tomashevich, Sherwood A. Wakeman, Philosophical Library, New York, 1980).
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Corredor, Eva L. "Book Review: A History of Modern Criticism: 1750-1950, Volume 7: German, Russian, and Eastern European Criticism, 1900-1950." Philosophy and Literature 20, no. 1 (1996): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/phl.1996.0030.
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Thiel, Markus. "Auf dem Weg zu einem neuen „Musterpolizeigesetz“." Die Verwaltung 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 2–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/verw.53.1.1.
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Police Law in Germany currently faces diverse challenges. The consensus regarding its basics in legal dogma dwindles, the adjustment pressure is rising, the legal regulations in the German federal states are drifting apart, and the population‘s acceptance of police acts decreases in a worrying way. As a part of a solution strategy, a standardization of Police Acts is currently being discussed; as its basis, a “Template Police Act” may serve. Such templates have been drafted in the 1970s, and a working group, set up by a subcommittee of the German Conference of the Ministers of the Interior, is drawing up a new template act. This template act can be used as a “toolbox” for the legislators in the German federal states after its publication. This article delineates the current challenges and problems, describes the history of the “Template Police Acts”, discusses the criticism against “template legislation” and provides an insight into the work process based on four short examples.
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Schniedewind, Karen. "Life-Long Work or Well-Deserved Leisure in Old Age? Conceptions of Old Age Within the French and German Labour Movements in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries." International Review of Social History 42, no. 3 (December 1997): 397–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000114361.
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SummaryThe close connection between old age and retirement and to what extent society accepts work-free retirement in old age emerged as the topical themes we know in France and Germany as late as the 1950s and 1960s. By analysing the relevant discussions in the labour circles of both countries the author examines whether this modern concept of retirement originated in the early phase of the welfare state. The concepts and points of criticism which each of the labour movements developed for old age provision show, by virtue of the different national mental attitudes, that their considerations about old age as a life phase diverged from one another to a great degree. The German labour movement believed that old age pensions were primarily a compensation for the reduction in income on reaching an advanced age, and it thus gave preference to the invalidity pension. In contrast, French society supported the idea of welfare security for the old. Along with criticisms of state social policies, the purpose of providing for the old is at the centre of the essay's analysis, more specifically the contrary forms this discussion took in Germany and France: obliged to work in old age or well-earned retirement.
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Nägele, Horst. "Warum wir uns mit N.F.S Grundtvigs idealismus-kritischen Abhandlungen beschäftigen." Grundtvig-Studier 46, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/grs.v46i1.16189.
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Warum wir uns mit N.F.S. Grundtvigsidealismus-kritischen Abhandlungen beschäftigenBy Horst NägeleHorst Nägele begins his article with the statement that circumstantial evidence suggests that the democratic credibility of the Federal Republic of Germany may be questioned. Nägele argues for this view by comparing social conventions in Scandinavia and Germany.He adduces historical material to support his theory of a cultural difference on this point. The criticism levelled by the poet Jens Baggesen at the High German language for its remoteness from reality, is dealt with first. Then follows a discussion of the similar criticism by Grundtvig of the idealistic German philosophy, which, according to Grundtvig, is linked up with the Imperialist inclinations of Germany. Hence Germany’s propensity to .litism which finds expression in the New High German literary language as well as in philosophy. In Grundtvig’s view, the connection between the litist, and therefore Imperialist, unitary culture of Germany and the idealistic philosophy manifests itself in the detachment from reality that is characteristic of Schelling’s philosophy. When Schelling talks about the I that embodies itself, it becomes the image of nothing perceiving itself, in contrast to an I attached to a body. Grundtvig also finds evidence of this German tendency towards a missing sense of reality in Schiller’s poetical works. On a close examination of Grundtvig’s writings, it will appear that Friedrich Schiller’s (quasi-idealistic) tragedies are as a whole seen to convey the notion of heroes being (lifeless) shadows, easily killed. For Schiller’s higher, moral human nature, determined by liberty, cannot conquer death; in Grundtvig’s view, only the spirit of history can do that. Grundtvig’s view of life contrasts, for instance, with Schiller’s drama Wallenstein, where the protagonist chooses of his own free will to submit to death and evil.After discussing Grundtvig’s interpretation of Schiller’s dramas, Nägele returns to Schelling’s philosophy as an example of a tendency in German idealism. As Grundtvig understood it, life depends on truth. Grundtvig attaches importance to immediate actuality (‘fundamental and ultimate reality’) as it is the prerequisite for the conception that the ideal is the cause of .all temporal reality.. Grundtvig’s attitude contrasts sharply with what he calls the delusive view of the German idealistic philosophers who despise the body and annihilate life in order to idolize an egocentric construct, with the disastrous consequence that life doesn’t count. Thus Schelling mixes good with evil, truth with falsehood, since the absolute ideal, reason perceiving itself, is given the highest priority, i.e. preceding reality. According to Grundtvig, what is ideal, what is possible, always depends on reality, on what is real. In Grundtvig’s view, truth can only be perceived by man in his life on earth in contradistinction to falsehood; therefore it is impossible to identify the divine perception of the eternal truth and the human recognition of truth.This is the main line of thought in Grundtvig’s criticism of Schelling’s philosophy. It is Nägele’s argument that this criticism is highly topical since it is reflected in the debate over morals today, in the endeavours to create dignified social conventions, and in the complex issue of the future character of the European community as either a union or a loose cooperative structure.
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Bruce, Gary S. "The Prelude to Nationwide Surveillance in East Germany: Stasi Operations and Threat Perceptions, 1945–1953." Journal of Cold War Studies 5, no. 2 (March 2003): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152039703763336453.
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Many observers have been puzzled by the extent of the uprising that swept through East Germany in June 1953, given the legendary efficiency of the East German state security (Stasi) forces and their vast network of informants. Some scholars have even attempted to explain the Stasi's inability to foresee and prevent the uprising by arguing that the Stasi conspired with the demonstrators. The opening of the archives of the former German Democratic Republic has shed valuable light on this issue. Based on extensive research in the archives of the Stasi and of the former Socialist Unity Party of East Germany, as well as materials from the West German archives, this article shows that the Stasi did not fail its party superiors in being unable to foresee the uprising of June 1953. There was, in fact, no way that the organization could have foreseen the rebellion. Prior to 1953 the Stasi was not outfitted with a massive surveillance apparatus, nor was it mandated for broad internal surveillance. Rather, it primarily targeted well-known opposition groups at home and anti-Communist organizations based in West Berlin. The criticism directed against the Stasi after the uprising was attributable mainly to Walter Ulbricht's embattled leadership position and his need for a scapegoat.
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Gilman, Todd S. "Augustan Criticism and Changing Conceptions of English Opera." Theatre Survey 36, no. 2 (November 1995): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557400001186.
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The love-hate nature of the relations between England and Italy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is well known. Ever since Henry VIII broke with Rome after Pope Clement VII refused to allow his divorce, things Italian were a popular object of satire and general disdain. An ever-increasing British nationalism founded on political, religious, and aesthetic principles during the seventeenth century fanned the flames of anti-Italian sentiment. This nationalism, newly consolidated in the seventeenth century by the ambitions of the Stuart monarchs to destroy Parliament, was intimately connected with English Protestantism. As Samuel Kliger has argued, the triumph of the Goths—Protestant Englishmen's Germanic ancestors—over Roman tyranny in antiquity became for seventeenth-century England a symbol of democratic success. Moreover, observes Kliger, an influential theory rooted in the Reformation, the “translatio imperii ad Teutonicos,” emphasized traditional German racial qualities—youth, vigor, manliness, and moral purity—over those of Latin culture—torpor, decadence, effeminacy, and immorality—and contributed to the modern constitution of the supreme role of the Goths in history. The German translatio implied an analogy between the conquest of the Roman Empire by the Goths (under Charlemagne) and the rallying of the humanist-reformers of northern Europe (e.g., Luther) for religious freedom, understood as liberation from Roman priestcraft; that is, “the translatio crystallized the idea that humanity was twice ransomed from Roman tyranny and depravity—in antiquity by the Goths, in modern times by their descendants, the German reformers…the epithet ‘Gothic’ became not only a polar term in political discussion, a trope for the ‘free,’ but also in religious discussion a trope for all those spiritual, moral, and cultural values contained for the eighteenth century in the single word ‘enlightenment.’”
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Kocka, Jürgen. "Looking Back on the Sonderweg." Central European History 51, no. 1 (March 2018): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938918000183.
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Central European History has opened its pages again and again to the controversial debate about the so-called German Sonderweg. With that in mind, and on the occasion of this important journal's fiftieth anniversary, the following essay presents some very selective and personal thoughts on this topic. Although discussed and promoted much less frequently now than in previous decades, and although there are understandable reasons why it has left the center stage of scholarly debate, the approach to modern German history signified by this problematic concept has not been disproven or become obsolete. But, confronted by severe criticism, it has been—and can be—rethought and revised.
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Priemel, Kim Christian. "Cunning Passages: Historiography's Ways in and out of the Nuremberg Courtroom." Central European History 53, no. 4 (December 2020): 785–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938920000400.
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AbstractStarting out from the question of how history and law relate to each other, the article traces the influence of historical interpretations in the making of the Nuremberg Trials, taking these as examples for transitional trials more generally. In trying to explain Germany's apparently aberrant historical evolution, special-path explanations forged by historians gained in prominence after 1933. Several schools of historical thought proved particularly influential, among them the Namierites in Britain, the Andler-Vermeil school of Pangermanism in France, and the so-called Kehrites who emigrated from Germany to the US. These ideas then traveled to Nuremberg where they informed the prosecutors’ understanding of German history, leaving a discernible impact on the trials’ design and dynamics. In Nuremberg's aftermath, these trial narratives would come to inform influential strands in postwar historiography, with the special path both enjoying popularity and inviting heavy criticism to the present day.
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Jesan, Irina J., and Elena A. Kovtunova. "GERMAN-BASED INTERNET LINGUISTICS: HISTORY REVIEW AND MODERN TRENDS." German Philology at the St Petersburg State University 12 (2022): 252–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu33.2022.113.
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This article focuses on a new linguistic discipline called Internet linguistics, reveals historical aspects of its formation, and summarizes research strategies in modern linguistic studies in German-speaking countries. The article provides a brief overview of the main studies on Internet-linguistics by German-speaking researchers from the late 1980s to the present. Research analysis evaluates important terminological aspects: debates around key concepts and objects of study. With the invention of the Internet and rapid progress made in digital media, forms of social interaction were significantly impacted, along with related tendencies of development of the modern German language. The analysis highlights a contribution of German-speaking academic researchers to the debate on the possibility of distinguishing a special language of the Internet and language criticism on the Internet. The article presents the studies addressing the topic focus on linguistic innovations on the Internet and the pragmatic potential of the linguistic phenomena typical for the modern German language. The article briefly describes the research approaches to the problems of new media and new forms of communication in the digital world (SMS text messages, chat rooms, blogs, tweets, etc.), multimodal Internet phenomena (emoji, memes), standards and rules of online behavior (Netiquette). Contemporary studies forced a new viewpoint on some concepts from related disciplines such as “code-switching”, conceptual oralness and conceptual writing, proximity language and distance language. The necessary part of the article deals with the discursive and applied aspects of the Internet linguistics, such as creation of the Internet corpora, launching international projects, etc.
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SYLWESTRZAK, Bartosz, and Rafał NIEDZIELA. "POLAND AND ITS RESIDENTS IN THE EYES OF GERMAN SOLDIERS DURING POLISH CAMPAIGN OF 1939." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 162, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.3225.
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The authors present the circumstances related to the German invasion of Poland during the campaign in September 1939, with special emphasis put on the attitude of Germans towards Poland and Polish people. This is presented on the basis of the letters from Poland to soldiers’ families in Germany and reports in company or battalion chronicles.The moment when German soldiers entered Polish towns and villages was a terrible experience for their residents. The behaviour of the invaders was crude and rough: not only was it caused by war, but also by the attitude of Germans towards Poland and Polish people. Poles were perceived as a lower category of people, without any right to defend themselves. Each part of their life was criticised and damaged. Germans’ irritation was intensified by Jews living in Poland. The article can be useful for supporting lessons on military history.
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Kilger, Christoph. "The Slavs Yesterday and Today - Different Perspectives on Slavic Ethnicity in German Archaeology." Current Swedish Archaeology 6, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1998.08.
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This article deals with the numerous images of the Slavic tribes between the Elbe and the Oder in archaeological interpretations. The position taken by East German archaeologists was to integrate the Slavs explicitly into the theoretical constructions of historical-materialism; in the ideological struggle between East and West the Slavs, as victims of medieval feudal developments politically supported the picture of a common socialist identity and history. In contrast West German archaeologists on the basis of rigid source criticism placed the Slavs behind the scenes of the historical stage.
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Kreuzer, Marcus. "Parliamentarization and the Question of German Exceptionalism: 1867–1918." Central European History 36, no. 3 (September 2003): 327–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156916103771006034.
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In a contribution to this journal, Volker Berghahn regretted the fragmentation and lack of focus in the recent research on the German Empire. While he may have overstated his case, his criticism certainly applies to the historiography of Germany's parliamentarization. The dearth of research, especially of recent vintage, has left the debate about the exceptionalism of Germany's governing institutions indeed “fragmented and decentered.” Since Manfred Rauh's two volumes in the 1970s, little has been published. His thesis about Germany's silent parliamentarization has been attacked, it seems, more for the haughtiness of its footnotes than the substance of its argument. As a result, Rauh's provocative interpretation coexists far too quietly with other accounts, and thereby preempts the sort of dialogue and scholarly integration Berghahn so misses. In her response to Berghahn, Margaret Anderson points out that such a dialogue can be found in, without being confined to, the new work of Germany's electoral politics, that looked anew and more skeptically at the exceptional political development of Imperial Germany. Its findings indirectly raise questions about why the development of Germany's governing institutions — the Reichstag, the Bundersat, and the chancellor — continue to be interpreted in much more exceptionalist terms than the evolution of electoral politics.
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Weidenhammer, Erich. "Artifact Biography: A Variable Colour Mixer." Museum and Society 17, no. 3 (November 29, 2019): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29311/mas.v17i3.3230.
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Among the artifacts representing early research in experimental psychology at the University of Toronto is a precisely machined steel instrument of German manufacture. The provenance of this variable colour mixer opens onto a largely-forgotten history of research into colour perception that depended heavily on mechanical instruments of the spinning-wheel type. Like the broader practices and principles of experimental psychology, these instruments were widely disseminated during a period in which the German research-based model of university education was widely admired. For most of its early history at the University of Toronto, the experimental laboratory was run by a German, August Kirschmann (1860-1932), who led investigations into the psychological basis for aesthetic judgement, especially as it concerned colour perception. Kirschmann’s hostility to existing art criticism reflected his belief that experimental psychology could provide a coherent foundation to the language of aesthetics.
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Majer-Bobetko, Sanja. "Between music and ideologies: Croatian music criticism from the beginning to World War II." Muzyka 63, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36744/m.344.
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As the Croatian lands were exposed to often aggressive Austrian, Hungarian, and Italian politics until WWI and in some regions even later, so Croatian music criticism was written in the Croatian, German and Italian languages. To the best of our knowledge, the history of Croatian music criticism began in 1826 in the literary and entertainment journal Luna, and was written by an anonymous author in the German language.A forum for Croatian language music criticism was opened in Novine Horvatzke, i.e. in its literary supplement Danica horvatska, slavonska i dalmatinska in 1835, which officially started to promote the Croatian National Revival, setting in motion the process of constituting the Croatian nation in the modern sense of the word. However, those articles cannot be considered musical criticism, at least not in the modern sense of the word, as they never went beyond the level of mere journalistic reports. The first music criticism in the Croatian language in the true sense of the word is generally considered a very comprehensive text by a poet Stanko Vraz (1810-51) about a performance of the first Croatian national opera Ljubav i zloba (Love and malice) by Vatroslav Lisinski (1819-54) from 1846. In terms of its criteria for judgement, that criticism proved to become a model for the majority of 19th-century and later Croatian music criticism. Two judgement criteria are clearly expressed within it: national and artistic.Regardless of whether we are dealing with 1) ideological-utilitarian criticism, which was directed towards promoting the national ideology (Franjo Ksaver Kuhač, 1834-1911; Antun Dobronić, 1878-1955), 2) impressionist criticism based on the critic’s subjective approach to particular work (Antun Gustav Matoš, 1873-1914; Milutin Cihlar Nehajev, 1880-1931; Nikola Polić, 1890-1960), or 3) Marxist criticism (Pavao Markovac, 1903-41), we may observe the above mentioned two basic criteria. Only at the end of the period under consideration the composer Milo Cipra (1906-85) focused his interest on immanent artistic values, shunning any ideological utilitarianism, and insisting on the highest artistic criteria.
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XANTHOU, MARIA G. "LUDOLPH DISSEN, AUGUST BOECKH, GOTTFRIED HERMANN AND TYCHO MOMMSEN: TRACING ASYNDETON, STEERING INFLUENCE." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 57, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.2014.00070.x.
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Abstract Ludolph Dissen's Excursus II on the use of asyndeton in poetic diction, accompanying his 1830 edition of Pindar's odes and fragments, sparked a controversy among German classical scholars, August Boeckh, Gottfried Hermann, Theodor Bergk, Friedrich Schneidewin, and Tycho Mommsen among them. Set in a diachronic framework, this article explores Dissen's observations in his Excursus II and argues that Dissen's and Mommsen's views mark the two ends of a diachronic spectrum, constructing a virtual diptych of literary and textual criticism, as both classical scholars tackled the use of asyndeton in their editions. Along this train of thought, it scrutinizes Dissen's influence on Mommsen's editio maior. It also discusses the influence exerted on their views by Boeckh's and Hermann's editorial practices. Hence, in the light of the rivalry between Boeckh and Hermann, the article explores their reaction to Dissen's observations. In conclusion, it argues that nineteenth-century German classical scholarship fertilized Pindaric literary criticism through large scale projects e.g. the edition of texts, as well as through subtle observations resulting from textual criticism and close reading.