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Journal articles on the topic 'Georgian History and criticism'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Dianat, Alborz. "Nationalizing the International Style." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 81, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 495–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2022.81.4.495.

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Abstract In Nationalizing the International Style: The Formation of British Identity in the Architectural Criticism of P. Morton Shand, Alborz Dianat considers the critical role played by architectural journalist P. Morton Shand (1888–1960) in the debate that took place in the interwar period as British architecture grappled with the seemingly irreconcilable ideas of nationality and modernity. Drawing on an archive of correspondence only recently made public, Dianat shows how Shand assumed a position of leadership in efforts to nationalize architectural modernism in Britain. Shand’s journalistic output contributed to a broader movement calling for a return to Georgian precedents alongside international models, and British architects heeded that call. Shand promoted a new identity for British architecture internationally through his formal and informal networks, and Britain’s leading role in architectural discourse into and beyond World War II was bolstered by his work.

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2

Nosonovsky, Michael, Dan Shapira, and Daria Vasyutinsky-Shapira. "Not by Firkowicz’s Fault: Daniel Chwolson’s Comic Blunders in Research of Hebrew Epigraphy of the Crimea and Caucasus, and their Impact on Jewish Studies in Russia." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 73, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 633–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/062.2020.00033.

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AbstractDaniel Chwolson (1819–1911) made a huge impact upon the research of Hebrew epigraphy from the Crimea and Caucasus. Despite that, his role in the more-than-a-century-long controversy regarding Crimean Hebrew tomb inscriptions has not been well studied. Chwolson, at ﬁrst, adopted Abraham Firkowicz’s forgeries, and then quickly realized his mistake; however, he could not back up. Th e criticism by both Abraham Harkavy and German Hebraists questioned Chwolson’s scholarly qualiﬁcations and integrity. Consequently, the interference of political pressure into the academic argument resulted in the prevailing of the scholarly ﬂawed opinion. We revisit the interpretation of these ﬁndings by Russian, Jewish, Karaite and Georgian historians in the 19th and 20th centuries. During the Soviet period, Jewish Studies in the USSR were in neglect and nobody seriously studied the whole complex of the inscriptions from the South of Russia / the Soviet Union. The remnants of the scholarly community were hypnotized by Chwolson’s authority, who was the teacher of their teachers’ teachers. At the same time, Western scholars did not have access to these materials and/or lacked the understanding of the broader context, and thus a number of erroneous Chwolson’s conclusion have entered academic literature for decades.

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3

Kavoori, Anandam. "What Is Peace? Being an Autoethnographic Account of Methodological Musings From the Beach." Qualitative Inquiry 24, no. 6 (September 8, 2017): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077800417729838.

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This autoethnographic essay is focused on methodological space of “problematization”—the wrenching intellectual and emotional process (and lived experience) that a scholar goes through before settling into a long-term writing project—in this case travel to different parts of the world, in an attempt to explore the idea and experience of “Peace” in each of those places. Weaving through elements of family memoir, Georgia history, eco-criticism, and Peace Studies (across different sub fields), the essay illuminates the personal and liminal space of methodological engagement before field work.

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4

Guliaeva, Evgenia Yu. "THE UNKNOWN RESEARCHER OF THE CAUCASUS: LYUDMILA FILIPPOVNA VINOGRADOVA (1904-1985)." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 17, no. 3 (October 19, 2021): 721–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch173721-734.

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The article is dedicated to Lyudmila Filippovna Vinogradova (1904-1985) – a member of the State Museum of Ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR (currently the Russian Museum of Ethnography), who worked at the Department of the Peoples of the Caucasus since the end of 1930s until the early 60s. The author attempts to shed light on the previously unknown pages in the history of the Caucasian and museum studies in Russia. The objectives of the work include the study of Vinogradova’s professional biography in the context of the history of the State Museum of Ethnography (in particular, the period of the Great Patriotic War) and a review of sources on ethnography and the history of the peoples of the Caucasus made by Lyudmila Filippovna (clothing and photo collections, field reports and diaries). The key materials for the study are archival documents stored in the Russian Museum of Ethnography. The collecting work and scientific profile of Vinogradova in the ethnography of the Ossetians and the peoples of Dagestan (partly Georgia) were due to the need of creating expositions and exhibitions. Over the 25-year period of her activity, the researcher conducted seven ethnographic expeditions (in 1939, 1948 and 1949 in Ossetia, in 1947 in Belarus, in 1955 in Georgia, in 1956 and 1957 in Dagestan); in addition to the reports and field journals, 16 clothing collections (about 250 items) preserved, more than 8000 items and photographs have been registered. Most of these items have not yet been introduced into science. Without knowledge of the biography of the collector and researcher, a comprehensive scientific criticism of sources is impossible – which also applies to Lyudmila Filippovna’s materials. At the same time, the items and photographs she collected, field reports and journals are also an integral part of the story of her life.

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5

Mukhanov, V. "Russian-Georgian Relations: From Emotions to Pragmatism." Russia and New States of Eurasia, no. 2 (2022): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2073-4786-2022-2-106-116.

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The article discusses the position of Georgia on the issue of its accession to the sanctions against Russia. The main arguments of the Georgian government in favor of strict neutrality and criticism from the political opposition, which takes a tough anti-Russian position, are summarized. The main points of the dependence of the Georgian economy on the Russian direction are analyzed and the conclusion is made that it can be seriously affected by the sanctions imposed against Russia. Georgia’s significant dependence on its northern neighbor, supplies and remittances from there, allows us to predict the preservation of such a neutral position of the Georgian government in the near term.

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6

TSURTSUMIA, Mamuka. "Medieval Georgian Poliorcetica." Historia i Świat 4 (September 16, 2015): 175–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2015.04.10.

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In the medieval art of war siege constituted one of the principal forms of fight. Several basic techniques were used in taking a stronghold, such as assaulting the walls of the fortress, breaching the wall, digging a subterranean tunnel under the wall and enfeeblement of the garrison by lengthy siege. Bearing in mind various data, in the Middle Ages Georgians used the following technical means to capture fortresses: assault ladders, battering rams and other engines for breaching walls, ballistas, stone throwing engines and subterranean tunnels. In the article light is shed on the siege capabilities of the Georgian army of the period. Extensively discussed are the Georgian army’s stone throwing artillery, various types of stone hurling engines and the time of their spread in Georgia. Various techniques of capturing fortresses, applied by the Georgians are described. These include mounting the walls with ladder or various improvised means. The hazardous technique of directly assaulting the fortress without preliminary preparation or bringing up heavy siege engines is shown. The capturing of fortresses by means of underground tunnels isdiscussed separately. By the available evidence it is not apparent that Georgians made use of all the siege techniques known in the medieval world; however, it can be said that they were familiar with and used successfully the basic methods of siege warfare.

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7

Tomelleri, Vittorio Springfield. "E.D. Polivanov and the Georgian language: synchronic questions and diachronic perspectives." Cahiers du Centre de Linguistique et des Sciences du Langage, no. 49 (August 28, 2016): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/la.cdclsl.2016.405.

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The present paper deals with a short contribution which E.D. Polivanov published in 1925 in the scientific journal of the Central Asia State University during his stay and work at the University of Taškent. Polivanov’s text presents a phonological analysis of the Georgian consonant system and aims at making the transcription system devised by the academician N.Ja. Marr for the rendering of Georgian sounds comparable with the better known and more useful alphabet of the International Phonetic Association. In addition to the synchronic description and classification of Georgian con-sonants, in which, contrary to the customary interpretation, weak aspiration of voiceless plosives is claimed, Polivanov offers an interesting diachronic ex-planation of the defective postvelar (uvular) series, which in contemporary standard Georgian features only the voiceless ejective member; his reconstruction of the former system is based on typological assumptions about the different behaviour of voiced and voiceless obstruents with respect to lenition (spirantisation). Some years later, the Georgian linguist G.S. Axvlediani provided ar-guments, based on internal reconstruction, which confirmed and further developed Polivanov’s hypothesis. Although he had reviewed Polivanov’s contribution for a Georgian journal in 1926, Axvlediani did not mention it in his later work, probably because Polivanov in the meanwhile had become persona non grata in Soviet lin-guistics for his open criticism of Marr’s linguistic theory.

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8

Lomtadze, Tamari. "Standard Georgian language: History and current challenges." Valoda: nozīme un forma / Language: Meaning and Form 12 (December 2021): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/vnf.12.11.

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This article outlines some debates and issues in the field of Georgian linguistics and offers a research agenda for standard Georgian language, including its history, phases of development, present-day challenges and prospects. There is a multitude of conflicting and even mutually exclusive ideas and points of view regarding these issues. My key point is to provide the periodization of the standard Georgian language that encompasses sixteen centuries, taking into consideration not only the level of normalization and standardization of the Georgian language in a particular historical period, but also the language variety on which the standard / literary language was based, and the institutions controlling and governing the development of the standard language. The point of departure here is the definition of the “standard” as a historically determined set of commonly used language assets, recognized by society as the most appropriate and prestigious variety due to its common usage and high cultural status. Using descriptive, synchronic, diachronic, and comparative research methods, I have tried to identify four phases / periods in the continuous history of the Georgian standard language spanning sixteen centuries.

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9

Ogborn, M. "Georgian Geographies?" Journal of Historical Geography 24, no. 2 (April 1998): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhge.1998.0081.

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10

Holmes, Michael W. "Collected Papers in Greek and Georgian Textual Criticism – By J. Neville Birdsall." Religious Studies Review 33, no. 3 (July 2007): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0922.2007.00203_8.x.

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11

Bakuradze, Lia, Marina Beridze, and Zakharia Pourtskhvanidze. "A Georgian Language Island in Iran: Fereydani Georgian." Iranian Studies 53, no. 3-4 (May 28, 2020): 489–550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00210862.2020.1723407.

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12

Duduchava, Roland, David Natroshvili, and Guram Gogishvili. "Georgian Mathematical Union: History and Activity." EMS Newsletter 2018-12, no. 110 (November 30, 2018): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4171/news/110/14.

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13

Tsopurashvili, Salome. "A history of Georgian silent film." Studies in Russian and Soviet Cinema 8, no. 3 (September 2, 2014): 255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17503132.2014.969959.

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14

DICKINSON, H. T. "Late Georgian Politics." Parliamentary History 12, no. 1 (March 17, 2008): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-0206.1993.tb00294.x.

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15

George, Julie A., and Christoph H. Stefes. "The Fate of Georgian Democracy." Current History 107, no. 711 (October 1, 2008): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2008.107.711.344.

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16

Chikhladze, Nino. "Reflections of Georgian-Iranian Cultural Interrelations in Seventeenth-Century Georgian Fine Art." Iran and the Caucasus 7, no. 1 (2003): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338403x00088.

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17

Bläsing, Uwe. "Georgian laqe, an 'addle egg' in Kartvelian Review of a Georgian Etymology." Iran and the Caucasus 12, no. 1 (2008): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338408x326190.

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AbstractThe paper deals with the revision and correction of the etymology of GEORGIAN laqe “rotten, addle egg”, which the late Prof. Georgij Klimov considered Kartvelian in his Etymological Dictionary. On the basis of an extensive areal study it can be concluded though that the term is not genuinely Kartvelian but must stem from a non-Kartvelian source, which is most likely Persian. The subsequent spread to other regional languages such as Turkish, Armenian, Kurdish, Ossetic, Lezgian, etc. will be also discussed.

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18

McH., B., and Dominick LaCapra. "History and Criticism." Poetics Today 7, no. 3 (1986): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1772526.

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19

Docherty, Thomas. "Criticism, history, Foucault." History of European Ideas 14, no. 3 (May 1992): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(92)90214-w.

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20

Walker, Lawrence D., and Dominick Lacapra. "History and Criticism." American Historical Review 91, no. 2 (April 1986): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1858142.

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21

Stobart, Jon. "The Georgian Town." Journal of Urban History 29, no. 3 (March 2003): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144203029003015.

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22

Nikoleishvili, Avtandil. "kartuli mc’erlobis sakitxebi aleksandre manvelishvilis naazrevshi /ქართული მწერლობის საკითხები ალექსანდრე მანველიშვილის ნააზრევში [Issues of Georgian Literature according to the Worldview of Alexander Manvelishvili]." Kartveluri Memk'vidreoba [Kartvelian Heritage] 25, no. 25-1 (December 1, 2021): 202–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54635/tpks.2022.03putk.

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Despite the fact that the history of Georgia was the main research interest of Alexander Manvelishvili (1904-1997), the Georgian emigrant scholar, who lived in Europe and America for a long period of time, the history of Georgian literature was another area of study among his scholarly interests. His publications related to Georgian literature could be divided into four major parts: First- the essays which reveal the main tendencies of the development of the ancient Georgian literature, and second-Rustvelological works. Apart from publishing numerous articles related to this field in the Georgian emigrant press, he also dedicated a monograph to the study of the issues pertaining to Rustaveli’s poem. The monograph was entitled “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin and Moral Ideology of Rustaveli”. The third part of his works offers the analysis of writings by the 19th-century Georgian authors. Lastly, his articles should be identified as the fourth part of his works that manifest Alexander Manvelishvili’s literary perspective, which discusses certain examples of the works of several Georgian writers in the past century. Those studies that provide the assessment of literary ideas of Georgian emigrant authors acquire particular importance. Unfortunately, Alexander Manvelishvili’s versatile career and his scientific-literary heritage have not been the focus of an in-depth study which should certainly be considered as a serious pitfall of Kartvelology. საკვანძო სიტყვები: ქართული მწერლობის ისტორია, ქართველი ემიგრანტი მეცნიერები, ალექსანდრე მანველიშვილი. Keywords: History of Georgian Literature, Georgian emigrant Scholars, Alexander Manvelishvili.

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23

Porter, Roy. "Medical lecturing in Georgian London." British Journal for the History of Science 28, no. 1 (March 1995): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400032714.

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Viewed in the light of the discussions of scientific lecturing in eighteenth-century London contained in this issue, the case of medicine may be said to be both more of the same but also something different.

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24

Gribble, Rebecca. "Data for the history of Georgian music." Early Music 45, no. 3 (August 2017): 503–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/cax071.

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25

McCormack, Matthew. "TALL HISTORIES: HEIGHT AND GEORGIAN MASCULINITIES." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 26 (September 29, 2016): 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440116000062.

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ABSTRACTHeight is rarely taken seriously by historians. Demographic and archaeological studies tend to explore height as a symptom of health and nutrition, rather than in its own right, and cultural studies of the human body barely study it at all. Its absence from the history of gender is surprising, given that it has historically been discussed within a highly gendered moral language. This paper therefore explores height through the lens of masculinity and focuses on the eighteenth century, when height took on a peculiar cultural significance in Britain. On the one hand, height could be associated with social status, political power and ‘polite’ refinement. On the other, it could connote ambition, militarism, despotism, foreignness and even castration. The article explores these themes through a case-study of John Montagu, earl of Sandwich, who was famously tall and was frequently caricatured as such. As well as exploring representations of the body, the paper also considers corporeal experiences and biometric realities of male height. It argues that histories of masculinity should study both representations of gender and their physical manifestations.

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26

Manyshev, Sergey. "Mirages of Georgian independence." Rossiiskaia istoriia, no. 1 (2021): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086956870013460-7.

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27

Lang, David M. "Georgia in 1840: The Lister Diaries." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 53, no. 1 (February 1990): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00021303.

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Georgian and Caucasian historical studies have recently received a stimulus through the publication of Professor Ronald Grigor Suny's important work, The making of the Georgian nation. Professor Suny draws attention to the seminal importance of the first half-century of Russian rule in Georgia, following the 1801 annexation. The old picturesque norms of Georgian social life were increasingly under pressure, as the Russian autocratic military bureaucracy sought to absorb the intransigent Caucasian peoples into their own larger administrative entity. (Dr. Stephen Jones and Professor Laurens Hamilton Rhinelander have done useful work on this phase of Georgian history).2 As we know from recent events in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, these efforts at assimilation met with mixed results, and serious nationality problems continue today

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28

Kříř, Zdeněk, and Zinaida Shevchuk. "Georgian readiness for NATO membership after Russian-Georgian armed conflict." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 44, no. 1 (February 20, 2011): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2011.01.003.

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The history of the cooperation between Georgia and NATO had started long before the Rose Revolution. Nowadays, Georgia belongs to the countries which want to join NATO. This article gauges the Georgian readiness for its accession to NATO. Study on NATO enlargement provides requirements on future members of NATO, even though it avoids such an explicit formulation. This article concludes that Georgia is not yet ready to join NATO because it has serious deficiencies in the area of democracy building, military readiness, and settling territorial disputes with its neighbours. The only area where the situation is satisfactory is the support of the public for the accession.

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29

Shapira, Dan. "Gleanings on Jews of Greater Iran under the Sasanians: (According to the Oldest Armenian and Georgian Texts)." Iran and the Caucasus 12, no. 2 (2008): 191–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338408x406010.

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AbstractThis paper is an unbiased investigation of two Jewish tomb inscriptions from Mc'xeta, Georgia, claimed to support the legends about the mission of St. Nino, into the broader context of the oldest Armenian and Georgian texts that mention Jews, with the emphasis on Armenian-Georgian ecclesiastical relations. The conclusion of the author is that it is impossible to use the two mentioned inscriptions as an evidence for a Georgian Jewish community in Mc'xeta in the 4th or 5th centuries.

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30

Robertson, James. "Jamaican Architectures before Georgian." Winterthur Portfolio 36, no. 2/3 (July 2001): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/496847.

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31

Leach, Andrew, and Antony Moulis. "History, Criticism, Judgment, Project." Architectural Theory Review 15, no. 3 (December 2010): 298–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13264826.2010.524305.

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32

Shiff, Richard. "On Criticism Handling History." History of the Human Sciences 2, no. 1 (February 1989): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095269518900200104.

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33

Siegel, Katy. "Art, History, and Criticism." Art Journal 71, no. 1 (March 2012): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00043249.2012.10791077.

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34

Botstein, Leon. "On Criticism and History." Musical Quarterly 79, no. 1 (1995): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mq/79.1.1.

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35

Roper, Jonathan. "Georgian Folk Traditions and Legends." Folklore 129, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 322–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0015587x.2017.1388022.

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36

Gotera, V. "Practical Criticism." Radical History Review 1994, no. 58 (January 1, 1994): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-1994-58-171.

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37

Black, J. "Georgian Monarchy, Politics and Culture, 1714-1760." English Historical Review CXXIII, no. 500 (February 1, 2008): 214–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cem459.

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38

Doborjginidze, Nino. "Medieval Georgian Projection of Religious Historiography of Late Antiquity." Scrinium 15, no. 1 (July 16, 2019): 239–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18177565-00151p16.

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Abstract The article analyses the historical concepts of the medieval Georgian history by Leonti Mroveli, as the projection of religious historiography in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Introductions to two redactions of The Georgian Chronicles have been considered. It has been shown that both versions have the same aim: to reconstruct the ethnic origin of the Georgians (our kin) from the onset of the world history and to legitimate our kin as an immediate partaker in the initial (Biblical) history. For this purpose, Leonti Mroveli uses diamerisms, a scheme of universal history (Διαμερισμὸς τῆς γῆς) employed in religious historiography from the 1st century AD. Fragments of diamerisms found in medieval Georgian historical narratives reveal that Georgian historiographers were familiar with them via Greek, Syriac, Ethiopian and Armenian versions and successfully used them to highlight the unity between the universal and their national (local) histories – the life of our kin.

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39

Gogolashvili, Giorgi, and Tamari Lomtadze. "From the history of the Georgian grammatical thought." Valoda nozīme un forma / Language Meaning and Form 10 (2019): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/vnf.10.06.

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40

RAPP, St H. Jr. "Pre-Christian History in the Georgian Shatberdi Codex." Le Muséon 112, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 79–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/mus.112.1.519492.

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41

Griffith, R. Drew, and George A. Kennedy. "The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism. 1: Classical Criticism." Phoenix 46, no. 2 (1992): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1088477.

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42

Hitchins, Keith, and Ronald Grigor Suny. "The Making of the Georgian Nation." American Historical Review 95, no. 2 (April 1990): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163889.

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43

Blauvelt, Timothy. "Zmiana statusu i etniczna mobilizacja podczas wydarzeń marca 1956 roku w Gruzji." Wolność i Solidarność 9 (2016): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25434942ws.16.004.13106.

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Status Shift and Ethnic Mobilisation in the March 1956 Events in Georgia The large-scale demonstrations that took place in Georgia in early March 1956 following Khrushchev’s criticism of Stalin at the 20th Party Congress were the first significant expressions of public protest and civil disobedience in the Soviet Union for decades, and they also bore a clearly nationalistic character. Based primarily on materials from the Georgian KGB and Party archives and interviews with former Party officials and participants of the events, this article examines potential interpretations of these events derived from elite incorporation and ethnic mobilisation theories.

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44

Blauvelt, Timothy. "Zmiana statusu i etniczna mobilizacja podczas wydarzeń marca 1956 roku w Gruzji." Wolność i Solidarność 9 (2016): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25434942ws.16.004.13106.

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Status Shift and Ethnic Mobilisation in the March 1956 Events in Georgia The large-scale demonstrations that took place in Georgia in early March 1956 following Khrushchev’s criticism of Stalin at the 20th Party Congress were the first significant expressions of public protest and civil disobedience in the Soviet Union for decades, and they also bore a clearly nationalistic character. Based primarily on materials from the Georgian KGB and Party archives and interviews with former Party officials and participants of the events, this article examines potential interpretations of these events derived from elite incorporation and ethnic mobilisation theories.

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45

Kyrchanov, M. W. "The “Europe – Russia” Dichotomy as an Invented Tradition of Modern Georgian Nationalism." Journal of International Analytics 12, no. 1 (May 25, 2021): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2021-12-1-35-54.

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In the article, the author analyzes the transformation of the dichotomy “Europe – Russia” in contemporary Georgian intellectual discourse as well as strategies and forms of positive and negative ideologization of the West and Russia. We state that the hypertrophied role of European and Russian images in the Georgian discourse has resulted from the belief of elites in the collective West as an alternative to Russian inﬂ uence. We analyze the main strategies of forming a positive image of Europe in Georgian intellectual discourse, believing that the development of European motifs and images by several generations of Georgian intellectuals led to the emergence of a unique Georgian Europeanism and the concept of the “Non Typical European” Georgian nation. The development of European images depends on the formation and promotion of the image of Russia as a universal Other. It is assumed that the negative mythologization of Russia resulted from the historical trauma of the loss of statehood, Georgia’s forced history in the Russian Empire and the USSR, as well as the failures in the Russian-Georgian relations in the post-Soviet period. Overall, the author believes that Russian and European narratives have become invented traditions of Georgian identity that inﬂ uence the strategies of elites in Georgian foreign policy.

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46

Bielmeier, Roland. "Parthisch uzbar(i) und georgisch zvari." Iran and the Caucasus 12, no. 2 (2008): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338408x406074.

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AbstractThis paper shows that Georgian zvari, Old Georgian zwari "large vineyard, wine-growing estate" is a direct loan, without Armenian transmission, from Sasanian Parthian *(i)zßar going back to Arsacid Parthian uzbar(i) with the meaning "subject to taxation, profitable" and denoting a certain category of vineyard of an estate in the Parthian Economic Documents from Nisa of the 1st century B.C. Its Old Persian correspondence was also current as a loan in Late Babylonian with the meaning "crown land". The Georgian form is documented twice in the Old Testament: 1 Samuel 22,7 showing that a zwari consisted of several venaq'i "vineyard"; and in 1 Samuel 8,12 mezware "guard or keeper of a zwari", misread in the Mc'xet'a Bible but correct in the Oški Bible. A further mistake in the Mc'xet'a Bible shows that its Georgian translator misinterpreted the Armenian model. Again, the differring text in the Oški Bible is correct. The word is mentioned by Sulxan-Saba Orbeliani in the 17th century and was explained by Niko Č'ubinašvili and his nephew Davit' Č'ubinašvili by a folk etymology connecting it with mzvare "sunny place", an erroneous explanation, which has also crept into modern publications.

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Hewitt, George. "History in the Context of the Georgian-Abkhazian Conflict." IRAN and the CAUCASUS 18, no. 3 (August 21, 2014): 289–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20140305.

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The 2014 disturbances in the Ukraine occasioned renewed discussion of the 2008 Russo- Georgian War. As the situation continued to worsen in eastern Ukraine, US President Obama announced on a visit to Poland at the start of June that the US and NATO would strengthen ties even with the non-NATO-member-states of the Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia. This last has aspirations of membership, even though it does not control the republics of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, which most of the world nevertheless regards as integral parts of Georgia. As long as the Georgian-Abkhazian dispute remains unresolved, there will be problems regarding inter-state relations with/for western Transcaucasia. And there can be no resolution of the Abkhazian issue without a proper understanding of Abkhazia’s history (both ancient and more recent); it was to try to ensure that the debate is not based on misconceptions, unsubstantiated assertions or even plain errors that this article was written. It is grounded on a consideration of a range of materials (from Agathias’ Greek text through relevant discussions in Georgian, Russian and English). The toppling of Abkhazia’s democratically elected president (Aleksandr Ankvab) at the end of May 2014 makes the question of Abkhazia even more topical.

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Yilmaz, Harun. "AN UNEXPECTED PEACE: AZERBAIJANI–GEORGIAN RELATIONS, 1918–20." Revolutionary Russia 22, no. 1 (June 2009): 37–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546540902900288.

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Gogiashvili, Elene. "Alexander of Macedon in Georgian Folktales." Folklore 127, no. 2 (May 3, 2016): 196–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0015587x.2016.1147221.

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Mechurchlishvili, Giorgi. "Turkoman Tribes in Late Medieval Eastern Georgia: Settlements, Demography and Political History." Kadmos 12 (2020): 102–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/kadmos/12/102-150.

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Abstract The purpose of this article is to study the ancestry of Georgian Azerbaijanis, represented as Turkoman tribes, their settlement in Georgia, and to look into different aspects of their history in the Late Middle Ages. A variety of materials have been studied and critically analyzed, using both quantitative and qualitative methods. This article presents several stages of the Turkoman tribes’ settlement in Eastern Georgia, the circumstances in which the geographical area inhabited by them was created, and the demographic history. The article also studies the forms of dependence of the Turkoman tribes on Georgian political entities in the Late Middle Ages, as well as their role in the political and military history of the country. Moreover, the paper describes various details of the Turkoman tribes’ daily life. The article is a significant step forward in the historical study of the Turkoman tribes in Eastern Georgia in the Late Middle Ages, but further research should be conducted in order to provide a complete study of the Georgian Azerbaijanis’ past and the specifics of their development.

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