Journal articles on the topic 'German Australia'
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1
Monteath, Peter. "Globalising German Anthropology: Erhard Eylmann in Australia." Itinerario 37, no. 1 (April 2013): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115313000247.
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The German presence in nineteenth-century South Australia is associated primarily with the immigration of Prussian Lutherans escaping religious persecution in their homeland. Their settlement in the fledgling British colony aided its early, stuttering development; in the longer term it also fitted neatly South Australia's perception of itself as a “paradise of dissent.” These Germans took their religion seriously, none more so than the Lutheran missionaries who committed themselves to bringing the Gospel to the indigenous people of the Adelaide plains and, eventually, much further afield as well. In reality, however, the story of the German contribution to the history of this British colony extended far beyond these pious Lutherans. Among those who followed in their wake, whether as settlers or travellers, were Germans of many different backgrounds, who made their way to the Antipodes for a multitude of reasons. In South Australia as much as anywhere, globalising Germany was a multi-facetted project.The intellectual gamut of Germans in South Australia is nowhere more evident than in the realm of anthropology. The missionaries were not alone in displaying a keen interest in the Australian Aborigines. Anthropologists steeped in the empirical tradition that came to dominate the nascent discipline at the end of the nineteenth century also turned their attention to Australia. Indeed, in Germany and elsewhere, Australia occupied a special position in international discourse. The American anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan had observed in 1880 that Australian aboriginal societies “now represent the condition of mankind in savagery better than it is elsewhere represented on the earth—a condition now rapidly passing away.”
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Biedermann, Bettina. "Vergessene Auswanderer." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 35, no. 140 (September 1, 2005): 423–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v35i140.593.
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Today, the debate on migration in Germany focuses on immigration. But a few decades ago, after World War II, a large number of Germans was leaving. USA and Canada were the favoured destinations, but Australia was also popular. In contrast to the former two countries, Australia and Germany in 1952 signed a bilateral treaty on the regulation of German migration to Australia. Consequently, an individual disposition for migration could only be materialised if the two governments permitted it. Australia wanted to industrialise and expand its population, whilst Germany saw migration as a contribution to the solution of the problems with German refugees. Nevertheless, there continued to be strong disagreement: The German government had an interest in the migration of older refugees with limited qualifications, whilst the Australian side wanted young, male and skilled migrants.
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Bonnell, Andrew G. "Transnational Socialists? German Social Democrats in Australia before 1914." Itinerario 37, no. 1 (April 2013): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115313000284.
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Emigration from the German states was a mass phenomenon in the “long” nineteenth century. Much of this migration was of course labour migration, and German workers were very much on the move during the nineteenth century: in addition to the traditional Wanderschaft (travels) of journeymen, the century saw increasing internal migration within and between German-speaking lands, migration from rural areas to cities, and the participation of working people in emigration to destinations outside Europe. Over five million Germans left the German states from 1820 to 1914, with a large majority choosing the United States as their destination, especially in the earliest waves of migration. By comparison with the mass migration to North America, the flow of German migrants to the British colonies in Australia (which federated to form a single Commonwealth in 1901) was a relative trickle, but the numbers were still significant in the Australian context, with Germans counted as the second-largest national group among European settlers after the “British-born” (which included the Irish) in the nineteenth century, albeit a long way behind the British. After the influx of Old Lutheran religious dissidents from Prussia to South Australia in the late 1830s, there was a wave of German emigrants in the 1840s and 1850s, driven by the “push” factor of agrarian and economic crisis in the German states in the 1840s followed by the attraction of the Australian gold rushes and other opportunities, such as land-ownership incentives. While the majority of German settlers were economic migrants, this latter period also saw the arrival in the Australian colonies of a few “Forty-Eighters,” radicals and liberals who had been active in the political upheavals of 1848–9, some of whom became active in politics and the press in Australia. The 1891 census counted over 45,000 German-born residents in the Australian colonies.
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Davis, Denis. "Traineeships in the West German Context." Australian Journal of Education 32, no. 1 (April 1988): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000494418803200103.
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In 1985–86 the Australian Government introduced an elaborate scheme of traineeships to complement the already existing apprenticeship scheme. This article shows how the idea as originally conceived, but not as implemented, was based upon the West German dual system. It examines the dual system within the West German setting to see what problems and benefits the traineeship based upon the German system would have in Australia. Its conclusion is that, in spite of apparent problems which the German system has in terms of social demarcation, neglect of certain disadvantaged groups, and appropriateness for technological change, the German system of combining education and work in Australian non-traditional apprenticeship areas is worthwhile attempting in Australia as long as there exists genuine co-operation between industry, education and the state.
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Jones, Philip. "German Ethnography in Australia." Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 19, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 370–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14442213.2018.1444592.
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Hund, Wulf D., and Stefanie Affeldt. "‘Racism’ Down Under: The Prehistory of a Concept in Australia." Zeitschrift für Australienstudien / Australian Studies Journal 33/34 (2020): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35515/zfa/asj.3334/201920.02.
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‘Racism’ Down Under. The Prehistory of a Concept in Australia The conceptual history of ‘racism’ is hitherto underdeveloped. One of its assertions is that the term ‘racism’ originated from a German-centric critique of völkisch and fascist ideology. A closer look at the early international usage of the categories ‘racialism’ and ‘racism’ shows that the circumstances were much more complex. Australia lends itself for validation of this complexity. It once shared a colonial border with Germany, had a substantial number of German immigrants, and, during both world wars, was amongst the opponents of Germany. Even so, the reference to Germany is only one of many elements of the early concept of ‘racism’.
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Monteath, Peter. "Erhard Eylmann: a German anthropologist in Australia." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 127, no. 1 (2015): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs15008.
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Erhard Eylmann (1860–1926) was a German scientist who devoted much of his working life to researching Australia, where he travelled extensively during the period 1896 to 1913. His primary field of expertise was anthropology, about which he wrote at great length in his major work Die Eingeborenen der Kolonie Südaustralien (The Aborigines of the Colony of South Australia). This paper places Eylmann and his work in a tradition of German scientific endeavour which can be traced back to William Blandowski and Alexander von Humboldt. Eylmann’s insistence on the primacy of empirical methodology and his belief in the essential unity of all the scientific disciplines characterise his work. At the same time the paper argues that Eylmann’s approach to anthropological study was also indebted to practitioners outside Germany, in particular Francis Gillen and Baldwin Spencer. Similarly, there were other anthropologists in Eylmann’s own time – foremost among them Carl Strehlow – who adopted a very different paradigm in their efforts to understand indigenous Australians.
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Monteath, Peter. "German Perspectives on Indigenous Australia." History Australia 16, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14490854.2019.1582462.
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Whiteoak, John. "What Were the So-Called ‘German Bands’ of Pre-World War I Australian Street Life?" Nineteenth-Century Music Review 15, no. 1 (February 20, 2017): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479409817000088.
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‘The ‘German band’ as a concept remains integrally associated with German ethnicity in the Australian public mind though such things as the extroverted oom-pah music of present-day Oktoberfest, or the live and recorded oom-pah music in German or ‘Bavarian’-themed venues. However, the costumed ‘German bands’ that were a feature of nineteenth-century British street and seaside resort life also began to appear ubiquitously in various gold-rush era Australian population centres and remained a fixture of Australian street entertainment until the First World War. Gold-rush era chronicler William Kelly described their music as being able to ‘drive swine into anguish’. Yet they had an opposing reputation for excellence in playing Strauss waltzes, polkas and other popular dance music of the era. They were sought after by dance venue, circus and other theatrical entertainment proprietors and were furthermore hired for private balls, picnics, showgrounds and racetrack entertainment. By appearing at German social functions and venues they buttressed pan-German cultural identity and traditions and, for non-Germans, the sight and sound of a disciplined, groomed and costumed German band provided a mildly exciting cultural tourism experience. In blaring street, circus parade or showground mode they, in fact, conformed to the present-day global stereotype of the Bavarian Biergarten oom-pah band. Through foundation research, this article attempts to apply some social, cultural and musicological ‘flesh and bones’ to what has more or less remained the ‘myth’ of the ubiquitous ‘German bands’ (and their not-always-German bandsmen) that sometimes entertained and charmed pedestrians while at other times represented a social and sonic blot on the streetscapes and public spaces of pre-World War I Australia.
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Höller, H., H. D. Betz, K. Schmidt, R. V. Calheiros, P. May, E. Houngninou, and G. Scialom. "Lightning characteristics observed by a VLF/LF lightning detection network (LINET) in Brazil, Australia, Africa and Germany." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 2 (March 6, 2009): 6061–146. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-6061-2009.
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Abstract. This paper describes lightning characteristics as obtained in four sets of lightning measurements during recent field campaigns in different parts of the world from mid-latitudes to the tropics by the novel VLF/LF (very low frequency/low frequency) lightning detection network (LINET). The paper gives a general overview on the approach, and a synopsis of the statistical results for the observation periods as a whole and for one special day in each region. The focus is on the characteristics of lightning which can specifically be observed by this system like intra-cloud and cloud-to-ground stroke statistics, vertical distributions of intra-cloud strokes or peak current distributions. Some conclusions regarding lightning produced NOx are also presented as this was one of the aims of the tropical field campaigns TROCCINOX (Tropical Convection, Cirrus and Nitrogen Oxides Experiment) and TroCCiBras (Tropical Convection and Cirrus Experiment Brazil) in Brazil during January/February 2005, SCOUT-O3 (Stratospheric-Climate Links with Emphasis on the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere) and TWP-ICE (Tropical Warm Pool – International Cloud Experiment) during November/December 2005 and January/February 2006, respectively, in the Darwin area in N-Australia, and of AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses) in W-Africa during June–November 2006. Regional and temporal characteristics of lightning are found to be dependent on orographic effects (e.g. S-Germany, Brazil, Benin), land-sea breeze circulations (N-Australia) and especially the evolution of the monsoons (Benin, N-Australia). Large intra-seasonal variability in lightning occurrence was found for the Australian monsoon between the strong convection during build-up and break phases and the weak wet monsoon phase with only minor lightning activity. Total daily lightning rates can be of comparable intensity in all regions with the heaviest events found in Germany and N-Australia. The frequency of occurrence of such days was by far the largest in N-Australia. In accordance with radar observed storm structures, the intra-cloud stroke mean emission heights were found distinctly different in Germany (8 km) as compared to the tropics (up to 12 km in N-Australia). The fraction of intra-cloud strokes (compared to all strokes) was found to be relatively high in Brazil and Australia (0.83 and 0.74, respectively) as compared to Benin and Germany (0.67 and 0.69, respectively). Using stroke peak currents and vertical location information, lightning NOx (LNOx) production under defined standard conditions can be compared for the different areas of observation. LNOx production per standard stroke was found to be most efficient for the N-Australian and S-German thunderstorms whereas the yield from Brazilian and W-African strokes was nearly 40% less. On the other hand, the main NO contribution in Brazil was from intra-cloud (IC) strokes whereas in Benin it was due to cloud-to-ground (CG) components. For the German and Australian strokes both stroke types contributed similar amounts to the total NO outcome.
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Höller, H., H. D. Betz, K. Schmidt, R. V. Calheiros, P. May, E. Houngninou, and G. Scialom. "Lightning characteristics observed by a VLF/LF lightning detection network (LINET) in Brazil, Australia, Africa and Germany." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 20 (October 20, 2009): 7795–824. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7795-2009.
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Abstract. This paper describes lightning characteristics as obtained in four sets of lightning measurements during recent field campaigns in different parts of the world from mid-latitudes to the tropics by the novel VLF/LF (very low frequency/low frequency) lightning detection network (LINET). The paper gives a general overview on the approach, and a synopsis of the statistical results for the observation periods as a whole and for one special day in each region. The focus is on the characteristics of lightning which can specifically be observed by this system like intra-cloud and cloud-to-ground stroke statistics, vertical distributions of intra-cloud strokes or peak current distributions. Some conclusions regarding lightning produced NOx are also presented as this was one of the aims of the tropical field campaigns TROCCINOX (Tropical Convection, Cirrus and Nitrogen Oxides Experiment) and TroCCiBras (Tropical Convection and Cirrus Experiment Brazil) in Brazil during January/February 2005, SCOUT-O3 (Stratospheric-Climate Links with Emphasis on the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere) and TWP-ICE (Tropical Warm Pool-International Cloud Experiment) during November/December 2005 and January/February 2006, respectively, in the Darwin area in N-Australia, and of AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses) in W-Africa during June–November 2006. Regional and temporal characteristics of lightning are found to be dependent on orographic effects (e.g. S-Germany, Brazil, Benin), land-sea breeze circulations (N-Australia) and especially the evolution of the monsoons (Benin, N-Australia). Large intra-seasonal variability in lightning occurrence was found for the Australian monsoon between the strong convection during build-up and break phases and the weak active monsoon phase with only minor lightning activity. Total daily lightning stroke rates can be of comparable intensity in all regions with the heaviest events found in Germany and N-Australia. The frequency of occurrence of such days was by far the largest in N-Australia. In accordance with radar observed storm structures, the intra-cloud stroke mean emission heights were found distinctly different in Germany (8 km) as compared to the tropics (up to 12 km in N-Australia). The fraction of intra-cloud strokes (compared to all strokes) was found to be relatively high in Brazil and Australia (0.83 and 0.82, respectively) as compared to Benin and Germany (0.64 and 0.69, respectively). Using stroke peak currents and vertical location information, lightning NOx (LNOx) production under defined standard conditions can be compared for the different areas of observation. LNOx production per standard stroke was found to be most efficient for the N-Australian and S-German thunderstorms whereas the yield from Brazilian and W-African strokes was nearly 40% less. On the other hand, the main NO contribution in Brazil was from intra-cloud (IC) strokes whereas in Benin it was due to cloud-to-ground (CG) components. For the German and Australian strokes both stroke types contributed similar amounts to the total NO outcome.
12
Monteath, Peter. "The German Democratic Republic and Australia." Debatte: Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe 16, no. 2 (August 2008): 213–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09651560802318762.
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Fitzpatrick, Matthew. "New South Wales in Africa? The Convict Colonialism Debate in Imperial Germany." Itinerario 37, no. 1 (April 2013): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115313000260.
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In 1852, the naturalist and writer Louisa Meredith observed in her book My Home in Tasmania: “I know of no place where greater order and decorum is observed by the motley crowds assembled on any public occasion than in this most shamefully slandered country: not even in an English country village can a lady walk alone with less fear of harm or insult than in this capital of Van Diemen's Land, commonly believed at home to be a pest-house, where every crime that can disgrace and degrade humanity stalks abroad with unblushing front.”Meredith's paean to life in the notorious Australian penal colony of Hobart was in stark contrast to her earlier, highly unfavourable account of colonial Sydney. It papered over the years of personal hardship she had endured in Australia, as well as avoiding mention of the racial warfare against Tasmania's Aborigines that had afforded her such a genteel European existence.Such intra-Australian complexities, however, were lost when Meredith's account was superimposed onto German debates about the desirability of penal colonies for Germany. Instead, Meredith's portrait of a cultivated city emerging from the most notorious penal colony in Australia was presented as proof that the deportation of criminals was an important dimension of the civilising mission of Europe in the extra-European world. It was also presented as a vindication of those in Germany who wished to rid Germany of its lumpen criminal class through deportation. The exact paragraph of Meredith's account cited above was quoted in German debates on deportation for almost half a century; first in 1859 by the jurist Franz von Holtzendorff, and thereafter by Friedrich Freund when advocating the establishment of a penal colony in the Preußische Jahrbücher in September 1895.
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Hurley, Andrew W. "From Aboriginal Australia to German autumn: on the West German reception of thirteen ‘films from Black Australia’." Studies in Australasian Cinema 3, no. 3 (January 2009): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/sac.3.3.251_1.
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Sundjaja, Arta Moro. "Investment Cost Model in Business Process Intelligence in Banking And Electricity Company." ComTech: Computer, Mathematics and Engineering Applications 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/comtech.v7i2.2248.
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Higher demand from the top management in measuring business process performance causes the incremental implementation of BPM and BI in the enterprise. The problem faced by top managements is how to integrate their data from all system used to support the business and process the data become information that able to support the decision-making processes. Our literature review elaborates several implementations of BPI on companies in Australia and Germany, challenges faced by organizations in developing BPI solution in their organizations and some cost model to calculate the investment of BPI solutions. This paper shows the success in BPI application of banks and assurance companies in German and electricity work in Australia aims to give a vision about the importance of BPI application. Many challenges in BPI application of companies in German and Australia, BPI solution, and data warehouse design development have been discussed to add insight in future BPI development. And the last is an explanation about how to analyze cost associated with BPI solution investment.
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Mikhailov, V. V. "MOBILISATION IN AUSTRALIA AND THE FORMATION OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND CORPS (ANZAC) IN 1914." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Historical science 6(72), no. 2 (2020): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1741-2020-6-2-95-104.
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The author studies the history of formation of the Australian-new Zealand army corps (ANZAC) formations after the beginning of the First world war. The mobilization activities of the governments of Australia and New Zealand, the reaction of societies in these countries to the world war and participation in it, the features of recruitment of the Australian Imperial Force (AIS) and the new Zealand expeditionary force, the characteristics of the corps command are studied. It shows the main events during the transport of the first convoy with ANZAC troops to training camps in Egypt in the autumn of 1914, the victory of the Australian cruiser Sydney over the German raider – light cruiser Emden during the AIS convoy. Special attention is paid to the connection of events of formation and transport ANZAC with Russia – the presence in the body of Russian emigrants volunteers, and participation in the protection of the convoy and against German raiders in the Pacific and Indian oceans warships of the Russian Navy, «Pearl» and «Askold». The article uses archival materials of the Australian War Memorial and English archives, diary entries and letters of participants of the first convoy from Australia to Alexandria (Egypt).
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Spradbery, JP, and GF Maywald. "The Distribution of the European or German Wasp, Vespula-Germanica (F) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae), in Australia - Past, Present and Future." Australian Journal of Zoology 40, no. 5 (1992): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9920495.
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The social wasp Vespula germanica (F.) occurs throughout Europe south of latitude 62-degrees-N. Its native distribution extends into northern Africa, the Middle East, northern India, China and Korea. It has been accidentally introduced into several regions, including North and South America, and South Africa. It has also been introduced to Australasia, where it became established in Tasmania in 1959 and at several Australian mainland localities during 1977-78. It is now widespread throughout Victoria, in much of southern and coastal New South Wales, and in some suburbs of Adelaide and Per-th. One nest has been recorded in Maryborough, Queensland. The observed global distribution is used here to determine the potential distribution and relative abundance of V. germanica in Australia using the climate-matching computer program CLIMEX. The results indicate that this pestiferous wasp could potentially colonise most of the eastern seaboard of Australia north to Rockhampton, Queensland. V. germanica is likely to adversely affect human activities, with accompanying environmental damage as it inevitably spreads and consolidates, and prospects for containment and control appear minimal.
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Kamphoefner, Walter D. "Who Went South? The German Ethnic Niche in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres." Social Science History 41, no. 3 (2017): 363–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2017.13.
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This article examines the demographic and occupational selectivity of German immigration to South America (primarily Argentina and Brazil) and Australia, compared to Germans bound for the United States, and the geographic and occupational niches they occupied at various destinations. It draws upon both individual-level and aggregate data from censuses and migration records on three continents to examine occupational profiles, urbanization rates, sex ratios, age structure, and age heaping as a rough measure of “quality,” among German immigrants to these destinations, concluding that immigration to the United States tended to be the least selective.
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Dehm, Sara. "Legal Exclusions: Émigré Lawyers, Admissions to Legal Practice and the Cultural Transformation of the Australian Legal Profession." Federal Law Review 49, no. 3 (May 19, 2021): 327–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x211016574.
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Legal histories of Australia have largely overlooked the exclusion of European émigré lawyers from legal practice in Australia. This article recovers part of this forgotten history by tracing the drawn-out legal admission bids of two Jewish émigré lawyers in the mid-20th century: German-born Rudolf Kahn and Austrian-born Edward Korten. In examining their legal lives and doctrinal legacies, this article demonstrates the changing role and requirement of British subjecthood in the historical constitution and slow cultural transformation of the Australian legal profession. This article suggests that contemporary efforts to promoting cultural diversity in the Australian legal profession are enriched by paying attention to this long and difficult history of legal exclusions.
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Tucker, Basil P., and Stefan Schaltegger. "Comparing the research-practice gap in management accounting." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 29, no. 3 (March 21, 2016): 362–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-02-2014-1601.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast perceptions about the research-practice “gap” as it may apply within management accounting, from the perspective of professional accounting bodies in Australia and Germany. Design/methodology/approach – The findings reported in this paper is based on the collection and analysis of data from interviews with 19 senior representatives from four Australian Professional bodies and 14 representatives of German Professional accounting bodies. Findings – In Australia and Germany, there exist common as well as unique barriers preventing a more effective engagement of academic research with practice. Common to both countries is the perception that the communication of research represents a major barrier. In Australia, practitioner access to academic research is seen to be a principal obstacle; in Germany, the relevance of topics researched by academics is perceived to represent a significant barrier to academic research informing practice. Research limitations/implications – This paper directly engages with, and extends recent empirically based research into the extent to which academic research may “speak” to management accounting practice. It extricates both common and specific barriers contributing to the oft-quoted “research-practice gap” in management accounting, and points to the pivotal nature of an intermediary to act as a conduit between academics and practice. Originality/value – By investigating this issue in two quite different cultural, educational, academic and practice contexts, this paper provides much-needed empirical evidence about the nature, extent and pervasiveness of the perceived research-practice gap in management accounting, and provides a basis for further investigation of this important topic.
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Hamann, Berta. "Australia in German Geography Textbooks for Middle Schools." International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education 16, no. 2 (May 15, 2007): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2167/irgee214.0.
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McCARTHY, JOHN. "Australia and the German Consul-Generals 1923-39." Australian Journal of Politics & History 27, no. 3 (April 7, 2008): 344–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1981.tb00471.x.
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MÖLLERING, MARTINA. "Computer mediated communication: learning German online in Australia." ReCALL 12, no. 1 (May 2000): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0958344000000410.
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This article investigates the use of computer-mediated communication technologies in the context of teaching German by distance mode in Australia. More conventional delivery modes such as audiocassettes and printed study guides were augmented by electronic support mechanisms. Students were able to access their study guides, timetables and assignment tasks online and communicated with their course convener as well as with fellow students via a bulletin board and an internal email system set up for the course. The article reports on the extent to which students used these facilities rather than more conventional modes of communication (fax., telephone, written submission of assignments), on how students managed the set tasks and what difficulties they encountered.
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Hunt, Jaime, and Sacha Davis. "Social and historical factors contributing to language shift among German heritage-language migrants in Australia: An overview." Linguistik Online 100, no. 7 (December 18, 2019): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.100.6025.
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Australia is a multicultural society in which over 300 different indigenous and migrant languages are spoken. While its cultural diversity is often celebrated, Australia’s linguistic diversity is still at risk due to the inherent monolingual mindset (cf. Clyne 2005) of its population. In this paper, we use a cross-disciplinary approach, drawing on both historical and sociolinguistic sources, to investigate some of the major causes of language shift among first- and subsequent generations of post-war German-speaking migrants in Australia. While historical and societal changes have provided greater opportunities for German to be maintained as a heritage language in Australia, these developments may have come too late or have not been effective in the face of English as the dominant language in Australia and as a global language. Our investigation indicates that Australians with German as a heritage language, like many other migrant groups, are still at a high risk of shift to English, despite recent opportunities for language maintenance provided by modern society.
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Bärsch, Sven-Eric. "The Definitions of Dividends and Interest Contained in the OECD Model, Actual Tax Treaties, and the German Model." Intertax 42, Issue 6/7 (June 1, 2014): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2014042.
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Tax treaties distinguish between dividends and interest, and entitle recipients of this remuneration derived from financial instruments to different treaty benefits in the source country in particular. Hence, the definitions of dividends and interest for tax treaty purposes are decisive. This article presents and compares these definitions contained in the OECD Model and the tax treaties agreed by Australia, Brazil, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. It offers an analysis of the definitions of dividends and interest outlined in the German Model and reveals that legal certainty is not fully achieved. Moreover, the German Model does not comprehensively prevent the effect of hybrid mismatch arrangements.
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Rae, Ian D. "Elemental Micro-analysis of Organic Compounds: the Australian Experience." Historical Records of Australian Science 27, no. 2 (2016): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr16017.
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Combustion methods for elemental analysis developed in Europewere adopted by Australian chemists, some of whom undertook training in the Pregl laboratory in Graz, the centre of microanalytical expertise. Microanalytical services developed slowly at the Universities of Sydney and Melbourne. After World War 2 the University of Melbourne and Australia's Council for Scientific and Industrial Research combined to bring German experts to Australia. One of them, Dr K. W. Zimmermann, headed the Australian Microanalytical Service in Melbourne that met the needs of Australian chemists and some overseas customers for four decades. Zimmermann also trained a chemist from Singapore, Mrs Tong Hee Keong, who returned to establish a microanalytical service there. Smaller facilities continued at some Australian universities but most of these closed as the need for micro analyses waned. Simple analyses could be conducted with modern auto-analyzers, but the use of mass spectroscopy to determine accurate molecular masses could obviate the need for combustion analysis. Two university services remain, and a microanalytical service in New Zealand has served Australian customers in recent years.
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McMullen, Gabrielle L. "Noted colonial German scientists and their contexts." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 127, no. 1 (2015): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs15001.
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German scientists made substantial and notable contributions to colonial Victoria. They were involved in the establishment and/or development of some of the major public institutions, e.g. the Royal Society of Victoria, National Herbarium, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Museum Victoria, the Flagstaff Observatory for Geophysics, Magnetism and Nautical Science, the Pharmaceutical Society of Victoria and the Victorian College of Pharmacy. Further, they played a leading role not only in scientific and technological developments but also in exploration – Home has identified ‘science as a German export to nineteenth century Australia’ (Home 1995: 1). Significantly, an account of the 1860 annual dinner of the Royal Society of Victoria related the following comment from Dr John Macadam MP, Victorian Government Analytical Chemist: ‘Where would science be in Victoria without the Germans?’ (Melbourner Deutsche Zeitung 1860: 192). This paper considers key German scientists working in mid-nineteenth century Victoria and the nature and significance of their contributions to the colony.
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Fischer, Gerhard. "Enemy Aliens: Internment and the Homefront War in Australia, 1914–1920." Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, no. 30/3 (September 1, 2021): 107–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.30.3.07.
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During the First World War, the German Australian community, the largest non-Anglo-Celtic group, became the target of a relentless campaign of persecution, internment and deportation that resulted in its dismemberment and the destruction of its socio-cultural infrastructure. Under the country’s belligerent Prime Minister, W.M. Hughes, the machinery of government was used to suspend basic civil rights and the rule of law, while Australian civilians were called upon to participate in the “homefront war” against an imagined internal enemy. The government’s aim was to serve the cause of Im- perial Britain and its commercial supremacy, and to secure the future of White Australia as the home of an imaginary, exclusive “British race.”
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Maroske, Sara, and Thomas A. Darragh. "F. Mueller, ‘The Murray-scrub, Sketched Botanically’, 1850: A Humboldtian Description of Mallee Vegetation." Historical Records of Australian Science 27, no. 1 (2016): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr16001.
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Although best known as a descriptive botanist, Ferdinand Mueller published an early account of the South Australian Mallee in the style of his scientific hero, Alexander von Humboldt. This vegetation type is found across southern arid Australia and includes several distinctive botanical features that Mueller sought to highlight. While his article was republished twice, each issue was in German and consequently this work has tended to be overlooked in scholarship on the history of Australian botany. Mueller's article is introduced here along with a translation into English for the first time.
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Adom, A. Désiré. "Purchasing Power Gap and Consumer Resilience: An Empirical Investigation with Australia, Germany, Japan, and the United States." International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, no. 82 (June 30, 2022): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/bmer.82.44.50.
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Recent developments in the world in the aftermath of the COVID pandemic have generated never before seen challenges and hardship to consumers since the Great Depression. This context has raised interest in the resilience of consumers across the globe. This research project conducts an empirical reflection on the matter with a focus on developed nations of Australia, Germany, Japan and the United States. A framework including impulse response functions along with data spanning from 1980 to 2020 is considered. Findings show that innovations to purchasing power gaps of consumers in Australia, Japan and the United States are essentially absorbed within four years. However, it takes much longer in Germany as these innovations mostly dissipate within six years. This suggests that German consumers exhibit relatively weaker resilience than their counterparts in Australia, Japan, and the United States. The paper further argues that a combination of policies geared toward propping up aggregate demand and reinforcing the supply chain, both quantitatively and qualitatively, could prove to be effective in boosting consumer resilience.
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von Holleuffer, Henriette. "Alexandra Ludewig: Born German, Re-Born in Western Australia." Zeitschrift für Australienstudien / Australian Studies Journal 31 (2017): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35515/zfa/asj.31/2017.09.
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Whitehead, Kay. "German Schools and Teachers in Nineteenth‐Century South Australia." Paedagogica Historica 37, no. 1 (January 2001): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0030923010370104.
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Perkins, John. "German shipping and Australia before the First World War." Australian Economic History Review 29, no. 1 (January 1989): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aehr.291003.
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Zvegintseva, Irina Anatolyevna. "World War II in the Cinema of Green Continent." Journal of Flm Arts and Film Studies 7, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vgik72106-114.
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Despite its remote location from the major theatre of operations, Australia participated in the war siding with the Anti-German Coalition from the outbreak of World War II up to its end. Naturally, this impacted upon economic, social and cultural life of the country. The war was broadly covered by the Australian filmmakers and took a significant place in Australian cinema. For Australia World War II began on September 3rd, 1939. A million of Australian men and women fought against Germany in 19391945. Talking of the war theme in the Australian cinema, one should firstly pay tribute to the memory of dozens of Australian cameramen sent to the World War front alongside with soldiers, who covered the events in the newsreels. As for feature filmmakers, they were not able to cover the war due to poor production funding. Only after resuscitation of the national filmmaking in 1970s Australian filmmakers got an opportunity of shooting a number of interesting films dedicated to the events that had taken place seventy years ago. The theme of World War II was covered in many films. A lot of the best national filmmakers paid tribute to it, ranging from Brendan Mahers Sisters of War (2010) with its unprecedented harsh and truthful depiction of the role of Australian women in the war, to Jonathan Teplitzkys The Railway Man (2013), based on the bestselling autobiography of Eric Lomax (co-produced with Great Britain). The relevance of this article and its innovative contribution comes down to proof, that, although the number of films dedicated to World War II is relatively limited, their quality is extremely high and noteworthy. Its also noteworthy, that Australian filmmakers have brought back in the viewers minds the heroism of their fathers and forefathers, thus paying tribute to the memory of those who saved the world from Nazism seventy years ago.
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Imbeau, Louis M. "Public Deficits and Surpluses in Federated States: A Review of the Public Choice Empirical Literature." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 23, no. 3 (October 1, 2004): 123–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569204x15664514694005.
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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to review the empirical public choice literature explaining deficits levels in federated states. First, I describe theoretical constructs, showing how new theories have developed by releasing one of the basic Ricardo-Barro assumptions. Empirical results bearing on die federated states of Australia, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, and the United States are then reviewed to assess which hypothesis, in which setting, is confirmed by systematic observation. On the whole, this literature shows that economic cycles have an impact on budget balances. It also shows that deficits are higher in election years in German Länder, Canadian provinces, and American states, but not in Australian states nor in Swiss cantons. In addition, the literature tends to support the hypothesis that the stringency of budgetary rules is related to higher budget balances in Canada, Switzerland, and in the United States. Finally, government fragmentation has no impact on the budget balances of federated states and parties of the left do not have higher deficits than parties of the right, except in Switzerland where empirical evidence is mixed. Rather, parties of the center or of the right do have higher deficits in German Länder and in Canadian provinces. In the concluding section, I discuss two issues: the impact of rules, and the partisan cycle hypothesis.
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Imbeau, Louis M. "Public Deficits and Surpluses in Federated States: A Review of the Public Choice Empirical Literature." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 22, no. 3 (October 1, 2004): 123–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569204x15668904587205.
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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to review the empirical public choice literature explaining deficits levels in federated states. First, I describe theoretical constructs, showing how new theories have developed by releasing one of the basic Ricardo-Barro assumptions. Empirical results bearing on the federated states of Australia, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, and the United States are then reviewed to assess which hypothesis, in which setting, is confirmed by systematic observation. On the whole, this literature shows that economic cycles have an impact on budget balances. It also shows that deficits are higher in election years in German Lander, Canadian provinces, and American states, but not in Australian states nor in Swiss cantons. In addition, the literature tends to support the hypothesis that the stringency of budgetary rules is related to higher budget balances in Canada, Switzerland, and in the United States. Finally, government fragmentation has no impact on the budget balances of federated states and parties of the left do not have higher deficits than parties of the right, except in Switzerland where empirical evidence is mixed. Rather, parties of the center or of the right do have higher deficits in German Lander and in Canadian provinces. In the concluding section, I discuss two issues: the impact of rules, and the partisan cycle hypothesis.
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Herz, Clara. "Striving for Consistency: Why German Sentencing Needs Reform." German Law Journal 21, no. 8 (December 2020): 1625–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.90.
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AbstractGiven the debate at the seventy-second Conference of the Association of German Jurists (Deutscher Juristentag) in September 2018 on whether German sentencing needs reform, this Article will explore this very question in greater detail. In this regard, this Article will present various empirical studies in order to demonstrate that notable inconsistencies in German sentencing practice exist. This Article will then point out that broad statutory sentencing ranges, along with fairly vague sentencing guidance, are among the main causes of these disparities. Subsequently, this Article will examine several mechanisms that selected foreign jurisdictions—namely the U.S., the U.K., and Australia—have put in place in order to enhance consistency in their sentencing practices. Three mechanisms of sentencing guidance will be distinguished here: First, formal sentencing guidelines; second, guideline judgments; and third, sentencing advisory bodies as they operate in some Australian states. This Article will compare these mechanisms and assess their merits and drawbacks. Based on this comparative study, this Article will look at how to improve consistency in German sentencing practice. In this respect, this Article will present three steps that German criminal law reform should follow, including a better sentencing framework, the strategic gathering of sentencing data, and the implementation of a flexible sentencing guidelines regime.
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Maertens, Anita, and Andrew Taylor. "Improving population retention in northern Australia: clues from German-born Territorians." Australian Population Studies 2, no. 1 (May 26, 2018): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37970/aps.v2i1.24.
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Background Population growth rates in many parts of northern Australia have slowed considerably in recent years. Governments are interested in identifying northern migration ‘markets’ as potential targets for a mix of marketing and policy-based approaches to improve population attraction and retention. In the Northern Territory (NT), German-born residents present an interesting case study. Many are long-term residents (‘sticky’), highly educated, in professional jobs and say they are likely to stay. Aims We profile and report on a study of German-born NT residents as one important international market for offsetting population losses. Understanding factors which have contributed to the attraction and retention of this group may help to inform policies and initiatives to improve the population position of the NT and northern Australia more broadly. Data and methods Data for the paper is sourced from the 2016 ABS Census of Population and Housing (Census) and the 2017 German Territorian Survey (GTS) conducted by Charles Darwin University. Results German-born residents are a relatively immobile (‘sticky’) and educated population group in the NT with a high ratio of females. Many of those surveyed, in particular those who had arrived as working holiday makers or tourists, exhibited little or no intention of leaving. Lifestyle factors, climate and job opportunities ranked highly in decisions to stay. Conclusions The study of German-born Territorians holds promise for developing targetted niche migration initiatives to address skills and population deficits in the NT and northern Australia. Analysis of responses to the GTS highlighted opportunities for recruiting skilled women and the importance of tourism as a source for labour supply and population growth.
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Schneider, Patricia, Fanglu Sun, and Steve Wood. "Perspectives on World and Regional Orders: Australian, Chinese and German Views." Sicherheit & Frieden 37, no. 3 (2019): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0175-274x-2019-3-149.
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This article offers some reflections from diverse standpoints on actual and potential developments, at global and regional levels, and possible ramifications. The article has three main sections. The first section deals with the crisis of liberalism and its implications for peace and security. The second section examines some current controversial issues and cooperation between the EU, Australia and China. The third section analyses the effects of populist movements in Europe on China and Australia.
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Pocock, Celmara. "Nostalgia and belonging: Henry George Lamond writing the Whitsunday Islands." Queensland Review 22, no. 1 (May 7, 2015): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2015.5.
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Henry George Lamond is no longer a household name, but he was once popular and widely known in Australia and overseas. An extremely prolific writer, he published fifteen books of fiction and non-fiction, and more than 900 essays and magazine articles in his lifetime. His essays and articles include writing in a wide range of subjects and genres, from romantic fiction to practical agricultural advice. He was perhaps best known for his animal-based books, including Horns and Hooves (1931), An Aviary on the Plains (1934a), Dingo (1945), Brindle Royalist (1946) and Big Red (1953a). These titles were popular in the United States, England and Australia. Some were translated into other languages, including German and French, and they even formed part of school curricula. His tales are set in the Australian landscape and are ‘littered with bush colloquialisms’ (Bonnin 2000).
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Wegge, Simone A. "Different Profiles, Different Choices: Mid-Nineteenth Century Hessians Who Emigrated to the Southern Hemisphere." Social Science History 41, no. 3 (2017): 415–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2017.18.
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Before 1890, German emigrants were one of the largest European groups to emigrate overseas in the middle of the nineteenth century. Most of them settled in North America, but a handful of Germans landed in countries south of the equator. This article examines those who chose uncommon paths and settled in the Southern Hemisphere, focusing on Hessians who went to either Australia or South America. Those who emigrated to the Southern Hemisphere were quite different from the Hessians who moved to the United States. More striking, however, are the contrasting backgrounds of the Australian-bound versus the South American–bound groups: These two groups were comparable in size, but in terms of any identifying socioeconomic characteristic they were poles apart from each other. Those bound for Australia were poorer, less skilled, and more likely to use a multiyear migration strategy to get their family members across the ocean, typical of the ways of those bound for the United States. In contrast, those who went to South America were wealthier, more skilled, and mostly emigrated as intact families without the use of such migration networks. This work shows that the choice of destination mattered for individuals and that certain destinations attracted particular types of individuals and groups, reemphasizing the role of self-selection in the migration experience.
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Hovinga, Johanna A., Tim Becker, Ulrich Budde, Diana Karpman, Wolfgang Brockhaus, Ingrid Hrachovinová, Bartosz Korczowski, et al. "A common origin of the 4143insA ADAMTS13 mutation." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 96, no. 07 (2006): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th05-12-0817.
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SummarySeverely deficient activity of the von Willebrand Factor (VWF) cleaving metalloprotease,ADAMTS13, is associated with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).The mutation spectrum of ADAMTS13 is rather heterogeneous,and numerous mutations spread across the gene have been described in association with congenital TTP. The 4143insA mutation is unusual with respect to its geographic concentration. Following the initial report from Germany in which the 4143insA mutation was detected in four apparently unrelated families, we have now identified this mutation in a further eleven patients from Norway, Sweden, Poland, Germany, the Czech Republic and Australia. Confirmation that the Australian patient is of German ancestry, together with the Northern and Central European origin of most of the other patients, suggests that the 4143insA mutation has a common genetic background. We established ADAMTS13 haplotypes by analyzing 17 polymorphic intragenic markers. The haplotypes linked to 4143insA were identical in all informative families. Three novel candidate mutations, C347S, P671L and R1060W, as well as the known mutation R507Q, were also identified during the course of the study. We conclude that 4143insA has a common genetic background and is frequent among patients with hereditary ADAMTS13 deficiency in Northern and Central European countries.
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Read, Deborah J., Carolyn E. Oldham, Tiina Myllymäki, and Matthias Koschorreck. "Sediment diagenesis and porewater solute fluxes in acidic mine lakes: the impact of dissolved organic carbon additions." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 7 (2009): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08080.
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Sediment diagenesis through microbial sulfate reduction is considered a critical process in the pH amelioration of acidic mine lakes, but is often limited by the availability of organic carbon. Organic substrates are therefore frequently added to mine lake sediments to stimulate sulfate reduction. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was added to sediment collected from three mine lakes, one (in Germany) with typically high concentrations of Fe and SO4 and another two (in Australia) with unusually low concentrations of Fe and SO4. After the DOC additions caused the dissolved oxygen concentrations in the overlying waters to fall below 50 μmol L–1, the sediment porewater at all sites progressed through the expected anaerobic respiration sequence. The paucity of Fe and SO4 in the Australian lakes did not appear to constrain microbial iron and sulfate reduction. Indeed, the low Fe concentrations appeared to promote microbial sulfate reduction in the Australian sites. In the German site, there was little evidence of sulfide production in the porewater and no changes in porewater pH profiles. In contrast, the sediment porewater from the two Australian sites exhibited sulfide production and increased porewater pH. Bioremediation of acidic lakes must consider the need to treat iron-rich water before attempting pH amelioration.
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Thiede, Jörn. "Georg von Neumayer and his traces in Germany." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 123, no. 1 (2011): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs11117.
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Georg Balthasar Neumayer (1826–1909) was probably the most important figure in establishing maritime services and ocean research in Germany, after he spent several years in Australia as a young scientist. He succeeded to found the ‘Deutsche Seewarte’ in Hamburg, the predecessor of the modern BSH (Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie—Federal Martime and Hydrographic Agency) in Hamburg and Rostock and established a wide range of maritime services by providing sailing instructions for merchant vessels. He took initiatives towards Germany´s first global ocean expedition on Gazelle, the first International Polar Year, the first German Antarctic Expedition on Gauss, and became a widely recognised and respected science manager, on the national as well on the international scene.
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Stockigt, Clara. "Early Descriptions of Pama-Nyungan Ergativity." Historiographia Linguistica 42, no. 2-3 (December 31, 2015): 335–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.42.2-3.05sto.
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Summary Ergative marking and function are generally adequately described in the grammars of the small minority of the Aboriginal Australian Pama-Nyungan languages made before 1930. Without the benefit of an inherited descriptive framework in which to place foreign ergative morphosyntax, missionary-grammarians engaged a variety of terminology and descriptive practices when explaining foreign ergative structures exhibited by this vast genetic subgroup of languages spoken in an area larger than Europe. Some of the terminology had been previously employed in descriptions of other ergative languages. Other terms were innovated in Australia. The great distances separating missionary-grammarians describing different Pama-Nyungan languages, and the absence of a coordinating body fostering Australian grammatical description, meant that grammars were produced in geographic and intellectual isolation from one another. Regional schools of descriptive influence are however apparent, the strongest of which originates in grammars written by Lutheran missionaries of the ‘Adelaide School’. The synchronic descriptions of Pama-Nyungan languages made by missionary-grammarians in Australia informed the development of linguistics in Europe. There is however, little evidence of the movement of linguistic ideas from Europe back into Australia. The term ‘ergative’ to designate the case marking the agent of a transitive verb and the concept of an absolutive case became established practice in the modern era of Australian grammatical description without recognizing that the same terminology and concept of syntactic case had previously been employed in descriptions of Pama-Nyungan languages written in German. The genesis of the term ‘ergative’ originates in the description of Australian Pama-Nyungan case systems.
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D'Orazzi, Giuseppe. "University Students’ Demotivation in Learning Second Languages." International Journal of Literacy, Culture, and Language Education 1 (December 9, 2020): 28–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/ijlcle.v1i0.31151.
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Prior studies report a tendency of university students in Australia to quit their beginner level second language (L2) courses at an early stage (Martín et al., 2016; Nettelbeck et al., 2007). Demotivational patterns are meta-analyzed to understand what hampers the interest in learning French, German, Italian and Spanish of continuing students, discontinuing students, and quitters over one year of studies at Australian universities. Such a distinction across categories of students is offered in line with Martín et al.’s (2016) research. Demotivators are structured on three levels of analysis drawing on Gruba et al.’s (2016) and The Douglas Fir Group’s (2016) frameworks, which encapsulate three levels of analysis, specifically micro, meso and macro. Findings suggest that beginner L2 students in Australia are demotivated by all three levels of analysis in very dynamic and interchangeable ways. Students were found to concurrently experience very different degrees of demotivation over time.
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Rae, Ian D. "Indigo Dreaming." Australian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 9 (2014): 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch14102.
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An Australian chemist who worked in Britain’s munitions industry during World War I returned home nursing the ambition to break a German monopoly and establish the manufacture of synthetic indigo in Australia. Although he mastered the chemistry, municipal concerns about industrial pollution by sulfur dioxide fumes emitted during the oxidation of naphthalene thwarted his attempt to site a factory, and he was never able to attract sufficient financial backing. As an organic chemist trained by Roger Brown, and for many years his friend and colleague, I dedicate this story to the master, who also left some dreams unrealised.
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Topolansky Barbe, Federico, Magdalena Gonzalez Triay, and Cornelia Häufele. "The competitiveness of the Uruguayan rural tourism sector and its potential to attract German tourists." Competitiveness Review 26, no. 2 (March 21, 2016): 166–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-06-2015-0050.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the competitiveness of the Uruguayan rural tourism sector against its main competitors from Argentina and Brazil, as perceived by Uruguayan stakeholders on the supply side. The paper will also evaluate the potential of Uruguay as a rural tourism destination in attracting German tourists. Design/methodology/approach – Two different questionnaires were administered, one to Uruguayan rural tourism stakeholders and another one to potential German tourists in Germany. Findings – The findings indicate that the main strengths of Uruguayan rural tourism offer, compared to Argentina and Brazil, are the hospitality and friendliness of local people, the natural and cultural attractions and the country’s security and safety. Main weaknesses identified were the poor management of several destination components that are key to create a successful tourism destination and poor management of the “demand conditions” component of Dwyer and Kim’s (2003) integrated model. Originality/value – There is very limited research done on the competitiveness of Uruguay as a rural tourist destination in attracting foreign tourists (Mackinnon et al., 2009). The objective of this study is to partially fill this gap by assessing how competitive Uruguayan rural tourism is and evaluating whether Uruguay represents an attractive market for German tourists looking for agro tourism and farm holiday destinations. The German market was chosen because it is one of the top tourist-generating countries and one of the biggest spenders in international tourism (The World Tourism organization, 2010). Moreover, most tourists – from outside South America – selecting Uruguay as a tourist destination come from Germany, USA and Australia (Peralta, 2012).
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CROPLEY, ARTHUR, KATHRIN BECKER, and FOLKERT LÜTHKE. "Forming the Decision to Emigrate to Australia: Some Recent German Experience." Australian Journal of Politics & History 32, no. 1 (April 7, 2008): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1986.tb00340.x.
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Jones, Evan. "The Employment of German Scientists in Australia after World War II." Prometheus 20, no. 4 (December 2002): 305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0810902021000023327.
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