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Eslami, Abolfazl, Masoud Nobahar, and Mohammad Esmailzade. "Static and Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Tests for Babolsar Sand Parameters via Physical Modeling." Geotechnics 4, no. 3 (September 22, 2024): 966–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics4030049.
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Field tests are the most suitable method to determine geotechnical parameters. Owing to some restrictions in field tests, physical modeling has been widely accepted as a proper method to define mathematical correlations among geotechnical parameters. This study investigates correlations between parameters derived from cone penetrometer tests. The tests were performed in a cylindrical chamber with a height and diameter of 1000 mm to minimize the boundary effect. Coastal poorly graded sand sampled from the Babolsar region, adjacent to the Caspian Sea, was used. Some correlations among geotechnical parameters, including cone resistance, dynamic cone resistance, dynamic penetration index, modulus of elasticity, internal friction angle, and relative density, are presented. All correlations were categorized into three main categories: soil stiffness, penetration strength, and geotechnical parameters. The results had reasonable accuracy and precision. The average R2 value of the obtained results was approximately 94. The investigations into the inherent CPT also indicated that the strength parameter had more accuracy than stiffness and other sand parameters. Specifically, the R2 value for the correlation between the results of various penetration tests, considered strength parameters, averaged 97. In contrast, the R2 value for the correlation between the elasticity modulus and cone penetration test results was 86.
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Rezaei, Sadegh, Issa Shooshpasha, and Hamed Rezaei. "Empirical Correlation between Geotechnical and Geophysical Parameters in a Landslide Zone (Case Study: Nargeschal Landslide)." Earth Sciences Research Journal 22, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v22n3.69491.
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Today, geotechnical and geophysical techniques are used for landslide evaluation. Geotechnical methods provide accurate data, but are time consuming and costly. Geophysical techniques, however, are fast and inexpensive, yet their accuracy is lower than that of the geotechnical methods. Therefore, simultaneous use of geotechnical and geophysical methods provides a suitable solution for landslide evaluation. Availability of geotechnical and geophysical data makes it possible to investigate correlation between different parameters. Correlating geotechnical and geophysical parameters ends up lowering field investigation costs and enhancing subsurface survey speed in a landslide zone. In the present study, in order to evaluate Nargeschal landslide in Iran, ambient noise measurement, ERT survey, and geotechnical investigations were used. Once finished with data processing, the data obtained from geotechnical and geophysical investigations were correlated. These included SPT-N – electrical resistivity, soil moisture content – electrical resistivity, and SPT-N – shear wave velocity correlations. The correlations were examined using two methods, namely Spearman’s coefficient test and least square regression analysis. The results obtained from the two methods were in good agreement with one another. The correlations obtained in this study were of moderate to very strong strength and fell in the range of the results of previous studies. Investigation of the results indicated significant influences of ground water on electrical resistivity and soil stiffness on shear wave velocity. Results of this study can be used for soil classification and determination of mechanical and seismic characteristics of soil across various areas.
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Salih, Nihad Bahaaldeen. "Geotechnical characteristics correlations for fine-grained soils." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 737 (March 6, 2020): 012099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/737/1/012099.
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Peng, Ming-Qing, Zhi-Chao Qiu, Si-Liang Shen, Yu-Cheng Li, Jia-Jie Zhou, and Hui Xu. "Geotechnical Site Characterizations Using a Bayesian-Optimized Multi-Output Gaussian Process." Sustainability 16, no. 13 (July 5, 2024): 5759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16135759.
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Geotechnical site characterizations aim to determine site-specific subsurface profiles and provide a comprehensive understanding of associated soil properties, which are important for geotechnical engineering design. Traditional methods often neglect the inherent cross-correlations among different soil properties, leading to high bias in site characterization interpretations. This paper introduces a novel data-driven site characterization (DDSC) method that employs the Bayesian-optimized multi-output Gaussian process (BO-MOGP) to capture both the spatial correlations across different site locations and the cross-correlations among various soil properties. By considering the dual-correlation feature, the proposed BO-MOGP method enhances the accuracy of predictions of soil properties by leveraging information as much as possible across multiple soil properties. The superiority of the proposed method is demonstrated through a simulated example and the case study of a Taipei construction site. These examples illustrate that the proposed BO-MOGP method outperforms traditional methods that fail to consider both types of correlations, as evidenced by the reduced prediction uncertainty and the accurate identification of cross-correlations. Furthermore, the ability of the proposed BO-MOGP method to generate conditional random fields supports its effectiveness in geotechnical site characterizations.
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Salih, Mustafa Musa, Faris Waleed Jawad, Abbas Fadhil Ibrahim Al-Ameri, and Ali A. Abdulhameed. "Geotechnical correlations of soil properties in Hilla City – Iraq." Open Engineering 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 729–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0335.
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Abstract In this research, the geotechnical properties of the soil profile in Hilla city within Babylon Governorate in the middle parts of Iraq are described. The geotechnical data at the specific sites were collected from some geotechnical investigation reports performed at some selected locations. This article is devoted to studying the distribution of soil properties (the physical and mechanical) in the horizontal and vertical directions. Moreover, a correlation between different physical and mechanical properties is performed. The correlation is executed using statistical analysis by Microsoft Excel Software (2016). From the regression results, it was found that the nature of the soil is cohesive up to 15 m under the natural ground level, and the soil will change to noncohesive. The new line in the plasticity chart has been drawn parallel to A-line especially for the investigated region, the shear strength parameters depend on the consistency of the soil and the depth, and finally, there is a direct correlation between mechanical and physical parameters. Using these correlations with some available information help to predict the value of shear strength and consolidation parameters.
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Sanou, Amande-Gaston, Ali Saeidi, Shahriyar Heidarzadeh, Rama Vara Prasad Chavali, Hamza Es Samti, and Alain Rouleau. "Geotechnical Parameters of Landslide-Prone Laflamme Sea Deposits, Canada: Uncertainties and Correlations." Geosciences 12, no. 8 (July 30, 2022): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12080297.
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Due to inherent variability arising from unpredictable geological depositional and post-depositional processes, the geotechnical parameters of Laflamme sea clay deposits remain highly uncertain. This study aims to develop and apply a methodology to assess the uncertainties of geotechnical parameters using statistical distributions for a landslide-prone Saguenay Lac-Saint-Jean (SLSJ) region. We used the measured physical and mechanical parameters of Laflamme Sea clays of various locations in the SLSJ region to characterize the geotechnical parameters in a representative manner. Goodness-of-fit tests assign each physical and mechanical parameter a distribution function for their descriptive analysis. We found that the quality of these tests is significantly influenced by outliers. The detected outliers in the dataset considerably impact the distribution type and the uncertainties of the specific geotechnical parameter. Subsequently, appropriate distribution functions for each parameter were assigned after treating the outliers. The derived coefficient of variability values for the SLSJ region were significantly high in comparison to the literature with cone penetration test data being only the exception. Finally, the results indicated that the uncertainties of geotechnical parameters of the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region marine clays are high as compared to Scandinavian clays and are relatively comparable to other eastern Canadian clays.
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Arshid, Muhammad Usman, and M. A. Kamal. "Regional Geotechnical Mapping Employing Kriging on Electronic Geodatabase." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 7625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217625.
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A regional geotechnical map was developed by employing kriging using spatial and s geostatistical analysis tools. Many studies have been carried out in the field of topography, digital elevation modeling, agriculture, geological, crop, and precipitation mapping. However, no significant contribution to the development of geotechnical mapping has been made. For the appraisal of a geotechnical map, extensive field explorations were carried out throughout the geotechnically diversified plateau spread over an area of approximately 23,000 km2. In total, 450 soil samples were collected from 75 data stations to determine requisite index properties and soil classification for the subsequent allowable bearing capacity evaluation. The formatted test results, along with associated geospatial information, were uploaded to ArcMap, which created an initial input electronic database. The kriging technique of geostatistical analysis was determined to be more feasible for generating a geotechnical map. The developed map represents the distribution of soil in the region as per the engineering classification system, allowable bearing capacity, and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) subgrade rating for 1.5-, 3.0-, and 4.5-m depths. The accuracy of the maps generated using kriging interpolation technique under spatial analyst tools was verified by comparing the values in the generated surface with the actual values measured at randomly selected validation points. The database was primarily created for the appraisal of geotechnical maps and can also be used for preliminary geotechnical investigations, which saves the cost of soil investigations. In addition, this approach allows establishing useful correlations among the geotechnical properties of soil.
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Poenaru, Alexandru. "Validation of Correlations Between in Situ Investigations and Soil Parameters Using FEM Modeling." Modelling in Civil Environmental Engineering 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 25–37. https://doi.org/10.2478/mmce-2023-0003.
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Abstract This paper aims to validate the geotechnical parameters obtained using new proposed correlations [1] with in situ test results by using the finite element method (FEM). To achieve this objective was performed a numerical modelling of a deep excavation built in the Northern area of Bucharest, by using several constitutive models such as Mohr-Coulomb, Hardening Soil and HS-Small. The geotechnical parameters used as input data for the numerical model were determined based on in situ soil investigations and using new proposed correlations described in [1]. The numerical model results in terms of horizontal displacements of the diaphragm walls supporting the deep excavation were compared to the measured displacements obtained from 2 inclinometers. Based on these results useful conclusions regarding the validity of the proposed correlations are drawn. This paper is part of wider doctoral research regarding correlations between in situ tests and geotechnical parameters.
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Sa’ur, Ruba H., Duaa Al-Jeznawi, Saif Alzabeebee, Luís Filipe Almeida Bernardo, and Suraparb Keawsawasvong. "Geotechnical and Geophysical Assessment of the Soil Layers of the Missan Combined-Cycle Power Plant Project." CivilEng 5, no. 3 (August 29, 2024): 717–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng5030038.
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This study investigated the geotechnical and geophysical properties of the soil layers at the Missan combined-cycle power plant in Iraq. The data from 69 boreholes, including physical and chemical soil properties, were analyzed. The soil is primarily classified as silty clay with moderate to high plasticity, with some sandy layers. Since the Missan governorate is located in a seismically active region represented by the Iraq–Iran border, a study on the seismic properties of the site is also performed. Seismic downhole tests were conducted to determine wave velocities and dynamic moduli. The site was classified as soft clay soil according to FEMA and Eurocode 8 standards. Correlations for the physical and dynamic soil properties were evaluated. The correlations were executed via regression statistical analysis via Microsoft Excel software (2013). The results of the correlation equations and the coefficient of correlation R2 show that the physical correlations were considered medium to good correlations, whereas the dynamic soil correlations were perfectly correlated such that the R2 values were close to 1. This paper provides comprehensive data and soil property correlations, which can be valuable for future construction projects in the Missan area and similar geological formations.
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Abbas, Hasan Ali, Duaa Al-Jeznawi, Musab Aied Qissab Al-Janabi, Luís Filipe Almeida Bernardo, and Manuel António Sobral Campos Jacinto. "Exploring Shear Wave Velocity—NSPT Correlations for Geotechnical Site Characterization: A Review." CivilEng 5, no. 1 (January 22, 2024): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng5010006.
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Shear wave velocity (Vs) is a critical parameter in geophysical investigations, micro-zonation research, and site classification. In instances where conducting direct tests at specific locations is challenging due to equipment unavailability, limited space, or initial instrumentation costs, it becomes essential to estimate Vs directly, using empirical correlations for effective site characterization. The present review paper explores the correlations of Vs with the standard penetration test (SPT) for geotechnical site characterization. Vs, a critical parameter in geotechnical and seismic engineering, is integral to a wide range of projects, including foundation design and seismic hazard assessment. The current paper provides a detailed analysis of the key findings, implications for geotechnical engineering practice, and future research needs in this area. It emphasizes the importance of site-specific calibration, the impact of geological background, depth-dependent behavior, data quality control, and the integration of Vs data with other geophysical methods. The review underlines the continuous monitoring of Vs values due to potential changes over time. Addressing these insights and gaps in research contributes to the accuracy and safety of geotechnical projects, particularly in seismic-prone regions.
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Panagiotis, Efthymios, Irene Rocchi, and Varvara Zania. "Multivariate probabilistic assessment of a regional database in Copenhagen." E3S Web of Conferences 544 (2024): 17001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454417001.
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Extensive research has been carried out to establish empirical equations between two geotechnical properties and in spite of the increase in correlation studies, a construction of a multivariate distribution function of more than two parameters is still rare. The objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of constructing two multivariate distribution functions, each consisting of 5 geotechnical parameters based on a) triaxial and soil classification tests and b) oedometer and soil classification tests in stiff over-consolidated clay till from Copenhagen. For this purpose, laboratory measurements from twenty-six sites in Copenhagen are utilized and two multivariate databases are constructed. The correlations among the ratio of deviatoric and mean effective stresses (q/p´), over-consolidation ratio (OCR), secant modulus at reference stress 100 kPa (E50ref), initial void ratio (eo) and liquid limit (LL) are investigated in multivariate model A, while multivariate model B demonstrates the correlations among oedometer modulus at 100 kPa reference stress (Eoed(ur)ref), over-consolidation ratio (OCR), permeability change index (Ck), initial void ratio (eo) and liquid limit (LL). The Nataf transformation model is used for the construction of the multivariate distributions, which are then used to simulate the correlations between geotechnical properties by generating artificial samples. Finally, the artificial samples are compared with the original database for an initial validation of the model. The constructed multivariate models obtained as a result of this study can act as prior for Bayesian updating in multivariate distribution functions when additional geotechnical tests are carried out.
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Hussien, Mahmoud N., and Mourad Karray. "Shear wave velocity as a geotechnical parameter: an overview." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 53, no. 2 (February 2016): 252–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0524.
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Shear wave velocity, Vs, is a soil mechanical property that can be advantageously measured in both the field and laboratory under real and controlled conditions. The measured Vs values are customarily used in conjunction with other in situ (e.g., standard penetration test blow count, N-SPT, and cone penetration resistance, qc-CPT) and laboratory (e.g., effective confining pressure, [Formula: see text], and void ratio, e) measurements to establish an abundant number of Vs-based correlations that could later be utilized to augment (in some cases, replace) designated testing. An attempt is made here to present the salient features of some existing widely used correlations to provide the reader with a comprehensive understanding about the nature of these correlations and their applicability in geotechnical engineering practices. It is recognized that the reliability of some of these empirical formulations, still in general use today, has been questioned, as they are characterized by their lack of dependence on stress state and particle characteristics. A new Vs1–(N1)60 (where Vs1 is the stress-normalized shear wave velocity, and (N1)60 is the stress-normalized penetration blow count) correlation that accounts for grain sizes is highlighted by combining a recently published Vs1–qc1 (where qc1 is the stress-normalized cone tip resistance) formulation and available (N1)60–qc1 relationships. The new formulation is applicable to uncemented relatively young Holocene-age soil deposits. The estimated Vs1 values based on the proposed correlation are compared with reliable laboratory and field measurements, and the comparison shows that accounting for grain size of granular soils yields more realistic results regarding the Vs values than when particle size is not considered. The prime effect of grain size was to change the range of possible void ratios, which in turn had a substantial impact on Vs values. Moreover, a new Vs1–(N1)60 chart has been proposed, allowing the practitioner to estimate Vs1 values based on a combination of data including N-SPT, e, grain size, and relative density.
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Agripino, Leonardo Martins, and Marcio Fernandes Leão. "Determination of Geological-Geotechnical Parameters by Correlations in Bauxite Deposits." Journal of Engineering Research 4, no. 28 (November 21, 2024): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.3174282419119.
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Tunusluoglu, Mehmet Celal. "Determination of Empirical Correlations between Shear Wave Velocity and Penetration Resistance in the Canakkale Residential Area (Turkey)." Applied Sciences 13, no. 17 (September 1, 2023): 9913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13179913.
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One of the most important parameters used to determine the dynamic properties of soil layers is the shear wave velocity. In geotechnical earthquake engineering, the shear wave velocity is used to determine the shear modulus, which provides the input parameters for the design of earthquake-resistant structures. Although there are measurement methods used in field studies to determine the shear wave velocity, they may not be economical in some cases. In this study, the empirical correlations between the shear wave velocity and penetration resistance in sandy soils were investigated with the use of geotechnical and geoseismic data obtained within the scope of microzonation studies performed in the Canakkale residential area. The results of the study were compared with correlations obtained from previous studies, and the equation we produced showed a good ability to predict the shear wave velocity. In addition, it was determined that standard penetration resistance, without energy correction, provided a better correlation coefficient.
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State, Zia ur Rehman, Khalid Farooq, Hassan Mujtaba, and Usama Khalid. "Unified Evaluation of Consolidation Parameters for Low to High Plastic Range of Cohesive Soils." January 2021 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2101.09.
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Knowing the engineering properties of geomaterials is imperative to make the right decision while designing and executing any geotechnical project. For the economical and safe geotechnical design, quick characterization of the compressibility properties of the cohesive soil is often desirable; these properties are indeed tedious to determine through actual tests. Therefore, correlating the consolidation parameters of the soils with its index properties has a great significance in the geotechnical engineering field. Several attempts have been made in the past to develop correlations between the consolidation parameters and index properties of the cohesive soils, within certain limitations. However, there is still a need to develop such correlations based on the extensive database, composing of unified plasticity range of soils, i.e., low to high plasticity. In the current study, 148 undisturbed soil specimens were obtained from different areas of Pakistan. Out of which 120 samples were utilized to develop correlations, and 28 samples were used to check the validity of the developed correlations. In order to enhance the index properties database, 30 more bentonite mixed soil samples were prepared and tested accordingly. Correlations to envisage different consolidation parameters such as compression index, compression ratio and coefficient of volume compressibility were developed using 150 cohesive soil samples of low to high plasticity. In addition, the performance of these developed correlations was verified on a set of 40 soil samples and compared with the performance of different correlations available in the literature. The percentage deviation in the prediction of compressibility characteristics through developed correlations in the present study was found to be very less, which endorsed the excellent reliability of the developed correlations.
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Elenga, Brige Dublin Boussa, Louis Ahouet, and Sylvain Ndinga Okina. "Relationship between the Intrinsic Properties of Sands and the Parameters of Mathematical Particle Size Distribution Models for Predicting Geotechnical Quantities." Saudi Journal of Civil Engineering 7, no. 10 (November 10, 2023): 260–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjce.2023.v07i10.003.
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This work characterizes the relationships between the intrinsic properties of sands and the parameters of four mathematical models that best simulate the experimental curves and geotechnical properties of sands used in construction. Origin.Pro.2019" software was used to smooth the grading curves, define the parameters of the mathematical models and link them to the geotechnical data. To achieve this objective, the correlations between the intrinsic properties of the sands are developed using mathematical models with the highest coefficient of determination (R2) and the lowest statistical coefficient (χ²). The correlations used are those with a coefficient of determination greater than or equal to 0.9. The results obtained show that the models used provide a good description of the experimental curves. The model parameters are correlated with the granulometric fractions and the geotechnical parameters. The evolution of the points expressing the parameters of the Gaussian and exponential models (A1, Xc, A, W, Yo) and the parameter (t1) as a function of seven randomly chosen geotechnical quantities, are polylinear and linear fits, respectively. This study is important for predicting a geotechnical quantity from a modelled grading curve, by solving the mathematical expressions of the models used.
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Coutinho, Roberto Q., and Maria I. M. C. V. Bello. "Geotechnical Characterization of Suape Soft Clays, Brazil." Soils and Rocks 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 257–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.373257.
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Comprehensive research has been carried out by the Geotechnical Group (GEGEP) of the Federal University of Pernambuco in the soft clay deposits in Northeastern Brazil near the city of Recife. This paper presents the results of important geotechnical investigations of soft clays in two areas within the Suape Port and Industrial Complex. The geotechnical parameters were obtained from laboratory (classification, compressibility and strength) and in situ (SPT, vane and CPTU) tests, and were compared with regional empirical correlations and proposals presented in literature. The vane tests were performed to obtain undrained strength and overconsolidation ratio parameters. The classifications for soil behavior, together with flow characteristics, strength and overconsolidation ratio parameters, were determined by piezocone tests. The results are compared with results from reference tests, and discussed with results from the literature, including the results of Recife and other Brazilian clays. This study confirms that parameters can be obtained by means of in situ tests with correlations suited to the local/regional experience and the importance of having a joint laboratory and in situ test program. This prediction is fundamental for a proper geotechnical site characterization in studies and engineering projects.
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Innocenti, Agnese, Ascanio Rosi, Veronica Tofani, Veronica Pazzi, Elisa Gargini, Elena Benedetta Masi, Samuele Segoni, Davide Bertolo, Marco Paganone, and Nicola Casagli. "Geophysical Surveys for Geotechnical Model Reconstruction and Slope Stability Modelling." Remote Sensing 15, no. 8 (April 19, 2023): 2159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15082159.
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Performing a reliable stability analysis of a landslide slope requires a good understanding of the internal geometries and an accurate characterisation of the geotechnical parameters of the identified strata. Geotechnical models are commonly based on geomorphological data combined with direct and intrusive geotechnical investigations. However, the existence of numerous empirical correlations between seismic parameters (e.g., S-wave velocity) and geotechnical parameters in the literature has made it possible to investigate areas that are difficult to reach with direct instrumentation. These correlations are often overlooked even though they enable a reduction in investigation costs and time. By means of geophysical tests, it is in fact possible to estimate the N-SPT value and derive the friction angle from results obtained from environmental seismic noise measurements. Despite the empirical character and a certain level of uncertainty derived from the estimation of geotechnical parameters, these are particularly useful in the preliminary stages of an emergency, when straight data are not available and on all those soils where other direct in situ tests are not reliable. These correlations were successfully applied to the Theilly landslide (Western Alps, Italy), where the geotechnical model was obtained by integrating the results of a multi-parameter geophysical survey (H/V seismic noise and ground-penetrating radar) with stratigraphic and geomorphological observations, digital terrain model and field survey data. The analysis of the triggering conditions of the landslide was conducted by means of hydrological–geotechnical modelling, evaluating the behaviour of the slope under different rainfall scenarios and considering (or not) the stabilisation interventions present on the slope. The results of the filtration analyses for all events showed a top-down saturation mechanism, which led to the formation of a saturated face with a maximum thickness of 5 m. Stability analyses conducted for the same events showed the development of a shallow landslide in the first few metres of saturated soil. The modelling results are compatible with the actual evolution of the phenomenon and allow us to understand the triggering mechanism, providing models to support future interventions.
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Bulko, Roman, Marián Drusa, Jozef Vlček, and Martin Mečár. "CPT Profiling and Laboratory Data Correlations for Deriving of Selected Geotechnical Parameter." Civil and Environmental Engineering 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cee-2015-0020.
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Abstract Currently, can be seen a new trend in engineering geological survey, where laboratory analysis are replaced by in situ testing methods, which are more efficient and cost effective, and time saving too. A regular engineering geological survey cannot be provided by simple core drillings, macroscopic description (sometimes very subjective), and then geotechnical parameters are established based on indicative standardized values or archive values from previous geotechnical standards. The engineering geological survey is trustworthy if is composed of laboratory and in-situ testing supplemented by indirect methods of testing, [1]. The prevalence of rotary core drilling for obtaining laboratory soil samples from various depths (every 1 to 3 m), cannot be a more enhanced as continues evaluation of strata and properties e.g. by CPT Piezocone (every 1 cm). Core drillings survey generally uses small amounts of soil samples, but this is resulting to a lower representation of the subsoil and underestimation of parameters. Higher amounts of soil samples make laboratory testing time-consuming and results from this testing can be influenced by the storage and processing of the soil samples. Preference for geotechnical surveys with in situ testing is therefore a more suitable option. In situ testing using static and dynamic penetration tests can be used as a supplement or as a replacement for the (traditional) methods of surveying.
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Titu-Eki, Adept, and Nugraha K. F. Dethan. "CORRELATIONS OF PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE BOBONARO CLAY IN TIMOR, AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN GEOTECHNICAL WORK." INTAN Jurnal Penelitian Tambang 6, no. 1 (May 29, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56139/intan.v6i1.172.
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Many geotechnical problems like slope failures and other infrastructure damage are common in civil and mining projects on the Bobonaro Clay Complex in Timor. Obtaining relevant geotechnical data for a complete engineering analysis is often time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, a study on the relationship between the parameters can be a powerful tool in these situations. Here we used multiple linear regression analysis to determine the correlation between the physical properties (clay content and plasticity index) and mechanical properties (angle of internal friction and cohesion) of the Bobonaro Clay. The data are 53 clay samples from Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara Province. These samples were from geotechnical drilling and Atterberg tests, grain size–hydrometer analysis, and unconsolidated–undrained Triaksial tests. Of all the correlation attempts, we found that only the clay content – plasticity index, and clay content – angle of internal friction exhibited a moderate correlation with a positive trend. The results of the multiple linear regression correlation also failed to express a good model; therefore, it was replaced by simple linear regression analysis. The various factors that need to be considered in a geotechnical correlation study, along with the significance and uniqueness of the Bobonaro clay, are also addressed in this article.
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DECKERS, Jef, and Stijn GOOLAERTS. "Cone Penetration Test characterization of middle and upper Miocene lithostratigraphic units near Antwerp International Airport." Geologica Belgica 25, no. 3-4 (September 9, 2022): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20341/gb.2022.002.
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Recently published multidisciplinary studies discussed the glauconiferous sand units of the Berchem and Diest formations in large temporary outcrops near the Antwerp International Airport, east of the City of Antwerp, northern Belgium. At this location, the upper Miocene Diest Formation was subdivided into an upper Deurne Member and a lower, recently introduced, Borsbeek Member. In the current study, Cone Penetration Tests performed near the outcrops were used to geotechnically characterize the exposed units for regional correlations. For the Kiel and Antwerpen members of the middle Miocene Berchem Formation, the geotechnical expressions are nearly identical to those recently described further west in the City of Antwerp area. Contrary to the latter area, however, the upper part of the Antwerpen Member is missing, due to erosion below the Borsbeek Member. This erosion reached up to the level of a regionally occurring, compact shell bed in the middle of the Antwerpen Member, which may have protected the underlying sand from further erosion. Throughout the study area, the Borsbeek and Deurne members each show a consistent geotechnical facies, allowing for them to be distinguished on electric CPTs and thus for more reliable predictions of their areas of occurrence.
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Trejo Noreña, Pablo Cesar, and Cristhian Gerardo Alhuay-León. "The empirical correlation between shear wave velocity and penetration resistance for the eolian sand deposits in the city of Olmos-Peru." DYNA 88, no. 217 (May 22, 2021): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v88n217.93317.
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Shear wave velocities (Vs) and the number of blows of SPT (N) are parameters that are generally recorded in a geotechnical exploration campaign, in the literature there are several publications on the empirical correlations between N y Vs in different types of soil, the first studies being attributed to Japanese researchers in the 60s and 70s. North Peruvian pipeline was built on a recent quaternary eolian deposit, so a research area in Olmos near to the structure was used for tests. In the geotechnical research campaign were carried out in an arrangement multi-channel and standard penetration test in order to obtain Vs and N respectively. The correlations in this publication are for eolian sand deposits that can potentially be used in other regions with similar characteristics. The correlations presented are; N₆₀ - Vs considering and incorporating into the model the influence of the effective overload.
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Tchakalova, Boriana, and Plamen Ivanov. "Correlation between effective cohesion and plasticity index of clay." Geologica Balcanica 51, no. 3 (November 29, 2022): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.51.3.45.
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Correlations of engineering properties are a useful tool in geotechnical engineering practice. This paper aims to provide a correlation between the effective cohesion and plasticity index for natural, undisturbed clay soils from the Kozloduy area (NW Bulgaria), based on the results from laboratory tests. It has been demonstrated that there is a strong correlation between the plasticity index and the effective cohesion. The derived regression equation can be used to estimate the effective cohesion as first approximation in preliminary design of engineering projects of Pliocene and Quaternary clays encountered in northwest Bulgaria.
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Na, Yung-Mook, Victor Choa, Cee-Ing Teh, and Ming-Fang Chang. "Geotechnical parameters of reclaimed sandfill from the cone penetration test." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t04-064.
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Sandfill at reclaimed sites is usually formed by more than one placement method. Reclaimed sandfill is often highly variable, and the cone penetration test is most commonly used for site characterization. Correlations among the cone resistance and geotechnical parameters for sand are influenced by the in situ stress level, and it is important to incorporate the stress-level effect. In this study, cone penetration tests were performed at several levels from the top of a 10 m high surcharge, which was later removed step by step, and in situ density was determined layer by layer at the Changi East reclamation site in Singapore. Different ways of normalizing the cone resistance by the corresponding in situ stress were investigated. Specialized in situ tests including the self-boring pressuremeter test, the cone pressure meter test, the seismic cone penetration test, and the plate load test were conducted to provide the reference deformation characteristics of sandfill. Results of the in situ tests indicate that the sand density and the cone resistance profiles vary between areas formed by different sand placement methods. Site-specific correlations developed based on comparison of normalized cone resistance with the reference data obtained from laboratory tests and other in situ tests are found to be suitable for the evaluation of relevant soil parameters.Key words: stress normalization, cone resistance, correlations, geotechnical parameter, in situ characterization, granular soil.
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Nayak, Deepak, Purushotham G. Sarvade, H. N. Udayashankar, Balakrishna S. Maddodi, and M. Prasanna Kumar. "Correlation of Geotechnical and Mineralogical Properties of Lithomargic Clays in Uttara Kannada Region of South India." Geosciences 14, no. 4 (March 23, 2024): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14040092.
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The present study explores the intricate relationship between the geotechnical and mineralogical properties of lithomargic clays in the Uttara Kannada region of south India. Lithomargic clays, characterized by their unique composition of clay minerals and calcareous content, play a crucial role in the geotechnical behavior of soils. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between the mineralogical composition and engineering characteristics of lithomargic clays, shedding light on their suitability for various construction and infrastructure projects. The research methodology involves a systematic analysis of lithomargic clay samples collected from different locations in the Uttara Kannada region. Geotechnical investigations, including particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California bearing ratio (CBR) and triaxial tests, are conducted to assess the engineering properties of the clays. Concurrently, mineralogical analyses, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), are employed to identify and quantify the clay mineral constituents within the samples. The findings of this study reveal correlations between specific mineralogical features and geotechnical behaviors of lithomargic clays. Understanding these relationships is crucial for predicting the response of these clays to different engineering applications, including slope stability, foundation design and embankment construction. The research contributes valuable insights to the scientific and engineering communities, aiding in the informed utilization of lithomargic clays in geotechnical projects in the Uttara Kannada region and beyond. The outcomes of this investigation, such as the correlation of geotechnical properties with the variation in minerals in various sample locations, enhance our understanding of the complex nature of lithomargic clays, providing a foundation for more sustainable and effective engineering practices in the geologically diverse landscapes of south India.
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Lashin, Ibrahim, Michael Ghali, Mahmoud N. Hussien, Mohamed Chekired, and Mourad Karray. "Investigation of small- to large-strain moduli correlations of normally consolidated granular soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 58, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2019-0741.
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The establishment of correlations between the small-strain shear modulus (Go) and other soil parameters (such as the oedometer constrained modulus, Moedo) at large deformations constitutes an important step toward more precise modeling of soil deformation behavior. In this study, the shear wave velocities (Vs) of 22 different granular soils of various physical characteristics were measured experimentally using the piezoelectric ring-actuator technique (P-RAT) incorporated in the conventional oedometer cell. For each sample tested, the development of Moedo with the development of relative density (Id), as well as the void ratio (e), was recorded. Then, the obtained Vs and Moedo/Go trends were correlated to the physical parameters of the tested granular soils with the development of e and Id. A practical application employing the achievements in geotechnical engineering design was also evaluated. Based on the proposed correlations, geotechnical designers can easily estimate in situ stress–settlement behavior from the predicted Moedo and Id values using simple in situ measurements.
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Lavanya, C., and Nandyala Darga Kumar. "SLRA and MLRA Based Correlations of Geotechnical Parameters of Fine Grained Soils." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1126, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 012084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1126/1/012084.
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ElMouchi, Ahmed, Sumi Siddiqua, Dharma Wijewickreme, and Herbert Polinder. "A Review to Develop new Correlations for Geotechnical Properties of Organic Soils." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 39, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 3315–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-021-01723-0.
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Alshameri, Badee, and Aziman Madun. "Comprehensive Correlations Between the Geotechnical and Seismic Data Conducted via Bender Element." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 37, no. 6 (May 28, 2019): 5077–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-019-00963-5.
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Daag, Arturo S., Oliver Paul C. Halasan, Arielle Anne T. Magnaye, Rhommel N. Grutas, and Renato U. Solidum. "Empirical Correlation between Standard Penetration Resistance (SPT-N) and Shear Wave Velocity (Vs) for Soils in Metro Manila, Philippines." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 8067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168067.
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The measurement of the shear wave velocities (Vs) of soils is an important aspect of geotechnical and earthquake engineering, due to its direct relation to the shear modulus (G), which in turn influences the stress–strain behavior of geomaterials. Vs can be directly measured or estimated using a variety of onsite tests or in a laboratory. Methods such as downhole PS logging require boreholes and may not be logistically and economically feasible in all situations. Many researchers have estimated Vs from other geotechnical parameters, such as standard penetration test resistance (SPT-N), by means of empirical correlations. This paper aimed to contribute to this subject by developing an empirical relationship between Vs and SPT-N. Data from twenty sites in Metro Manila were obtained from geotechnical investigation reports. Vs profiles of the same sites were also acquired using the refraction microtremor method. New empirical relationships were developed for all, sandy, and clayey soil types, using a non-linear regression method that is applicable for Metro Manila soils. Statistical evaluation and comparison of the proposed correlations with other previous works suggested the viability of the empirical model.
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Rocha, Breno, Bruno Silva, and Heraldo Giacheti. "Maximum shear modulus estimative from SPT for some Brazilian tropical soils." Soils and Rocks 46, no. 1 (February 26, 2023): e2023005222. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.2023.005222.
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Maximum shear modulus (G0) has been used in various geotechnical jobs (e.g., seismic site assessment, machine vibration and pile driven). Laboratory and in situ determination of G0 is not a current practice in Brazil. G0 can be estimated from empirical correlations based on in situ tests like Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Cone Penetration Test (CPT) in the preliminary design phase. Several empirical correlations to estimate G0 from SPT N value have been developed and are available in the literature. However, most of these correlations were established based on experience with well-behaved soils formed in temperate and glacial zones, which may not always be used for tropical soils. This paper assessed and discussed the applicability of some correlations for G0 estimative from SPT data in lateritic and saprolitic soils. The classical correlations for sedimentary soils underestimated G0 of tropical soils. After updating the database, the tropical soils correlations reasonably estimated G0 for the lateritic ones, which was not the case for the saprolitic soils. It was observed that differentiating the soils only as lateritic or saprolitic was not adequate for a good G0 estimate for the saprolitic sandy soils. It was found that only the lateritic soils correlation can be used with caution as a preliminary attempt to estimate G0 from SPT N value in soils with similar characteristics to the ones presented in this paper.
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Costa, Giovani, and Lúcio Flávio Villar. "Obtaining resistance parameters in iron ore tailing from field (SPT and CPTu) and laboratory tests." MATEC Web of Conferences 337 (2021): 04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133704011.
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Understanding the behaviour of materials resulting from mineral exploration is important in the current scenery of exploration and processing, with high mining waste generation and consequent catastrophic disasters. In this context, this paper presents the results of a geotechnical investigation carried out at an iron ore tailing in Minas Gerais – Brazil aimed at obtaining the shear strength parameters. The methodology is based on a large bibliographic review of field and laboratory tests, and based on obtaining geotechnical correlations, followed by both field and laboratory data analysis resulting from CPTu, SPT and laboratory tests (triaxial). Geotechnical parameters of the presented iron ore tailing enhance knowledge of this material disposed in dams, whose stability and integrity are directly related to the effect of these parameters interaction and mobilization.
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Panthee, Suman, Mahesh Khanal, and T. N. Singh. "Geotechnical and geomechanical characteristics of the rocks along tunnel of Kulekhani III Hydro-electric Project." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 50, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v50i1.22852.
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Geotechnical and geomechanical properties are important to understand tunnel behaviour and they differ according to rock types. Therefore, tunnel passing through different rock types is selected for the present study. The tunnel alignment of Kulekhani III hydroelectric project crosses five stratigraphic formations which compriseing eight lithological units.
The rocks of the area have most dominantly three sets of joints in which the foliation plane is prominent. In geotechnical study of intact rock, seven geotechnical properties - viz unit weight (γ), uniaxial compressive strength (σci), tensile strength (σti), young’s modulus (Ei), poison’s ratio (ν), friction angle (ci) and cohesion ( i) were measured in lab and on the basis of the intact rock properties five geotechnical properties - uniaxial compressive strength (σcm), tensile strength (σtm), young’s modulus (Em), friction angle (cm) and cohesion ( m) of rock mass were determined.
RMR, Q and GSI were used for geomechanical classification and the distributions of the geomechanical class values were studied. The relationship between UCS of rock mass and geomechanical classifications RMR and Q were studied for all rock types. Quite similar results were observed with both RMR and Q systems. The trend of correlations of each rock type with both classification systems follows almost analogous order. Power type continuous equation is observed for Q and exponential type relation is obtained for RMR. The general trend of correlation of UCS rock mass with RMR and Q is calculated which has R2 more than 0.9. The observed relations were compared with empirical relations proposed by other researchers and the results of the present study lie between the upper and lower boundaries set by other researchers. Among them, harder rocks have better correlation than softer rocks. It is also observed that higher the poisson’s ratio of the rock shown higher the order of linear correlation of rock mass properties with its geomechanical properties.
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Gay, Derek A., Frank D. Morgan, Yervant Vichabian, John A. Sogade, Philip Reppert, and A. E. Wharton. "Investigations of andesitic volcanic debris terrains: Part 2 — Geotechnical." GEOPHYSICS 71, no. 1 (January 2006): B9—B15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2159046.
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Here, results of geotechnical investigations for the proposed Dominica international airport are presented. The main geotechnical investigative method is comprised of boreholes to 30 m depth with standard penetrating testing (SPT) and undisturbed Shelby tube and disturbed split-spoon soil sampling. The geotechnical investigation confirms the findings of a companion geophysical investigation, which concludes that bedrock is not likely to be encountered within the proposed depths of excavation for the airport. Geophysical and geotechnical data correlations are developed. Seismic velocity and the number N of blow counts with SPT (SPT N) appear to be well correlated by a linear model. A model relationship between SPT and seismic dynamic elastic modulus is developed using seismic velocity. SPT N is better correlated with the dynamic elastic modulus than with seismic velocity. The study shows that the seismic velocity and the derived dynamic elastic moduli can accurately predict soil strength as measured by SPT blow counts.
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Olivier, Gerrit, and Florent Brenguier. "Interpreting seismic velocity changes observed with ambient seismic noise correlations." Interpretation 4, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): SJ77—SJ85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2015-0203.1.
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Recent results have shown that crosscorrelating ambient seismic noise recorded in underground mines can successfully extract the seismic Green’s function between sensors. We have revisited an earlier experiment that showed that these virtual seismic sources can be used to measure changes in seismic velocity accurately enough to monitor the short- and long-term influences of a blast in an underground mine. To use this method routinely, it is important to determine the cause of velocity variations in the absence of large dynamic stress perturbations (such as blasts). It also is important to calibrate the seismic velocity changes in terms of known stress changes so the effect of mining activities can be quantified in units that can be used by geotechnical engineers. To this end, we used coda-wave interferometry to measure relative velocity variations during times where no significant blasting or microseismic activity occurred and compared it to atmospheric air pressure changes, temperature variations, and modeled tidal strain. The results indicate that atmospheric air pressure changes have a measurable influence on the long-term seismic velocity variations at depth in the absence of large dynamic stress perturbations. This influence enabled us to determine the sensitivity of the relative velocity changes to stress, where a value of [Formula: see text] was found. This calibration essentially enables us to turn each sensor pair in an underground mine into a stress meter, paving the way for geotechnical engineers to use ambient seismic noise correlations to monitor the evolution of stress and to assess seismic hazard in conjunction with conventional microseismic methods.
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Caldo, M., and F. Massad. "Geotechnical Parameters for the Variegated Soils of São Paulo Formation by Means of In Situ Tests." Soils and Rocks 39, no. 2 (May 1, 2016): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.392189.
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The purpose of this paper is to present geotechnical parameters of the variegated soils from the São Paulo Formation, aiming in particular to establish correlations between stress history parameters, earth pressure coefficients at rest, deformability modules and resistance obtained through piezocone and dilatometer tests. The performance of in situ tests has, as the major advantage over laboratory tests for obtaining soil parameters of the project site, minimization of sample disturbance effects. Using data from geotechnical investigation carried out during the basic design of the Green Line expansion for the Metrô – SP it was possible to obtain preconsolidation pressure (σ’p), over consolidation ratio (OCR), earth pressure coefficients at rest (K0), Young’s module (Ei), initial shear module (G0), constrained module (M) and undrained shear strength (su) for the variegated soils of the São Paulo Formation. These soils are characterized by interlayered levels of clays and sands, constituting a characteristic with different geotechnical parameters and perched water tables. These characteristics explain some of the knowledge gaps on these soils. Nevertheless, it was possible to validate the correlations between earth pressure coefficients at rest (K0), over consolidation ratio (OCR), Young’s module (Ei), undrained shear strength (su) and preconsolidation pressure (σ’p) through field tests and the results of laboratory testing conducted by other authors.
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Karray, Mourad, Simon-Pierre Tremblay, Mahmoud N. Hussein, and Mohamed Chekired. "Importance of coherence between geophysical and geotechnical data in dynamic response analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 18007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199218007.
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The demand for a precise evaluation of shear wave velocity Vs, is gaining interest in the field of geotechnical engineering due to its importance as a key parameter required to properly evaluate typical characteristics of soils. Nowadays, Vs measurements are performed on the field using different methods, such as SCPT tests and various geophysical methods. However, the effectiveness of these field measurements is not guaranteed and rather depends on how they are analyzed. Furthermore, a proper analysis is critical since the collected data may be used in liquefaction evaluation or earthquake ground response analyses. In these situations, it is recommended to verify the coherence between the obtained geophysical (Vs) and geotechnical (N-SPT, qc-CPT) measurements using alternative methods (e.g., Vs-correlations, H/V method, etc...). In some situations, the correlation between the different measurements makes it easier to unambiguously define seismic wave profiles. In other cases, geophysical and geotechnical tests would provide different resolutions for Vs measurements, an issue that complicates the decision of the practitioner. In this paper, we first demonstrate the importance of the shear-wave velocity in liquefaction potential analysis. A case study performed in eastern Canada is also presented where we show the importance of the method used to calculate Vs profiles (MASW, MMASW).
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García-Ros, Gonzalo, Danny Xavier Villalva-León, Enrique Castro, Juan Francisco Sánchez-Pérez, Julio Valenzuela, and Manuel Conesa. "Multivariate Statistical and Correlation Analysis between Acoustic and Geotechnical Variables in Soil Compression Tests Monitored by the Acoustic Emission Technique." Mathematics 11, no. 19 (September 26, 2023): 4085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11194085.
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In this research, a series of compression tests were carried out, under oedometric conditions, on sand samples prepared with different moisture contents. In these tests, in addition to the usual measurements of the stress and deformation of the sample, a series of acoustic emission sensors were used to monitor the parameters of the acoustic signals coming from inside the sample. This is a rather novel technique with great potential, but sometimes difficult to approach due to the large amount of acoustic emission data generated. In this paper, a correlation and regression analysis has been performed to quantify the correlations between the geotechnical variables and the parameters characterizing the acoustic emissions. The results presented open an interesting horizon of possibilities since, as it has been shown, it is possible to determine the values of the geotechnical properties from the acoustic variables, by means of the regression functions obtained for each type of soil or for each practical case. At the very least, this is a complementary tool in the determination of the mechanical properties of soils subjected to compression, although it could also be useful in those situations in which the monitoring of geotechnical variables describing the tenso-deformational behavior of the soil may be difficult or impossible.
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Metzler, Ines, Thomas Bostjancic, and Thomas Marcher. "The challenge of classification of argillaceous soft rock (HSSR)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1435, no. 1 (December 1, 2024): 012004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1435/1/012004.
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Abstract This research aims to comprehensively investigate the geological and geotechnical parameter ranges of the argillaceous, hard soil/soft rock (HSSR) Unterangerberg formation to be expected for a thorough laboratory testing campaign of this lithology. A literature review and analysis of past project data establish realistic parameter ranges. These allow for material behavior predictions and geotechnical model development for the Angath adit construction in Tyrol, Austria. Ongoing comparisons with new data obtained during construction allow continuous model refinement, ensuring effective consideration of geological and geotechnical aspects. Despite variations in certain laboratory parameters like uniaxial compressive strength and slake durability index, correlations with Youngs modulus and swelling potential show the complex nature of material behavior. Integrating new data and adaptive modeling are considered crucial for successful implementation of underground construction in HSSR formations.
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Sousa, Gustavo Marçal, and Romero César Gomes. "Obtaining geotechnical parameters from correlations between geophysics and CPT tests in tailings dams." REM - International Engineering Journal 73, no. 4 (December 2020): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672019730114.
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Mohammed, Ahmed S. "Property Correlations and Statistical Variations in the Geotechnical Properties of (CH) Clay Soils." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 36, no. 1 (August 7, 2017): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0325-6.
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Duan, Wei, Guojun Cai, Songyu Liu, and Anand J. Puppala. "Correlations between Shear Wave Velocity and Geotechnical Parameters for Jiangsu Clays of China." Pure and Applied Geophysics 176, no. 2 (October 12, 2018): 669–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-2011-x.
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Cosenza, Philippe, Eric Marmet, Faycal Rejiba, Yu Jun Cui, Alain Tabbagh, and Yvelle Charlery. "Correlations between geotechnical and electrical data: A case study at Garchy in France." Journal of Applied Geophysics 60, no. 3-4 (December 2006): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2006.02.003.
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Ching, Jianye, Kok-Kwang Phoon, and Yi-Chu Chen. "Reducing shear strength uncertainties in clays by multivariate correlations." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 47, no. 1 (January 2010): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t09-074.
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Quantifications of uncertainties in soil shear strengths, including undrained shear strength of clay, are essential for geotechnical reliability-based design. In particular, how to reduce the uncertainties in undrained shear strengths based on all available information by correlation is a practical research subject, given the considerable cost of a typical site investigation. Although it is simple to reduce the uncertainties by correlation when the information is one dimensional (or univariate), it is quite challenging to reduce the uncertainties by using multivariate information through multiple correlations. This study proposes a systematic way of achieving multivariate correlations on undrained shear strengths. A set of simplified equations are obtained through Bayesian analysis for the purpose of reducing uncertainties: the inputs to the equations are the results of in situ or laboratory tests and the outputs are the updated mean values and coefficients of variation (c.o.v.s) of the undrained shear strengths. Two case studies are used to demonstrate the consistency of the proposed simplified equations. Results show that uncertainties in undrained shear strengths can be effectively reduced by incorporating multivariate information. Given that reliability-based design can justify more economical design with reduced uncertainties, the proposed equations essentially link the value of more and better tests directly to final design savings.
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Mayanquer, Jorge, Mariela Anaguano-Marcillo, Nicolás Játiva, and Jorge Albuja-Sánchez. "New Correlations for the Determination of Undrained Shear, Elastic Modulus, and Bulk Density Based on Dilatometer Tests (DMT) for Organic Soils in the South of Quito, Ecuador." Applied Sciences 13, no. 15 (July 25, 2023): 8570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13158570.
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The Marchetti Dilatometer test is a non-destructive in situ test that can be used to determine the geotechnical properties of soils. This paper presents the results of a study that investigated the correlations between the parameters obtained from the Marchetti Dilatometer test and geomechanical parameters for soft soils, mainly organic soils, obtained in the laboratory. The study was conducted in the El Garrochal sector in Southern Quito, Ecuador. The results of the study showed that there are significant correlations between the Marchetti Dilatometer test and the undrained shear strength, modulus of elasticity, and density of soil. The equations that were developed in this study can be used to estimate these geomechanical parameters from the results of the Marchetti Dilatometer test for the South Quito sector, which are valuable for geotechnical engineers to design structures in these types of soils. The equations that were developed in this study can be used to improve the accuracy of the design of these structures.
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Hassan, Asem. "Influence of Compaction on Electrical Resistivity Characteristics of Fine-grained Soil East of Baghdad City, Iraq." Earth Sciences Research Journal 27, no. 2 (August 16, 2023): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v27n2.107646.
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In geotechnical practice, there is a continuous demand for an efficient method for measuring the soil moisture content and dry unit weight of compacted soils used in a wide range of earthwork constructions. The Electrical Resistivity method has increasingly been used for rapid and non-invasive assessment of some geotechnical properties. This study aims to evaluate the influence of Moisture Content (MC), Dry Unit Weight (DUW), and Compaction Energy (E) on the Electrical Resistivity (ER) of soil collected from the east of Baghdad City, Iraq. To achieve this goal, soil specimens were compacted to various MC and DUW found in geotechnical practice using different E levels. The ER of prepared specimens was measured using the two electrodes method and compared with various geotechnical parameters related to the compaction process. The results showed that the employed MC, DUW, and E levels influenced the ER. The higher the MC, DUW, and E, the lower the ER. However, the ER was more sensitive to these variables for specimens compacted dry of the optimum. Furthermore, the ER was correlated very well with Volumetric Moisture Content ϴ and Degree of Saturation Sr of soil, with a high correlation coefficient (R2 >94%) and very low p-values, which indicated that these correlations were statistically significant. The current findings indicate the usefulness of the ER method for predicting these parameters. Therefore, using the ER method as a rapid and cost-effective technique for the preliminary evaluation of soil compaction variables in earthwork constructions is recommended. However, the current laboratory findings must be confirmed on different soil types.
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Dager, Catherine H., Robert H. Morro, Jonathan F. Hubler, and Kristin M. Sample-Lord. "Review of Geotechnical Properties of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement for Reuse in Infrastructure." Geotechnics 3, no. 1 (February 15, 2023): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3010003.
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Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) has been extensively studied for potential use as a recycled material in infrastructure construction. There is consensus that utilization of RAP provides environmental and economic benefits for most projects. However, impacts to engineering performance are less known, owing to the highly variable nature of RAP sources with different asphalt pavement mixtures and milling processes, which has limited the adoption of RAP as fill material in geotechnical infrastructure. This study conducted a comprehensive review of geotechnical properties reported for RAP in the experimental literature. The gradation, specific gravity, density, moisture content, hydraulic conductivity, leaching, shear strength, and creep properties of different RAP sources are summarized and compared. These geotechnical properties, as well as recent investigations into the effects of temperature and aggregate mixing, were used to identify the potential reuse of RAP in highway transportation applications beyond just asphalt mixture design, such as embankments. Additionally, correlations between gradation properties (Cu, D10, D85), asphalt content, and the geotechnical properties of maximum dry density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and shear strength were identified.
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Baker, Jack W., and Brendon A. Bradley. "Intensity Measure Correlations Observed in the NGA-West2 Database, and Dependence of Correlations on Rupture and Site Parameters." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1 (February 2017): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/060716eqs095m.
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This manuscript reports ground motion intensity measure ( IM) correlations for a number of IM types, as measured from the NGA-West2 database. IMs considered are Spectral Accelerations with periods from 0.01 s to 10 s, Peak Ground Acceleration, Peak Ground Velocity, and Significant Duration (for 5–75% and 5–95% definitions). Results are shown for correlations of both maximum-direction and geometric mean spectral acceleration values, given the need for such maximum-direction correlations in a new ASCE 7-16 procedure. Additionally, the potential magnitude-, distance- and site-condition-dependence of IM correlations are evaluated. The results are practically important as IM correlations are increasingly used in a range of engineering and seismic hazard calculations. We find that maximum-direction spectral correlations are comparable to correlations for other spectral acceleration definitions, and that the correlations have no practically significant dependence on magnitude, distance or site conditions. These results support the collective understanding that IM correlations are stable across a range of conditions, and as a result, that existing correlation models are generally appropriate for continued use in engineering calculations.
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Paultre, Patrick, Guy Lefebvre, Jean-Philippe Devic, and Gaétan Côté. "Statistical analyses of damages to buildings in the 1988 Saguenay earthquake." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 988–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-130.
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The 1988 Saguenay earthquake caused a large variety of geotechnical and structural damage. A total of 1927 claim files, most of which were submitted under a compensation program sponsored by the ministère de la Sécurité publique du Québec, Direction générale de la sécurité civile, have been studied. The results of this study are presented in terms of correlations between damage and geographical distribution, earthquake motion characteristics, soil conditions, and type of structures. Site effects are pointed out as one of the main causes of damage to buildings even at large distances from the epicentre. Key words: Saguenay earthquake, distribution of damage, geotechnical damage, structural damage, site effects.
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Hassan, Asem, and Gehan Nadhum. "Geotechnical-Electrical Evaluation of Soil Compaction Parameters, South of Baqubah City." Iraqi Geological Journal 56, no. 1D (April 30, 2023): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.1d.12ms-2023-4-21.
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Soil compaction is fundamental for improving the geotechnical properties of a wide range of engineering structures. Evaluation of compaction parameters is crucial for maintaining the long-term performance of these structures. In this study, geotechnical-electrical relationships were adopted to evaluate the compaction parameters of soil south of Baqubah City. Forty-seven soil specimens, collected from eight locations, were prepared and compacted at various conditions that can be found in the geotechnical practice. First, laboratory tests such as sieve analysis, liquid limit, and plastic limit were carried out to characterize and classify the soil based on USCS classification. Second, the specimens were prepared in the lab using different moisture content, dry density, and compaction efforts. Electrical resistivity measurements were then conducted on compacted specimens using Kangda KD2571B2 instrument. All laboratory tests were performed based on ASTM standards. The results revealed that the soil at the site is fine-grained type CL of medium plasticity clay with sand. Optimum Moisture Content OMC and Maximum Dry Density MDD were, respectively, 14.72% and 1.83 g/cm3 for the Standard Proctor compaction test; and 11.08% and 1.90 g/cm3 for the Modified Proctor compaction test. Geotechnical-electrical relationships achieved showed that soil resistivity is strongly influenced by the main compaction parameters; moisture content, dry density, and compaction energy, particularly at low moisture content. A high correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.98) was achieved for the resistivity-degree of saturation and resistivity-volumetric moisture content relationships. These correlations were validated with R2 (0.896-0.934) between the measured and predicted data, which indicates the advantages of adopting the resistivity method as a complementary tool for the preliminary site investigation.