Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'George Herbert Mead'

The thesis entertains dualism as a valuable conceptual frame of reference in the twentieth century. For the support of this contention, the Introduction calls on the writings of Piaget, Althusser, Chomsky and Levi-Strauss. All these dualists share, in distinction from traditional past approaches to a dualistic conceptual framework, an insistance on the primacy of the empirical term (or at least on the parity of the empirical term) vis-a-vis the d')-structural or covert term in their works, which two terms, on their accounts, indismissibly underlie the phenomena they tackle in their various disciplines. The terms of the dualism of the main concern in this study, pertain to social psychology, or anthropology in the Continental sense. They are, on the one hand, (a) an updated Hegelian 'object' as contaminated with a Hegel-akin 'subject' (with the terms 'my world', 'perspective', 'lived reality', 'human reality', 'the self' as its usual expressions), and (b) the same 'object' as pure and uncontaminated with 'subject': the medium of society's 'carriership', indeed of the very being of society itself, whose positivity is overtly demonstrable in statistical charts, as Durkheim was the first to show. For that reason, not only the explicitly dualistic Continental students of the self upon whom the thesis focuses (the existentialist Sartre, Kierkegaard and Bultmann in the main), but also Durkheim figures centrally in the argument. Another task which the thesis undertook was to show that the Hegelian, implicitly dualistic element in Mead's thought (picked up by him in Berlin: the scene of his undergraduate studies), amounts, not to a flaw spoiling the orthodoxy of his behaviourism (as usually grasped), but (when pursued and pushed to its limits), to a fruitful basis of comparison with and a valuable contribution to the works of his openly dualistic European anthropologist colleagues, just listed above. Both goals are, on the whole, implicitly achieved in the thesis, as they are, in the main, phenomenologically approached, and the method of their treatment is to allow them to transpire through a structure dictated by an abandon to their implications in experience. The dualism of Sartre's social psychology provides the major basis of comparison to Mead's implicit dualism. A by-product of this circumstance is the emergence, in the course of the argument, if not of a Sartrian ethics, at least of an ethics which is very Sartrian.

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The developed work intends to contribute for the understanding of an author/character of the social psychology. We analyzed and we added knowledge about George Herbert Mead and the unfoldings of his psychosocial theory. For this purpose we worked in two basic pathways: first, through the social approach of the psychology s history, we confronted Mead s life with moments of constitution of the psychology at his time, placing in projection central aspects of his dialogue not always identified. We correlated the history of Mead with social subjects, politics, economical and scientific of his time; information on what happened in the plan of the interpersonal s relationships at the time he was elaborating his theory, as well as his connections with practices and specific cultural values were mediated. The second path elapses from an incursion that goes through a thematic concerning to the Meadelian s studies, for what we prioritized the sociologists Peter Berger s and Thomas Luckmann s works and of the philosopher Jürgen Habermas. It is then intended to contribute to the history of the social psychology and to diffuse the Meadelian s scientific concepts, turning them more accessible to the specialists of the social psychology
O trabalho desenvolvido pretende contribuir para a compreensão de um autor/personagem da psicologia social. Analisamos e acrescemos conhecimento sobre George Herbert Mead e os desdobramentos de sua teoria psicosocial. Para este propósito trabalhamos em duas vertentes básicas: primeiro, através da abordagem social em história da psicologia, confrontamos a vida de Mead com momentos de constituição da psicologia à sua época, colocando em relevo aspectos centrais desta interlocução nem sempre identificados. Correlacionamos a história de Mead com questões sociais, políticas, econômicas e científicas de sua época; informações sobre o que se passava no plano das relações interpessoais ao tempo em que elaborava sua teoria, assim como suas conexões com práticas e valores culturais específicos foram contemplados. A segunda vertente decorre de uma incursão na literatura que perpassa por temáticas concernentes aos estudos meadianos, para o que priorizamos os trabalhos dos sociólogos Peter Berger e Thomas Luckmann e do filósofo Jürgen Habermas. Pretende-se assim contribuir para a história da psicologia social e difundir os conceitos científicos meadianos, tornando-os mais acessíveis aos estudiosos da psicologia social

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, 2009.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Feb. 8, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-05, Section: A, page: 1597. Advisers: Barry Bull; Luise McCarty.

The purpose of this essay is to critically review Pierre Bourdieus contribution to agency – structure debate. I will do this with help from the thinking of George Herbert Mead. My aim is to show that Mead can provide valuable knowledge to Bourdieus theory.

Pierre Bourdieus notion of habitus is his solution to the dilemma between agency and structure. It is in the habitus that the objective structures meet the inner, subjective structures and this results in various actions. Bourdieu claims that the relation between the habitus and the outer structures causes dispositions to ‘ways of reacting’. His aim with the notion of habitus is to show why the society follows an often strict regularity. Bourdieus is however often accused of being a determinist. I do not totally agree with this criticism but I claim that Bourdieus hasn’t done enough to stipulate his middle way between freedom and constraint and agency and structure. The habitus seems to be more or less immune to mayor upset. Bourdieu is often unclear of how the individual uses his dispositions in various situations. Bourdieus is letting the habitus to too much work. He sometimes seems to forget that it is an individual beyond the habitus. He underestimates the power of humans to make choices of their own. There seems to be more to the notion of agency then the habitus can fully capture. Thus we turn to the thinking of George Herbert Mead. I claim that Mead offers a way out of Bourdieus dilemma between agency and structure. He does this by focusing on what happens in the particular situation. Mead believes that the society reproduces itself in two different ways. There is the ‘unreflexive’ way which has certain similarities with Bourdieus way of thinking. The main difference between Mead and Bourdieu is that Mead claims that there is another way that the society reproduces itself. This is what he calls the reflexive reproduction. If the individual encounters resistance he/she becomes aware of the habitual expectations he/she brought in to the situation. The resistance causes a break in the world the individual takes for granted. The individual then reflexively adapt there actions to the situation. The break makes the individual aware of the world, and this is what lacks in Bourdieus theory. The individual can think and also act in opposite to their habits or habitus. This is what can cause the habitus to change.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on April 9, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.

I förskolan finns det två yrkeskategorier, barnskötare och förskollärare. Förskolan har blivit en egen skolform som fått egen läroplan som reviderats och fått tydligare riktlinjer för förskollärare och arbetslag. Som en följd av detta har kraven på personalen höjts. Med utgångspunkt i begreppen identitet och kompetens samt i identitetsteorier vill vi försöka närma oss en förståelse för hur de båda yrkeskategorierna ser på sin egen och varandras yrkesroll och kompetens. Vi undrar också hur de tänker kring förskolans framtid, kommer det fortsatt att finnas två yrkeskategorier i förskolan? För att få syn på detta har vi gjort en kvalitativ studie och för att samla in vår empiri valde vi att göra halvstrukturerade intervjuer. Vi valde att intervjua tre förskollärare och tre barnskötare från olika arbetslag. Studien visar att förskollärare och barnskötare inte gärna uttalar några tydliga skillnader i yrkesrollerna. En anledning till detta kan vara att det skett en kompetensutjämning vilket innebär att man känner lojalitet i arbetslaget och därför lägger sig på minsta gemensamma nivå trots olika kompetenser. Trots att de gärna inte vill uttala några skillnader blir det tydligt att de faktiskt ser skillnader mellan yrkeskategorierna. Studien visar även att språket är en central del i identitetskonstruktionen, i talet om sin kompetens och yrkesroll urskiljer man sig från de andra. Vidare finns det en allmän uppfattning om att en yrkeskategori vore det optimala och att detta är ett rimligt mål att sträva mot.

The thesis investigated the social and symbolic significance of acquiring a 'music education' through the taking of piano tuition and external public music examinations. It aimed to discover why the learning of the piano and the certification of musical attainment are so prevalent and revered among Malaysian music students. Its purpose was to unravel the socio-cultural raison d'etre of this approach to music education through the creation of a metatheoretical schema, which is premised upon the theories of symbolic interactionist, George Herbert Mead, music analyst, Heinrich Schenker and social theorist, George Ritzer. Central to the argument in this instance is the symbolic significance associated with the act of playing the piano. The investigation attempted to determine if this 'act' conveyed a symbolic meaning that is peculiar to a specific cultural vista. It further examined the degree to which this practice represented both a validation and a sense of conformity to social norms in the continuity and stability of an expanding middle class society in Malaysia. The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (ABRSM) is the largest of the five main external public music examination boards that operate in Malaysia. Since 1948, over one million candidates have enrolled for ABRSM examinations in Malaysia and a team of approximately thirty ABRSM examiners visit Malaysia for three months every year. The majority of the candidates are pianists. Given such large numbers of piano candidates, one might expect a healthy development of musical talent in the country with aspiring pianists eager to demonstrate their musical prowess. However, this does not seem to be the case. On the contrary, there appears to be a curious lacuna between the growing number of students who enrol for external public music examinations and the seemingly lack of interest in public music making and the honing of general musicianship skills. The thesis hence examined the symbolic meaning of this socio-rausicological phenomena.

The thesis investigated the social and symbolic significance of acquiring a 'music education' through the taking of piano tuition and external public music examinations. It aimed to discover why the learning of the piano and the certification of musical attainment are so prevalent and revered among Malaysian music students. Its purpose was to unravel the socio-cultural raison d'etre of this approach to music education through the creation of a metatheoretical schema, which is premised upon the theories of symbolic interactionist, George Herbert Mead, music analyst, Heinrich Schenker and social theorist, George Ritzer. Central to the argument in this instance is the symbolic significance associated with the act of playing the piano. The investigation attempted to determine if this 'act' conveyed a symbolic meaning that is peculiar to a specific cultural vista. It further examined the degree to which this practice represented both a validation and a sense of conformity to social norms in the continuity and stability of an expanding middle class society in Malaysia. The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music (ABRSM) is the largest of the five main external public music examination boards that operate in Malaysia. Since 1948, over one million candidates have enrolled for ABRSM examinations in Malaysia and a team of approximately thirty ABRSM examiners visit Malaysia for three months every year. The majority of the candidates are pianists. Given such large numbers of piano candidates, one might expect a healthy development of musical talent in the country with aspiring pianists eager to demonstrate their musical prowess. However, this does not seem to be the case. On the contrary, there appears to be a curious lacuna between the growing number of students who enrol for external public music examinations and the seemingly lack of interest in public music making and the honing of general musicianship skills. The thesis hence examined the symbolic meaning of this socio-musicological phenomena.

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This dissertation, entitled “The formation of the self in Mead and Habermas: challenges and implications for education”, is the result of a doctorate research study on education and aims to address the issue of self-formation, as a process of subjectivity and stabilization of a personal identity, within the context of the post-metaphysical thinking, based on George Herbert Mead’s symbolic interactionism and on Jürgen Habermas’s theory of communicative action. This research also discusses the role of the school in the formation process of subjects, particularly with respect to the challenges and implications which result from both theoretical positions. It is a theoretical study, in the area of philosophy of education, which includes literature review, a presentation of the main concepts involved in this issue, and a hermeneutic endeavor to locate, understand and argue logically based on issues and concepts presented. Throughout the discussion it is possible to notice that the individuation process occurs through socialization. The mechanism of communication is the structuring principle of the mind, of the self, of the identity of the self and of the human society. Personal identity is structured by the internalization of collective norms and conventions, the progressive development of the internal structures of the self, the continuous processes of individual social learning, processes of decentralization and acquisition of rationality within communicative and symbolic contexts.The stabilization of a post conventional identity, the last level of the ideal development of personality, can be understood considering an increasingly universal action and the structuring of a meaning and a biography in one’s own existence. Such kind of identity offers the possibility of a self-understanding, which allows the subject to act with autonomy and responsibility in relation to themselves, to society and to culture. The school as an institution, through systematic and intentional teaching and learning processes, can effectively contribute to the formation of the self and the building of a personal identity in higher levels, thus qualifying the subjects to appropriate and reconstruct the inherited cultural knowledge, to establish judgments concerning world issues, to coordinate their actions together with other members of the social group and to participate in the interaction and socialization processes of the individuals. This contribution will be of a higher quality as the pedagogical actions, taken within the school environment, are outlined based on assumptions of interaction, dialogue and participation, always respecting the multiplicity of human dimensions and aiming at the formation of competent subjects in esthetic, expressive, interpretative, moral, social and discursive dimensions.
A presente tese, intitulada “A formação do eu em Mead e em Habermas: desafios e implicações à educação”, fruto de uma pesquisa de doutoramento em educação, tem por objetivo abordar o tema da formação do eu, enquanto processo de subjetivação e de estabilização de uma identidade pessoal, no contexto do pensamento pós-metafísico, a partir do interacionismo simbólico de George Herbert Mead e da teoria da ação comunicativa de Jürgen Habermas. A investigação também discorre sobre o papel que a escola desempenha nos processos de formação dos sujeitos, especialmente no que tange aos desafios e às implicações decorrentes das posições teóricas dos autores anteriores. Trata-se de um estudo de cunho teórico, no campo da filosofia da educação, que engloba revisão bibliográfica, exposição dos principais conceitos implicados no problema e esforço hermenêutico por situar, compreender e argumentar logicamente a partir das questões e dos conceitos em tela. No decorrer da argumentação é possível perceber que o processo de individuação se dá pela socialização. O mecanismo da comunicação é o princípio estruturante da mente, do self, da identidade do eu e da sociedade humana.A identidade pessoal estrutura-se mediante a internalização das normas e das convenções coletivas, o desenvolvimento progressivo das estruturas internas do eu, processos contínuos de aprendizagem individual e social, processos de descentração e de ganhos de racionalidade em contextos comunicativos e simbólicos. A estabilização de uma identidade pós-convencional, último nível de desenvolvimento ideal da personalidade, pode ser compreendida a partir de um agir com fim cada vez mais universal e da estruturação de um sentido e de uma biografia para a própria existência. Tal classe de identidade abre a possibilidade de um autoentendimento, que permite ao sujeito agir autonomamente e de modo responsável diante de si mesmo, da sociedade e da cultura. A instituição escolar, mediante processos de ensino e de aprendizagem sistemáticos e intencionados, pode contribuir efetivamente na formação do eu e na estruturação de uma identidade pessoal em níveis mais elevados, qualificando os sujeitos a que se apropriem e reconstruam o saber cultural herdado, estabeleçam entendimentos acerca de algo no mundo, coordenem as ações com os demais membros do grupo social e participem de processos de interação e de socialização individuadores. Tal contribuição será mais qualificada à medida que as ações pedagógicas, efetivadas no ambiente escolar, delinearem-se sob os pressupostos da interação, do diálogo e da participação, respeitando a multiplicidade das dimensões do humano e objetivando a formação de sujeitos competentes na dimensão estética, expressiva, interpretativa, moral, social e discursiva.

This dissertation, submitted in article format, explores how the physical movement theories of Anne Bogart's Viewpoints may lead to a liberatory setting, one which echoes the theories of Paolo Freire, for college theatre students. It examines whether Viewpoints is effective in creating a studio classroom culture and whether the Viewpoints exercises can lead to a heightened clarity in individual performance, with a much more satisfying and involved learning experience for students of the theatrical arts. In addition, this dissertation applies the theory of Mead's symbolic interactionism to the discoveries that students make while using Viewpoints exercises. Research methods include autoethnography, analysis of case studies, and examination of interview data from three college directors and thirteen student actors who have trained and used Viewpoints in rehearsal.

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This dissertation, entitled The formation of the self in Mead and Habermas: challenges and implications for education , is the result of a doctorate research study on education and aims to address the issue of self-formation, as a process of subjectivity and stabilization of a personal identity, within the context of the post-metaphysical thinking, based on George Herbert Mead s symbolic interactionism and on J?rgen Habermas s theory of communicative action. This research also discusses the role of the school in the formation process of subjects, particularly with respect to the challenges and implications which result from both theoretical positions. It is a theoretical study, in the area of philosophy of education, which includes literature review, a presentation of the main concepts involved in this issue, and a hermeneutic endeavor to locate, understand and argue logically based on issues and concepts presented. Throughout the discussion it is possible to notice that the individuation process occurs through socialization. The mechanism of communication is the structuring principle of the mind, of the self, of the identity of the self and of the human society. Personal identity is structured by the internalization of collective norms and conventions, the progressive development of the internal structures of the self, the continuous processes of individual social learning, processes of decentralization and acquisition of rationality within communicative and symbolic contexts. The stabilization of a post conventional identity, the last level of the ideal development of personality, can be understood considering an increasingly universal action and the structuring of a meaning and a biography in one s own existence. Such kind of identity offers the possibility of a self-understanding, which allows the subject to act with autonomy and responsibility in relation to themselves, to society and to culture. The school as an institution, through systematic and intentional teaching and learning processes, can effectively contribute to the formation of the self and the building of a personal identity in higher levels, thus qualifying the subjects to appropriate and reconstruct the inherited cultural knowledge, to establish judgments concerning world issues, to coordinate their actions together with other members of the social group and to participate in the interaction and socialization processes of the individuals. This contribution will be of a higher quality as the pedagogical actions, taken within the school environment, are outlined based on assumptions of interaction, dialogue and participation, always respecting the multiplicity of human dimensions and aiming at the formation of competent subjects in esthetic, expressive, interpretative, moral, social and discursive dimensions.
A presente tese, intitulada A forma??o do eu em Mead e em Habermas: desafios e implica??es ? educa??o, fruto de uma pesquisa de doutoramento em educa??o, tem por objetivo abordar o tema da forma??o do eu, enquanto processo de subjetiva??o e de estabiliza??o de uma identidade pessoal, no contexto do pensamento p?s-metaf?sico, a partir do interacionismo simb?lico de George Herbert Mead e da teoria da a??o comunicativa de J?rgen Habermas. A investiga??o tamb?m discorre sobre o papel que a escola desempenha nos processos de forma??o dos sujeitos, especialmente no que tange aos desafios e ?s implica??es decorrentes das posi??es te?ricas dos autores anteriores. Trata-se de um estudo de cunho te?rico, no campo da filosofia da educa??o, que engloba revis?o bibliogr?fica, exposi??o dos principais conceitos implicados no problema e esfor?o hermen?utico por situar, compreender e argumentar logicamente a partir das quest?es e dos conceitos em tela. No decorrer da argumenta??o ? poss?vel perceber que o processo de individua??o se d? pela socializa??o. O mecanismo da comunica??o ? o princ?pio estruturante da mente, do self, da identidade do eu e da sociedade humana. A identidade pessoal estrutura-se mediante a internaliza??o das normas e das conven??es coletivas, o desenvolvimento progressivo das estruturas internas do eu, processos cont?nuos de aprendizagem individual e social, processos de descentra??o e de ganhos de racionalidade em contextos comunicativos e simb?licos. A estabiliza??o de uma identidade p?s-convencional, ?ltimo n?vel de desenvolvimento ideal da personalidade, pode ser compreendida a partir de um agir com fim cada vez mais universal e da estrutura??o de um sentido e de uma biografia para a pr?pria exist?ncia. Tal classe de identidade abre a possibilidade de um autoentendimento, que permite ao sujeito agir autonomamente e de modo respons?vel diante de si mesmo, da sociedade e da cultura. A institui??o escolar, mediante processos de ensino e de aprendizagem sistem?ticos e intencionados, pode contribuir efetivamente na forma??o do eu e na estrutura??o de uma identidade pessoal em n?veis mais elevados, qualificando os sujeitos a que se apropriem e reconstruam o saber cultural herdado, estabele?am entendimentos acerca de algo no mundo, coordenem as a??es com os demais membros do grupo social e participem de processos de intera??o e de socializa??o individuadores. Tal contribui??o ser? mais qualificada ? medida que as a??es pedag?gicas, efetivadas no ambiente escolar, delinearem-se sob os pressupostos da intera??o, do di?logo e da participa??o, respeitando a multiplicidade das dimens?es do humano e objetivando a forma??o de sujeitos competentes na dimens?o est?tica, expressiva, interpretativa, moral, social e discursiva.

Thesis (M.A.)--Kent State University, 2007.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed July 3, 2008). Advisor: Jeffrey Wattles. Keywords: social self; self-other dialectic; pure experience; I-Me; I-Thou; sunyata; kenosis; basho; absolute nothingness; George H. Mead; Nishida Kitaro; Steve Odin. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65).

Orientador: Sílvia Regina Quijadas Aro Zuliani
Resumo: A presente pesquisa consiste na investigação e construção de um panorama das dificuldades de aprendizagem de Física apresentadas por um grupo de alunos ingressantes no Ensino Médio, assim como das potencialidades que novas metodologias de ensino, conhecidas como Metodologias Ativas, possuem quando atuam objetivando a superação destas dificuldades e a modificação da percepção do ambiente escolar pelos alunos. Para compreensão das dificuldades dos alunos e da percepção que eles possuem quanto ao ambiente escolar, foi adotada uma investigação ecológica e exploratória que compreende suas ações e seus comportamentos associados à organização social da escola. Com o entendimento de que o ambiente escolar influencia diretamente o comportamento social dos estudantes e, consequentemente, sua aprendizagem, buscou-se compreender como os próprios estudantes explicam as relações sociais existentes no ambiente escolar e suas consequências de cunho psicológico e sociológico. O principal resultado encontrado na pesquisa, por meio da análise fenomenológica de grupos focais realizados com os alunos foi a presença de Estigmas relacionados à escola, nomeados de Estigmas Escolares, os quais podem ser diretamente relacionados à evasão e ao abandono escolar. Na sequência, buscou-se inserir os alunos participantes da pesquisa em uma proposta de ensino, na qual a Metodologia Ativa de Ensino Híbrido foi utilizada como intervenção didática, articulando ações presenciais e não presenciais que objetivaram... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the reasons of difficulties in learning Physics presented by a group of high school first-year students and the potential of Active Learning methodologies to change the school social environment perception of the students and improving their skills to learn and act in a democratic curriculum perspective. An Ecological, exploratory and qualitative investigation was performed to comprehend learning difficulties and student's perceptions of the school environment. The Ecological approach understands students actions and behaviors related to the social organization of the school. Thereby, understanding that the school environment directly influences students' social behavior and, consequently, their learning, the research sought to recognize how the students themselves explain the social relations existing in the school environment and its psychological and sociological consequences. The main result found in the research, through the phenomenological analysis of focus groups performed with the students, was the presence of school-related stigmas, named School Stigmas, which can be directly related to evasion and school failure. Trying to change this primary results, face-to-face and online learning actions aiming to social integrate students into a learning community were articulated to introduce them into a Blended Learning proposal. Thus, the research concludes that, after six months of activities, the developed actions indicate the reduce manife... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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This thesis provides a sociological understanding of how conventional knowledge of sexuality negates the identity formation of black gay men in contemporary South Africa. It investigates the coming out experiences of six black gay men in order to reveal the disjunctures between being black and being gay. The theoretical formation of disjuncture is pursued through examining a number of sociological, historical, psychoanalytical, and feminist approaches to identity, sexuality, and society; featuring specifically the theories of George Herbert Mead, Michel Foucault, and Judith Butler. The chosen research paradigm is symbolic interactionism, postulating both „pragmatist‟ and „empiricist‟ trends that lead to both interactionist and structuralist forms of argumentation. The interactionist approach to sexuality is central to the deconstruction of sexual conventions. It involves conceptualising modern sexuality in the landscapes of African colonial history and the global gay and lesbian movement. The prescribed literature on homosexuality is thus reviewed in conjunction with the South African gay and lesbian struggle, so as to spawn themes and perspectives for conducting life story interviews. The use of the life story interview favours the participants‟ own view of the studied phenomenon, yet aims to depict the structural influence on homosexual identification. Following the qualitative research tradition, the data analysis is based on the interpretation of narratives. It illustrates interpersonal relationships and microscopic experiences that lead to the self-acceptance and self-actualisation of homosexuality. Within these processes, various disjunctures that exist between the cultural sanction of lifestyle and individual choice, between parents and children, between religious belief and personal desires, and between gender identity and sexual orientation are disclosed. The findings are associated with the historical transformation of masculinity in South Africa, sex role performance, and the heterosexualisation of desire. The solution to the proposed research problem is discussed through concepts of socialisation and gender conformity.

Uppsatsens utgångspunkt är att perspektivet utgör en psykosocial länk mellan individ och omvärld. Med grund i Henry Montgomerys perspektivmodell, som bland annat framhåller hur fakta och värderingar är intimt förbundna i social perception, förs ett resonemang kring perspektivets socialpsykologiska förankring i mellanmänskliga sammanhang. Modellens element subjekt, objekt och mental position diskuteras systematiskt utifrån George Herbert Meads perspektivteoretiska ansats samt Alan Page Fiskes socialitetsteori. Syftet är främst att visa på perspektivets deskriptiva och evaluativa konstitution, dess sociala grund och kontextberoende. Tanken är att Meads resonemang fungerar som en formell teoretisk grund för subjektet och dennes kommunikativt grundade intersubjektivitet, genom perspektivtagandet via symbolbruk och den generaliserade andra, emedan Fiskes ansats tar fasta på en bestämd social differentiering genom socialitetsformer vilket i sig utgör fundamentet för värderingars sociala förankring samt människors socialitet i en mer substantiell mening. Teorierna ses som komplementära genom sina universella anspråk och diskussionen mynnar slutligen ut i begreppet socialitetsperspektiv utifrån en social differentiering av den generaliserade andra. Tyngdpunkten ligger här på subjektet som aktör och tanken är att var gång ett socialt perspektiv intas inom ramen för den generaliserade andra så görs det alltid utifrån någon av socialitetsformerna som var och en dessutom antas utgöra perspektivets gräns och variation. Inom ramen för en mellanmänsklig kontext antas därför alltid subjektet uppfatta ett objekt utifrån en bestämd mental social position, ett bestämt socialitetsperspektiv, i social handling och att individens sociala jag fyller en avgörande funktion i en sådan kontextbunden perception. Perspektivframträdandet diskuteras slutligen med grund i Montgomerys perspektivansats och Joop van der Pligts tre attributionsteoretiska slutsatser om hur interna och externa orsaksfaktorer kan korrelera med deskriptiva och evaluativa aspekter i en social kontext. Resonemanget pekar på så vis ut specifika tendenser till att ett visst perspektiv intas till förmån för ett annat beroende på interna och externa orsaker i ett mellanmänskligt sammanhang.

Dans la foulée des réflexions contemporaines sur l'« individualité post-moderne », ce mémoire propose de retracer la nature dialectique de la subjectivité individuelle en évaluant dans quelle mesure nous pouvons, malgré les distinctions importantes entre leurs perspectives, établir un rapprochement entre le projet spéculatif de Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel et l'analyse de la conduite sociale développée par George Herbert Mead. Constituant chacune des approches ayant rigoureusement insisté sur l'impossibilité de concevoir la subjectivité individuelle hors de l'expérience sociale, nous proposons d'engager une réflexion sur les possibilités théoriques de leur rapprochement. Les deux penseurs, qui exposent de façon analogue la structure de la reconnaissance fondamentale à toute expérience subjective proprement humaine, insistent sur le mouvement intersubjectif par lequel se structure l'intériorité subjective. Depuis les premiers balbutiements de la sociologie, plusieurs ont fait mention du « détour obligé » dans la vie sociale que doit emprunter le sujet humain, afin de se réaliser comme un être réflexif en mesure d'interagir avec le monde qui l'entoure. En exposant les étapes de la réalisation de l'esprit subjectif, Hegel a dévoilé avec précision la dialectique par laquelle l'individu, au sein du rapport de reconnaissance, s'affranchit de sa déterminité naturelle pour se constituer comme une conscience de soi. Près d'un siècle après l'effondrement du système hégélien, par l'intermédiaire de sa psychologie sociale, Mead insistera à son tour sur la dynamique intersubjective fondamentale à la réalisation du sujet. Suivant une approche fondée sur une relecture en termes de complémentarité, la présente réflexion entend montrer la manière par laquelle l'esprit subjectif hégélien trouve chez Mead un prolongement dans le sens d'une théorie pragmatiste de la communication. En plus de dénouer la rigidité des positions découlant des apories du dualisme cartésien entre l'esprit et le corps, cette réinterprétation de Hegel et de Mead est également l'occasion de poser un regard critique sur la théorie sociale contemporaine en réexaminant certains des fondements sur lesquels s'appuient notamment les tentatives de réactualisation « post-métaphysique » de Honneth et de Habermas. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Subjectivité, Reconnaissance, Intersubjectivité, Dialectique, Conscience de soi, Pragmatisme, Idéalisme, Communication, Esprit

Purpose: To develop a conception of osteopathic practice that assists in defining the profession. Practices by those who comprise a profession are representative of the profession. As such, practices of professional osteopaths were analysed: what they were and how they were conducted, to develop a conception of practice. The key research questions were: What role does clinical reasoning play in defining osteopathic practice? What are the acts that constitute osteopathic clinical practice? How might Pragmatism provide a philosophy that informs the principles and practice of osteopathy? Can Pragmatism provide a bridge to the issues within osteopathy? Method: Pragmatism provided the epistemology with meaning occurring from socially situated acts. Fifteen Australian registered osteopathic practitioners volunteered to have their practice videoed and then respond to a semi-structured interview. The interview addressed questions about the acts that occurred in the consult, with the video recording as a prompt. The transcripts were interpreted, coded and the emergent themes from all transcripts were then pooled and coded to develop knowledge themes. Conclusions: Osteopathic practice is a professional social behaviour that interprets a patient’s concerns with a series of gestures and acts to construct a shared meaning as a basis for ongoing acts that are aligned with establishing meaning relating to the sensitising impulse. Key to these gestures and acts is a structured organised approach that consists of social praxis that supports the conducting of phronesis in the betterment of society. The professional social behaviour contains within it all that is the osteopathic profession and is focused on an individualized experience that occurs within the consult, as the key vehicle of the acts of the profession.

Dans ce travail nous avons relaté une notion de l'individu moderne tel que définit dans la sociologie de Georges Herbert Mead, Charles Taylor et Alain Touraine. Avec les écritures de ces derniers, nous enfonçons l'individu profondément dans le social et nous produisons les arguments nécessaires à une conception interactive, intersubjective et dialogique de l'individu. Nous appuyant sur ces principes nous formulons un outil d'argumentation pertinente pouvant nous situer à l'intérieur des débats actuels en ce qui concerne l'individu et sa relation au social. Bien que notre travail ne soit pas soutenu de manière empirique, nous articulons notre position théorique en analysant le travail de Stella, une association regroupant des travailleuses du sexe à Montréal (Québec, Canada). Nous développons un argument théorique (exploratoire) sur les effets possibles engendrés par la criminalisation de la prostitution. Cet argument nous assiste dans l'élaboration d'une position théorique en ce qui concerne la relation soi/social.