Relevant bibliographies by topics / Geriatric psychiatry New Zealand

Academic literature on the topic 'Geriatric psychiatry New Zealand'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Geriatric psychiatry New Zealand"

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Mitchell, Terry, Michael Woodward, and Yuichi Hirose. "A survey of attitudes of clinicians towards the diagnosis and treatment of mild cognitive impairment in Australia and New Zealand." International Psychogeriatrics 20, no. 1 (February 2008): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610207005583.

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ABSTRACTObjectives: The aim of the study was to assess the attitudes of clinicians to the diagnostic construct of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), their approach to relaying the diagnosis to patients and families, and recommended treatment and follow-up.Method: An anonymous questionnaire was sent out to 503 members of the Australian Society for Geriatric Medicine (ASGM) and New Zealand Geriatrics Society (NZGS), of whom 163 replied.Results: Most responders (83%) had diagnosed MCI. About 70% rated the importance of separating MCI from dementia, or MCI from normal cognition, as 4 or 5 on a scale from 1 (not very important) to 5 (very important). Most responders reported that they would inform their patients and families of a diagnosis of MCI, and used that term. A minority used the term “early Alzheimer's disease,” but 44% of NZGS members used other terms to relay the diagnosis compared to 13% of ASGM members. Follow-up was most often recommended at 6–12 months. Non-pharmacological treatment (such as mental stimulation strategies) was recommended most often, followed by no treatment.Conclusions: The diagnostic entity of MCI appears to have a general acceptance among those who responded to the survey, and the term has gained use in clinical practice. Most clinicians are recommending follow-up, recognizing the high risk for progression. Treatment recommendations do not favor pharmaceuticals, reflecting the current evidence for lack of effect.
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NG, Bradley. "The role of psychostimulants in psychogeriatrics: a New Zealand survey." Psychogeriatrics 9, no. 3 (September 2009): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2009.00295.x.

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Hall, Yvette, Philippa Greco, Kenny Hau, and Yoram Barak. "Older adults abuse: analysis of a New Zealand national dataset." International Psychogeriatrics 32, no. 8 (August 2020): 1003–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610220001520.

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ABSTRACTOlder adult abuse (OAA), defined as abuse, neglect, or mistreatment of persons aged 65 years or older, is a globally pervasive concern, with severe consequences for its victims. While internationally reported rates of OAA are in the range of 5–20% per annum, New Zealand lacks the necessary data to quantify the issue. However, with a growing aging population, an increase in the prevalence of OAA is predicted. We investigated the extent of OAA in New Zealand, utilizing the mandatory interRAI-HC (International Resident Assessment Instrument-home care assessment) dataset, which included 18,884 interviewees from the Southern District Health Board between 2013 and 2019. Findings confirmed our hypothesis that the interRAI assessment is neither sufficiently sensitive nor specific capturing only 3% from a population of increased frailty and thus at higher risk of abuse. We characterized OAA victims as relatively younger males, depressed, and with impaired decision-making capacity. If the interRAIs were to serve as a preliminary screening tool for OAA in New Zealand, it would be germane to implement changes to improve its detection rate. Further studies are urgently called for to test changes in the interRAI that will aid in identifying often missed cases of OAA better and thus offer protection to this vulnerable population.
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Abbott, Max W., Max W. Abbott, Sai Wong, Lynne C. Giles, Sue Wong, Wilson Young, and Ming Au. "Depression in Older Chinese Migrants to Auckland." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 4 (August 2003): 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01212.x.

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Objective: This study was conducted to identify risk factors for depressive symptomatology among older Chinese migrants. Method: One hundred and sixty-two Chinese migrants aged 55 years or older, living in the community and recruited via Chinese community organizations and general practitioners, were interviewed using a Chinese version of the Geriatric Depression Scale and measures of stressful life events, morbid conditions, self-rated health, acculturation, social support and service utilization. Result: Twenty-six percent of participants met the criteria for depressive symptomatology. No recent migrants showed symptoms of depression. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that lower emotional support, greater number of visits to a doctor, difficulties in accessing health services and low New Zealand cultural orientation increased the risk of showing symptoms of depression. Conclusion: Significant numbers of older Chinese migrants appear to be depressed or at risk for depression and, while participants with depressive symptoms consulted general practitioners more than their counterparts without such symptoms, they reported greater difficulty in accessing health services. The findings point to the need for further epidemiological study of this growing sector of the population and investigation of the nature of its engagement with health services. Social support and aspects of acculturation may play a significant role in preventing depression. This also requires further investigation.
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Draper, Brian, and Dave Anderson. "The baby boomers are nearly here – but do we have sufficient workforce in old age psychiatry?" International Psychogeriatrics 22, no. 6 (June 3, 2010): 947–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610210000566.

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In 2011, the baby boomer generation officially commences its residency in the 65 years and over age group (U.S. Census Bureau, 2006). The much anticipated rapid growth in the population aged 65 years and over between 2011 and 2030 will challenge health care systems worldwide. Mental health services for older people will need to prepare for a near doubling of possible demand based upon estimates of the increase in prevalence of mental disorders in late life in this period in the developed world, with the increase likely to be greater in low and middle income countries (Bartels, 2003; Alzheimer's Disease International, 2009). The pressures that this will place upon the old age psychiatry workforce has contributed to the impetus for the Faculties of Psychiatry of Old Age of the Royal College of Psychiatrists and the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists to prepare a ‘Joint Statement on Specialist Old Age Psychiatry Workforce and Training’ (see Appendix).
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BUTLER, R., S. FONSEKA, L. BARCLAY, S. SEMBHI, and S. WELLS. "The mental health of nursing home residents: A New Zealand study." Aging & Mental Health 2, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607869856939.

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Jordan, Jennifer, Marie Crowe, Deborah Gillon, Cate McCall, Christopher Frampton, and Hamish Jamieson. "Reduced Pain Reports With Increasing Cognitive Impairment in Older Persons in New Zealand." American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementiasr 33, no. 7 (May 1, 2018): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533317518772685.

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Background: Conflicting findings prevail about pain in older persons with cognitive impairment. There is evidence of changed pain perception; however, pain is also underrecognized. Pain and cognitive impairment were examined in a national cohort of older persons assessed using the Home Care International Residential Assessment Instrument (interRAI-HC). Methods: Participants were 41 459 aged 65+ years receiving a mandated needs assessment to access publicly funded services. InterRAI-HC pain severity and Cognitive Performance Scale analyses covaried for age, gender, and ethnicity. Results: Milder pain prevalence increased with age, whereas daily severe-excruciating pain prevalence decreased with age. Daily severe-excruciating pain was reported by 18% of cognitively intact individuals decreasing to 8% in the severe cognitive impairment group. This relationship remained after covarying for age, sex, and ethnicity. Differences among dementia subtypes were found. Conclusion: Although severe pain reports decrease with increasing age and cognitive impairment, more nuanced research covarying for dementia severity and subtype is required.
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Greve, Melissa, and Daniel O'Connor. "A survey of Australian and New Zealand old age psychiatrists' preferred medications to treat behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD)." International Psychogeriatrics 17, no. 2 (June 2005): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610205001481.

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Background: People with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are often prescribed psychotropic medications. There is little evidence that one class of medication is more effective and safer than another and so expert opinion plays an important role in shaping local practice. In an earlier U.S. survey of psychiatrists and neurologists, limited consensus emerged regarding the pharmacological management of BPSD. We repeated this study to check consensus levels in Australia and New Zealand, following the introduction of newer atypical neuroleptics, antidepressants and cholinesterase inhibitors, and to identify areas where drug trials will be of greatest benefit.Methods: A brief structured survey, similar to one used in the U.S.A., was posted to a random sample of members of the Australian and New Zealand Faculty of Psychiatry of Old Age.Results: We received 106 replies (71% response). Respondents, who had 14 years' experience on average, rated atypical neuroleptics as their treatment of choice for dementia complicated by psychosis, verbal aggression, physical aggression, sundowning and persistent yelling. Opinions varied widely regarding the management of other symptoms and the role of second-line treatments.Conclusion: Atypical neuroleptics were preferred by most respondents for treatment of most BPSD. These views, while based on considerable clinical experience, have only limited backing from published reports, and head-to-head studies of available treatments are required to ensure that clinical practice has scientific support.
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Bronwyn, Copeland, Cheryl Collier, and Jessica Braim. "531 - Dementia prevention and utilising the “teachable moment” in the New Zealand context." International Psychogeriatrics 33, S1 (October 2021): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104161022100226x.

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Dementia is a debilitating disease with wide-reaching impacts. Up to 40% of dementias are estimated to be preventable through modifiable risk factors, which is essential as no disease-modifying treatments are currently available. A literature review was performed using the OVID database, Google Scholar, and following references. Dementia as a key word was combined with the following key words: education, prevention, risk reduction, risk perception, family members, adult children, health promotion, behaviour change, Maori Health, health literacy, healthy aging, behavioural intervention, attitudes, teachable moment, psychoeducation.
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Russ, Tom C., Laura Murianni, Gloria Icaza, Andrea Slachevsky, and John M. Starr. "Geographical Variation in Dementia Mortality in Italy, New Zealand, and Chile: The Impact of Latitude, Vitamin D, and Air Pollution." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 42, no. 1-2 (2016): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000447449.

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Background: Dementia risk is reported as being higher in the north compared to the south, which may be related to vitamin D deficiency. If this were the case, an opposite gradient of risk would be observed in the southern hemisphere, but this has not been investigated previously. Methods: We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for deaths in 2012 where dementia (Alzheimer's disease, vascular or unspecified dementia) was recorded as the underlying cause for 20 regions in Italy, 20 District Health Board areas in New Zealand and 29 Health Service areas in Chile. Results: Dementia SMRs were higher in northern than central or southern Italy. The inverse pattern was seen in women in New Zealand, with rates higher on South Island than North Island. However, dementia risk was raised in eight regions in the north and centre of Chile in both men and women. Conclusions: Geographical variation plays a key role in dementia risk, but patterns vary in men and women. In the northern hemisphere, dementia mortality is higher in the north, but the pattern in the southern hemisphere is more complex.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Geriatric psychiatry New Zealand"

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Wong, Chit Yu. "How can a music therapy student facilitate contributions by adolescent clients who have psychiatric disorders in group music therapy? : a thesis submitted to the New Zealand School of Music, Wellington, New Zealand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Music Therapy /." ResearchArchive e-thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1003.

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Smith, Mark Andrew. "Developing a recovery ethos for psychiatric services in New Zealand /." 2006. http://adt.waikato.ac.nz/public/adt-uow20070723.143335/index.html.

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Dor, Marlene. "A study of the livid world of the patient with borderline personality disorder in New Zealand." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/20141.

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Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a major health problem and is associated with considerable psychosocial distress and impairment, resulting in a high degree of morbidity and a significant impact on the mental health system. Patients with BPD are difficult to treat clinically, the main issue being engaging the patient and then maintaining the relationship. Patients with BPD constitute 10-20% of psychiatric inpatients, utilise a large amount of mental health resources and have a 10% successful suicide rate. Therefore, it is essential that attention is given to improving effectiveness of treatment approaches for patients with BPD, including engagement. The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the lived world of patients with BPD in order to develop supporting guidelines to improve non-compliance of patients with BPD. The objective of the study was to develop guidelines to improve compliance, which is expected to minimise self-harm risks and improve the quality of the patients’ lives. A qualitative, phenomenological methodology was chosen because it is particularly well suited to study human experiences of health (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2011:141). It is a design that emphasizes discovery through interpreting meaning as opposed to quantification and prediction. Understanding and interpretation of data was thus the hallmark of the research design. This phenomenological study examined human experiences through the descriptions provided by the people involved, i.e. lived experiences. Data collection was done using recorded interviews guided by a semi-structured interview schedule. Memos collected during interviews supplemented the data. Data analysis was hallmarked by constant comparison, contextualisation and description of emerging themes. The main findings, described in three main themes, were the importance of the relationship with the clinician, the overwhelming feelings experienced by the patients and the sense of futility in treatment. These were all linked to the lack of hope the patient felt regarding their clinician, ever being able to manage their continuously oscillating emotions and the purpose of treatment. The findings led to the construction of guidelines to foster initial and continued engagement in treatment with patients with BPD. The guidelines covered issues of clinical practice and management input.
Health Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
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McKenna, Brian G. "Perceptions of coercion of patients subject to the New Zealand Mental Health (Compulsory Assessment and Treatment) Act 1992." 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/3187.

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The use of mental health legislation to determine involuntary treatment for people suffering from mental illness (civil commitment) is a controversial issue, centred on the ability of civil commitment to be coercive by limiting patients’ choice, autonomy and self-determination The intent of the New Zealand Mental Health (Compulsory Assessment and Treatment) Act 1992 was to limit coercion by emphasising informed consent (even if treatment can be administered without it); recognising the civil rights of patients subject to civil commitment; and encouraging involuntary treatment in the least restrictive environment (the community). However, there is no evaluative research that considers the extent to which patients subjected to the legislation perceive coercion. The aim of this thesis was to consider the extent to which mental health legal status equates with coercion, the factors that impact on patients’ perceptions of coercion and the factors that have the potential to ameliorate such perceptions. Empirical cross-sectional comparison studies, measuring perceived coercion using a validated psychometric measure, were undertaken at three points during the implementation of civil commitment. These involved a comparison between involuntary and voluntary patients admitted to acute inpatient psychiatric services, a comparison between involuntary patients admitted to acute psychiatric inpatient services and involuntary patients admitted to forensic psychiatric services, and a comparison between involuntary and voluntary outpatients. The studies found that legal status is only a broad index of the amount of coercion perceived by patients. Some voluntary patients feel coerced and some involuntary patients found the process non-coercive. Perceptions of coercion cannot be fully explained by socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, or by coercive incidents that occur throughout the process of civil commitment. Rather, the perceptions relate to the total experience of civil commitment, including the interactive processes with clinicians. In this regard, involving patients in proceedings that are experienced as fair and just (procedural justice) has a marked impact on reducing patients’ perceptions of coercion. In conclusion, the findings are underscored by legal requirements and ethics in order to provide clinical guidelines for implementing civil commitment.
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Books on the topic "Geriatric psychiatry New Zealand"

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Nicoletta, Brunello, Langer S. Z, and Racagni Giorgio, eds. Mental disorders in the elderly: New therapeutic approaches. Basel: Karger, 1998.

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Brown, Peter. Health care of the older adult: An Australian and New Zealand nursing perspective. Warriewood, N.S.W: Woodslane Press, 2010.

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Keith, Ballard, ed. Understanding children's development: A New Zealand perspective. 4th ed. Wellington, N.Z: Bridget Williams Books, 1998.

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Al-Qirim, Nabeel A. Y. Enabling electronic medicine at Kiwicare: The case of video conferencing adoption for psychiatry in New Zealand. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Pub., 2000.

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Rubinstein, W. D. Menders of the mind: A history of The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, 1946-1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press Australia, 1996.

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1964-, Hepple Jason, and Sutton Laura, eds. Cognitive analytic therapy and later life: A new perspective on old age. Hove, East Sussex: Brunner-Routledge, 2004.

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Fidler, Gail S. Recapturing competence: A system's change for geropsychiatric care. New York: Springer Pub. Co., 1992.

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Madness in the family: Insanity and institutions in the Australasian colonial world, 1860-1914. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

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Lemon, Nancy K. D., 1953- and Poisson Samantha E, eds. Child custody & domestic violence: A call for safety and accountability. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 2003.

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L, Martin Ronald, ed. Geriatric psychiatry: What's new about the old. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Geriatric psychiatry New Zealand"

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Mazumder, Mridul, and Brenda Ratliff. "Administration of New Telepsychiatry Programs in Public Psychiatry and Applications in Geriatrics." In Geriatric Telepsychiatry, 99–122. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51491-8_5.

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Levine, Katherine. "Personality and Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease: New Data and Meta-analysis." In Essential Reviews in Geriatric Psychiatry, 331–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94960-0_58.

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McLeod, W. R. "Certification Procedures in Australia and New Zealand." In Psychiatry The State of the Art, 231–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1853-9_34.

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Bevilacqua, Jon M. "Determining When or If a New York Patient May Be Allowed to Die." In Geriatric Psychiatry and the Law, 127–38. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1853-8_9.

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Balaram, Kripa, Deena J. Tampi, and Rajesh R. Tampi. "It’s like she lost her mind overnight." In Geriatric Psychiatry, edited by Marc E. Agronin and Ipsit V. Vahia, 211–18. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197521670.003.0022.

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When a patient presents with new-onset psychosis within the setting of a medical condition, it is essential that a thorough history and physical examination and a detailed diagnostic work-up are completed. This will help determine whether the medical condition is the main cause of the psychosis, or an exacerbating factor. Acute psychotic symptoms can be managed with antipsychotics or benzodiazepines depending on the degree of distress and disruption to the patient, but the mainstay of treatment involves treating the underlying medical condition. Patients may also require inpatient psychiatric hospitalization for acute stabilization and to minimize the risk of harm to self or others.
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Blanco, Carlos, John C. Markowitz, and Myrna M. Weissman. "Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression and other disorders." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 1318–27. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0169.

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Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a time-limited, diagnosis-focused therapy. IPT was defined in a manual. Research has established its efficacy as an acute and chronic treatment for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) of all ages, as an acute treatment for bulimia nervosa, and as adjunct maintenance treatment for bipolar disorder. The research findings have led to its inclusion in treatment guidelines and increasing dissemination into clinical practice. Demonstration of efficacy in research trials for patients with major depressive episodes (MDEs) has led to its adaptation and testing for other mood and non-mood disorders. This has included modification for adolescent and geriatric depressed patients patients with bipolar and dysthymic disorders; depressed HIV-positive and depressed pregnant and postpartum patients; depressed primary care patients; and as a maintenance treatment to prevent relapse of the depression. Most of the modifications have been relatively minor and have retained the general principles and techniques of IPT for major depression. Non-mood targets have included anorexia, bulimia, substance abuse, borderline personality disorder, and several anxiety disorders. In general, outcome studies of IPT have suggested its promise for most psychiatric diagnoses in which it has been studied, with the exceptions of anorexia, dysthymic disorder, and substance use disorders. IPT has two complementary basic premises. First, depression is a medical illness, which is treatable and not the patient's fault. Second, depression does not occur in a vacuum, but rather is influenced by and itself affects the patient's psychosocial environment. Changes in relationships or other life events may precipitate depressive episodes; conversely, depressive episodes strain relationships and may lead to negative life events. The goal of treatment is to help the patient solve a crisis in his or her role functioning or social environment. Achieving this helps the patient to gain a sense of mastery over his or her functioning and relieves depressive symptoms. Begun as a research intervention, IPT has only lately started to be disseminated among clinicians and in residency training programmes. The publication of efficacy data, the promulgation of practice guidelines that embrace IPT among antidepressant treatments, and economic pressures on length of treatment have led to increasing interest in IPT. This chapter describes the concepts and techniques of IPT and its current status of adaptation, efficacy data, and training. The chapter provides a guide to developments and a reference list, but not a comprehensive review.
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Gournay, Kevin. "Psychiatric nursing techniques." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 1403–8. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0177.

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Psychiatric nursing as an entity has really only evolved since the Second World War. Psychiatric nurses (now often referred to as mental health nurses in the United Kingdom and Australasia) can now be found in most countries of the developed world, although in the developing world, psychiatric nursing is still not defined as a specific discipline. In many countries, psychiatric hospitals are still staffed by untrained ‘Attendants’ who may have some supervision from general trained nurses. Nevertheless, a number of initiatives, notably those of the Geneva Initiative in Psychiatry in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union and the World Health Organization in African countries, have provided specific training in psychiatric nursing techniques. The development of psychiatric nursing across the world needs to be seen in the context of changing and evolving patterns of mental health care. De-institutionalization, with the attendant setting up of community mental health teams, has prompted a range of innovations in psychiatric nursing and the psychiatric nurse of today, who in the United States and Europe is likely to be a university graduate, is a very different person to that of the nurse working in the post-Second World War asylums of 40 years ago. In this chapter, we examine the development of psychiatric nursing in some detail and particularly emphasize the role of psychiatric nurses working in the community. Community psychiatric nursing first developed in the United Kingdom nearly 50 years ago and this model has been followed in countries such as Australia and New Zealand. However, this community role has not developed to any great extent in the United States, where the main presence of psychiatric nursing remains in hospital-based care. Furthermore, in the United Kingdom and Australasia, the development of community initiatives has seen the role of the psychiatric nurse blurring with that of other mental health professionals. Chapters such as this cannot really do justice to the whole range of techniques used by psychiatric nurses; neither can it examine in any detail the differences between psychiatric nursing practices across the world. However, a description of psychiatric nursing in six important areas will provide the reader with an appreciation of the range and diversity of psychiatric nursing skills:♦ Inpatient care ♦ Psychosocial interventions in the community ♦ Prescribing and medication management ♦ Cognitive behaviour therapy ♦ Primary care ♦ Psychiatric nursing in the developing world.
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Flicker, Leon, and Ngaire Kerse. "Population ageing in Oceania." In Oxford Textbook of Geriatric Medicine, 55–62. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198701590.003.0008.

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The region of Oceania describes a collection of islands scattered throughout the Pacific Ocean between Asia and the Americas. The region is vast and largely covered by ocean. There are four subregions of this region including Australasia (Australia and New Zealand), Melanesia (Papua and New Guinea, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia), Micronesia (Federated States of Micronesia and Guam), and Polynesia (includes French Polynesia, Samoa, Tonga, Tokalau, and Niue). Australasia is relatively affluent and developed with an ageing population, whereas the other nations are of a developing nature with relatively younger populations but will face dramatic population ageing over the next 40 years. Australasia has well-developed services for older people. The Indigenous populations of Australasia have worse health outcomes than the non-Indigenous populations. However, outside Australasia there is an urgent need to develop health and community services for older people in the remainder of the region.
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Kenn, Felicity, and Sidney Bloch. "Codes of ethics in psychiatry." In Psychiatric Ethics, edited by Sidney Bloch and Stephen A. Green, 209–34. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198839262.003.0010.

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Codes of ethics in psychiatry, as well as medical codes more generally, have continually evolved since the Oath of Hippocrates, and remain important in contemporary psychiatry practice. However not until the 1970s were unique ethical challenges facing psychiatrists specially addressed. Codes of ethics in psychiatry take many forms but, in general, responsible care of patients and professional integrity constitute their core. Additionally, they variously cover the human rights of patients and duties to society. Codes can be international or institutionally specific, with international declarations expected to be universally relevant. Adherence is recognized as a vital component of self-regulation, with codes giving support to disciplinary procedures. Using a range of codes and covenants as illustrative, in particular the code of ethics of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP), the role of codes in promoting high standards of ethical practice, professionalism, and education in psychiatry is explored.
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Waters, Cerith S., and Susan Pawlby. "Young motherhood, perinatal depression, and children’s development." In Perinatal Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199676859.003.0020.

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The aim of this chapter is to examine young women’s experience of mental health problems during the perinatal period. We shall argue that women who were young at the time of their transition to parenthood are at elevated risk for perinatal depression, in their first and subsequent pregnancies. Evidence for the impact of perinatal depression on children’s development will be outlined, and we propose that the elevated rates of mental health problems among young mothers may partly account for the increased prevalence of adverse outcomes often seen among their children. However, for these young women and their offspring, the impact of perinatal depression may be compounded by many other social, psychological, and biological risk factors, and young women’s circumstances may exacerbate their own and their children’s difficulties. Therefore any clinical strategies regarding the identification and treatment of depression during the antenatal and postnatal months may need to take into account the age of women, with women bearing children earlier and later than the average presenting different challenges for health professionals. Across the industrialized nations the demographics of parenthood are changing, with both men and women first becoming parents at increasingly older ages (Bosch 1998; Martin et al. 2005; Ventura et al. 2001). In the UK for example, the average maternal age at first birth in 1971 was 23.7 years, compared to the present figure of 29.5 years (ONS 2012). Correspondingly, over the last four decades, birth rates for women aged 30 and over have increased extensively, whilst those for women in their teenage years and early twenties have declined (ONS 2012, 2007). Since the 1970s, the proportion of children born to women aged 20–24 in the UK has been decreasing, with women aged 30–34 years now displaying the highest birth rates (ONS 2010). These changes in the demography of parenthood are not confined to the UK with similar trends toward delayed first births observed across Western Europe (Ventura et al. 2001), the United States (Mirowsky 2002), New Zealand (Woodward et al. 2006) and Australia (Barnes 2003). Thus, a transition to parenthood during adolescence and the early 20s is non-normative for Western women, and the implications of this ‘off-time’ transition (Elder 1997, 1998) for the mother’s and the child’s mental health warrants attention.
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