Journal articles on the topic 'Geosynthetic fibres'
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1
Nguyen, Thanh Trung, and Buddhima Indraratna. "Experimental and numerical investigations into hydraulic behaviour of coir fibre drain." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 54, no. 1 (January 2017): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0182.
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Over many decades, natural fibre bundles have been widely used for drainage and filtration applications because of their favourable hydraulic conductivity and abundance in Asian countries. In recent times, natural (biodegradable) coir and jute drains, which are environmentally friendly, have been considered in lieu of conventional geosynthetic wick drains for soft clay consolidation in Australian coastal regions. However, there is a lack of a computational framework to predict the hydraulic behaviour of fibre drains on the basis of micromechanical (fabric) characteristics. Employing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupled with the discrete element method (DEM) to model the hydraulic behaviour of fibrous materials has shown promise in an earlier 2016 study by Nguyen and Indraratna, which considered an idealized parallel arrangement of fibres for simplicity. This paper aims to broaden the application of the coupled CFD–DEM technique to real fibres (coconut coir) considering both nontwisted and twisted fibre bundles that have more complex porous structure. The hydraulic conductivity determined from the numerical approach is validated with the experimental results, and also compared with the analytical prediction based on the conventional Kozeny–Carmen (KC) approach. The current study shows that the CFD–DEM technique can capture well the fluid flow characteristics of a nonuniform fibrous structure, including dense twisted coir bundles.
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Leonovich, Ivan Iosifovich, and Sergey Valerevich Bogdanovich. "NEW TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF THE MINSK RING HIGHWAY." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2004): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13928619.2004.9637658.
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In Byelorussia the network of highways intensively develops. For their construction and reconstruction modern technologies are used. The sample of new technical decisions in road construction can be counted the Minsk ring highway. Questions of erection of an earthen cloth on bogs have been here successfully solved. Geosynthetic materials, blacktop with cellulose fibres, noise protection screens from profile metal are used. Construction of bridges and overpasses was carried out with wide application of preliminary intense bearing designs. The bridge cloth and sidewalks are executed from monolithic concrete. For strengthening slopes, ridge vibropressing plates are applied. All works were carried out by wide front with maximal use of high‐efficiency road technics. With the purpose of management of a condition roadway parts on the Minsk belt line three road measuring stations are constructed. They allow to carry out works under the account of transport streams and influences of meteorological‐climatic factors on the traffic‐operational condition of a highway.
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Villard, Pascal, and Laurent Briançon. "Design of geosynthetic reinforcements for platforms subjected to localized sinkholes." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45, no. 2 (February 2008): 196–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t07-083.
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Construction of road and railway platforms in areas subject to localized sinkholes requires the use of specific reinforcements, for example, geosynthetics. The current design method for these structures is based on the assumption that there is no displacement of the geosynthetic in the anchorage areas on either side of the cavity. A new analytical method is proposed that takes into account the displacements and deformation of the geosynthetic reinforcement in the anchorage areas and the increase in stress at the edge of the cavity. To validate this new analytical method, a full-scale experiment was carried out; the use of optical fibre sensors integrated into the geosynthetic sheet made it possible to accurately measure the strain of the geosynthetic reinforcement. Comparison of the results obtained by this new analytical method with measurements of a full-scale experiment and the results of a finite element model confirmed the relevance of these new developments.
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Koudela, Pavel, Juraj Chalmovský, and Lumír Miča. "The Reinforcement of Sand by Fibres with a Non-Uniform Shape." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 29, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2021-0013.
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Abstract The reinforcement of soil is used to improve its strength and stiffness. The standard method of soil reinforcement is an application of geosynthetics. Soil reinforcement by distributed discrete fibres represents an alternative to those techniques. Currently used fibres have a straight shape, uniform cross-section, and smooth surface, which is not optimal in terms of the fibre-soil interaction. In this study, fibres with a variable shape were utilized. The fibres were fabricated using a fused deposition modelling technology. Firstly, a brief theoretical background is presented. Then, the proposed shapes of the fibres and their manufacturing process are described. The mechanical properties of the soil-fibre composite were investigated through consolidated drained triaxial tests. Well-graded coarse sand and poorly-graded fine sand were used. A higher peak shear strength was observed in the case of fibres with a variable shape. The effect of the variable shape of the fibres on the peak shear strength was higher in the case of the coarse sand.
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Lester, Simon, and William Crawford. "An introduction to Geosynthetic Cementitious Composite Mats and Barriers – a new approach to lining canals." E3S Web of Conferences 368 (2023): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336803008.
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A new class of geosynthetic has recently emerged known as GCCMs (Geosynthetic Cementitious Composite Mats) defined by the ASTM D-35 committee in 2017 as ‘a factoryassembled geosynthetic composite consisting of a cementitious layer contained within a layer or layers of geosynthetic materials that becomes hardened’. GCCMs consist of a three-dimensional fibre structure filled with a dry cement/concrete mix, overlain by a hydrophilic filter layer and underlain by a watertight membrane, which is typically a polymeric film. The material is delivered in its dry format and unrolled into place using similar installation techniques to traditional geosynthetics. Once in place, it is hydrated by spraying with water and the cement/concrete mix hardens. The result is a watertight polymeric film which is overlain by a protective fibre-reinforced concrete layer. GCCMs have been in use since 2009 and are predominantly used for the lining of water channels for small scale drainage. More recently a variant of GCCMs has emerged which integrates a geomembrane liner onto the rear surface which allows the joints to be thermally welded. These are known as Geosynthetic Cementitious Composite Barriers (GCCBs). It is estimated that Egypt has more than 110,000 kilometers of canals comprised of approximately 30,000 km of public canals (first and second level) and 80,000 km of private third-level canals (mesqas) and irrigation ditches. A common problem associated with canals, is seepage. Seepage can result directly in water loss through the network or result in waterlogging of adjacent land. In the case of land used for cultivation, waterlogging can reduce crop yields or cause salinization of the soils. This does not only occur in earthen canals, but also in concrete lined canals, particularly those that have experienced cracking, scour, panel separation or damage. It is also a common misconception that concrete lining of canals is an effective method of mitigating seepage losses. The 25-year study performed by the USBR indicates that concrete over geomembrane has a 95% effectiveness at reducing seepage through canals1. This abstract introduces a revolutionary new class of materials called Geosynthetic Cementitious Composite Mats (GCCM’s), specifically Type II GCCM’s to ASTM D8364 for lining of bulk water transportation canals. The Type II GCCM in question consists of concrete encapsulated by between two geotextile layers with a minimum 1mm thick LLDPE geomembrane backing which can be thermally welded to produce a testable and low permeability joint, per ASTM D5820, with air channel testing to ensure a leak free installation. Because it is a composite of concrete and geomembrane in a single application, installation can occur as a one-stepprocess imparting both cost and time savings to the project. The abrasion resistance of the concrete layer is 3.5 times that of typical 20Mpa concrete typically used for canal applications. With a design life of more than 50 years, this new product classification will provide a feasible, long-term solution to help preserve and protect fresh, clean water, one of Egypt’s most precious – and ever more scarce – natural resources.
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Norambuena-Contreras, J., I. Gonzalez-Torre, J. F. Vivanco, and W. Gacitúa. "Nanomechanical properties of polymeric fibres used in geosynthetics." Polymer Testing 54 (September 2016): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.06.024.
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Fleury, Mateus Porto, Lucas Deroide do Nascimento, Clever Aparecido Valentin, Jefferson Lins da Silva, and Marta Pereira da Luz. "Creep Behaviour of Recycled Poly(ethylene) Terephthalate Non-Woven Geotextiles." Polymers 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2021): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050752.
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At the beginning of this century, due to well-established Brazilian recycling processes, geosynthetics’ manufacturers started to use recycled poly(ethylene) terephthalate (PET) yarns/filaments (from PET bottles) in geotextile production. Despite the fact that recycled products cannot act as reinforcement functions, geosynthetics are constantly under sustained tensile load and experiences evolutions of the axial strain (creep behaviour). Thus, this study aims to assess the influence of the structure of (needle-punched) non-woven geotextiles manufactured using recycled PET yarns on their creep behaviour. Two geotextiles with different fibre/filament production processes were investigated (short-staple fibres—GTXnwS—and continuous filaments—GTXnwC). Unconfined in-isolated conventional and accelerated (using the stepped isothermal method) creep tests were performed at 5%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 60% of geotextiles’ ultimate tensile strength. The geotextiles investigated provided similar creep behaviour to geotextiles manufactured with virgin PET material. The standard deviation of the axial strain tends to increase as the load level applied increase. The structure of the GTXnwS harms its tensile –strain behaviour, promoting axial deformation under sustained loads, at least 50% higher than GTXnwC for the same load level applied. The influence of the load level and geotextile structure in the initial axial strain is pointed out. Long-term predictions based on creep tests performed using the stepped isothermal method have proven to be conservative and they must be restricted for quality control of the investigated geotextiles.
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Chegenizadeh, Amin, and Hamid Nikraz. "Soil and Geosynthetic Fibre: Unconfined Compressive Strength Test." Advanced Science Letters 19, no. 12 (December 1, 2013): 3488–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2013.5178.
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Grzybowska-Pietras, Joanna, Giang Nguyen, Stanisława Przybyło, Monika Rom, and Jan Broda. "Application of fibres for the stabilisation of steep slopes." E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900041.
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For many years, techniques improving weak soils by means of additional elements incorporated into their structures have been applying in geotechnical structures (earth structures). An example of such a procedure is the use of geosynthetics enabling to solve geotechnical problems related to anti-erosion protection, as well as filtration and draining. In addition to geosynthetics, randomly distributed fibers are used. Fibers mixed with soil perform a function similar to the function of the root system of protective vegetation and enable the creation of flexible and easy to green construction. During the research, the influence of the type of fibers and their amount on erosion of slope located in the suburbs of Bielsko-Biala (Poland) was determined. Soil parameters and fiber properties were determined before their placement. Research on the physical properties of the soils and fibers morphological structure and strength was carried out in accordance with applicable standards. Subsequently, the slope stability was assessed during many months of exploitation. During the research, 2 m wide plots were created on the slope, covered with soil mixed with various amount of fibers. Fibers mixed with soil form a spatial grid retaining soil particles washed out by streams of surface water flowing down, limit the negative impact of erosion and increase slope stability. Natural fibers store excess water in soil, which promotes the development of protective vegetation.
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Yang, Yang, Jianyong Shi, and Xuede Qian. "Effect of Temperature on Internal Shear Strength Mechanism of Needle-Punched GCL." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 4585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084585.
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Needle-punched geosynthetic clay liner (NPGCL) has been widely used in landfills. The internal strength of the GCL changes with temperature variation, which affects its application in landfills. A large-scale temperature-controlled direct shear apparatus was developed to study the internal shear strength characteristics of GCL affected by temperature. The internal strength of the GCL was dependent on the bentonite, the fibers, and the interaction between the fibers and the bentonite. The influence of temperature on the internal strength of the GCL was mainly reflected in the displacement at peak strength. However, the peak strength was basically unchanged. The strength of the bentonite and the fibers-reinforced bentonite increased when the temperature increased. The tensile strength of needle-punched fibers decreased with increasing temperature. The peak strength displacement of the fibers-reinforced bentonite decreased with increasing temperature.
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Jeon, Han Yong. "Assessment of Engineering Properties of Geosynthetics with Seaming Methods." Advanced Materials Research 983 (June 2014): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.983.30.
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8 Geotextiles (; 4 woven and 4 nonwoven types), 4 geogrids and 2 geocomposites of [nonwoven/fibers/nonwoven] structure were used as raw materials and the different seaming methods were applied to compare the seam properties of 3 geosynthetics and transmissivity of geocomposites. Tensile strength retentions of these geosynthetics were evaluated as the degree of damage by chemical degradation. Woven geotextiles showed the higher seam strength in the order (SSd-1 < SSd-2) > (SSa-1 < SSa-2) > geospacer without regard to the design strength. For nonwoven geotextiles, the order of seam strength is geospacer > (SSa-1 < SSa-2). Geogrids showed the higher seam strength in the order of band > geospacers but reduction factors were increased in the order of band > geospacer without regard to the geogrid’s compositions. Finally, geocomposites showed the higher seam strength in the order of geospacer > (SSa-1 < SSa-2) but showed the transmissivity in the order of geospacer > (SSa-1 > SSa-2) without regard to the kinds of filled fibers and weight of geocomposite.
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Mitchell-Blackwood, J., P. L. Gurian, A. Kumar, and M. Sarich. "Iron oxide coating of geosynthetic fibers for water treatment applications." Geosynthetics International 15, no. 6 (December 2008): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/gein.2008.15.6.471.
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Benziane, Mehdi Missoum, Noureddine Della, Sidali Denine, Sedat Sert, and Said Nouri. "Effect of randomly distributed polypropylene fiber reinforcement on the shear behavior of sandy soil." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 41, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2019-0014.
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AbstractThe inclusions of geosynthetic materials (fibers, geomembranes and geotextiles) is a new improvement technique that ensures uniformity in the soil during construction. The use of tension resisting discreet inclusions like polypropylene fibers has attracted a significant amount of attention these past years in the improvement of soil performance in a cost-efficient manner. A series of direct shear box tests were conducted on unreinforced and reinforced Chlef sand with different contents of fibers (0, 0.25, 0.5 and0.75%) in order to study the mechanical behavior of sand reinforced with polypropylene fibers. Samples were prepared at three different relative densities 30%, 50% and 80% representing loose, medium dense and dense states,respectively, and performed at normal stresses of 50, 100 and 200 kPa. The experimental results show that the mechanical characteristics are improved with the addition of polypropylene fibers. The inclusion of randomly distributed fibers has a significant effect on the shear strength and dilation of sandy soil. The increase in strength is a function of fiber content, where it has been shown that the mechanical characteristics improve with the increase in fiber content up to 0.75%, this improvement is more significant at a higher normal stress and relative density.
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Chegenizadeh, Amin, and Hamid Nikraz. "Application of Geosynthetic Fibre in Soil and California Bearing Ratio Test." Advanced Science Letters 19, no. 12 (December 1, 2013): 3525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2013.5176.
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Scalia, Joseph, and Craig H. Benson. "Preferential flow in geosynthetic clay liners exhumed from final covers with composite barriers." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 47, no. 10 (October 2010): 1101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t10-018.
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Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) were exhumed from final covers with composite barriers (geomembrane over GCL) at two municipal solid waste landfills in the USA. Preferential flow and high hydraulic conductivity (>2 × 10−9 m/s) was observed in eight of the 18 GCL samples collected from both sites. At one site, manganese oxide precipitate was concomitant with bundles of needle-punched fibers that conducted preferential flow. Nearly complete replacement of Na by Ca on the bentonite surface occurred in all GCL samples. GCLs with and without preferential flow could not be differentiated by physical and chemical properties commonly used to differentiate GCLs with high and low hydraulic conductivities (exhumed water content, swell index, mole fraction monovalent cations, soluble cation concentrations). The relative abundance of soluble cations in the pore water of GCLs exhibiting preferential flow was comparable to the relative abundance in the subgrade pore water, whereas the pore water in GCLs with distributed flow was more sodic than the pore water in the subgrade. Hydration experiments indicated that bentonite in GCLs initially hydrates in a zone surrounding bundles of needle-punching fibers. Cation exchange during this hydration process may create zones of higher hydraulic conductivity surrounding the fiber bundle, permitting preferential flow.
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El-Kasaby, El-Sayed A., Mohab Roshdy, Mahmoud Awwad, and Mona I. Badawi. "Behavior of Composite Piles Reinforced by Geosynthetics." International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science 9, no. 4 (2023): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.94.2.
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This study presents the results of five reinforced concrete (RC) pile specimens that were created and horizontally loaded. The RC piles were reinforced by composite materials such as geogrid, geogrid with a core of steel rod, and geogrid with a core of glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP) or carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) rod. This research is expected to investigate the behavior of using composite materials in pile reinforcement and check their efficiency in carrying horizontal loads. The horizontal pile loading test was applied to four pile specimens and a reference pile specimen reinforced by steel rods. All specimens have the same dimensions (150 mm in diameter and 1050 mm in height). A comparison has been carried out between the experimental results for all specimens and the reference specimen. The experimental results illustrated that the specimens carried a lower ultimate horizontal load by 44%–87% compared to the reference specimen. Also, a non-linear finite element analysis has been verified by Abaqus software and achieved a great degree of reconciliation compared to the experimental results. Finally, a comparison of the reinforcement costs for the specimens revealed that utilizing these composite piles could reduce the cost up to 15.2%.
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Norambuena-Contreras, J., I. Gonzalez-Torre, D. Fernandez-Arnau, and C. Lopez-Riveros. "Mechanical damage evaluation of geosynthetics fibres used as anti-reflective cracking systems in asphalt pavements." Construction and Building Materials 109 (April 2016): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.01.057.
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HERNANDEZ VALERIO, CAROLINA, EDUARDO BOTERO JARAMILLO, and ALEXANDRA OSSA LOPEZ. "STUDY OF THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF FINE SOIL REINFORCED WITH RECYCLED POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET) FIBER." DYNA NEW TECHNOLOGIES 9, no. 1 (February 23, 2022): [16 pp.]. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/nt10346.
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ABSTRACT: PET occupies a preponderant place in plastic waste in Mexico, in the last six years the post-consumer stockpiling of PET has been the highest in America and during 2017 its recovery increased by 20,000 tons per year, their increase reached 445,000 tons per year [1]. In this way, one of the alternatives to recycling PET is produce fibers to reinforce fine soils of low shear strength and high deformation like Mexico’s city soil. For this particular case, Mexico City’s soil is notorious for its high plasticity, low strength, high compressibility and cracking tendency. Due to these, the strongest earthquakes have shown the brutal amplification and the substantial increase in the duration of the movements. In order to seek new alternatives for soil improvement in the Valley of Mexico, this study investigates the dynamic behavior of a high plasticity silty soil extracted from the former Texcoco Lake, reinforced with different PET fiber contents. The results indicate that there is a significant modification in the dynamic parameters of the soil due to fiber inclusion, an increase in the maximum elastic shear stiffness of the soil and a significant decrease in deformation for a fiber content of 0.3% at all confining pressures, this can be useful in the construction by improving the properties of this type of soil for geotechnical works through the inclusion of synthetic fibers, the large-scale use of stone materials from loan banks for stabilizing soil can be reduced, which will also avoid requiring reinforcement geosynthetics made of new materials. According to the results obtained in this research it was developed some applications and a general construction method for geotechnical works Key Words: Fiber-reinforcement, Soil stabilization, Seismic engineering, Unsaturated soils, Geosynthetics.
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Ponny, Sri, Jonie Tanijaya, and Suryanti Rapang Tonapa. "Bending Behavior of Concrete Beams Using Geotextiles in Tensile Areas." Paulus Civil Engineering Journal 3, no. 3 (October 10, 2021): 412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52722/pcej.v3i3.293.
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Geotextile is made of permeable geosynthetic. Geotextile s are formed from synthetic fibers based on polymers that have high mechanical properties in tensile strength, trapezoidal tearing strength, and puncture resistance. Therefore, researchers want to increase the use of Geotextile as an added material in the tensile area of concrete blocks. The test objects used are 9 pieces of 150mm×150mm×600mm beams. The results of the research were that the addition of woven Geotextile s and non-woven Geotextile s on concrete blocks increased, for woven Geotextile s by 21.593% of beams without using Geotextile s and non-woven Geotextile s of 17.058% of beams without using Geotextile s. So the use of Geotextile s on concrete blocks can improve quality because the value of the flexural strength of beams using Geotextile s is greater than beams without using Geotextiles.
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Franco, Yara Barbosa, Clever Aparecido Valentin, Marcelo Kobelnik, Jefferson Lins da Silva, Clovis Augusto Ribeiro, and Marta Pereira da Luz. "Accelerated Aging Ultraviolet of a PET Nonwoven Geotextile and Thermoanalytical Evaluation." Materials 15, no. 12 (June 11, 2022): 4157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15124157.
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Nonwoven geotextiles are geosynthetic products that are highly susceptible to ultraviolet degradation because light can reach a large area of the material due to its fiber arrangement. Even with additives, which delay the degradation process, material decomposition still occurs, and therefore the product’s long-term durability can be affected. In this paper, the mechanical and thermal behavior of a commercial nonwoven polyester geotextile subjected to accelerated ultraviolet aging tests were evaluated. The deterioration was evaluated by comparing the physical properties (mass per unit area, thickness, and tensile strength) and thermal behavior (thermogravimetry—TG, thermomechanical analysis—TMA, and differential scanning calorimetry—DSC) before and after exposure times of 500 h and 1000 h. The results showed that the ultraviolet aging tests induced some damage in the polyester fibers, leading to the deterioration of their tensile strength. For 1000 h of exposure, in which the reduction was larger, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) found some superficial disruption of the fibers, indicative of damage. TG and DSC could not capture the effects of UV radiation on polymer degradation, unlike TMA. This latter technique was effective in showing the differences between specimens before and after UV exposure.
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Hsuan, Y. Grace. "Approach to the study of durability of reinforcement fibers and yarns in geosynthetic clay liners." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 20, no. 1 (February 2002): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-1144(01)00019-x.
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Adajar, Mary Ann, Miller Cutora, Shayne Jostein Bolima, Kyle Johnson Chua, Irwyn Ainsley Isidro, and John Vincent Ramos. "Strength Performance of Nonwoven Coir Geotextiles as an Alternative Material for Slope Stabilization." Applied Sciences 13, no. 13 (June 27, 2023): 7590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13137590.
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Slope stability is one of the crucial factors to consider in every civil engineering project. One widely used method to stabilize slope is the use of polymeric products called geosynthetics. Natural fiber geosynthetics used for geotechnical applications have attracted attention because of their environmental and economic benefits. Coir fibers made into nonwoven geotextiles are utilized in this study as an alternative material for slope stabilization. One drawback of coir fiber geotextiles is their low tensile strength and limited life span due to their susceptibility to environmental factors. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of mercerization and bleaching treatment on the strength performance of nonwoven coir geotextiles after exposure to conditions simulating biological and chemical degradation. Microscopic images of treated coir geotextiles show the removal of surface impurities that altered the physical components in the fiber. The grab tensile strength results prove that the mercerized coir geotextiles are suitable for field conditions and groundwater exposure. The untreated coir geotextiles showed superior puncture resistance relative to the chemically treated geotextiles. The chemical treatments improved the tensile strength; however, they weakened the puncture resistance of the coir geotextile due to the decrease in thickness. A slope stability simulation conducted using Rocscience Slide2 version 9.017 software proved that coir geotextiles can effectively reinforce slopes, with strength performance almost comparable to that of synthetic geotextiles.
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Tanasă, Fulga, Mărioara Nechifor, Mauruşa-Elena Ignat, and Carmen-Alice Teacă. "Geotextiles—A Versatile Tool for Environmental Sensitive Applications in Geotechnical Engineering." Textiles 2, no. 2 (April 8, 2022): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/textiles2020011.
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Geotextiles, a group of high-performance materials, have grown during the last decades into needful auxiliaries when it comes to infrastructure, soil, construction, agriculture and environmental applications. Although geotextiles made of synthetic fibers (geosynthetics) are considered a modern achievement, the basic concept dates back to ancient times when textiles consisting of locally available natural fibers were employed to increase the stability of roads and soils. In recent decades, considering the growing interest in environmental protection and sustainable development based on using renewable resources and the recovery and recycling of waste of various origins, the use of natural fibers-based geotextiles is a viable alternative, despite their limited-life service owing to their biodegradability. In addition to this feature, their low cost, good mechanical properties and large-scale accessibility recommend them for geo-engineering applications, environmental sensitive applications in geotechnical engineering, such as land improvements and soil erosion control. This paper focuses on geotextiles as a versatile tool in environmental applications given their high theoretic and practical relevance as substantiated by recent literature reports. Natural and synthetic geotextiles are presented herein, as well as their features that recommend them for geo-engineering. Insights on the main types of applications of geotextiles are also included, along with a wide variety of materials employed to perform specific functions.
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Liu, Jianzhong, Han Yang, Dongming Zhang, Yun Wang, Weijing Xiao, Chen Ye, Binbin Zheng, and Yushun Yang. "Mechanical and permeation response characteristics of basalt fibre reinforced tailings to different reinforcement technologies: an experimental study." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 9 (September 2021): 210669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210669.
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Tailings dam is a man-made hazard with high potential energy; dam failure would cause great losses to human lives and properties. However, the limitations of conventional reinforcement methods like geosynthetic make it easy to slide along the weak structural plane. In this paper, we innovatively added basalt fibre (BF) with different lengths ( l ) and contents ( ω ) into tailings to study its mechanical and permeation characteristics. The results indicate that BF can improve the shear strength ( τ ), cohesion ( c ) and compression index ( C c ) of tailings, but it has little effect on internal friction angle ( φ ). When l is constant, τ , c and C c are positively correlated with ω . One notable phenomenon is that τ and c do not constantly increase with l when ω is constant, but obtain the maximum under the optimal length of 6 mm. Moreover, when ω > 0.6%, permeability coefficient ( k ) is greater than that of the original tailings and the sensitivity of c , φ , τ , C c , k to fibre content is greater than that of length. The research results facilitate the understanding of BF reinforced tailings, and could serve as references for improving the safety of tailings dam and other artificial soil slopes or soil structures.
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Li, Haiwen, Sathwik S. Kasyap, and Kostas Senetakis. "Multi-Scale Study of the Small-Strain Damping Ratio of Fiber-Sand Composites." Polymers 13, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 2476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152476.
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The use of polypropylene fibers as a geosynthetic in infrastructures is a promising ground treatment method with applications in the enhancement of the bearing capacity of foundations, slope rehabilitation, strengthening of backfills, as well as the improvement of the seismic behavior of geo-systems. Despite the large number of studies published in the literature investigating the properties of fiber-reinforced soils, less attention has been given in the evaluation of the dynamic properties of these composites, especially in examining damping characteristics and the influence of fiber inclusion and content. In the present study, the effect of polypropylene fiber inclusion on the small-strain damping ratio of sands with different gradations and various particle shapes was investigated through resonant column (macroscopic) experiments. The macroscopic test results suggested that the damping ratio of the mixtures tended to increase with increasing fiber content. Accordingly, a new expression was proposed which considers the influence of fiber content in the estimation of the small-strain damping of polypropylene fiber-sand mixtures and it can be complementary of damping modeling from small-to-medium strains based on previously developed expressions in the regime of medium strains. Additional insights were attempted to be obtained on the energy dissipation and contribution of fibers of these composite materials by performing grain-scale tests which further supported the macroscopic experimental test results. It was also attempted to interpret, based on the grain-scale tests results, the influence of fiber inclusion in a wide spectrum of properties for fiber-reinforced sands providing some general inferences on the contribution of polypropylene fibers on the constitutive behavior of granular materials.
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JEON, HAN-YONG. "Geosynthetics Technology as a Convergence Organic Materials Used to Civil Engineering Fields in Korea." Sen'i Gakkaishi 70, no. 8 (2014): P—303—P—305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.70.p-303.
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Juraszek, Janusz, Monika Gwóźdź-Lasoń, and Dominik Logoń. "FBG Strain Monitoring of a Road Structure Reinforced with a Geosynthetic Mattress in Cases of Subsoil Deformation in Mining Activity Areas." Materials 14, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071709.
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This paper presents implementation of purpose-designed optical fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors intended for the monitoring of real values of strain in reinforced road structures in areas of mining activity. Two field test stations are described. The first enables analysis of the geogrid on concrete and ground subgrades. The second models the situation of subsoil deformation due to mining activity at different external loads. The paper presents a system of optical fibre sensors of strain and temperature dedicated for the investigated mattress. Laboratory tests were performed to determine the strain characteristic of the FBG sensor-geogrid system with respect to standard load. As a result, it was possible to establish the dependence of the geogrid strain on the forces occurring in it. This may be the basis for the analysis of the mining activity effect on right-of-way structures during precise strain measurements of a geogrid using FBG sensors embedded in it. The analysis of the results of measurements in the aspect of forecasted and actual static and dynamic effects of mining on the stability of a reinforced road structure is of key importance for detailed management of the road investment and for appropriate repair and modernization management of the road structure.
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Mittal, Ayush, and Shalinee Shukla. "Influence of Geotextile and Geogrid Reinforcement on Strength Behaviour of Soft Silty Soil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 877 (February 2018): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.877.264.
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Roads are the most important component for the economic and social development of any country. India has a total road network of more than 6 million kilometers, which carry around 90% of passenger traffic and 65% of freight traffic. More than 20% land area of India is covered with soils having low California bearing ratio (CBR) and shear strength values. The pavement constructed over such soils will lead to rapid increase in construction and maintenance costs. This study presents a laboratory investigation about the combined effect of geotextile and geogrid reinforcement, placed in layers at various depths from top of specimen, on the strength behaviour of poor subgrade soil. Heavy compaction, soaked CBR and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests are conducted. The test results indicate significant improvement in CBR and UCS values for all geosynthetic reinforced cases, whereas ductility and rupture strength remains almost constant as compared to virgin soil. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows significant bonding between soil particles and fibers of geogrid, causing stress transfer from soil to reinforcing material and hence preventing soil from overstressing. It is concluded that combination of geogrid and geotextile can be used effectively for reinforcing poor subgrade soil.
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Carneiro, José Ricardo, and Maria de Lurdes Lopes. "Weathering of a Nonwoven Polypropylene Geotextile: Field vs. Laboratory Exposure." Materials 15, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 8216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15228216.
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Like other plastic materials, geosynthetics can undergo changes in their properties due to weathering. These changes must be known and, if necessary, duly accounted for in the design phase. This work evaluates the resistance of a nonwoven polypropylene geotextile to weathering, both in the field (under natural degradation conditions) and in the laboratory (under accelerated degradation conditions). The damage experienced by the geotextile in the field weathering tests was evaluated by monitoring changes in its physical (mass per unit area and thickness), mechanical (tensile, tearing and puncture behaviour) and hydraulic (water permeability normal to the plane) properties. Microscopic damage was assessed by scanning electron microscopy. In the laboratory weathering tests, only the tensile behaviour of the geotextile was monitored. The results showed that all geotextile properties were affected by weathering. The mechanical strength of the geotextile decreased in the field weathering tests. Microscopic transverse cracks were found in the weathered polypropylene fibres, which may explain the reduction in mechanical strength. The accumulation of dirt on the nonwoven structure altered the physical and hydraulic properties of the geotextile. Comparing the field and laboratory weathering tests, the reduction in tensile strength found after 24 months outdoors (roughly 30%) was very similar to that observed after 4000 h in the laboratory. This relationship may not be valid for other geotextiles or other exposure locations.
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Grzybowska-Pietras, Joanna, Giang Nguyen, Stanisława Przybyło, Monika Rom, and Jan Broda. "Properties of meandrical geotextiles designed for the protection of soil against erosion." E3S Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 00042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184900042.
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Changes in climatic conditions in the world often affect the variability of water relations and soil erosion. Observed phenomena lead to removal of the most valuable soil surface layer from slopes, washout of minerals, deterioration of slope structure and also destruction of protective vegetation. Geotextiles are used to protect slopes from effects of erosion. Depending on the type of used raw material as well as production technology, geotextiles are used for long-term or temporary protection (biodegradable). Biodegradable geotextiles under influence of atmospheric factors undergo gradual decomposition. The substances released as a result of decomposition cause soil fertilization, which promotes development of protective vegetation. The aim of the research is to assess impact of exploitation time on selected physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties of innovative geotextiles in form of meandrically arranged Kemafil ropes made of wool and recycled fibers installed on slope in Jasienica Economic Zone in Międzyrzecze. The research was carried out in the Laboratory of Geosynthetics and Textile Products of the University of Bielsko-Biala in accordance with the applicable European standards. Nonwovens used for production of geotextiles were tested before installation, as well as after 6 and 12 months from their installation. Geotextiles reduce speed of rainwater flowing down from the surface of slope and store its excess. Waste raw materials used for production of geotextiles enable products effectively protecting slope against water erosion.
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"Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Steel Fibres)." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 8, no. 6S4 (July 26, 2019): 553–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.f1114.0486s419.
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Soil stabilization is the process which involves enhancing the physical properties of the soil in order to improve its strength, durability etc. by blending or mixing with additives. The different types of method used for soil stabilization are: Soil stabilization with cement, Soil stabilization with lime, Soil stabilization using bitumen, Chemical stabilization and a new emerging technology of stabilization by Geo textiles and Geo synthetic fibers. In this study, we are making use of Steel fibers as geo synthetic material for stabilization of soil. With the introduction of Steel fibers to the soil the CBR values will improve and thickness of pavement layer also gets reduced. It also reduces the intensity of stress on subgrade. Steel fibers is such a geosynthetic material which is effectively accessible, ecofriendly and furthermore savvy. With the use of soil adjustment strategy in development the general expense gets diminished when contrasted with the normal technique for development. The Highway Research Board (HRB) order of the dirt strata like dark cotton soil and sedu soil is finished utilizing appropriate examining system, for example, Core Cutter Method. To decide the attributes like Grading by Sieve Analysis, Atterbergs Limits i.e Liquid farthest point utilizing Cone Penetration Method and Casagrande Method, Plastic breaking point by rolling the example to 3mm breadth string, Shrinkage limit utilizing Shrinkage mechanical assembly, Optimum Moisture Content and Maximum Dry Density utilizing Standard Proctor Test and furthermore California Bearing Ratio by leading CBR test. The pavement thickness was designed using pavement design catalogues published by IRC SP:20-2002. The estimation for the road is done by considering the item such as Jungle Cutting, Earthwork Excavation for Roadway and Drains, compacting and grading etc., as per SR 2016-17, PW, P and IWT circle Dharwad and suggestion of specification for the mixture of Steel fibers as Geo Synthetic material for stabilization using CBR value by CBR Test and Shear strength using Unconfined Compression Test. The different tests were conducted in order to determine the different characteristics and properties of the black cotton soil and obtained with following results. The liquid limit of the soil with addition of Steel fibers was found to be decreasing when compared to liquid limit of soil alone. The plastic furthest reaches of the dirt diminished with the expansion of filaments. The shrinkage furthest reaches of the dirt was expanded with increment in strands. The MDD of the dirt with expansion of Steel filaments by weight of soil is observed to increment upto 0.75% after that it diminishes and the comparing OMC is diminished with expansion of strands. The shear quality of soil diminished significantly with expansion of strands. The CBR estimation of the dirt expanded significantly. The distinctive tests were led so as to decide the diverse qualities and properties of the sedu soil and acquired with following outcomes. The fluid furthest reaches of the dirt alone was observed to be 36.5%. The MDD of the dirt with expansion of 0.25%, 0.5% Steel strands by weight of soil is observed to be diminished by 0.83% and 0.75% , 1.0% Steel filaments by weight of soil is observed to be expanded by 0.11 % and 16.98% separately and the relating OMC is diminished by 15.62%, 21.87% and 33.75% individually. The shear quality of the dirt with the expansion of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% of Steel strands is observed to be diminished by 38.57%, 38.57%, 35.25% and 5.85%. The CBR estimation of the dirt with expansion of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0%, Steel filaments by weight of soil is observed to be expanded. From the restricted research center investigation directed we reasoned that the 0.75% of Steel fiber can generously improve the properties of Black cotton soil. Furthermore, in this way 0.75% of Steel fiber is the ideal fiber content for dark cotton soil. The design thickness of flexible pavement before stabilization is obtained as 450mm and after stabilization is obtained as 250mm.The estimated cost for constructing flexible pavement before stabilization of soil is obtained as 4018050 Rs /Km and after stabilization of soil is obtained as 3721894Rs/Km. The estimated cost after stabilization is found to be decreased by 7.37%.
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Pillai, Anjali G., and Madhavi Latha Gali. "Digital image-based Performance evaluation of GCL-sand interfaces under repeated shearing." Geosynthetics International, November 7, 2022, 1–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgein.22.00352.
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Inadequate shear strength mobilization at the interfaces results in translational failures in Geosynthetic Clay Liners (GCL). Periodic addition of solid waste into the landfill causes additional normal and shear stresses in GCLs. The mechanical response of GCLs is highly time dependent and over the time, the quality and strength of fibres of GCL deteriorate. Hence the interface shear resistance reduces under the application of repeated shear cycles. To simulate these conditions, a repeated interface shearing test was conceptualized in this study. A natural river sand and a manufactured sand of identical gradation were used in experiments to understand the effects of particle shape on interface shear strength variation under repeated shearing. Each GCL-sand interface was subjected to eight cycles of shearing in dry and hydrated conditions under three different static normal stresses. Results showed that the variation of the peak interface shear stress has different phases, governed by different mechanisms. Digital image analysis of tested GCL surfaces after each shearing cycle provided important clues for this response. Entrapment of sand particles into GCL surface is beneficial initially because of increased friction at the interface and this benefit is more pronounced in case of manufactured sand, due to the irregular shape of particles. After a few shearing cycles, the fibres of the GCL got ruptured due to repeated rubbing of sand particles, which reduced the shearing resistance. Quantification of sand particle entrapment and surface changes to GCL helped in understanding these micro-level interaction mechanisms.
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Moncada, A., I. P. Damians, S. Olivella, and R. J. Bathurst. "Thermo-hydraulic numerical modelling of in-soil conditions in reinforced soil walls." Geosynthetics International, July 21, 2023, 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgein.23.00026.
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The role of temperature and relative humidity on long-term mechanical and chemical degradation of polyester fibres due to hydrolysis and creep is well documented. This study presents the results of a thermo-hydraulic 2D finite-element model used to estimate the magnitude and distribution of in-situ temperature, relative humidity, and degree of saturation in the backfill of reinforced soil walls (RSWs) due to changes in atmospheric boundary conditions. Boundary conditions for in-air temperature, relative humidity and daily precipitation were taken from weather databases for continental, Mediterranean, desert, and tropical climates. Scenarios with different water tables, and permeable or impermeable zones around the reinforced soil zone were analyzed. Numerical outcomes show that mean in-soil temperature values can be related to the mean annual atmospheric value for each geographical location, with relevant fluctuations limited to the first 3 meters of distance from the vertical and horizontal boundaries. In-soil relative humidity values depended on the climate dataset and the permeability of the zones adjacent to the reinforced soil. The results of this study and lessons learned are a valuable precursor for future studies of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical modelling of polyester geosynthetic RSWs under in-situ operational conditions.
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Sharma, Hemant. "The Effect of Geosynthetic Content on Soil Behaviour." International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, February 5, 2019, 304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32628/ijsrst196141.
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While designing structure that will impose a significant load over a larger area, Geotechnical address the following situations especially when dealing with weak foundation in soil, bearing capacity failure, differential settlement and soil instability. The objective of this study is to investigate and evaluate the benefits of inclusion of carbon fibre and it's composite. The acceptance of carbon fibre in reinforced soil construction has been triggered by no of factors including light weight, economical, tolerate large deformation, high stiffness, high temperature tolerance. So here is the attempt to present the details of investigation of the performance of geosynthetic reinforcement on soil to increase bearing capacity.
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"Strengthening of Fired RC Beam Column Joint using Geosynthetics." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 8, no. 9 (July 10, 2019): 650–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.i7647.078919.
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From the past few decades, there has been a steady growth in the field of construction of building all over the globe. With the technological advances on all fronts the complexity of fires, explosions and the hazards are major challenge thrown up to the planner, engineer and architects. Hence, new techniques and sustainability material have to be adapted for the retrofitting of fire damaged buildings. Notable work has been done with Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymers (GFRP), Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) and Basalt Fibre Reinforced Polymer (BFRP) as a fibre reinforced polymers used as a retrofitting material. But less work has been done with geosynthetics material (Gotextiles. Geogrids, Geonets, Geomembranes) . The main purpose of this research study is to evaluate the behaviour of fired RC beam-column joint specimens wrapped with Geogrid and Glass Geocomposite. In the process, 12 beam-column joint specimens were casted out which 9 were fired at a temperature of 6000 c for 6 hours and 6 specimens were wrapped with the geosynthetics (3- wrapped with Geogrid, and 3- wrapped with glass fibre) and remaining 3 specimens were tested directly without any wrappings. Studies were performed on the control specimens and the wrapped/ retrofitted specimens for engineering properties. From the result, it has been observed that geogrid wrapped fired specimen and glass geocomposite wrapped fire specimen showed more deflection than control specimen and had higher load carrying capacity than the fired specimen without wrapping.
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Martini, M., I. Fadliah, and B. Biru. "Kajian Perilaku Kuat Geser Tanah Terhadap Penambahan Serat Karung Goni." REKONSTRUKSI TADULAKO: Civil Engineering Journal on Research and Development, March 5, 2023, 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/renstra.v4i1.536.
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Soil improvement is a method to improve the physical and mechanical properties of soil that are not good. Soil improvement methods include chemical, mechanical, hydraulic, and reinforcement methods for example by adding geosynthetic sheets/fibers or steel rods. However, the use of these methods is relatively quite expensive from the aspect of the materials used when applied to small-scale volume work. This research tries to examine the behavior of the soil that is given the addition of jute sack fiber, especially to changes in shear strength/soil shear strength parameters. Jute sacks are an alternative material as a substitute for fiber of the Geosynthetic type, jute sacks have a rough texture made of jute fiber, where jute fiber is the second most used natural fiber after cotton. Jute fiber itself can be taken from the bark of the bast fiber tree. Jute itself is an environmentally friendly fabric because it is made from bio-degradable fibers and is included in fabrics made of 100% plant fibers. The percentage of jute fiber used was 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75% of the dry weight of the soil with variations in length of 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm and 2.5 cm. The sample of soil tested is sandy type from the permanent residential area of Tondo, Mantikulore sub-district, Palu, Central Sulawesi. The addition of fiber has more effect on changes in the value of the soil friction angle than the value of cohesion. Jute fibers with lengths of 1.5 cm and 2.5 cm at percentages between 0.25% and 0.75% tend to increase, but at 2 cm length tend to decrease the value of shear strength. Fiber length and burlap percentage influence each other in increasing and decreasing the value of soil shear strength
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Lin, J., T. D. Stark, A. Idries, and S. Choi. "GMX/GDC strength loss mechanisms." Geosynthetics International, July 14, 2023, 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgein.22.00375.
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This paper provides insight into the causes of post-peak strength loss for textured geomembrane (GMX) and nonwoven geotextile (NGT) interfaces. The NGT can be part of a geosynthetic drainage composite (GDC) or a stand-alone NGT. The study used ring shear tests where one of the two interface materials was replaced after reaching a residual strength condition and restarting the test to measure the change in interface strength. The interface strength loss from peak to large displacement (LD) strength primarily comes from three mechanisms: (1) geomembrane wear, (2) breakage and combing of fibers in the NGT, and reduction of the hook and loop effect between GMX asperities and fibers of the NGT. The source of interface strength loss from LD strength to the residual value mainly comes from breakage and continuous combing of NGT fibers parallel to the direction of shear in ring shear tests. Scanning electron microscope photographs of the GMX and NGT before and after shearing confirm wear and smoothing of GMX asperities and the combing of NGT fibers in the direction of shear.
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N, Gokarneshan. "A Review of Sustainable Approaches in Geo Textiles for Environment Conservation." Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences Research, February 28, 2023, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/jeesr/2023(5)188.
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Geotextiles, a group of high-performance materials, have grown during the last decades into needful auxiliaries when it comes to infrastructure, soil, construction, agriculture and environmental applications. Although geotextiles made of synthetic fibers (geosynthetics) are considered a modern achievement, the basic concept dates back to ancient times when textiles consisting of locally available natural fibers were employed to increase the stability of roads and soils. In recent decades, considering the growing interest in environmental protection and sustainable development based on using renewable resources and the recovery and recycling of waste of various origins, the use of natural fibers-based geotextiles is a viable alternative, despite their limited-life service owing to their biodegradability. In addition to this feature, their low cost, good mechanical properties and large-scale accessibility recommend them for geo-engineering applications, environmental sensitive applications in geotechnical engineering, such as land improvements and soil erosion control. This paper focuses on geotextiles as a versatile tool in environmental applications given their high theoretic and practical relevance as substantiated by recent literature reports. Natural and synthetic geotextiles are presented herein, as well as their features that recommend them for geo-engineering. Insights on the main types of applications of geotextiles are also included, along with a wide variety of materials employed to perform specific functions.
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Yasir Iqbal and Jaspreet Kaur. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF GEOFIBRE SHEETS ON CBR VALUE OF SOIL." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences, September 28, 2022, 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2022.v06i05.027.
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Natural fibers, materials, or plants were used in the early days of geotextile production to improve the condition of roads built on unstable soil. Geofibres have just lately been put to use and tested in modern construction. A highly developed product that must meet a variety of criteria, geofibres have become increasingly popular in recent years. Suitable machinery is needed to produce custom industrial materials. Using geofibres in construction has been a huge success for over three decades. Stronger construction can be achieved by separating sub-grade from sub-base. An example of geosynthetics being utilized to reinforce clayey soil is presented in this publication. Clayey soils were used to prepare laboratory California bearing ratio (CBR) test samples. Thermally bonded nonwoven geofibre-reinforced reinforced soils demonstrate an increase in bearing ratio in these experiments.
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Winter, M. G., I. M. Nettleton, R. Seddon, and J. Codd. "The Assessment of Innovative Geotechnical Slope Repair Techniques." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering, November 7, 2022, 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgeen.22.00143.
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This paper summarises work to evaluate the effectiveness of innovative geotechnical slope repair techniques used on National Highways’ slopes. The techniques assessed were live willow poles, Electrokinetic Geosynthetics (EKG) and Fibre Reinforced Soil (FRS) used in place of conventional approaches to reduce the overall impact of various challenges including environmental constraints (habitat and visual), access and utility constraints, and to reduce the scale and/or cost of traffic management and traffic delays. Trials were undertaken over the last 20 years or so, but monitoring was generally limited to just a few years post-construction; longer term evaluation was not generally undertaken. The evaluated success, or otherwise, of the techniques led directly to recommendations for future use ranging from the development of willow pole design guidance and specification information, guidance on further EKG trials, and the cessation of use of FRS, primarily on environmental grounds but also acknowledging the construction difficulties encountered. A life cycle analysis shows significant carbon saving compared to rock fill replacement for each of the techniques. More generic lessons learnt from the trials and the practical application reported were used to produce guidance for future trials of innovative geotechnical repair techniques, including those for slopes.