Journal articles: 'Geothermal areas'

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Muukkonen, Petteri. "Conservation aspects of geothermal vegetation." Pacific Conservation Biology 12, no. 4 (2006): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc060255.

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Geothermally active areas provide unique, stressed environments characterized by unusual vegetation assemblages and rare plant species (Fig. 1). Natural vegetation associated with geothermal activity is a rare vegetation type globally. Exploitation of geothermal fluid can result in a lowering of deep system water tables, which in turn can lead to changes in the normal heat flow pattern of the surface systems. This may lead to a redistribution of heat at existing sites with some sites heating-up and some cooling-down with consequent changes in geothermal biota. Therefore, the indigenous ecosystems of geothermal areas possess high conservation and scientific values which may be increasingly threatened by the growing exploitation of geothermal energy.

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Shuja, Tauqir A. "Geothermal areas in Pakistan." Geothermics 15, no. 5-6 (January 1986): 719–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(86)90083-0.

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Vasco, Donald W., Jonny Rutqvist, Pierre Jeanne, Sergey V. Samsonov, and Craig Hartline. "Using geodetic data in geothermal areas." Leading Edge 39, no. 12 (December 2020): 883–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle39120883.1.

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Geodetic observations, often in conjunction with other data, provide a cost-effective means for identifying and characterizing geothermal resources. A review of the various methods reveals how the technology for measuring deformation has advanced considerably in the past few decades. Currently, interferometric synthetic aperture radar is the method of choice for monitoring deformation at a geothermal field. A discussion of geodetic monitoring at The Geysers geothermal field, California, illustrates some of the progress made and the challenges that remain.

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Shi, Shang Ming, Xiao Xiong Wu, Pan Zhao, Dong Kai Huo, and Hua Bin Wei. "Comprehensive Evaluation and Prediction of Geothermal Resources in Liaohe Basin." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.116.

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Geothermal resources can not be ignored in the new century energy, Through the relevant formula in combination with the actual situation of the Liaohe Basin, by the predication of single well production and well head temperature, Find favorable areas that single well production and wellhead temperature both high. These areas are considered favorable areas for geothermal resources in Liaohe Basin. We carry out comprehensive evaluation of geothermal resources in Liaohe Basin. Finally, the total amount of geothermal resources, the total amount of geothermal water and recoverable geothermal resources in Liaohe Basin were determined and the favorable area for geothermal resources is divided, the total amount of geothermal resources, the total amount of geothermal water and recoverable geothermal resources the favorable area for geothermal resources were predicted.These results provide guarantee for the future exploration and development of geothermal resources.

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Zhu, Jie, Sheng Jin, Yang Yang, and Tianyu Zhang. "Geothermal Resource Exploration in Magmatic Rock Areas Using a Comprehensive Geophysical Method." Geofluids 2022 (January 28, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5929324.

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Geothermal resources have significant development and usage potential. It is critical to conduct geological investigation of geothermal resources prior to mining, so as to deepen our knowledge and comprehension of geothermal resources. Ground water is heated by magmatic rocks and geothermal resources can be created in magmatic rock areas. However, their communication is weak, and the depth of burial is typically great. It is difficult for traditional geophysical methods, such as induced polarization method, to achieve useful exploration depths, and they have low accuracy. In this article, a comprehensive geophysical method, based on the controlled source audio-frequency magnetotelluric method (CSAMT) and transient electromagnetic method (TEM), is applied to geothermal exploration in a magmatic rock area. This method compensates for the shortcomings of a single method and achieves a good exploration effect, thereby providing a reliable geological foundation for further development and utilization of geothermal resources.

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Mammadova, Aygun Vahid. "Temperature Distribution and Heat Flow Density Estimation in Geothermal Areas of Absheron Peninsula." International Journal of Terrestrial Heat Flow and Applications 3, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31214/ijthfa.v3i1.44.

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Geothermal field of the Pliocene complex in the Absheron peninsula, Azerbaijan have been examined on the basis of temperature distributions in over 50 deep wells. Data analysis include variations in geothermal gradient and distribution of heat flow within complexes of Absheron formation of upper Pliocene in age. Geothermal gradients are in the range of 17 to 25oC/km. The heat flow values are found to fall in the range of 50 to 80mW/m2. Estimates have been made of geothermal energy resources up to depths of 6000 meters. The main productive strata are of middle Pliocene in age. The results have allowed identification of geothermal resources with temperature above the 20°C and at depths less than 110-180 meters. Assessments of in-situ and recoverable resources have been made for 21 sites. Model simulations point to perspectives for widespread utilization of geothermal energy in the Absheron peninsula.

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Armandine Les Landes, Antoine, Théophile Guillon, Mariane Peter-Borie, Arnold Blaisonneau, Xavier Rachez, and Sylvie Gentier. "Locating Geothermal Resources: Insights from 3D Stress and Flow Models at the Upper Rhine Graben Scale." Geofluids 2019 (May 12, 2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8494539.

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To be exploited, geothermal resources require heat, fluid, and permeability. These favourable geothermal conditions are strongly linked to the specific geodynamic context and the main physical transport processes, notably stresses and fluid circulations, which impact heat-driving processes. The physical conditions favouring the setup of geothermal resources can be searched for in predictive models, thus giving estimates on the so-called “favourable areas.” Numerical models could allow an integrated evaluation of the physical processes with adapted time and space scales and considering 3D effects. Supported by geological, geophysical, and geochemical exploration methods, they constitute a useful tool to shed light on the dynamic context of the geothermal resource setup and may provide answers to the challenging task of geothermal exploration. The Upper Rhine Graben (URG) is a data-rich geothermal system where deep fluid circulations occurring in the regional fault network are the probable origin of local thermal anomalies. Here, we present a current overview of our team’s efforts to integrate the impacts of the key physics as well as key factors controlling the geothermal anomalies in a fault-controlled geological setting in 3D physically consistent models at the regional scale. The study relies on the building of the first 3D numerical flow (using the discrete-continuum method) and mechanical models (using the distinct element method) at the URG scale. First, the key role of the regional fault network is taken into account using a discrete numerical approach. The geometry building is focused on the conceptualization of the 3D fault zone network based on structural interpretation and generic geological concepts and is consistent with the geological knowledge. This DFN (discrete fracture network) model is declined in two separate models (3D flow and stress) at the URG scale. Then, based on the main characteristics of the geothermal anomalies and the link with the physics considered, criteria are identified that enable the elaboration of indicators to use the results of the simulation and identify geothermally favourable areas. Then, considering the strong link between the stress, fluid flow, and geothermal resources, a cross-analysis of the results is realized to delineate favourable areas for geothermal resources. The results are compared with the existing thermal data at the URG scale and compared with knowledge gained through numerous studies. The good agreement between the delineated favourable areas and the locations of local thermal anomalies (especially the main one close to Soultz-sous-Forêts) demonstrates the key role of the regional fault network as well as stress and fluid flow on the setup of geothermal resources. Moreover, the very encouraging results underline the potential of the first 3D flow and 3D stress models at the URG scale to locate geothermal resources and offer new research opportunities.

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Chen, Zhe, Ruichun Chang, Huadong Guo, Xiangjun Pei, Wenbo Zhao, Zhengbo Yu, and Lu Zou. "Prediction of Potential Geothermal Disaster Areas along the Yunnan–Tibet Railway Project." Remote Sensing 14, no. 13 (June 24, 2022): 3036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14133036.

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As China’s railways continue to expand into the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, the number of deep-buried long tunnels is increasing. Tunnel-damaging geothermal disasters have become a common problem in underground engineering. Predicting the potential geothermal disaster areas along the Yunnan–Tibet railway project is conducive to its planning and construction and the realization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—specifically, the industry, innovation and infrastructure goal (SDG 9). In this paper, the Yunnan–Tibet railway project was the study area. Landsat-8 images and other spatial data were used to investigate causes and distributions of geothermal disasters. A collinearity diagnosis of environmental variables was carried out. Twelve environmental variables, such as land surface temperature, were selected to predict potential geothermal disaster areas using four niche models (MaxEnt, Bioclim, Domain and GARP). The prediction results were divided into four levels and had different characteristics. Among them, the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and kappa values of the MaxEnt model were the highest, at 0.84 and 0.63, respectively. Its prediction accuracy was the highest and the algorithm results are more suitable for the prediction of geothermal disasters. The prediction results show that the geothermal disaster potential is greatest in the Markam-Deqen, Zuogong-Zayu and Baxoi-Zayu regions. Through jack-knife analysis, it was found that the land surface temperature, active faults, water system distribution and Moho depth are the key environmental predictors of potential geothermal disaster areas. The research results provide a reference for the design and construction of the Yunnan–Tibet railway project and associated sustainable development.

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Okuma, Shigeo, and Tadashi Nakatsuka. "Aeromagnetic 3D subsurface imaging of geothermal areas." BUTSURI-TANSA(Geophysical Exploration) 69, no. 1 (2016): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3124/segj.69.41.

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10

Ármannsson, Halldór. "Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Icelandic Geothermal Areas." Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 17 (2017): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2016.12.015.

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11

Arora, Chuni Lal. "Geoelectric study of some indian geothermal areas." Geothermics 15, no. 5-6 (January 1986): 677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(86)90079-9.

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12

Firmansyah, Irwan, Siswandi Siswandi, Sachrul Iswahyudi, Dudi Hermawan, and Santia Ardi Mustofa. "Geothermal Temperature Slope at the KDD – 1 Well, Kadidia and Surrounding Areas, Nokilalaki, Sigi, Central Sulawesi Province." Journal of Earth and Marine Technology (JEMT) 2, no. 2 (March 30, 2022): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31284/j.jemt.2022.v2i2.2873.

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The need for alternative energy other than fossil energy is felt to be increasingly urgent for the fulfillment of domestic electrical energy. In meeting the demand for electricity, the government needs to investigate alternative geothermal energy, to find out the potential for geothermal energy to provide electricity. The realization of this policy is that the government conducts an integrated geothermal investigation to find prospective geothermal areas that can be developed as electric power. Nokilalaki District, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi Province is one area that has geothermal potential in Indonesia. The Kadidia geothermal area, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi Province is one of the volcanic geothermal fields that have good potential and needs to be investigated further, especially on geological conditions that affect the presence of geothermal energy. The research method used is the method of analyzing the results of field observations. From the observations, it was concluded that the KDD-1 temperature gradient well had a final depth of 703.85 m. The formation temperature is 96.87 ºC at a depth of 700-meters with an average slope value of 12.8 ºC/100 meters, and the estimated temperature at a depth of 1500 m (estimated top reservoir) is 220 ºC.

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13

Rudakov, D., Yajun Sun, I. Sadovenko, and O. Inkin. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL OF CLOSED MINES IN THE DONETSK AND RUHR COALMINING AREAS." Naukovyi visnyk Donetskoho natsionalnoho tekhnichnoho universytetu, no. 1-2 (2022): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/2415-7902-2022-1(8)-2(9)-128-139.

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Purpose. This study aims to perform a comparative analysis of the geothermal potential for closed mines in the Donbas and Ruhr regions in terms of the operation efficiency of geothermal systems of various types. Methods. The proposed approach includes ranking closed mines in the Ruhr (Germany) and Donetsk (Ukraine) coalmining areas according to the major parameters of geothermal system efficiency that includes the maximum and net thermal capacity, heat pump coefficient of performance COP, energy efficiency of heat recovery. The last parameter, introduced by the authors earlier, is defined as the ratio of the produced thermal energy to the thermal equivalent of the electricity required for running the heat pumps and the heat transfer fluid circulation. Results. The average expected thermal capacity of open loop geothermal systems at mine drainages in Germany was found higher than the similar indicator for the selected mine drainages in Ukraine, with slightly lower indicators of mine water heat recovery compared to the drainages in the Donbas. The average expected thermal capacity of closed loop geothermal systems based on coaxial probes at the current water level in the mines of two areas is estimated to be within the range of 30-34 kW, and the average indicators of geothermal heat recovery in the mines of two areas differ by no more than 5%, while the mines in the Donbas demonstrate a higher dispersion of calculated indicators. Similarity of operating conditions and energy efficiency indicators of geothermal systems evaluated for two areas indicates the feasibility and the potential of operating such systems in Ukraine. Scientific novelty. The approach to ranking of closed mines according to their geothermal potential based on parameters of mine water heat recovery efficiency has been substantiated and implemented. The developed approach enables identifying the promising sites to install geothermal systems of various types at inactive mines. Practical significance. The proposed approach allows to preliminarily evaluate the ranges of indicators for the effective operation of geothermal systems of various types with identification of the most promising areas for further detailed technical and economic justifications.

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Pane, Erina, and Adam Muhammad Yanis. "Utilisation of Geothermal Energy that Impact Rights to Clean Water Needs." FIAT JUSTISIA:Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 13, no. 3 (October 4, 2019): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v13no3.1614.

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Geothermal utilisation policy based on the consideration highlights that geothermal resources are natural resources which are low cost and environmentally friendly. In some countries, including in Indonesia, waste from geothermal utilisation causes pollution of water sources in geothermal working areas. A normative juridical method was employed in this study, which data was processed based on the research of secondary data. The study results indicated that (1) geothermal management in the protected forest area of Mount Slamet, Central Java in Indonesia, resulted in contamination of clean water sources that were commonly used by the community for their daily needs. The liquid that came out of the process of geothermal exploitation had an impact on water governance in protected forest areas. In some countries pollution of water sources caused a long-term threat to human health and environmental sustainability, (2) the danger of sustainability of water resources in protected forest areas, it was caused by the policies undertaken did not pay attention to the principle of prudence. Therefore, it is necessary to reformulate policies in the utilisation of geothermal resources.

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Li, Xiao, Xun Huang, Xin Liao, and Yunhui Zhang. "Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Conceptual Model of the Geothermal Waters in the Xianshuihe Fault Zone, Southwestern China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020500.

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Abundant geothermal waters have been reported in the Yalabamei, Zhonggu, Erdaoqiao, and Yulingong geothermal areas of the Xianshuihe Fault Zone of western Sichuan, southwestern China. This study focused on the hydrogeochemical evolution, reservoir temperature, and recharge origin of geothermal waters using hydrochemical and deuterium-oxygen (D-O) isotopic studies. Shallow geothermal waters represented by geothermal springs and shallow drilled water wells are divided into two hydrochemical groups: (1) the Ca–Na–HCO3 type in the Erdaoqiao area, and (2) Na–HCO3 in other areas. Deep geothermal waters represented by deep drilled wells are characterized by the Na–Cl–HCO3 type. The major ionic compositions of geothermal water are primarily determined by the water–rock interaction with silicate and carbonate minerals. The reservoir temperatures estimated by multi-geothermometries have a range of 63–150 °C for shallow geothermal water and of 190–210 °C for deep geothermal water, respectively. The δ18O and δD compositions indicated geothermal waters are recharged by meteoric water from the elevation of 2923–5162 m. Based on the aforementioned analyses above, a conceptual model was constructed for the geothermal system in the Xianshuihe fault zone.

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Susila, I. M. A. D., I. G. N. S. P. Negara, M. I. Al Irsyad, H. A. Rasyid, and A. Ladiba. "Model design of geothermal development plan in conservation forest: A case study in Mount Ciremai National Park." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1108, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1108/1/012034.

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Abstract In 2019, Indonesia has installed about 2.13 GW of geothermal and made it the second largest country utilizing geothermal. However, the capacity is less than 10% of the total potential and far from the target of 9.3 GW in 2030. A challenge in geothermal development is the environmental issue where more than 50% of the potential is located in conservation and protected forests. Recently, a regulation has been issued allowing geothermal development in those areas. A study to design a model of the forest area management for geothermal development was carried out in the Mount Ciremai National Park by identifying inventorying and evaluating the changes in forest zone utilization. There are three approaches applied in the study: ecology, social, and technical designs. The forest area management model was developed through stages, i.e., clustering of forest utilization and analysis of ecosystem, social activity, and area management alternatives. It is recommended that areas should be avoided are the core zone of the national park, nature preserve, areas that are indicated as important flora and fauna habitats, primary forests, and steeply sloped areas. It is about 1,369 Ha of the area that can be used for geothermal development.

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Firmansyah, Irwan, Siswandi Siswandi, Sachrul Iswahyudi, Dudi Hermawan, and Santia Ardi Mustofa. "The detailed geological investigation in Kadidia geothermal field and surrounding areas, Nokilalaki District, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi Province." Journal of Earth and Marine Technology (JEMT) 2, no. 2 (March 30, 2022): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31284/j.jemt.2022.v2i2.2870.

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The need for alternative energy other than fossil energy is felt to be increasingly urgent for the fulfillment of domestic electrical energy. In meeting the demand for electricity, the government needs to investigate alternative geothermal energy, to find out the potential for geothermal energy to provide electricity. The realization of this policy is that the government conducts an integrated geothermal investigation to find prospective geothermal areas that can be developed as electric power. Nokilalaki District, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi Province is one area that has geothermal potential in Indonesia. The Kadidia geothermal area, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi Province is one of the volcanic geothermal fields that have good potential and needs to be investigated further, especially on geological conditions that affect the presence of geothermal energy. The research method used is the method of analyzing the results of field observations. From the observations, it can be concluded that the geomorphology of the research area is divided into Tongoa hills, Nokilalaki Granite Intrusions, Kamamora Hills, and Kadidia Alluvial Plains. The stratigraphy of the study area from old to young consists of Breccia, Sandstone, Granite Intrusion A, Granite Intrusion B, Granite Intrusion C, and Alluvial Plain. The geological structure of the study area consists of the Kamamora sinistral shear fault and the Kadidia dextral shear fault. The geological history of the study area begins in the early Miocene which is the beginning of the movement of the Palu - Koro fault.

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M. Munira, Rasidah, N. Zakiah, and M. Nasir. "IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF Kirinyuh LEAF EXTRACT (Chromolaena odorata L.) FROM Ie Seum GEOTHERMAL AREA, REGENCY OF ACEH BESAR, INDONESIA." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 04 (2022): 2852–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2022.1548031.

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This research aims to identify and compare the chemical components of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract grown in the geothermal and outer areas of the geothermal source site. The antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was also identified. The plant materials were collected from the Ie Seum Geothermal area and Blangkrueng region, approximately 31 km from the geothermal area. All samples were extracted using three different solvents: ethanol, nhexane, and ethyl acetate. A phytochemical test was performed to identify the secondary metabolites, volatile components were identified using GC-MS, and the inhibition zone method was used to assess the antibacterial activity of the extracts against S. aureus. The ethanol extract and ethyl acetate from both areas contained phenolic, flavonoid, and steroid, while the n-hexane extracts from both areas’ steroid groups were identified. In addition, GCMS data revealed that the plant material sample from the geothermal contained more chemical constituents compared to the sample from the geothermal outer area. The extract from geothermal also shows better antibacterial activity against S. aureus, and statistical analysis indicates a significant difference in antibacterial activity among solvents and between the origin of the samples.

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Polii, Jeferson, and Alfrie Musa Rampengan. "Analisa Geokimia Fluida Manifestasi Permukaan di Daerah Panas Bumi Lahendong." Fullerene Journal of Chemistry 5, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37033/fjc.v5i1.148.

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Geothermal energy depends on volcanic regions or plate subduction. Indonesia has geothermal potential due to the meeting of 3 (three) large plates. North Sulawesi is one of the areas located in the ring of fire. Some areas in the Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi province, were targeted for research because they have manifestations of geothermal such as hot pools, steaming ground, mud pools, and other manifestations. The research location is divided into 3 (three) locations around the Lahendong geothermal area, namely the Lahendong pine forest, the Toraget hot air area, and the hot springs in the village of Totolan. The results of sample and ploting tests in ternary diagrams show that all three geothermal manifestations have sulfuric acid type fluids. This type of geothermal fluid has a high SO4 content, while HCO3 and Cl values are low. Hot springs that have a type of sulfuric acid occur in active volcanic regions. This is supported by the lithology of three areas of manifestation which are composed of basalt resulting from volcanic rocks.

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Lei, Chuan, Jinglan Luo, Xiong Pang, Chi Li, Jiang Pang, and Yongkun Ma. "Impact of Temperature and Geothermal Gradient on Sandstone Reservoir Quality: the Baiyun Sag in the Pearl River Mouth Basin Study Case (Northern South China Sea)." Minerals 8, no. 10 (October 15, 2018): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8100452.

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Deep-water areas have become a hotspot for global hydrocarbon exploration. In the deep-water area of the Northern South China Sea, a complete set of source rocks, reservoir rocks, and caprock represents a good oil and gas exploration prospect. The Pearl River Mouth basin, an important exploration target in this area, has a wide range of geothermal gradients. However, the mechanism by which the geothermal gradient influences reservoir quality remains unclear, which severely restricts future exploration. We observed that the reduction rates in the porosity and permeability with increasing burial depth and stratum temperature are more rapid in high geothermal gradient areas. The stratum temperature affects the process of diagenesis and the reservoir quality by changing the grain compressive strength, solubility, and precipitation of minerals and clay minerals transformations. With a comparison the crustal extensional thinning histories of different geothermal gradient areas, this study elucidates the comprehensive factors controlling the decreases rates of reservoir porosity and permeability. These findings explain the different evolutions of reservoirs in areas with different geothermal gradients.

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Wu, Xiao Xiong, Shang Ming Shi, Pan Zhao, Hua Bin Wei, Liang Zhang, and Xue Min Bai. "The Prediction for Favorable Areas of Hot Dry Rock Exploration in the Northern Part of Songliao Basin." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.109.

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After years of research about the geothermal resources in the northern part of Songliao Basin, preliminary results have been achieved in the exploration and development of middle-shallow layer geothermal resources and oilfield production water geothermal resources. The Hot Dry Rock is as a special kind of geothermal resources, it shows the advantages of high heat, wide distribution, unaffected by the season and natural condition, etc. The exploration and utilization of the Hot Dry Rock in the deep of the northern part of Songliao Basin is very important for the energy conservation and emission reductions and the sustainable development of Daqing Oilfield which heat consumption is very higher in oil production. This article analyzed the possibility of Hot Dry Rock existing in the northern part of Songliao Basin through the study of crust structure, structure and geothermal field and predicted the favorable areas of Hot Dry Rock exploration. It indicates the direction of next step for Hot Dry Rock exploration and utilization.

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Sugita, Hajime, Koichi Kato, Akira Ueda, Isao Matsunaga, Yukio Sakurai, Keiji Yasuda, Yoshiyuki Bando, and Masaaki Nakamura. "Field Tests on Silica Removal from Geothermal Brines in Sumikawa and Onuma Geothermal Areas." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 32, no. 5 (1999): 696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.32.696.

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TOBLER, DOMINIQUE J., ANDRI STEFÁNSSON, and LIANE G. BENNING. "In-situgrown silica sinters in Icelandic geothermal areas." Geobiology 6, no. 5 (December 2008): 481–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2008.00179.x.

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Kraft, Toni, Paul Martin Mai, Stefan Wiemer, Nicholas Deichmann, Johannes Ripperger, Philipp Kästli, Corinne Bachmann, Donat Fäh, Jochen Wössner, and Domenico Giardini. "Enhanced Geothermal Systems: Mitigating Risk in Urban Areas." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 90, no. 32 (2009): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009eo320001.

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Hansell, A. L. "The health hazards of volcanoes and geothermal areas." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 63, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.2005.022459.

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Baba, Alper, and Halldór Ármannsson. "Environmental Impact of the Utilization of Geothermal Areas." Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 1, no. 3 (September 2006): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567240500397943.

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Sari, Riska Laksmita, Firman Sabila, Haeruddin Haeruddin, Eriska Saputri, Welayaturromadhona Welayaturromadhona, Hadziqul Abror, Sartika Purwandari, and Agus Triono. "An Integrated Survey of the Geochemical Study at the Blawan-Ijen Area, East Java." Journal of Earth Energy Engineering 10, no. 2 (July 29, 2021): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jeee.2021.5263.

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Geothermal energy is a renewable alternative energy source. One of the analyses used to determine the characteristics of a geothermal field is water geochemical analysis. The target of this research is the Blawan-Ijen geothermal prospect area, Bondowoso. The geochemical analysis was carried out using AAS, Spectrophotometer and acid-base titration. This survey shows the characteristics of the geothermal system and geothermal fluid in the Blawan area, Ijen. From the chemical analysis of hot water, we found that the types of geothermal water fluids in the Blawan Ijen area vary. In samples BL1, BL2 and BL5 included in the type of Sulphate Water with the dominant elemental Sulphate (SO4) content is also known as Sulfuric Acid Water (Acid-Sulphate Water). Then for the BL4 sample included in the type of chloride water. This type of water is a type of geothermal fluid found in most areas with high-temperature systems. Areas with large-scale hot springs flowing with high Cl concentrations originate from deep reservoirs and indicate permeable zones in those areas. However, this area may not be located above the main upflow zone. There are several other possibilities, such as topographic influences, which can significantly impact hydrological control. The presence of chlorine gas can also identify high zones' permeable areas (e.g., faults, breccia eruptions or conduit). In contrast, BL3 samples are included in the Bicarbonate Water-type. The element HCO3 (bicarbonate) is the most dominant element (main anion) and contains CO2 gas from the chemical analysis results. HCO3 water is generally formed in marginal and near-surface areas in systems dominated by volcanic rocks, where CO2 gas and condensed water vapour into groundwater. The vapour condensation can either heat the groundwater or be heated by steam (steam heated) to form an HCO3 solution

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Napu, Siti Suhartini S., Intan Noviantari Manyoe, and Yayu Indriati Arifin. "Geochemistry analysis of geothermal water in Tulabolo Timur, Sulawesi, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1003, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1003/1/012034.

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Abstract Gorontalo has several geothermal manifestations, such as Lombongo, Pangi, Libungo, Hungayono and Tulabolo Timur. Research on geothermal areas must be carried out to obtain surface and subsurface information, then the geothermal areas can be further developed. The purpose of this study was to analyse the geochemistry water of the geothermal water in Tulabolo Timur, Bone Bolango Regency, Gorontalo Province, Sulawesi, Indonesia. The research method is divided into field observations and laboratory analysis. Data processing using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) for cation and anion test. Data processing using Picaro Water Isotope Analyzer for isotope test. Subsurface temperature is determined using the geothermometer Na-K Giggenbach formula. The results of this research show that the fluid type of Tulabolo Timur geothermal area is chloride and the origin of fluid is from deep reservoir. Geothermal fluid when it approaches the surface is not affected by surrounding rocks. Tulabolo Timur geothermal fluids are categorized in the upflow zone. Geothermal fluid when it reaches the surface is diluted with meteoric water. Meteoric water is infiltrated below the surface in the recharge area, which is located in the north and south of the study area. The subsurface temperature of Tulabolo Timur is included in the high-temperature system.

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Descovi, Patricia Lopes, and Fábio Pinto Vieira. "Regions of anomalous geothermal fields in the State of Tocantins, Central Brazil." International Journal of Terrestrial Heat Flow and Applications 2, no. 1 (March 21, 2019): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31214/ijthfa.v2i1.27.

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We report recent progress in determination of geothermal gradients and heat flow in the State of Tocantins, Central Brazil. This region lying between the Amazonas and Sao Francisco cratons has been affected by metamorphic folding events (Brasilia and Araguaia) during Proterozoic times. This area is also characterized by moderate micro-seismic seismic activity. Results of recent investigations have revealed the presence of several areas where geothermal gradients and heat flow have values higher than normal, which is considered atypical of stable tectonic settings. In southern parts of the State of Tocantins heat flow values are higher than 80 mW/m2. Extrapolations based on near surface heat flow data point to crustal temperatures in excess of 200°C at depths less than 5 km. However, there are no evidences of magmatic intrusions at shallow intra-crustal depths. In the absence of other geologic source mechanisms and tectonic events the process responsible for high heat flow has been postulated to be enhanced heat transport by carbonic gas flow in the upper crust. This possible alternative is supported by observations of carbonic gas flow at sites of thermal springs within the study area and also in geothermal areas in the neighboring state of Goiás. Model simulations of deep crustal geotherms indicate that temperatures may approach levels of partial fusion at the crust mantle boundary.

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Ladiba, A. F., G. P. Srikandi, A. L. Sihombing, H. A. Rasyid, I. M. A. D. Susila, and M. I. A. Irsyad. "Economic value of carbon sequestration in conservation forests for geothermal power plant development areas." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1108, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1108/1/012025.

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Abstract The government commits to reduce emissions in the energy sector by using new and renewable energy by targeting the development of geothermal power plants (GPP) of 7,241.5 MW in 2025. Approximately 58% of geothermal potential is in forest areas with a carbon absorption function. This study will calculate the potential loss of carbon stock and the economic valuation of the carbon sequestration function in forest areas. The location of study is Mount Ciremai National Park (MCNP). The study was conducted on 4022.37 hectares which will be used as the location of the initial study and geothermal exploration area. The potential area of GPP location is divided into: avoid area, minimize area, restore area, and utilization area, considering the land slope level and zoning. The potential carbon stock lost due to the entry of the GPP project in MCNP is 168,311.99 tons of CO2, or 17.95% of the total potential carbon stock in the study area. The economic valuation of carbon stocks using the economic value of carbon is Rp. 5,049,359,810.00. This value is the cost of externalities as compensation for carbon loss from land conversion activity. It should include as input to the economic analysis of geothermal project development.

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GUO, Jianci, Peng ZHOU, Zhongyan WAN, Yueting XIAO, and Lianhe ZHOU. "Current Situation and Suggestions for work of Geothermal Resources Development and Utilization in Tibe." Chinese Earth Sciences Review 1, no. 1 (September 28, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.48014/cesr.20220908001.

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Geothermal energy is a kind of renewable and clean energy.It has unique and significant advantages in the energy family.The effective development and utilization of geothermal resources is of great significance to help achieve the strategic goal of “double carbon”.The Tibet Autonomous Region has abundant and high-quality geothermal resources,and is one of the few areas in China suitable for large-scale development of geothermal power generation,central heating and cascade comprehensive utilization.This paper systematically analyzes the characteristics of geothermal heat flow in Tibet,and concludes that Tibet has great prospects for finding high-temperature geothermal resources and is an important direction for geothermal exploration.It also elaborates on the distribution characteristics,resource potential and current development and utilization of geothermal resources in Tibet,and puts forward opinions and suggestions for promoting the high-quality development of geothermal resources in the region.

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Sun, Shao Huai, Yan Xu, and Wen Tao Zhao. "Application of Electromagnetic Method in Geothermal Investigation in the Inner Mongolia." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.251.

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Geothermal energy is an important type of renewable energy. It can be easily mined at low cost, and has the advantages of no pollution and recycling utilization. The exploitation of geothermal energy can bring about significant economic, social and environmental benefits. The base for geothermal energy exploitation is the exploration of geothermal field. Analysis of the geological background of regional structure and heat control, collect adjacent areas geological data in Inner Mongolia with the use of electromagnetic sounding.

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Stennikov, V. A., S. Batmunkh, and P. A. Sokolov. "Prospects for the development of geothermal energy supply." Energy Systems Research, no. 3(15) (November 30, 2021): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.38028/esr.2021.03.0003.

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The paper addresses methodological and technological issues of building environmentally friendly and efficient energy supply based on geothermal energy sources. Geothermal potential in the world, accentuating that in Russia (areas of the Baikal natural territory) and Mongolia, is analyzed considering the possibility of its implementation in the thermal power industry. Geothermal areas of Central Mongolia are characterized by increased heat flows and occurrences of thermal waters. The most promising thermal spring occurrences are the Shivert, Shargalzhuut, Tsenkher, Otgontenger, and Khuzhirt, to name some of them. Currently, the thermal energy potential of the Khangai arched uplift in Central Mongolia is employed to heat industrial, agricultural, and civil facilities. There are also plans to consider the possibility of large-scale employment of thermal waters of the region for electricity generation. An example of using geothermal waters for electricity generation is given, and the possibility of establishing a heating system in the city of Tsetserleg based on a geothermal heat pump unit with a wind power plant is assessed.

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Apostolopoulos, George, Ioannis Louis, and Evangelos Lagios. "The self‐potential method in the geothermal exploration of Greece." GEOPHYSICS 62, no. 6 (November 1997): 1715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444271.

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Self‐potential (SP) anomalies are generated by flows of fluid, heat, and ions in the earth. SP investigations have been used to locate and delineate sources associated with such flows in three areas of geothermal interest in Greece—Lesvos Island, Loutra Hypatis (central Greece), and Nisyros Island. A combination of geophysical methods, with SP being the primary method, has been applied in these areas. The SP method is adversely influenced by various sources of noise. Field procedures have been suggested to minimize their effects by monitoring electrode polarization and telluric activity. The interpretation of SP contour maps is preferred to using profile data. A procedure was adopted for SP interpretation, and the results were satisfactory. However, this model is based on thermoelectric sources only and is not related directly to hot fluid movement. In all three survey areas, the geothermal zones delimited by the SP interpretation in combination with data acquired by other geophysical methods result in an integrated interpretation of the geothermal system. Since SP and very‐low‐frequency (VLF) anomalies can be generated by the same geological source (i.e., geothermal, highly conductive zone), the corresponding results are compared to provide a strong indication of the presence of geothermal zones. The activity of geothermal zones affects the conductivity of the surrounding medium, which also can be detected by dc resistivity and audio‐magnetotelluric (AMT) methods. In addition, geothermal zones can be related to various interfaces or tectonic features that can be detected by gravity or seismic methods.

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Mahwa, Joshua, Da-jiang Li, Jian-hua Ping, Wei Leng, Jia-bo Tang, and Dong-yun Shao. "Mapping the spatial distribution of fossil geothermal manifestations and assessment of geothermal potential of the Tangyin rift, Southeast of Taihang Mountain in China." Journal of Mountain Science 19, no. 8 (August 2022): 2241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-022-7329-2.

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AbstractThe spatial prediction of geothermal sites along the southeast side of Taihang Mountain in the Tangyin rift is a critical goal in the development of renewable energy resources in cities such as Hebi in Henan province, which has significant potential for geothermal energy production due to the existence of deep faults and Cenozoic volcano. The study aimed to delineate areas with high geothermal manifestations for detailed geothermal exploration and well-test drilling. To define favorable zones for geothermal potentiality, multi-source datasets were chosen to generate evidence thematic layers that demonstrate the distribution of geothermal anomalies such as geologic maps, structural maps, Land Surface Temperature maps (LST), and hydrothermal mineral alterations maps. The remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) approaches were integrated to map fossil geothermal manifestations and appraise the promising geothermal zones from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer-Digital Elevation Model (ASTER-DEM) dataset using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is one of the Mult-criteria Decision Making methods. Results show LST values ranging from 22.6°C to 45.4°C, with the highest values found along the faults and volcanic areas. The hydrothermal alteration minerals discriminated from band ratios of 4/2, 6/5, and 6/7 for iron oxide, ferrous minerals, and clays reveal the presence of high amount of montmorillonite and illite minerals along the faults and volcanoes which are related to hot fluid circulation from subsurface. Structural analysis shows that the major structural trend follows the NNE Tangdong and Tangxi faults, with high density on the west side of the Tangxi fault where there is good exposure of outcrop but less fault density on the east side due to sedimentation in a low land which may conceal geological structures. Lastly, all the thematic layers of geothermal factors were reclassified, ranked, and integrated by the weight overlay logic model based on the influence of geothermal suitability to map potential areas for geothermal resources whereby 5 zones were obtained ranging from very poor to very good. The promising potential sites are mostly found along the highly deep structures of the major Tangxi fault crosscutting the permeable lithology of carbonate rocks and around the Hebi volcanoes. The distribution of hot springs and geothermal wells of the Hebi field were correlated and verified against the potential geothermal anomalies map. The overall integrated method proposes an advanced technique for designing the Tangyin rift’s exploration plan and development actions for geothermal resources utilization, which can be used for exploration of any unveiling geothermal potential sites.

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Shulyupin, Alexander N., and Natalia N. Varlamova. "Current trends in the development of geothermal resources." Georesursy 22, no. 4 (December 2020): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2020.4.113-122.

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Based on the analysis of publications in world publications, as well as a generalization of the experience of developing domestic geothermal fields, current trends in the development of geothermal resources are shown. The key trend is considered to be the transition from subsidized to commercial projects, which increases the relevance of research in areas that have a significant impact on the economic efficiency of resource development processes, primarily in the direction of geothermal technologies. In terms of subsidized projects that set research goals, the most relevant are works in the direction of EGS (Enhanced Geothermal Systems). Moreover, there is a tendency towards the creation of international interdisciplinary collaborative research teams. It is noted that the current level of technology development allows producing geothermal energy for use in local heat supply systems practically anywhere in the world. However, given the concentration of power per unit area, the basis of modern geothermal energy is still the direction associated with the rise of deep fluids to the surface in areas characterized by the presence of ascending flows of hot juvenile fluids. It is indicated that Russia is lagging behind the world level of progress in the development of geothermal resources, including in terms of current research and development directions, and measures are proposed to overcome this lag.

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Rudakov, Dmytro, and Oleksandr Inkin. "Evaluation of heat supply with maintaining a safe mine water level during operation of open geothermal systems in post-coalmining areas." Mining of Mineral Deposits 16, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/mining16.01.024.

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Purpose. Evaluation of the efficiency of open geothermal systems in flooded and drained mines of the Donetsk basin for heat supply of buildings with maintaining a safe mine water level. Methods. Both circulation and non-return geothermal systems for the mine water heat recovery are analyzed. We proposed the energy and cost criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of open geothermal systems based on a comparison of the produced thermal energy with the energy costs for its production. The criteria use the relationships of thermodynamics, hydraulics, analytical formulas for calculation of ground water flow and methods to calculate the heat demand of indoor spaces. Findings. The estimated ranges of thermal capacity from a few tens kW to a few MW and a coefficient of performance (COP) conversion factor of 3.5-6.8 achievable by geothermal systems for the studied closed mines of Donbas correlate well with the values of these indicators at open geothermal systems operated in different countries, which shows the technical and economic feasibility of the installation to cover local heat demands. The possibility to fully cover the needs for thermal energy is shown on the example of buildings with office spaces for staying of a few hundred people. We demonstrate how to preliminary calculate the parameters of mine water circulation with maintaining the safe level in terms of keeping the ground water quality in the areas adjacent to the mine. Originality. The developed criteria and calculation methodology allow to realistically evaluate the parameters of the efficiency of operation for open non-return and circulation geothermal systems, taking into account mining, geological and technology conditions, to prioritize the exploration of geothermal resources in mines and to evaluate the parameters of mine water circulation with maintaining the safe mine water level. Practical implications. The study showed the feasibility of installation and effective operation of open geothermal systems at the mines of the Donetsk basin for heat supply of buildings located in the adjacent areas with maintaining a safe mine water level.

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Douglas, J., B. Edwards, V. Convertito, N. Sharma, A. Tramelli, D. Kraaijpoel, B. M. Cabrera, N. Maercklin, and C. Troise. "Predicting Ground Motion from Induced Earthquakes in Geothermal Areas." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 103, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 1875–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120120197.

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Revil, A., and P. A. Pezard. "Streaming electrical potential anomaly along faults in geothermal areas." Geophysical Research Letters 25, no. 16 (August 15, 1998): 3197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98gl02384.

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Ilyushenko, N. A., and V. A. Gorbach. "Landscape transformation in the areas of geothermal systems operation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 367 (November 14, 2019): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/367/1/012009.

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Chiodini, G., R. Cioni, M. Guidi, B. Raco, and L. Marini. "Soil CO2 flux measurements in volcanic and geothermal areas." Applied Geochemistry 13, no. 5 (July 1998): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0883-2927(97)00076-0.

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Scheck-Wenderoth, Magdalena, Maximilian Frick, Mauro Cacace, and Judith Sippel. "Overcoming Spatial Scales in Geothermal Modelling for Urban Areas." Energy Procedia 125 (September 2017): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.080.

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Ershov, Sergey, Irina Mikhaylovskaya, and Oleg Novik. "Theory of EM monitoring of sea bottom geothermal areas." Journal of Applied Geophysics 58, no. 4 (April 2006): 330–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2005.05.009.

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Ármannsson, Halldór. "The fluid geochemistry of Icelandic high temperature geothermal areas." Applied Geochemistry 66 (March 2016): 14–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.10.008.

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Al Kausar, A., S. Indarto, and I. Setiawan. "Rock geochemistry related to mineralization processes in geothermal areas." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 118 (February 2018): 012071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/118/1/012071.

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Ciolini, R., and D. Mazed. "Indoor radon concentration in geothermal areas of central Italy." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 101, no. 9 (September 2010): 712–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.04.012.

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Chmielowska, Anna, Anna Sowiżdżał, and Barbara Tomaszewska. "Prospects of Using Hydrocarbon Deposits from the Autochthonous Miocene Formation (Eastern Carpathian Foredeep, Poland) for Geothermal Purposes." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 3102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113102.

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There are many oil and gas fields around the world where the vast number of wells have been abandoned or suspended, mainly due to the depletion of reserves. Those abandoned oil and gas wells (AOGWs) are often located in areas with a prospective geothermal potential and might be retrofitted to a geothermal system without high-cost drilling. In Poland, there are thousands of wells, either operating, abandoned or negative, that might be used for different geothermal applications. Thus, the aim of this paper is not only to review geothermal and petroleum facts about the Eastern Carpathian Foredeep, but also to find out the areas, geological structures or just AOGWs, which are the most prospective in case of geothermal utilization. Due to the inseparability of geological settings with both oil and gas, as well as geothermal conditionings, firstly, the geological background of the analyzed region was performed, considering mainly the autochthonous Miocene formation. Then, geothermal and petroleum detailed characteristics were made. In the case of geothermal parameters, such as formation’s thickness, temperatures, water-bearing horizons, wells’ capacities, mineralization and others were extensively examined. Considering oil and gas settings, insights into reservoir rocks, hydrocarbon traps and migration paths issues were created. Then, for evaluating geothermal parameters for specific hydrocarbon reservoirs, their depths were established based on publicly available wells data. Thereafter, the average temperatures for selected reservoirs were set. As the effect, it turned out that most of the deposits have average temperatures of 40/50 °C, nonetheless, there are a few characterized by higher (even around 80 °C) temperatures at reasonable depths.

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Pavlakovič, Barbara, Milica Rančić Demir, Nejc Pozvek, and Maja Turnšek. "Role of Tourism in Promoting Geothermal Energy: Public Interest and Motivation for Geothermal Energy Tourism in Slovenia." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 16, 2021): 10353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810353.

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From household geothermal heat pumps to industrial geothermal heating and electricity production, geothermal energy is one of the most promising future climate change mitigation areas. This paper aims to analyse the potential role that the tourism industry has in the promotion of geothermal energy. Although general knowledge and understanding of geothermal energy is often relatively low, geothermal energy tourism has the potential to encourage the public to use and learn about geothermal energy and its applications. The paper first provides a theoretical conceptualisation of geothermal energy tourism at the energy production level and energy usage level. Empirical results from an online survey amongst a sample of the Slovenian population show that there is a reasonably strong interest in geothermal energy tourism, correlating with the public image of geothermal energy. The study furthermore identified three main motivational factors for energy tourism: the first is “Knowledge,” followed by “Having fun,” with the lowest level on the motivational factor being “Self-recognition.” The paper finally provides future recommendations on geothermal energy tourism as a tool for wider public acceptance but also knowledge on the potential risks of geothermal energy as a sustainable energy source.

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Tian, Baoqing, Xiaodong Lei, Huazhong Jiang, Chenlu Xu, and Mingpeng Song. "Multi-Method Geophysical Mapping of a Geothermal Reservoir and Buried Channel in Langfang, Northern Part of China." Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 27, no. 1 (March 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32389/jeeg20-068.

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Geothermal resources are a clean and renewable energy source that can play a critical role in drastically reducing air pollution. The utilization of geothermal resources requires technical support to decrease the developing risk by applying an integrated interpretation of geophysical methods. In this study, we used geophysical methods in the Langfang region of China to design a workflow for the safe yield of geothermal resources. To do so, we conducted controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) soundings, shallow soil temperature surveys, radon gas measurements, and the microtremor survey method (MSM) at the geothermal exploration and development site. These geophysical analyses identified a geothermal reservoir and a buried channel in the region. The dominant fault developing in the area was identified as the best channel for heat and water based on the developed geothermal wells. In areas with relatively little geothermal exploration, this study provides a reference and demonstration for geothermal development.

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Arvanitis, A. A., A. D. Stampolidis, and G. N. Tsokas. "CONTRIBUTION OF GEOPHYSICAL METHODS TO THE INVESTIGATION OF GEOTHERMAL CONDITIONS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN PART OF THE STRYMON BASIN (MACEDONIA, NORTHERN GREECE)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 4 (January 25, 2017): 1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11382.

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The Strymon basin is one of the most important sedimentary basins in Northern Greece where significant geothermal fields are located. The SW part of the Strymon basin manifests geothermal interest. Available geophysical data (seismic, gravity, magnetic and electrical data) contributed to the identification of major faults that control the fluid-flow paths of the geothermal field and the estimation of depth to the metamorphic basement. The former is of great importance because the geothermal aquifer is expected to be at the contact of the basal conglomerate with the metamorphic basement. The highest thermal gradient values (10-15o C/100 m) were observed in the western part of the study area near the known geothermal field of Therma – Nigrita. Other important geothermal anomalies (>6o C/100 m) occur in the Patriki area, north of the village of Ivira and in the area between the villages of Patriki and Achinos. Geothermal interest manifests itself in the following areas: north of Mavrothalassa (>4o C/100 m), southwest of Ivira and east of Agios Dimitrios. It appears furthermore that the main thermal anomaly is associated with two NW-SE fault systems that affect the basement in the areas of Patriki and north of Achinos - Ivira correspondingly. These faults have been detected by the use of geophysical surveys. The presence of NE-SW faults extends the anomaly southwestwards.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Geothermal areas'

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