Academic literature on the topic 'German Australia Case studies'
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Journal articles on the topic "German Australia Case studies"
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Caple, Helen, Kate Greenwood, and Catharine Lumby. "What League? The Representation of Female Athletes in Australian Television Sports Coverage." Media International Australia 140, no. 1 (August 2011): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1114000117.
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This article explores why women's sport in Australia still struggles to attract sponsorship and mainstream media coverage despite evidence of high levels of participation and on-field successes. Data are drawn from the largest study of Australian print and television coverage of female athletes undertaken to date in Australia, as well as from a case study examining television coverage of the success of the Matildas, the Australian women's national football team, in winning the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) Women's Asian Cup in 2010. This win was not only the highest ever accolade for any Australian national football team (male or female), but also guaranteed the Matildas a place in the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup in Germany [where they reached the quarter-finals]. Given the close association between success on the field, sponsorship and television exposure, this article focuses specifically on television reporting. We present evidence of the starkly disproportionate amounts of coverage across this section of the news media, and explore the circular link between media coverage, sponsorship and the profile of women's sport.
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Milosavljevic, Boris. "„Philosophy is dead”: Kajica Milanov on dialectical and historical materialism." Theoria, Beograd 65, no. 2 (2022): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo2202017m.
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Kajica Milanov (1905-1986) was educated in Vienna, Belgrade and Berlin. He taught philosophy at the Faculty of Philosophy (University of Belgrade). During World War II Milanov was in German captivity. Afther the war Milanov was asked to teach philosophy in the spirit of Marxism. Because of the political pressure he had to emigrate to Austria, and eventually to Australia (1949). In 1954 Milanov became a Lecturer at the Department of Philosophy in Hobart, University of Tasmania (UTAS). At that time the most notorious scandal in the history of Australian philosophy broke out (Orr case). In that troubled period Milanov managed to keep alive studies at the Philosophy department (1956-1969), with which he has been credited today. He continued to work at the same department as a Senior Lecturer until 1975. Milanov had authored several books and special publications.
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Collins, Felicity, Chris Healy, and Susannah Radstone. "Provincializing memory studies: The insistence of the ‘here-now’." Memory Studies 13, no. 5 (September 17, 2020): 848–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698020946415.
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This essay responds to Astrid Erll’s question about what it might mean to do memory studies in different parts of the world. We offer a response from the perspective of three researchers based in Australia. Focused on a season-opening gala performance, a photographic series, a site-specific protest, and a film that takes a choir from Central Australia to Germany, the essay tracks the emergence, in culture, of something we term the ‘here-now’. The essay argues that this ‘here-now’ belongs neither to historical temporality’s linear time-line, nor to the cosmology of an unsullied Indigenous culture – and cannot easily be addressed in the language of memory studies. Taking our lead from four case studies, we try to find words for what it is that the ‘here-now’ makes present, as it emerges in the artworks and events we discuss. We find that the ‘here-now’s’ ordering of place/time insistently evokes a yet-to-be realized Australia, while prompting recognition of the hard truths that still stand in its way.
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Tavra, Marina, Vlado Cetl, and Tea Duplančić Leder. "A Framework for Evaluation of Marine Spatial Data Geoportals Using Case Studies." GeoScience Engineering 60, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gse-2015-0002.
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Abstract Need for a Marine Spatial Data Infrastructure (MSDI) as a component of a National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) is widely recognized. An MSDI is relevant not only for hydrographers and government planners, but also for many other sectors which takes interest in marine spatial data, whether they are data users, data providers, or data managers [9]. An MSDI encompasses marine and coastal geographic and business information. For efficient use of Marine Spatial Data, it is necessary to ensure its valid and accessible distribution. A geoportal is a specialized web portal for sharing spatial information at different levels over the Internet. This paper re-examines the implementation of an MSDI and what it means for data custodians and end users. Several geoportals are reviewed (German and Australian) to determine their web services functionality, capabilities and the scope to which they support the sharing and reuse of Marine Spatial Data to assist the development of the Croatian MSDI Geoportal. This framework provides a context for better understanding the information bases on spatial data standards and a tool for evaluation of MSDI dissemination - Geoportal.
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Light, Richard L., Stephen Harvey, and Daniel Memmert. "Why children join and stay in sports clubs: case studies in Australian, French and German swimming clubs." Sport, Education and Society 18, no. 4 (July 2013): 550–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2011.594431.
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Seip, Christian, and Ralf Bill. "A Framework for the Evaluation of Marine Spatial Data Infrastructures – Accompanied by International Case-Studies." GeoScience Engineering 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gse-2016-0015.
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Abstract Germany is currently developing a marine data infrastructure addressing different topics such as coastal engineering, hydrography and surveying, protection of the marine environment, maritime conservation, regional planning, and coastal research. This undertaking is embedded in a series of regulations and developments at many administrative levels, from which specifications and courses of action are derived. To set up a conceptual framework for the marine data infrastructure of Germany (MDI-DE), scientists at the Chair for Geodesy and Geoinformatics at the Rostock University are building a reference model, evaluating meta-information systems and developing models to support common workflows in marine applications. Evaluating how other countries built their marine spatial infrastructures is important to learn where obstacles and errors are likely to occur. To be able to look at other initiatives from a neutral point of view, it is necessary to construct a framework for evaluating marine spatial data infrastructures (MSDI). This framework is then used to analyse and evaluate the efforts of Canada, Australia, and Ireland with respect to marine data infrastructures.
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Gremminger, Nicolas, and Jörg Risse. "The Truth About Investment Arbitration (not only) under TTIP Four Case Studies." ASA Bulletin 33, Issue 3 (September 1, 2015): 465–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/asab2015040.
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In the course of the negotiations between the European Union and the United States about the “Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership” (TTIP) the aspects of investment protection and investment arbitration have attracted much press attention. They have become key targets of criticism and massive attacks. Investment arbitration has been depicted as some obscure and undemocratic mechanism that helps rich companies to exploit poor countries. The discussion has become so agitated that oftentimes the underlying facts got out of sight. The goal of the present article therefore is to shed some light on these facts and thereby trace the heated discussion back to an objective, sober-minded level. The authors explain in a step-by-step approach how investment protection in bilateral/multilateral investment treaties works and what standard principles of protection these treaties typically grant to foreign investors (e.g. no direct/indirect expropriation without compensation; no discrimination against foreign investors; the duty to accord fair and equitable treatment to foreign investors). These legal basics are then filled with life by the illustration of four publicly known investment arbitration case studies: Adem Dogan v. Turkmenistan, Philip Morris v. Australia, Vattenfall v. Germany and Walter Bau v. Thailand. The authors conclude that much of the current criticism is unfounded as it ignores factual realities and new developments in international investment arbitration.
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Mallitt, K. A., P. O'Rourke, J. N. Bouwes Bavinck, D. Abeni, M. N. C. de Koning, M. C. W. Feltkamp, A. C. Green, et al. "An analysis of clustering of betapapillomavirus antibodies." Journal of General Virology 91, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 2062–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.017970-0.
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Betapapillomaviruses (βPVs) may contribute to the aetiology of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. However, no high-risk types have yet been identified, possibly because the high frequency of co-infection prevents a straightforward analysis of the independent effects of individual viruses. This study aimed to determine whether specific virus types were more likely to co-occur than others, thereby reducing the number of parameters needed in statistical models. Antibody data were analysed from controls who participated in case–control studies in The Netherlands, Italy and Australia and from participants in the German Nutrition Survey. Cluster analysis and two ordination techniques were used to identify patterns. Evidence of clustering was found only according to the number of viruses to which antibodies were detected. The lack of clustering of specific viral types identified suggests that if there are βPV types that are independently related to skin carcinogenesis, they are unlikely to be identified using standard epidemiological methods.
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Bernal, Henrique de Moraes, Carlos Eduardo Siqueira, Fernando Adami, and Edige Felipe de Sousa Santos. "Trends in case-fatality rates of COVID-19 in the World, between 2019 - 2020." Journal of Human Growth and Development 30, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 344–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.v30.11063.
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Introduction: CoV infections can potentially cause from a simple cold to a severe respiratory syndrome, such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV). The COVID-19 created a new reality for global healthcare models. Objetive: To evaluate trends in case fatality rates of COVID-19 in the World. Methods: We conducted a population based time-series study using public and official data of cases and deaths from COVID-19 in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, France, Germany, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Nigeria, Peru, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States and Russian, between December, 2019 and August, 2020. Data were based on reports from European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. COVID-19 was defined by the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (U07.1). A Prais-Winsten regression model was performed and the Daily Percentage Change (DPC) calculated determine rates as increasing, decreasing or flat. Results: During the study period, trends in case-fatality rates in the world were flat (DPC = 0.3; CI 95% [-0.2: 0.7]; p = 0.225). In Africa, Morocco had decreasing trends (DPC = -1.1; CI 95% [-1.5: -0.7]; p < 0.001), whereas it were increasing in South Africa (p < 0.05) and flat in Nigeria (p > 0.05). In the Americas, Argentina showed a decreasing trend in case-fatality rates (DPC = -0.6; CI 95% [-1.1: -0.2]; p = 0.005), the U.S. had flat trends (p > 0.05) and all other American countries had increasing trends (p < 0.05). In Asia, Iran had decreasing trends (DPC = -1.5; CI 95% [-2.6 : -0.2]; p = 0.019); China and Saudi Arabia showed increasing trends (p < 0.05), while in India, Japan and South Korea they were flat (p > 0.05). European countries had mostly increasing trends (p < 0.05): Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK and Russia; France and Switzerland had flat trends (p > 0.05). Finally, in Oceania, trends in case-fatality rates were flat in Australia (p > 0.05) and increasing in New Zealand (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Trends in case-fatality rates of COVID-19 in the World were flat between December, 31 and August, 31. Argentina, Iran and Morocco were the only countries with decreasing trends. On the other hand, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, China, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Spain, United Kingdom, Russian and New Zealand had increasing trends in case-fatality rate. All the other countries analyzed had flat trends. Based on case-fatality rate data, our study supports that COVID-19 pandemic is still in progress worldwide.
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Wüstenberg, Jenny. "Dark Pedagogies in Comparative Perspective: Remembering Institutional Child Abuse." Jeunesse: Young People, Texts, Cultures 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jeunesse.13.2.55.
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This article sketches three cases of institutional child abuse in different historical contexts and places—St. Michael’s Residential School in Alert Bay (Canada), Parramatta Girls’ Home in Sydney (Australia), and the Closed Juvenile Detention Center in Torgau (German Democratic Republic). I propose Katharina Rutschky’s concept of “dark pedagogy” to analyze the striking similarities in the methods and justification of treatment of children, in the experiences that survivors describe, and in the nature of commemoration. This concept can help us see how the extremes of violence and the techniques of control in “care” facilities that were common across the profiled cases are immersed in similar norms governing the social roles of children and adults. My core argument is that institutional child abuse—because of its systemic nature, its embeddedness in the modernist project, and the resulting stigmas—has lead to similar challenges and practices in confronting and memorializing these histories.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "German Australia Case studies"
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Martinez-Fernandez, Cristina Built Environment Faculty of Built Environment UNSW. "Networks for regional development : case studies from Australia and Spain." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Built Environment, 2001. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20482.
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This study investigates the role of regional networks for economic development (RENEDs) in regions suffering from industrial dislocation. It proposes that RENEDs significantly affect regional development. It also investigates the aspects of RENEDs that promote interorganisational collaboration on projects, and examines how RENEDs foster and manage them. The research uses a case study approach, and presents two regions suffering from the decline of their main economic source. These regions are the Hunter region of New South Wales (Australia) and the Le??n province of Castilla Y Le??n (Spain). A pilot study and a survey were conducted in both regions. Three types of analysis were applied: network, statistical and qualitative. The research method makes it possible to replicate research and develop a theory of regional networks for economic development. The results show that success of RENEDs is determined by capital investment generated by the projects, their influence in changing the economic bases of the regions, and the improvement to regional network capital. This study found that frequency of communication is a structural element that significantly affects the production of projects. However, other variables affect projects, such as external pressures from globalisation, government policies and ideologies, and internal constraints from the public, private and civic sectors. This thesis concludes that RENEDs have an important role in regional planning through the formulation of specific projects that target economic disparity. RENEDs represent a system of relationship that enrich the network capital of the regions as an important asset for their future.
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Hendriks, Carolyn Maree, and C. M. Hendriks@uva nl. "Public Deliberation and Interest Organisations: a Study of Responses to Lay Citizen Engagement in Public Policy." The Australian National University. Research School of Social Sciences, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20050921.103047.
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This thesis empirically examines how lobby groups and activists respond to innovative forms of public participation. The study centres on processes that foster a particular kind
of deliberative governance including citizens’ juries, consensus conferences and planning cells. These deliberative designs bring together a panel of randomly selected lay citizens
to deliberate on a specific policy issue for a few days, with the aim of providing decision makers with a set of recommendations. While policy makers worldwide are attracted to these novel participatory processes, little consideration has been given to how well they work alongside more adversarial and interest-based politics. This doctoral research project examines this interface by studying what these processes mean to different kinds of policy actors such as corporations, advocacy groups, government agencies, experts
and professionals. These entities are collectively referred to in this thesis as ‘interest organisations’ because in some way they are seeking a specific policy outcome from the
state – even government-based groups.¶
The empirical research in this thesis is based on comparative case studies of four deliberative design projects in Australia and Germany. The Australian cases include a citizens’ jury on waste management legislation and a consensus conference on gene
technology in the food chain. The German case studies include a planning cells project on consumer protection in Bavaria, and a national consensus conference on genetic diagnostics. Together the cases capture a diversity of complex and contested policy
issues facing post-industrialised societies. In each case study, I examine how relevant interest organisations responded to the deliberative forum, and then interpret these responses in view of the context and features of the case.¶
The picture emerging from the in-depth case studies is that interest organisations respond to deliberative designs in a variety of ways. Some choose to participate actively,
others passively decline, and a few resort to strategic tactics to undermine citizens’ deliberations. The empirical research reveals that though responses are variable, most
interest organisations are challenged by several features of the deliberative design model including: 1) that deliberators are citizens with no knowledge or association with the
issue; 2) that experts and interest representatives are required to present their arguments before a citizens’ panel; and 3) that policy discussions occur under deliberative conditions which can expose the illegitimate use of power.¶
Despite these challenges, the paradox is that many interest organisations do decide to engage in lay citizen deliberations. The empirical research indicates that groups and experts value deliberative designs if they present an opportunity for public relations, customer feedback, or advocacy. Moreover, the research finds that when policy actors
intensively engage with ‘ordinary’ citizens, their technocratic and elite ideas about public participation can shift in a more inclusive and deliberative direction.¶
The thesis finds that, on the whole, weaker interest organisations are more willing to engage with lay citizens than stronger organisations because they welcome the chance to influence public debate and decision makers. It appears that powerful groups will only
engage in a deliberative forum under certain policy conditions, for example, when the dominant policy paradigm is unstable and contested, when public discussion on the issue is emerging, when policy networks are interdependent and heterogeneous, and when the broader social and political system supports public accountability, consensus and
deliberation. Given that these kinds of policy conditions do not always exist, I conclude that tensions between interest organisations and deliberative governance will be common. In order to create more cooperative and productive interfaces, I recommend
that interest organisations be better supported and integrated into citizens’ deliberations, and that steps be taken to safeguard forums from strategic attempts to undermine their
legitimacy.¶
The thesis also sends out three key messages to democratic theorists. First, the empirical research shows that different kinds of groups and actors in civil society vary in their
willingness and capacity to participate to public deliberation. Second, the deliberative design model demonstrates that partisan actors, such as interest organisations, will engage in public deliberation when they can participate as strategic deliberators. In this role
partisans are not expected to relinquish their agendas, but present them as testimonies before a group of deliberators. Third, the empirical research in this thesis should bring
home to theorists that deliberative forums are closely linked to the discursive context within which they operate.
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Walker, Beverly C. "An action research study of strategy implementation in a not-for-profit community organisation." Monash University, Dept. of Management, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5186.
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Fehrer, Moritz. "Understanding succession processes in family businesses : case studies in the German Mittelstand." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2016. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29396.
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This thesis highlights the importance of understanding succession processes within family businesses. It examines how and why family members influence the succession process, using case studies of family businesses in the German Mittelstand. These are important questions,yet most previous research on family business succession has focused on the current CEO and the immediate successor, paying little attention to the wider family. The findings of this study show the diverse perspectives of family members, highlighting the maternal role in the succession process. This study opens up a new perspective about how much family needs and desires influence the succession process in family businesses, and vice versa. The cases reveal that strategic decision making within family businesses does not take place at the office but at home in private, and that family members, regardless of their formal status with the business, have a certain influence. The thesis adds value to our empirical and practical knowledge of family businesses and their dynamics. It clearly demonstrates that family businesses do not follow strict strategies but are flexible and fast in adapting to new circumstances and challenges. Previous research has largely neglected the role of wider internal and external stakeholders during the succession process, and has also failed to address the important question of successor motivations. To date, studies have focused solely on financial motivators or the absence of adequate alternatives as the main reasons why the younger generation engages in the family business. The results of this thesis provide a more nuanced understanding of successor commitment and motivations for taking on the emotional challenge of managing the family firm. To further enhance our understanding of how and why family members influence the succession process in the family business, this thesis draws on the Strategy as Practice approach. This perspective captures a more accurate picture of real-life succession processes by taking into account the interests and behaviour of directly and indirectly involved family members. In contrast to other approaches, the Strategy as Practice approach captures real-life decision making in everyday business and was chosen to theoretically underpin and guide the empirical work of this thesis, which consists of five case studies conducted in the German Mittelstand in the period from 2011 to 2014. Key words: Family business, succession, transition, incumbent, predecessor, holistic family approach, nepotism, emotional hazard, legitimation, Strategy as Practice.
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Heffner, Lori. "Heritage Languages: The Case of German in Kitchener-Waterloo." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/751.
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This thesis investigates the assimilation and/or integration of German families in Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario into Anglo-Canadian culture. By administering questionnaires to and interviewing members in three three-generational families (n=29), different factors involved in an effort to ascertain what factors, if any, determine one's decision to pass on or continue learning German. The thesis proposes that if participants have a positive attitude towards German, i. e. , they see some use or value in it, then they will pass it on to the following generation.
The first chapter outlines the aims of the study, methodology, and important terms. The second chapter describes previous research on the topic of immigrant integration in more detail, explaining the influences of external agents such as the government, school system, and media, and more 'internal' agents such as one's circle of friends and other social contacts as well as the family. The third chapter describes the three families and summarizes the main characteristics of each generation. Chapter four reports the results of the questionnaires and interviews. Chapter five, the conclusion, suggests which individual factors need to be studied further.
The findings in this study suggest that there is no single factor which decides if those of German heritage decide to pass on their language or continue learning/using it themselves, or if they prefer to assimilate into Anglo-Canadian culture. Two factors did prove to be very important, namely the practicality of learning German, and how important one's heritage was to a participant. However, not even the presence of these two variables guaranteed a desire to continue learning German, demonstrating that numerous variables are taken into consideration when deciding whether to continue learning German and/or to pass it on to the next generation.
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Haeussler, Stephanie. "Emotional regulation and resilience in educational organisations : a case of German school teachers." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2013. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/16049/.
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This thesis investigates how the regulation of emotions contributes to the resilience of a school’s workforce in Germany, so that teachers develop and maintain the ability to handle obstacles as they occur, while emphasising the role of the organisation in supporting this process. Two areas of literature, around resilience and emotions, respectively emotion regulation, are reviewed and critically discussed. Additionally literature on stress in the teaching profession is reviewed in order to provide the context of this study. It is found that no research has investigated to date which emotion regulation strategies are applied by individuals in an organisational (here specifically educational) context that have the potential to increase their perceived resilience. At the same time it can be shown that the teaching profession is considered a stressful profession due to its high emotional demands (Brackett et al., 2010; Johnson et al., 2005; Kyriacou, 2001) and teachers are in need of high levels of resilience (Brackett et al., 2010), making this study relevant for educational organisations. In this study, both, resilience and emotions, are understood as social constructions. Consequently this research follows a social constructionist approach. With an interpretivist perspective, this study tries to explore subjective understandings of emotion regulation and its influence on the individual’s perception of their resilience, taking a qualitative approach. Semi-structured interviews are conducted with teachers of German schools. This data is complemented by qualitative research diaries, filled in by the interviewees. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis is the chosen framework for analysis, as it allows the exploration of individuals’ experiences and perceptions (Chamberlain, 1999; Smith & Osborn, 2003). Research participants’ reported intensity of emotional experiences in the workplace combined with the increased risks for teachers’ physical and psychological wellbeing, requires high levels of resilience (Roeser et al., 2012) and a strong capability to regulate emotions effectively (Helsing, 2007; Schutz & Zembylas, 2009). Various antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation strategies are reported. Many of these strategies can also be considered risk-, asset-, or process focused resilience-promoting strategies. Positive emotions potentially enhance resilience (Fredrickson, 2001; Hobfoll, 1989, 2001; Ong et al., 2006; Zautra et al., 2001), while the regulation of negative emotions reflects the idea that resilience is developed in the face of adversity (Gu & Day, 2007). Therefore the findings of this study contribute to closing the gap between literature focused on resilience and literature concerned with the regulation of emotions by showing how emotion regulation strategies have the potential to promote resilience. Organisational support appears as a promising avenue to promote emotion regulation strategies and consequently resilience in employees in the context of educational organisations, fostering teachers’ personal and professional development. The role of the organisation appears to be crucial in this context. Various suggestions of participants how the organisation could provide support, form the base for a possible development of a training programme which could help teachers to enhance their individual resilience for their own good and the advantage of the organisation, which is a potential practical contribution.
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Boven, Christine. "A comparison of Australian and German literary journalism." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/578.
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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and compare the traditions shaping the development of literary journalism in Australia and Germany. Tracing the different historical developments of the form in the two countries provides the contextual basis for an in-depth comparative analysis, which concentrates on the concepts of credibility and authenticity. The thesis explores whether different attitudes to news and opinion in journalism in the two countries influence these notions that are central to literary journalism. However, in the comparative analysis other significant factors become apparent. In four case studies, two from each country, consisting of book-length examples of literary journalism, distinct journalistic and literary criteria are applied to gain insights of how credibility and authenticity are achieved and to what extent this influences the perception of these works. One key finding is that in Germany the main instrument to achieve authenticity and credibility is eyewitness reporting in the strict sense of the word, that is, the writer experienced what he or she writes about first-hand. Australia, on the other hand, allows more room and greater emphasis for narrative techniques combined with well-researched and verifiable facts. This difference in understanding of authenticity is also supported by the other key finding that diverging media laws and regulations, above all the laws protecting privacy and personality, greatly influence the production and reception of literary journalism in the two countries. For Germany, this means that the scope for the form is far narrower than in the Anglo-American world, to which Australia belongs.
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Hamilton, Gregory Stuart. "A Study of Cyclogenisis in the North of Western Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1374.
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The region of interest in this study is the ocean area to the north of the Western Australian coast; that is, the Timor Sea. It is the tropical cyclones (TC) that generate in this area that most often affect the people and industries located in this region of Western Australia. Accordingly, it is the case that there is a continuing need to improve our understanding of these systems using both observations and numerical models. After an introduction to the problems caused by TCs in the north of Western Australia, a description is made of the study area. A review of the various meteorological systems that can be identified in the tropics is provided. This is followed by a history of research on cyclogenesis. A detailed discussion is undertaken on the current state of knowledge of tropical cyclogenesis. This theoretical understanding subsequently is applied to three case studies. Following a description of the data used and the analysis techniques, the three case studies are presented. In each case study, a system, which later becomes a tropical cyclone, is analysed during the genesis period. The three case studies examined in this thesis are, case 1 (TC Tim, 1994), case 2 (TC Elaine, 1999) and case 3 (TC Isobel, 1996). In each case, the system was studied for at least 10 days prior to it being named. This approach was adopted to ensure that any potential development was not overlooked. A system is named when it reaches sufficient intensity for gale force winds to exist in all quadrants around the centre of that system. For each case, the environment in the vicinity of the location where the system was initially identified was studied until an evolving system was identified. Monitoring of the system continued until it was named.Observations from the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program comprised the physical data set. In parallel with this data collection activity, meteorological products from a numerical model were catalogued over the same time interval. The thesis presents comparisons of the satellite products and the model output over the study period. In part, motivated by the outcomes of this comparison, it was determined to investigate further prospects for using the array of satellite-derived products that might be more appropriate for use as a forecasting support tool. Finally, as an example, a prototype index is proposed which has potential to demonstrate the degree of development of a system. In this work, for want of a name, this index is termed the Hamilton Index (HI). It uses meteorological products derived from the microwave DMSP series of satellites and provides a temporal sequence of values of the index that are applied to monitor the developing of the TC systems in the three case studies. The meteorological variables used in the index were selected because they were accepted indicators of tropical cyclogenesis identified in the research literature. When applied to the three case studies, the HI showed a significant improvement in sensitivity to the state of development of the systems, especially when compared to the computer model data examined for the case studies.
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Pfeffer, Sarah [Verfasser]. "“Palms require translation”: Derek Walcott’s Poetry in German : Three Case Studies / Sarah Pfeffer." Kassel : Kassel University Press, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1108324371/34.
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Paczulla, Jutta Carleton University Dissertation International Affairs. "Premises for German unification: two case studies in the area of economic cooperation." Ottawa, 1991.
Find full textBooks on the topic "German Australia Case studies"
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J, Henderson Bryn, ed. International health care: A framework for comparing national health care systems : Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, United Kingdom, United States. Tampa, Fla: American College of Physician Executives, 1995.
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Campbell, Leslie G. International auditing: A comparative survey of professional requirements in Australia, Canada, France, West Germany, Japan, The Netherlands, the UK, and the USA. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985.
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Tadashi, Hanami, and Blanpain R. 1932-, eds. Industrial conflict resolution in market economies: A study of Australia, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan, and the USA. 2nd ed. Deventer, Netherlands: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1989.
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Galvin, Michael. A changing Australia: Themes and case studies. Sydney: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988.
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Gunstone, Andrew. Reconciliation in regional Australia: Case studies from Gippsland. 2nd ed. North Melbourne, Vic: Australian Scholarly Pub., 2012.
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Gilmour, Peter. Operations management in Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Longman Cheshire, 1991.
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Clark, Ian D., ed. An Historical Geography of Tourism in Victoria, Australia – Case Studies. Warsaw, Poland: DE GRUYTER OPEN, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/9783110370119.
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Batten, Jonathan. International finance in Australia: A case study approach. Sydney: Butterworths, 1993.
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1947-, Wolf Volker, ed. Bibliography of German studies in Australia: Didactics, film, language, literature. München: Iudicium Verlag, 1993.
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Kannegiesser, H. J. Ever the clever country?: Innovation and enterprise in Australia. Sydney: McGraw-Hill, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "German Australia Case studies"
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Maloney, Danielle. "Australia." In Case Studies in Global School Health Promotion, 377–85. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92269-0_28.
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Haider, Hubert. "The Case of German." In Studies in German Grammar, edited by Jindrich Toman, 65–102. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110882711-005.
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Hudson, Simon. "Australia." In International Case Studies on Tourism Destination Management and COVID-19, 21–28. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003310624-4.
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Priller, Josef. "With the Help of a German Dermatologist." In Neuropsychiatry Case Studies, 161–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42190-2_28.
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Jackson, Aaron P. "Small Militaries and Operational Art: A Strange but Beneficial Pairing." In Handbook of Military Sciences, 1–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_117-1.
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AbstractThis chapter examines why and how small militaries have adopted operational art despite not possessing large enough forces to apply the concept in the manner it was originally intended. First, it establishes context by summarizing three large military operational art traditions – the German, Soviet, and American traditions. Second, it examines why small militaries have adopted the concept, positing that it is due to a mixture of interoperability and cultural reasons. While there are many potential ways to define “small militaries,” they are defined here as either comprising less than 100,000 personnel, or as fielding land combat forces of one division or less in size. By either definition, these militaries are smaller in scale than those required to apply operational art as conceptualized within the three large military traditions summarized. Third, three case studies examine how small militaries have adapted and applied the concept: those of Australia; Canada; and the Nordic and Baltic countries. Despite facing different strategic situations, the way these militaries have applied operational art has been very similar. All have taken a functional approach, which de-links operational art from its original emphasis on scale. These militaries have used this modified concept to enable them to operate more effectively alongside their larger allies, America in particular.
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Sternefeld, Wolfgang. "On Case and Binding Theory." In Studies in German Grammar, edited by Jindrich Toman, 231–86. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110882711-010.
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Ray, Darren, Leah Galvin, Claire Palermo, Erik Eklund, Stuart Auckland, Quynh Lê, Rebecca Lindberg, and Russell Shields. "Case Studies on Food Equity and Access." In Food Security in Australia, 153–70. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4484-8_11.
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Dent, Benjamin, and Ray Collins. "Case studies." In A manual for agribusiness value chain analysis in developing countries, 56–103. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249361.0003.
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Abstract This section illustrates Value Chain Thinking (VCT) in practice, using a combination of our development project experiences and Australia Awards Africa case studies that we have mentored. It provides case studies on which VCT has been put into practice: These examples cover: aquaculture on Lake Victoria, Kenya; Pakistani mangoes; Ghanaian pineapples; livestock value chains covering Madagascan goats, Ugandan rabbits, Ghanaian guinea fowl, Nigerian catfish and Kenyan indigenous chicken; and vegetable value chains in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Malawi and Mozambique. Then the researchers offer two novel applications of VCT: (1) to improve children's nutrition in Madagascar, Cameroon and Zambia, as well as value chain members' livelihoods; and (2) to design and operate the Ghana Green Label scheme for food certification covering both safety and environmental assurances.
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Wilson, George, Maarten Ryder, Glenn Fitzgerald, Michael Tausz, Robert Norton, Garry O’Leary, Saman Seneweera, et al. "Case Studies on Food Production, Policy and Trade." In Food Security in Australia, 353–64. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4484-8_24.
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Janssen, Sven. "British and German Banking: Case Studies." In British and German Banking Strategies, 65–217. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230233935_4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "German Australia Case studies"
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Kennedy, Tom, Mark Muggeridge, and Scott Pearce. "Netcasting – Case Studies in the Industry." In SMPTE Australia Conference. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5594/m001185.
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Whiteley, Robert J., and Simon B. Stewart. "Engineering Geophysics in Australia: Urban Case Studies from Downunder." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2008. Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/1.2963281.
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J. Whiteley, Robert, and Simon B Stewart. "Engineering Geophysics In Australia: Urban Case Studies From Downunder." In 21st EEGS Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.177.23.
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Engerer, Nicholas A., Carl E. Tidemann, Jamie M. Bright, Scott Condie, Matthew Brooks, and Sujeewa Vithana. "Solar Forecasting for Low Voltage Network Operations: Selected Case Studies in Australia." In 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc40753.2019.8980584.
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Roy, Sylvie, Simone Smala, and Karen Dooley. "BILINGUAL EDUCATION IN MAJORITY ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES: CASE STUDIES IN AUSTRALIA AND CANADA." In International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2017.0353.
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Hertle, Robert, Thomas Hertle, and Eric Brehm. "Challenges when enhancing the infrastructure – case studies." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.1313.
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<p>The fundamental rational of the German way to ensure structural safety and to prevent the society from undue harm is independent design review and execution supervision. This paper will explain both regarding the way in which review and supervision are performed, as well as the qualification needed for the design and supervision review engineer, who acts as a trustee of the public administration. The development of the review and supervision regime and of the underlying set of technical rules and regulations will be addressed by discussing actual and historic case studies. Special emphasis will be put on the interface-problems when different parties are involved and on the necessity of good and reliable coordination mechanisms between the involved parties. As a consequence of the increasing fragmentation of the design process in combination with the use of complex software tools and inevitable time pressure often the integrated design review process is the last line of defence to avoid incidents due to minor lapses or serious misjudgements.</p>
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Niu, Jianxin, Chin Hiang Chua, and Brett Hawkins. "Case Studies of Ground Improvement Techniques Used on a Coal Export Terminal Development in Newcastle, Australia." In International Symposium on Ground Improvement Technologies and Case Histories. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/gi030.
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Sinnott, Richard O., C. Bayliss, A. Bromage, G. Galang, Y. Gong, P. Greenwood, G. Jayaputera, et al. "The Urban Data Re-use and Integration Platform for Australia: Design, Realisation, and Case Studies." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration (IRI). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iri.2015.24.
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Cetiner, Erkan, Taskin Kocak, and V. Cagri Gungor. "Credit risk analysis based on hybrid classification: Case studies on German and Turkish credit datasets." In 2018 26th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/siu.2018.8404405.
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Oppermann, Ralf H. "Breaking New Ground in Seismic Identification of Fluid Conduits or Barriers—Carbonate Case Studies From Around the World." In International Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia 13-16 September 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2015-2210909.
Full textReports on the topic "German Australia Case studies"
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Lowder, Travis, Ella Zhou, and Tian Tian. Evolving Distributed Generation Support Mechanisms: Case Studies from United States, Germany, United Kingdom, and Australia. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1347278.
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Zhou, Shengru, Travis Lowder, and Tian Tian. Evolving Distributed Generation Support Mechanisms: Case Studies from United States, Germany, United Kingdom, and Australia (Chinese translation). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1390042.
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Stoker, Carol, and Stephen Mehay. Recuiting, Advertising and Marketing Strategies in All-Volunteer Force Nations: Case Studies of Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada557589.
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Marshall, Amber, Krystle Turner, Carol Richards, Marcus Foth, Michael Dezuanni, and Tim Neale. A case study of human factors of digital AgTech adoption: Condamine Plains, Darling Downs. Queensland University of Technology, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.227177.
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As global agricultural production methods and supply chains have become more digitised, farmers around the world are adopting digital AgTech such as drones, Internet of Things (IoT), remote sensors, blockchain, and satellite imagery to inform their on-farm decision-making. While early adopters and technology advocates globally are spruiking and realising the benefits of digital AgTech, many Australian farmers are reluctant or unable to participate fully in the digital economy. This is an important issue, as the Australian Government has said that digital farming is essential to meeting its target of agriculture being a $100billion industry by 2030. Most studies of AgTech adoption focus on individual-level barriers, yielding well-documented issues such as access to digital connectivity, availability of AgTech suppliers, non-use of ICTs, and cost-benefit for farmers. In contrast, our project took an ‘ecosystems’ approach to study cotton farmers in the Darling Downs region in Queensland, Australia who are installing water sensors, satellite imagery, and IoT plant probes to generate data to be aggregated on a dashboard to inform decision-making. We asked our farmers to map their local ecosystem, and then set up interviewing different stakeholders (such technology providers, agronomists, and suppliers) to understand how community-level orientations to digital agriculture enabled and constrained on-farm adoption. We identified human factors of digital AgTech adoption at the macro, regional and farm levels, with a pronounced ‘data divide’ between farm and community level stakeholders within the ecosystem. This ‘data divide’ is characterised by a capability gap between the provision of the devices and software that generate data by technology companies, and the ability of farmers to manage, implement, use, and maintain them effectively and independently. In the Condamine Plains project, farmers were willing and determined to learn new, advanced digital and data literacy skills. Other farmers in different circumstances may not see value in such an undertaking or have the necessary support to take full advantage of the technologies once they are implemented. Moreover, there did not seem to be a willingness or capacity in the rest of the ecosystem to fill this gap. The work raises questions about the type and level of new, digital expertise farmers need to attain in the transition to digital farming, and what interventions are necessary to address the significant barriers to adoption and effective use that remain in rural communities. By holistically considering how macro- and micro-level factors may be combined with community-level influences, this study provides a more complete and holistic account of the contextualised factors that drive or undermine digital AgTech adoption on farms in rural communities. This report provides insights and evidence to inform strategies for rural ecosystems to transition farms to meet the requirements and opportunities of Agriculture 4.0 in Australia and abroad.
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Michael, Miess, Stefan Schmelzer, Günther Lichtblau, Sigrid Stix, Clemens Gerbaulet, Wolf-Peter Schill, Totschnig Gerhard, et al. DEFINE Synthesis Report: DEFINE - Development of an Evaluation Framework for the Introduction of Electromobility. IHS - Institute for Advanced Studies, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2015.500.
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The project DEFINE – Development of an Evaluation Framework for the Introduction of Electromobility – was conducted by the Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS), Vienna, in cooperation with the Environment Agency Austria (EAA), the Vienna University of Technology (TUW), Austria; the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), the Institute for Applied Ecology (Oeko-Institut), Germany; and with the Center for Social and Economic Research (CASE), Poland.
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Buchanan, Riley, Daniel Elias, Darren Holden, Daniel Baldino, Martin Drum, and Richard P. Hamilton. The archive hunter: The life and work of Leslie R. Marchant. The University of Notre Dame Australia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32613/reports/2021.2.
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Professor Leslie R. Marchant was a Western Australian historian of international renown. Richly educated as a child in political philosophy and critical reason, Marchant’s understandings of western political philosophies were deepened in World War Two when serving with an international crew of the merchant navy. After the war’s end, Marchant was appointed as a Protector of Aborigines in Western Australia’s Depart of Native Affairs. His passionate belief in Enlightenment ideals, including the equality of all people, was challenged by his experiences as a Protector. Leaving that role, he commenced his studies at The University of Western Australia where, in 1952, his Honours thesis made an early case that genocide had been committed in the administration of Aboriginal people in Western Australia. In the years that followed, Marchant became an early researcher of modern China and its relationship with the West, and won respect for his archival research of French maritime history in the Asia-Pacific. This work, including the publication of France Australe in 1982, was later recognised with the award of a French knighthood, the Chevalier d’Ordre National du Mèrite, and his election as a fellow to the Royal Geographical Society. In this festschrift, scholars from The University of Notre Dame Australia appraise Marchant’s work in such areas as Aboriginal history and policy, Westminster traditions, political philosophy, Australia and China and French maritime history.
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
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McEntee, Alice, Sonia Hines, Joshua Trigg, Kate Fairweather, Ashleigh Guillaumier, Jane Fischer, Billie Bonevski, James A. Smith, Carlene Wilson, and Jacqueline Bowden. Tobacco cessation in CALD communities. The Sax Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/sneg4189.
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Background Australia is a multi-cultural society with increasing rates of people from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. On average, CALD groups have higher rates of tobacco use, lower participation in cancer screening programs, and poorer health outcomes than the general Australian population. Lower cancer screening and smoking cessation rates are due to differing cultural norms, health-related attitudes, and beliefs, and language barriers. Interventions can help address these potential barriers and increase tobacco cessation and cancer screening rates among CALD groups. Cancer Council NSW (CCNSW) aims to reduce the impact of cancer and improve cancer outcomes for priority populations including CALD communities. In line with this objective, CCNSW commissioned this rapid review of interventions implemented in Australia and comparable countries. Review questions This review aimed to address the following specific questions: Question 1 (Q1): What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Question 2 (Q2): What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? This review focused on Chinese-, Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking people as they are the largest CALD groups in Australia and have high rates of tobacco use and poor screening adherence in NSW. Summary of methods An extensive search of peer-reviewed and grey literature published between January 2013-March 2022 identified 19 eligible studies for inclusion in the Q1 review and 49 studies for the Q2 review. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Levels of Evidence and Joanna Briggs Institute’s (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools were used to assess the robustness and quality of the included studies, respectively. Key findings Findings are reported by components of an intervention overall and for each CALD group. By understanding the effectiveness of individual components, results will demonstrate key building blocks of an effective intervention. Question 1: What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Thirteen of the 19 studies were Level IV (L4) evidence, four were Level III (L3), one was Level II (L2), none were L1 (highest level of evidence) and one study’s evidence level was unable to be determined. The quality of included studies varied. Fifteen tobacco cessation intervention components were included, with most interventions involving at least three components (range 2-6). Written information (14 studies), and education sessions (10 studies) were the most common components included in an intervention. Eight of the 15 intervention components explored had promising evidence for use with Chinese-speaking participants (written information, education sessions, visual information, counselling, involving a family member or friend, nicotine replacement therapy, branded merchandise, and mobile messaging). Another two components (media campaign and telephone follow-up) had evidence aggregated across CALD groups (i.e., results for Chinese-speaking participants were combined with other CALD group(s)). No intervention component was deemed of sufficient evidence for use with Vietnamese-speaking participants and four intervention components had aggregated evidence (written information, education sessions, counselling, nicotine replacement therapy). Counselling was the only intervention component to have promising evidence for use with Arabic-speaking participants and one had mixed evidence (written information). Question 2: What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? Two of the 49 studies were Level I (L1) evidence, 13 L2, seven L3, 25 L4 and two studies’ level of evidence was unable to be determined. Eighteen intervention components were assessed with most interventions involving 3-4 components (range 1-6). Education sessions (32 studies), written information (23 studies) and patient navigation (10 studies) were the most common components. Seven of the 18 cancer screening intervention components had promising evidence to support their use with Vietnamese-speaking participants (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, counselling, and peer experience). The component, opportunity to be screened (e.g. mailed or handed a bowel screening test), had aggregated evidence regarding its use with Vietnamese-speaking participants. Seven intervention components (education session, written information, visual information, peer/community health worker, opportunity to be screened, counselling, and branded merchandise) also had promising evidence to support their use with Chinese-speaking participants whilst two components had mixed (patient navigation) or aggregated (media campaign) evidence. One intervention component for use with Arabic-speaking participants had promising evidence to support its use (opportunity to be screened) and eight intervention components had mixed or aggregated support (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, peer experience, media campaign, and anatomical models). Gaps in the evidence There were four noteworthy gaps in the evidence: 1. No systematic review was captured for Q1, and only two studies were randomised controlled trials. Much of the evidence is therefore based on lower level study designs, with risk of bias. 2. Many studies provided inadequate detail regarding their intervention design which impacts both the quality appraisal and how mixed finding results can be interpreted. 3. Several intervention components were found to have supportive evidence available only at the aggregate level. Further research is warranted to determine the interventions effectiveness with the individual CALD participant group only. 4. The evidence regarding the effectiveness of certain intervention components were either unknown (no studies) or insufficient (only one study) across CALD groups. This was the predominately the case for Arabic-speaking participants for both Q1 and Q2, and for Vietnamese-speaking participants for Q1. Further research is therefore warranted. Applicability Most of the intervention components included in this review are applicable for use in the Australian context, and NSW specifically. However, intervention components assessed as having insufficient, mixed, or no evidence require further research. Cancer screening and tobacco cessation interventions targeting Chinese-speaking participants were more common and therefore showed more evidence of effectiveness for the intervention components explored. There was support for cancer screening intervention components targeting Vietnamese-speaking participants but not for tobacco cessation interventions. There were few interventions implemented for Arabic-speaking participants that addressed tobacco cessation and screening adherence. Much of the evidence for Vietnamese and Arabic-speaking participants was further limited by studies co-recruiting multiple CALD groups and reporting aggregate results. Conclusion There is sound evidence for use of a range of intervention components to address tobacco cessation and cancer screening adherence among Chinese-speaking populations, and cancer screening adherence among Vietnamese-speaking populations. Evidence is lacking regarding the effectiveness of tobacco cessation interventions with Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking participants, and cancer screening interventions for Arabic-speaking participants. More research is required to determine whether components considered effective for use in one CALD group are applicable to other CALD populations.
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Australia Awards Global Tracer Facility: Case Study Interview Guides. Australia Awards Global Tracer Facility, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/tracer/27.
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This document contains the guiding questions used by the Australia Awards Global Tracer Facility (GTF) in its case studies. The purpose of the GTF is to enable the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) to assess the long term development contributions and public diplomacy outcomes of Australia’s investment in Australia Awards. The GTF is designed to provide a strong evidence base to inform DFAT’s management of the Australia Awards.
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Mapping the Public Voice for Development—Natural Language Processing of Social Media Text Data: A Special Supplement of Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2022. Asian Development Bank, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/fls220347-3.
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This publication explores how natural language processing (NLP) techniques can be applied to social media text data to map public sentiment and inform development research and policy making. The publication introduces the foundations of natural language analyses and showcases studies that have applied NLP techniques to make progress on the Sustainable Development Goals. It also reviews specific NLP techniques and concepts, supported by two case studies. The first case study analyzes public sentiments on the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in the Philippines while the second case study explores the public debate on climate change in Australia.