Journal articles on the topic 'Geopolitics – Arctic regions'
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1
Liu, Yixuan. "Feasibility Analysis of Arctic Governance Based on International Public Goods Theory." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 8 (February 7, 2023): 988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v8i.4391.
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As the geopolitical importance of the Arctic region has grown, the "geopolitics of the cryosphere" has been gradually developed. The study of geopolitical game phenomena such as territorial disputes and resource competition in the polar regions based on realism is the general context for the study of Arctic governance. This paper categorizes the subjects and objects in Arctic governance in the context of the geopolitics of the cryosphere and based on the theory of international public goods. This leads to an analysis of the respective dilemmas of the countries involved in Arctic governance and the areas targeted by it. Cases are also given to suggest solutions to the problems for the subjects and objects of Arctic governance. This paper analyzes the dilemmas that each participating subject and governance area may face in Arctic governance based on international public goods theory. It provides a theoretical basis in policy practice for countries to participate in Arctic governance and to carry out governance in solving problems in different areas. This paper uses the case study approach to analyze the governance dilemmas in the Arctic using international public goods theory. Finally, the dilemma faced by the governance subjects and governance objects was summarized, and corresponding policy suggestions were put forward.
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Gunnarsson, Åsa, and Eva-Maria Svensson. "Gender equality in the Artic and North; socio-legal and geopolitical challenges." Nordic Journal on Law and Society 1, no. 01-02 (September 26, 2017): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36368/njolas.v1i01-02.23.
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This first issue of the Nordic Journal on Law and Society (NJOLAS) is dedicated to the theme of gender in the Artic. The articles are the result of research carried out by members of a transnational, socio-legal and interdisciplinary network on gender studies on women’s every-day life in Arctic and Northern Regions.
Together, the articles form a socio-legal contribution to fill an identified knowledge gap about gender equality in the Arctic and in the geopolitics of Arctic.
3
Dahl, Justiina, Peder Roberts, and Lize-Marié van der Watt. "Is there anything natural about the polar?" Polar Record 55, no. 5 (September 2019): 326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247419000652.
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AbstractAre similarities of temperature, snow and ice cover, and (certain) marine mammals sufficient to warrant both polar regions being considered a single object of study or governance? We argue that their treatment as a unit is an invitation to examine the motivations behind the choice to be polar rather than Arctic or Antarctic. For individuals such as James Clerk Ross or Roald Amundsen, logistical requirements and analogous goals facilitated careers spanning both the Arctic and the Antarctic. This trend continued through the 20th century as individual scientists studying phenomena such as glaciers, sea ice, or aurora defined their research as “polar” in nature. Organisations such as the Scott Polar Research Institute and Norwegian Polar Institute could draw on traditions of national exploration in both polar regions, while the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in St. Petersburg gained its southern mandate with the importance of the International Geophysical Year. By comparison, neither the Arctic Institute in Copenhagen nor the Argentine Antarctic Institute felt any need to become polar. The creation of polar identity is ultimately a matter of geopolitics, of the value states see in instruments and symbols that speak to polar rather than Arctic or Antarctic interests. In cases such as Finland’s icebreaker industry, a technological capability justified Antarctic interest even without any national research tradition. We conclude by asking whether there is anything more natural about the polar regions than there is about the concept of a “tripolar” world in which the high alpine regions form a natural unit along with the Arctic and Antarctic.
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Skufina, Tatiana P., Sergey V. Baranov, and Vera P. Samarina. "Analysis of Forecasting Documents for the Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Arctic." Arctic and North, no. 48 (September 27, 2022): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/issn2221-2698.2022.48.57.
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The tasks of forecasting the development of Russian territories, in particular the territory of the Arctic, are the most problematic due to the urgent need of the economy and management for a reliable forecast, the uncertainty of the near future caused by the turbulence of geopolitics, and the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on socio-economic processes, which are also not fully measurable. The purpose of the article is to present the initial grounds and forecast of the socio-economic development of the regions of the Russian Arctic with a lead time up to 2023. The methodological peculiarity of the research is to take into account geopolitical, national, regional, industrial factors and development trends on the basis of using: 1) the analysis results of real and perspective global trends recorded in statistical indicators, forecast documents of the IMF, WTO, Central Bank, Ministry of Economic Development of Russia; 2) generalizations, comparisons of official forecasts and development plans of the AZRF adopted at the federal, regional levels, as well as forecasts, plans of corporations operating in the AZRF; 3) analysis of real statistical data using the author's econometric models. Given the considerable amount of analytical information received, the aspects and factors that have a key influence on the prospects of socio-economic development of the Arctic are outlined and classified according to the following levels: global, national, regional. Forecasts are made for the regions entirely located in the Arctic zone — Yamalo-Nenets, Nenets and Chukotka Autonomous okrugs, the Murmansk Oblast with an anticipation period up to 20212023. The importance of scientific forecasting in modern conditions is emphasized, encouraging reflection, new hypotheses, discussions.
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Hao, Wu, Syed Mehmood Ali Shah, Ahsan Nawaz, Ali Asad, Shahid Iqbal, Hafiz Zahoor, and Ahsen Maqsoom. "The Impact of Energy Cooperation and the Role of the One Belt and Road Initiative in Revolutionizing the Geopolitics of Energy among Regional Economic Powers: An Analysis of Infrastructure Development and Project Management." Complexity 2020 (October 12, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8820021.
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This paper examines how the latest mega plan and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) will impact the geopolitics of energy and infrastructural development. With a massive change in the supply and demand of global energy and its infrastructure, the transition of international energy order is in the making. While the US is going towards a more isolationist path from its traditional superpower role, there are rising economies such as China, India, Japan, and Russia which are undoubtedly playing a vital role in the geopolitical stage and the other development endeavors. Several regions such as Central Asia, the Arctic, Eastern Mediterranean, and the South China Sea are offering substantial natural gas and oil reserves and drawing global attention to develop energy cooperation. This situation is profoundly influencing the transition of energy order. In this transition, BRI is supposed to play an important role. As a mega development strategy with a robust geostrategic dimension, it purposes to advocate interconnectivity collaboration in framework, exchange, and advancement among the partaking nations. This super arrangement offers a lot of ventures, foundation developments, and modern reconciliation in the energy sector. The country is trying to establish a multilateral platform for endorsing and shielding energy cooperation under BRI. This paper, therefore, attempts to observe how this mega plan will contribute to reshaping the existing energy order as well as the geopolitics of energy with motivation on multifaceted energy collaboration.
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Greaves, Wilfrid. "Arctic (in)security and Indigenous peoples: Comparing Inuit in Canada and Sámi in Norway." Security Dialogue 47, no. 6 (September 21, 2016): 461–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010616665957.
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While international relations has increasingly begun to recognize the political salience of Indigenous peoples, the related field of security studies has not significantly incorporated Indigenous peoples either theoretically or empirically. This article helps to address this gap by comparing two Arctic Indigenous peoples – Inuit in Canada and Sámi in Norway – as ‘securitizing actors’ within their respective states. It examines how organizations representing Inuit and Sámi each articulate the meaning of security in the circumpolar Arctic region. It finds that Inuit representatives have framed environmental and social challenges as security issues, identifying a conception of Arctic security that emphasizes environmental protection, preservation of cultural identity, and maintenance of Indigenous political autonomy. While there are some similarities between the two, Sámi generally do not employ securitizing language to discuss environmental and social issues, rarely characterizing them as existential issues threatening their survival or wellbeing. Drawing on securitization theory, this article proposes three factors to explain why Inuit have sought to construct serious challenges in the Arctic as security issues while Sámi have not: ecological differences between the Canadian and Norwegian Arctic regions, and resulting differences in experience of environmental change; the relative degree of social inclusion of Inuit and Sámi within their non-Indigenous majority societies; and geography, particularly the proximity of Norway to Russia, which results in a more robust conception of national security that restricts space for alternative, non-state security discourses. This article thus links recent developments in security studies and international relations with key trends in Indigenous politics, environmental change, and the geopolitics of the Arctic region.
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Østhagen, Andreas. "Geopolitics and Security in the Arctic: What Role for the EU?" European View 16, no. 2 (December 2017): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12290-017-0459-1.
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The Arctic has received considerable attention over the last decade due to climate change, positive resource appraisals and the increased military presence in the region. Portrayals range from those that warn of impending conflicts to those that emphasise the region's unique cooperative environment. To what extent are the generalisations about Arctic security and geopolitics accurate? What fuels these generalisations? Moreover, what is the role of the EU in this changing geopolitical environment? This article examines the causes of conflict in the Arctic and argues that the disputes over territory, resources and the North Pole are limited in magnitude. At the same time, the security dynamics within the Arctic are relevant, given each state's relations to Russia. The EU's role, however, is less a geopolitical one and more concerned with two dimensions, namely awareness and support. For EU policymakers and decision-makers, understanding the complexities of the north should take priority over re-inventing the Union's role in the region.
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Komleva, Natalya A. "Specifi cs of the Circumpolar Expansion of Modern China." Koinon 1, no. 1-2 (2020): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/koinon.2020.01.1.2.015.
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The article focuses on the main areas of China’s geopolitical expansion in the Arctic and Antarctic regions nowadays. The research exploits such methods as historical-and-logical analysis and comparative analysis. The author examines the institutions and forms of China’s economic and political presence in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, as well as the main ways of implementing the country’s geopolitical expansion in the polar zones. The author concludes that China’s active stretch in the circumpolar zones of the Earth reflects its desire to become one of the leading actors in the development of strategic resources in these regions.
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Zhuravel, Valery P., and Diana S. Timoshenko. "The Russian Arctic, Sanctions Pressure and Geopolitical Instability." Arctic and North, no. 49 (December 22, 2022): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/issn2221-2698.2022.49.105.
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The development of the Arctic region was strongly influenced by the international situation — on February 24, the Russian Federation launched a special military operation in Ukraine. The United States, Great Britain and the EU, as well as several international and regional organizations imposed extended sanctions restrictions against Russia in the fields of politics, economics (transport, finance, trade, defense industry, aviation) and scientific research, which had regional consequences. The article describes the fac-tors that determine the Russian Arctic's development under the collective West sanctions pressure. The interrelation of the state policy and social and economic development of the Arctic regions of Russia during the period of general geopolitical instability is investigated. The study uses the dialectical method, as well as general logical, theoretical and empirical research methods. The study examined the measures taken by the Russian government to ensure sovereignty and economic and technological independence in the Arctic. The conditions for increasing stability in the Arctic zone are also decompounded, a number of proposals that are of the brightest and most pronounced interest for the formation of stability in the region are presented, and the established goals and motives of economic development are outlined. The authors analyzed the geopolitical conditions for the development of the Arctic region today, trying to reflect the intentions of the main Arctic players in the current situation and determine the vectors of their further political decisions. The conclusion is made that it is necessary to increase further efforts on the Arctic track, to strengthen defense and security in the Arctic region. The necessity of creating suitable conditions for the integrated economic development of the Russian Arctic is substantiated.
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Gusev, V. S., and Yu V. Pukharenko. "Main directions, specifics and prospects of architectural and construction design development in conditions of Northern latitudes." Вестник гражданских инженеров 17, no. 4 (2020): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2020-17-4-122-127.
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Northern regions of the country are of great economic, geopolitical, defense and strategic importance. The article considers the problems of construction in the Arctic regions highlighting the importance of using construction technologies and materials that meet the conditions of the Extreme North, as well as integrating the latest scientific achievements into the field of architecture and construction with the need to implement the experience of foreign and Russian developers and facilitating the development of Arctic tourism.
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YURIEVNA, Chernitsyna Sofiya. "How Caspian Region Can Help Arctic Region?" Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 10, no. 3 (June 30, 2019): 964. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v10.3(41).36.
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The research compares the problems of two strategically important regions for Russia-the Caspian region and the Arctic region. Despite the fact that there are some significant geographical and climate differences, the geopolitical situation in the regions is similar. There are almost identical risks in the development of these regions. The main difference is that the Caspian region was exposed to the anthropogenic factor much earlier. The lessons learned from the work in the Caspian region can be used in the Arctic region, which can reduce some of the risks associated with the interaction of coastal countries.
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Shchegol'kova, Asya A. "INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN OF THE PROCESSES OF STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARCTIC ZONE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, no. 11 (2021): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.11.01.006.
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The article analyzes the formation of processes of institutional regulation of socio-economic activity in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation. An assessment of state support measures for the eco-nomic development of the Arctic space, business stimulation, increasing the investment and social attractive-ness of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation was given. It was revealed that the formation of the institu-tional space of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation would allow the Arctic regions of Russia to become the world's largest economic zone with a single set of administrative, tax and investment preferences, as well as a geopolitical tool for strengthening the regional presence of Russia in the Arctic.
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Krasnopolski, B. H. "Institutional Infrastructure of Arctic Spatial-Economic Units." Economy of Region 18, no. 2 (2022): 353–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2022-2-4.
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An important problem of the impact of institutional infrastructure on the decomposition and spatial development transformation of regions of various hierarchical ranks, including the Arctic zone that is divided between the Arctic countries according to the national principle, is insufficiently studied. The majority of scientific works devoted to this issue mostly focus on the traditional economic assessment of the sectoral effect of activities and the concept of spatial economics. Thus, methodological approaches to the study of infrastructure and institutional structure should not rely on the traditional principles of mainstream economics. Instead, they should be based on the system-evolutionary model of modern natural science and should be closely related to such an indicator of system development as self-organisation. Internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous) elements of infrastructure cause stability (order) and chaos (disorder) in the development of systems, as well as lead to the interrelated and balanced formation of hierarchical and heterarchical organisational models of regional spatial units. This methodological approach also applies to institutional infrastructure. The present study provides theoretical justifications and methodological approaches corresponding with the aforementioned principles of infrastructure research, designed for the regions of the Arctic basin. In terms of scientific practice, it is proved that the intensification of institutional infrastructure in the Pacific Arctic depends on the creation of the Russian-American Bering/Pacific-Arctic Council (BPAC). Various expert communities discussed these proposals at several international conferences. At present, however, their practical implementation became impossible due to complicated geopolitical situation. Despite this, it is necessary to continue research aimed at the improvement of institutional structures and coordination of interactions between the Arctic regions, especially in cross-border areas of neighbouring countries. The obtained findings will definitely be useful for the Arctic community, when a reasonable approach to this problem will again prevail over geopolitical disputes.
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Kondratovich, Dmitry L. "Analysis of the impact of macroeconomic risks and threats on the financial situation of the regions of the Russian Arctic." Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка 25, no. 4/2022 (December 20, 2022): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.4.2022.78.009.
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The article analyzes the main macroeconomic risks and threats affecting the financial situation of the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (hereinafter — the Russian Arctic) due to changes in the geopolitical situation as a result of the introduction of sanctions against the Russian Federation due to its special military operation on the territory of Ukraine. According to some Russian and foreign experts, increased sanctions pressure from a number of countries may lead not only to a recession in the economy, but also provoke a new global economic crisis, the consequences of which will be more tangible than the negative effect of the crisis of 2008–2009. Therefore, protection from internal and external threats, ensuring the stability of the financial system, creating favorable conditions for maintaining the stability of the regional economy are extremely important and necessary in the current situation. The sanctions have significantly affected the change in the existing order, so the regions of the Russian Arctic have to stabilize the financial situation and prevent some industries from recession as soon as possible. The scientific novelty of the study lies in clarifying and systematizing the conditions for the functioning of the financial system of the regions of the Russian Arctic in the context of macroeconomic risks and threats caused by the changed geopolitical situation after February 24, 2022 and the introduction of large-scale sanctions to destroy the financial sector of the Russian economy.The risks associated not only with the specific features of the regions of the Russian Arctic, but also macroeconomic factors are analyzed. It has been established that the regions of the Russian Arctic where the degree of influence of restrictive sanctions measures is determined by openness and integration into international trade due to significant mutual effects, are most at risk. The main risks can also include a decline in industrial production, an increase in unemployment, both hidden and official. Tax revenues of consolidated regional budgets may significantly decrease. It is concluded that a change in the macroeconomic situation can significantly affect the position of the regions of the Russian Arctic in terms of financial potential.
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Nikulin, Maksim Andreevich. "Great Powers’ Competition in the Arctic: Geopolitical Rivalry in the New Political Space." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 19, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 392–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-3-392-403.
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For the past few decades, the Arctic Ocean has experienced a rapid reduction in both the extent and amount of sea ice. These events, caused by global temperature increase, opened previously inaccessible sea shipping lanes and made possible the extraction of natural resources from deposits previously inaccessible. Such changes entailed an increase in the activity of states both belonging to the Arctic region and those outside it - this led to a gradual increase in rivalry between the leading powers for the development of resources in the Arctic and for the control of shipping routes. The author points out that in the Arctic, unlike other regions, a unique situation has developed due to the interdependence of all actors, which is associated with the special environmental conditions and the commonality of both economic and public interests. The author analyzes the way how the great powers interaction affects the Arctic region. Using the example of the growing Russian-American rivalry being key for the Arctic, the author stresses a softening effect of the institutional regional base. Against this background, the level of interest of another leading power in this region - the PRC - is also growing. Unlike the Russian Federation and the USA, China adheres to the non-confrontational path in the Arctic region, advocating peace and stability strategy, which is associated mainly with the natural resource potential of the Arctic and the possibilities of using the Northern Sea Route. As a result, the rivalry of states in the northern latitudes can be described in terms of the Cold War competition on a regional scale.
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Martchenko, N. O., and D. M. Sidorov. "The Arctic and the Youth: New Approaches and Opportunities." Russia: society, politics, history, no. 4(4) (November 24, 2022): 164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.56654/ropi-2022-4(4)-164-177.
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The article analyzes the legislative support and the foundations of youth policy in Russia, some regional concepts and approaches to youth policy, in particular in the Arkhangelsk, Murmansk regions, in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) . The authors link the problems of youth policy in the regions of the Arctic zone with the lack of a single document defining the goals and methods of cooperation in the field of youth policy of federal, regional and municipal structures of the Russian Arctic with non-profit organizations, public associations and business structures. It is proposed to develop a special concept of the state youth policy in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The need for such a Concept is due to the need to take into account the special geocultural, economic, demographic, social, geopolitical characteristics of the region and the formation of a holistic, integrated, systematic approach to youth policy in the Arctic zone. The authors argue that the ethnocultural saturation of the Arctic region, the special working conditions and the harsh climate of the North contribute to the formation of a special Arctic spiritual and cultural community. In the very Concept of the youth policy of the regions of the Arctic zone, attention is focused on patriotic and ideological aspects.
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Kuzmenko, E. A. "Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA)." Russia: society, politics, history, no. 4(4) (November 24, 2022): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.56654/ropi-2022-4(4)-102-115.
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The strengthening of Germany's position after 1990 allowed it to expand its geopolitical ambitions in regions previously little included in the foreign policy agenda of Germany. One of these regions has become the Arctic, the development and study of which takes place through participation in international Arctic organizations, as well as through bilateral agreements with Arctic states. However, at the end of the twentieth century, until 2013, Germany's Arctic position can be characterized as unambitious and passive, due to the lack of funding for German delegations to participate in Arctic Council working groups, insufficient coordination policy between federal ministries and agencies whose areas include the development and implementation of Arctic policy, as well as the lack of common interest in the implementation of national priorities in the region through the structures of the Arctic Council. Germany participates in the development of projects mainly related to ecology. This position creates a favorable image of Germany as the patron saint of the Arctic, which does not detract from the scientific value of German climate and environmental research. For the Arctic policy of Germany, it is also characteristic to involve broad segments of society in scientific research, thereby instilling the idea of a stable German presence in the Arctic.
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Kondratovich, D. L. "SOME FEATURES OF SPECIAL FINANCIAL REGIMES AIMED AT ATTRACTING INVESTMENTS IN THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 11/4, no. 131 (2022): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.11.04.015.
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The article analyzes the features of special financial regimes aimed at attracting investment in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (Russian Arctic). As a result of the changing geopolitical situation in the world in 2022 and the introduction of sanctions against the Russian Federation, the investment attractiveness of various projects implemented in Russia in general, and the Russian Arctic in particular, has significantly decreased. The interest of the regions in stabilizing the situation and maintaining investment attractiveness determines the need to revise the approaches used to increase financial stability, including a more detailed study of the possibilities of using special financial regimes. The purpose of this work was to study the features of the application of certain types of financial regimes in the territory of the Russian Arctic. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were identified: to systematize the main financial regimes used in the Russian Arctic, to study the features of their application in order to increase the investment attractiveness of the Arctic regions; to structure the most important aspects of the application of financial regimes in the Russian Arctic. The article concludes that the applied financial regimes make it possible to provide conditions for attracting investments to the regions of the Russian Arctic, but their application is associated with the need to adapt to the currently existing risks of sanctions from a number of countries. The use of a systematic approach in the study made it possible to clarify and systematize constructive solutions to the identified issues in order to increase the investment attractiveness of the regions of the Russian Arctic.
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N. Lukin, Vladimir, Alexander V. Matveev, Tamara V. Musienko, Eduard N. Chizhikov, and Yuri E. Aktersky. "Modern Risk Management Strategies: Framework Platforms to Minimize Disaster Threats in Eurasian Regions." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.24493.
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The main content and problems of implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction in the Eurasian geopolitical and geoeconomic space, and the formation of framework platforms in various Eurasian regions are actualized in the article. The legal and economic basics of the Russian platform are revealed through the example of the integrated security system in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The place and role of the EMERCOM of Russia in implementing the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, its contribution to the development of indicators, and terminology related to disaster risk reduction are shown.
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Young, O. R. "Constructing the “New” Arctic: The Future of the Circumpolar North in a Changing Global Order." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 12, no. 5 (January 7, 2020): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-5-6-24.
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Like all spatially delimited regions in international society, the Arctic is socially constructed. Political and economic considerations play prominent roles as determinants of the region’s boundaries, the identity of those states regarded as Arctic states, and the nature of the interactions between the Arctic and the outside world. From this perspective the recent history of the Arctic divides into two distinct periods: the late 1980s through 2007 and 2007 to the present. As the cold war faded, the Arctic became a peripheral region of declining importance in global political calculations. No one challenged the dominance of the eight Arctic states in regional affairs, and the Arctic Council focused on regional concerns relating to environmental protection and sus tainable development. Today, by contrast, the ‘new’ Arctic is a focus of intense glo bal interest, largely because climate change is proceeding more rapidly in this region than anywhere else on Earth with global consequences and because the increasing accessibility of the Arctic’s natural resources has generated enhanced interest on the part of outside actors. As a result, Arctic issues have merged into global issues, making the region a prominent arena for the interplay of geopolitical forces. Cooperative arrangements established during the first period (e.g. the Arctic Council) may require adjustment to operate effectively in the ‘new’ Arctic. Treated as a case study, the Arctic story provides an illuminating lens through which to analyze the forces that shape thinking about the nature of regions in international society and the role of cooperative arrangements at the regional level.
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Chernitsyna, S. Y. "Caspian or Arctic region: that is the question…" Post-Soviet Issues 6, no. 4 (January 24, 2020): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2019-6-4-427-437.
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The article compares the problems of two strategically important regions for Russia — the Caspian region and the Arctic region. Despite the fact that there are some significant geographical and climate differences, the geopolitical situation in the regions is similar. There are almost identical risks in the development of these regions. Special attention is paid to the issue of ecology in the conditions of active oil and gas production. The question concerning the instruments of regulation of interstate relations is sharply raised. International cooperation is essential in addressing key issues in the regions, such as improving socio-economic conditions, energy distribution and border management. In particular, it is necessary to define a regulatory framework that would meet the new realities in the Arctic. As for the international legal status of the Caspian sea, it was settled by the adoption of the Convention following the summit in 2018. The main difference is that the Caspian region was exposed to the anthropogenic factor much earlier. The lessons learned from the work in the Caspian region can be used in the Arctic region, which can reduce some of the risks associated with the interaction of coastal countries.
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Badylevich, Roman V., and Elene A. Verbinenko. "FEATURES OF THE FORMATION AND USE OF THE POTENTIAL OF CREDIT INSTITUTIONS OF THE REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC IN THE CONDITIONS OF FINANCIAL INSTABILITY IN 2022." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 11/1, no. 131 (2022): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.11.01.007.
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The article is devoted to the formation and use of the potential of credit institutions in the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF). Within the framework of the study, some aspects of the methodology for the formation and use of the potential of credit institutions are presented, an assessment of the formation and use of the potential of credit institutions in the Russian Federation in 2021–2022 is given, quantitative characteristics of the formation and use of the potential of credit institutions in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation are investigated. The analysis made it possible to summarize and formulate the main directions for improving the efficiency of using the credit potential of the banking sector of the Russian Arctic regions and the dynamic financial and credit policy of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in the conditions of sanctions pressure caused by the geopolitical tensions.
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Kuznetsova, E. A. "Mineral resource centers in the spatial development of the economy." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 2, no. 4 (May 18, 2022): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2022-2-4-121-128.
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In the current conditions of geopolitical instability, the problem of developing the regional space to strengthen the territorial integrity and ensure the energy security of the country becomes relevant. The spatial organization of mineral resource centers (MRCs) is one of the effective forms of regional development of Russian territories. In this article, the theoretical foundations of the spatial development of regions are considered, the prerequisites for the formation of the MRCs are indicated. The author formulated the definition of the MRC and its position in the general system of spatial development of the Arctic regions. The justification for supplementing the theoretical foundations of spatial organization is the interaction of corporate and state interests. The expediency of forming Arctic MRCs lies in the multiplier effect at the national, regional and corporate levels.
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Volkov, Aleksandr D., and Sergey V. Tishkov. "Strategic Development Priorities for the Karelian Arctic Region in the Context of the Russian Arctic Zone Economic Space Integration." Arctic and North, no. 46 (March 25, 2022): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/issn2221-2698.2022.46.5.
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The Russian Arctic has been attracting a growing interest in terms of research and management. The former is due to the lack of knowledge about current processes in its development in the rapidly changing internal and external environments, and the latter is driven by the rising significance of this macroregion in ensuring the country’s economic, ecological, geopolitical stability, and national security. Being inter-dependent, these interest spheres evidence the demand for the study of Arctic regions, especially newly established ones, and underlie its practical value, which consists in building the analytical foundations for working out and implementing the administrative mechanisms for socio-economic space integration in Arctic regions. Hence, the aim of this study is to define the strategic development priorities for the regional socio-economic system of the Karelian Arctic as a newly established region in the context of the multifarious Russian Arctic integration processes. This aim is achieved through the following tasks: analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the socio-economic system of the Karelian Arctic, identification of key challenges and opportunities for its development, identification of the strategic priorities to overcome threats and realize opportunities. The principal methods were expert and in-depth interviews, SWOT analysis and content analysis, the dialectic method and system approach, which were applied in the context of the propositions of spatial economics. As a result of the study, characteristics of the Karelian Arctic’s socio-economic system are identified in the context of the high-relevance problems of managing the development of the Arctic macroregion as a complex system. Directions for further research are defined, with the aim to build the scientific foundations for managing the spatial development of the Russian Arctic zone and its constituent regions and for handling the challenges hindering such development.
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Bogachev, V. F., S. Yu Kozmenko, A. B. Teslya, and A. A. Shchegolkova. "Arctic Communication System Development as a Factor of Guaranteed Access Maintenance to Strategic Resources." Management Science 8, no. 3 (October 3, 2018): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2304-022x-2018-8-3-6-19.
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The development of new technologies, reducing the economic and physical costs of access to the unique resources of the Arctic, has simultaneously identified a set of interrelated economic and geopolitical problems arising during the Arctic territory development. Therefore, the subject of research of the article is the problem of the Arctic communication system formation, without which the further development of the region is not possible. The authors tried to substantiate the priority directions of the development of the communication system of the Arctic region with the aim to ensure continuous mobile access to strategically significant resources of the region in the current economic and geopolitical tendencies. The article proves that the main task of developing the Arctic should be to ensure the sustainable development of the Arctic region, which can not be achieved without the formation of an adequate level of a system of transport communications which meets the set goals and objectives of the development of the territories. Limited resources with a significant amount of required initial capital investment require an informed choice of priority investment areas, “points of growth” of the system of communications formed. The main conclusion is that the provision of operational access to the strategic resources of the Arctic is impossible without further development of the transport communications system in the region, and first of all the marine transport infrastructure (in particular, the Northern Sea route). At the same time, the impact of the redistribution of traffic flows on various aspects of the region's livelihoods, including the labor market and the social sphere, requires a separate study.
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SMORCHKOVA, VERA I. "Prospects for the development of international cooperation in the Arctic: main directions." Public Administration 22, no. 5 (2020): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2070-8378-2020-22-5-76-83.
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Over the past three decades, the Arctic has shown an unprecedented pace of international cooperation. Work in this direction takes place within the framework of the Arctic Council, the Barents Euro-Arctic Region Council (BEAC), the Northern Forum, the International Arctic Science Committee, the International Conference “Arctic Frontiers”, the Conference of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Countries, the University of the Arctic, etc. Cooperation and integration of the Arctic regions are of great importance for the social and economic development of this macro-region. United, the Arctic countries will preserve and develop territories on the principles of sustainable development. While studying the topic of the article, the author realized that the existing initiatives are not enough to meet the growing needs of the region. Today, the circumpolar region faces geopolitical, socio- economic, and environmental challenges. Changes in economic development and global warming are a serious threat to the population of the Arctic. Governmental and non-governmental organizations associated with activities in the Arctic, as well as its direct residents, are interested in international cooperation in various areas that are related to the problems of the region. The participation of countries and organizations is needed for an immediate response to changes, as well as to solve emerging problems, to pursue common interests, and to find effective mechanisms for managing emerging changes. In the article, the author also offers practical recommendations for the proper use of the potential of the Russian Arctic.
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BOGOYAVLENSKY, VASILY I., and IGOR V. BOGOYAVLENSKY. "ANALYSIS OF THE STATE, PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROCARBON AND COAL RESOURCES IN THE ARCTIC IN CONNECTION WITH THE ECONOMIC, GEOPOLITICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL REALITIES." Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia 228, no. 2 (2021): 154–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.38197/2072-2060-2021-228-2-154-180.
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The current state of the production of fossil fuels in the Arctic has been analyzed. It is shown that the Rrealization of the high potential of the Arctic is impossible without the active promotion of high-tech developments of the “Fourth Industrial Revolution” (“Industry 4.0”). Extremely difficult natural and climatic conditions, remoteness from the main regions of consumption of mineral resources and an in-sufficient level of geological and geophysical study of the land and offshore areas of the Arctic hinder its development. The high level of vulnerability of the Arctic ecosystem is substantiated on specific examples. As a result of 7 years of research, the genesis of a previously unknown phenomenon of powerful explosive degassing of the Earth with the formation of giant craters is substantiated. It is substantiated that significant breakthroughs in various areas of industrial production and various scientific research are possible only at a new level of technical and technological development “Industry 4.0” at the levels of lithosphere-hydrosphere-atmosphere-space.
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Pieper, Moritz, Markus Winter, and Anika Wirtz. "The European Union as an Actor in Arctic Governance." European Foreign Affairs Review 16, Issue 2 (May 1, 2011): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2011016.
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This article analyses the actorness of the European Union (EU) in Arctic governance. As a result of melting ice caps, this region is of increasing geopolitical and commercial importance. All Arctic coastal states have therefore recently developed policies. The EU is doing so as well as it has a direct interest in many issue areas. Maritime policy in the Arctic region affects European transport companies; environmental issues relate to the EU's policy on climate change; and border delimitations are relevant, as they determine access to new energy sources. In these different issue areas, the degree of EU actorness, however, varies. With the exception of the negotiations over the legal status of the Northwest Passage, the EU mainly plays a role regarding non-regulatory and non-binding issues. It has thus far been kept out of talks of a regulatory and binding nature. This variation across issue areas shows the limited role of the EU as an international actor in Arctic governance, despite the region's acknowledged increasing importance.
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Zhuravel, Valery. "NATO Threat and National Security in the Arctic." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 20, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran220215561.
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The article reveals the real and potential threats to the national security of the Russian Federation in the Arctic region from the North Atlantic bloc. Special attention is paid to the study of the strengthening of the military presence in the Arctic of the Arctic states and other countries of the alliance, the main directions of discrediting the activities of the Russian Federation in the Arctic by our geopolitical opponents. The article analyzes the composition and direction of multinationnal military exercises that contribute to the growth of conflict potential in the region. It is noted that the North of Norway is becoming one of the most militarized regions of Scandinavia. It is concluded that the activation of NATO in the Far North can lead to a violation of the balance of forces and relations between states in the security sphere, negatively affect the course and results of the Russian presidency of the Arctic Council in 2021–2023.The measures of Russia to strengthen its defense capability in the Arctic direction, protect its sovereignty and territorial integrity are revealed. The importance of using the Recommendations of the participants of the expert dialogue on reducing the risks of military confrontation between Russia and NATO in Europe, which reflect specific measures to defuse military tensions on the European continent, including in the Arctic, is emphasized.
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Nadarajah, Hema. "Prevalence of Soft Law in the Arctic." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 12, no. 1 (December 13, 2021): 285–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116427_012010018.
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Soft law has been observed to be increasing within the frontiers – regions and issue-areas that extend beyond national jurisdiction, and where governance substantively integrates scientific and technological knowledge. The often-used assumption for the prevalence of such instruments has been the uncertainty of scientific knowledge. This paper takes this facile analysis further by examining the dynamic changes to the number and diversity of state and non-state actors as well as their relative influence. Using a revised definition of soft law which encompasses both binding and non-binding forms, this article shows that this has not been the case. Through analysis of the legal framework within which the region is governed and a mixed methodology drawing from the fields of international relations and international law, this research confirms that soft law is prevalent within the Arctic and that it is an outcome of domestic politics, as well as geopolitical tensions among the relevant states.
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Volkov, A. D., A. V. Vasilieva, and V. V. Karginova-Gubinova. "Formation of an eco-industrial zone in the Karelian Arctic: spatial background, resource potential, human capital." Arctic: Ecology and Economy 12, no. 4 (December 2022): 572–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25283/2223-4594-2022-4-572-584.
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The authors identify the implementation features of preferential investment regime of the Russian Arctic within the Karelian Arctic when developing promising forms of special organization of the region economy. The study topicality is determined by the need to search for new tools to organize spatially the Arctic regions’ economy in view of current economic, social, geopolitical challenges and environmental risks. Based on the research findings, the authors determine the current Karelian Arctic economic specialization, assess the interconnectivity of its territories, and consider the economic profile and characteristics of the projects of the Russian Arctic “residents”.The conclusion is made about maintaining and reinforcing the region’s specialization in the field of pulp and paper production, mining, transportation and storage of goods. The authors outline the preconditions for the development activation in tourism and IT sphere. They determine the ongoing projects as to be eco-oriented which, along with the potential of green energy, resources and existing industries in the region, constitutes the prerequisites for an environmentally oriented inter-sectorial specialization of the economy. The narrowed reproduction of human capital remains one of the most important constraints on development. To unleash existing potential the authors suggest a set of measures that implements the principle of industrial symbiosis within the frame of an eco-industrial cluster. A promising administrative and economic mechanism of their implementation is the format of an eco-industrial special economic zone.
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Pilipenko, Valeriia I., Marina S. Vlasova, and Tatyana B. Algina. "PROBLEMS OF ENSURING ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY BY INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES UNDER THE ARCTIC ZONE CONDITIONS." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 20, 2019): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2019vol1.4089.
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Ensuring regional environmental and economic security is one of the priorities of the state. The problems of sustainable development of regions and their industrial complexes are considered by many scientists, however, insufficient attention is paid to the analysis of the sustainability of industrial enterprises in the Arctic zone (AZ) and their impact on the ecological and economic security of the region. Many of the problems of theoretical and methodological support for improving this security remain underestimated. For industrial enterprises of the Far North as a part of AZ, it is necessary to use a special approach to the development of methodological aspects of ensuring environmental and economic security due to the significant role that entrepreneurial activity has in the socio-economic development of the region and in the environmental situation.The purpose of the research is the formation of a mechanism to ensure the environmental and economic security of the Russian Arctic zone (RAZ), as a region where industrial enterprises operate. The object of the research was the ecological and economic security of the region of the Arctic zone, which exists in the modern conditions of globalization of the economy and the increasing influence of geopolitical factors. The subject of the study was a set of problems of a theoretical, methodical and applied nature, related to the development and implementation of a model for the development of industrial enterprises in the Arctic zone. The factors limiting the development of industrial enterprises of the Far North are formulated. A system of indicators for the sustainable development of industrial enterprises and the environmental and economic security of the region of the Arctic zone of Russia is proposed. The interrelation of indicators of the development of industrial enterprises of the Arctic zone with the conditions of the external economic environment has been revealed, which made it possible to conclude that the structure of industrial production in the regions of the Russian Arctic is distorted. This, in turn, necessitates the formation of maritime clusters and the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the industrial sector. A comparative description of the key areas of state regulation of industrial enterprises in foreign and domestic practice has been carried out. The recommendations of the possible use (adaptation) of international experience in the Russian Arctic are formulated.
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Smirnova, Anna, Irina Zaychenko, Irina Bagaeva, and Polina Gorshechnikova. "Digital technologies in the industry: application of immersive training technologies in the oil and gas complex." SHS Web of Conferences 84 (2020): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20208403003.
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The article substantiates the need to apply training and retraining programs for personnel for permanent work in the Arctic using digital technologies, namely VR / AR / MR technologies. The geopolitical features of the Arctic zone, difficult climatic conditions do not allow directly practicing the development of professional competencies and, therefore, require the introduction of a multi-stage system of personnel training using technologies of approximate reality. Such requirements for the personnel training system predetermine the need to search for relevant digital technologies that can create conditions that are as close as possible to the conditions of professional activity in hard-to-reach Arctic regions. When forming a personnel training / retraining system for oil and gas enterprises, in addition to the specified specific working conditions, it is also necessary to take into account the sectoral features of oil and gas enterprises, which also forms a number of functional requirements for the selection of relevant digital tools, the main of which for personnel training can be considered immersive technologies. Based on the above, the paper analyzes the use of immersive technologies by oil and gas enterprises, a comparative analysis of the directions of using immersive technologies in personnel training at oil and gas enterprises, identifies the positive and negative aspects of using VR / MR / AR technologies.
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Plakhotnikova, Maria, Alexander Anisimov, Anastasia Kulachinskaya, and Liliya Mukhametova. "The impact of digitalization of the economy on the development of enterprises in the Arctic." E3S Web of Conferences 220 (2020): 01041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022001041.
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The peculiarities of the development of the regions belonging to the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF) are determined by geopolitical, climatic and other factors. Currently, the issues of digital transformation of national economies are paramount for all countries. However, the existing crisis phenomena caused by the economic crisis of 2008 and the COVID-19 pandemic have made their own adjustments to this process. The current conditions require both the creation of an appropriate digital infrastructure at the federal and regional levels, and the adjustment of existing development strategies at the enterprise level. However, the benefits of the digital economy will only benefit those enterprises that can adapt their development strategy in accordance with external conditions. The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of digitalization of the economy on the development of enterprises in the Arctic, as well as to form a list of the main problems in this area and search for possible ways to solve them. As a result of the study, the authors obtained the following results: (1) identified both positive and negative factors affecting the digitalization of the Russian Arctic; (2) a profile of the directions of digitalization of the Russian Arctic was created and the priority areas of digitalization were determined; (3) it was concluded that the digitalization of national economies opens up great opportunities for the further development of enterprises. However, to achieve this goal, it is necessary to timely adjust the development strategies of enterprises, taking into account the national and regional characteristics of digitalization.
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Matiyak, L. A. "Paradigmatic Discord in US Arctic Policy." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 2(41) (April 28, 2015): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-2-41-108-119.
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The United States, as one of the five Arctic states, plays what seems at first glance a typical role in the Arctic through their regional policy that uses standard tactical maneuvers, which have proven themselves worthy in other areas of the globe. However, this role is played with unusual passiveness that can be attributed primarily to a lack of an Arctic identity. This is most evident upon comparison with other states of the Arctic "five", which are completely different from each other, and nevertheless are bound by a sense of belonging to the North. The Unites States is the only Arctic state that has not signed the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, that has taken a firm stance on the sovereignty of the Northwest Passage, that risks increasing tensions with Canada, and that is not developing its icebreaker fleet, which is crucial to operations in the Arctic. This circumpolar strategic ambivalence of a powerful state, that is experienced in conducting foreign affairs, in itself presents significant room for research. Meanwhile, the region's importance is increasing in the changing international environment; it can become a "battlefield" due its strategic geopolitical position and at the same time the "main trophy"due to its abundant hydrocarbon potential. During the recent years, the Arctic has been gradually transforming into a "metaregion" for foreign affairs; its geographically limited borders have spread globally due to an increasing international presence in the Polar Region that has significant energy resources and transportation potential. This is confirmed by the emergence of new actors (including traditionally non-Arctic players), the change in agenda of multilateral discussions (traditional topics, such as protection of the fragile Arctic environment, indigenous peoples of the North, have been complemented with the new "challenges" of energy security, global warming, and militarization), and the strengthening of the institutional framework (the Arctic Council has been more and more influential). In light of the recent tension in Russian-US relations and the rising significance of the Polar Region, US Arctic policy should be the subject of an in-depth analysis of foreign-affairs experts and the government.
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Junior, Enoil De Souza, Kátia Kellem Da Rosa, and Jefferson Cardia Simões. "GEOPOLÍTICA DO ÁRTICO: MUDANÇAS NAS POLÍTICAS PARA O NORTE / Geopolitcs of Arctic: Policy Changes to the North." Geographia Meridionalis 1, no. 2 (December 18, 2015): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/gm.v1i2.5924.
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Ao longo das últimas duas décadas, rápidas mudanças climáticas têm afetado o Ártico, onde a diminuição da cobertura de gelo marinho no seu oceano abriu novas rotas marítimas e expõe recursos minerais até então inexplorados, transformando as políticas dos países do extremo norte do planeta para com meio ambiente e com o potencial de criar novas tensões entre os países com interesse na região. Assim, novas políticas foram criadas para atender essa nova realidade ambiental e política, seguindo estratégias que visam uma melhor relação com os vizinhos e, ao mesmo tempo, propondo diretrizes para exploração de recursos de maneira menos danosa ao meio ambiente, garantindo também a integração dos povos indígenas nas políticas regionais. Esse artigo propõe-se a examinar essas políticas, para compreender como os países da região estão se preparando para esses novos desafios e assim traçar o novo cenário geopolítico da região.ABSTRACTOver the past two decades, rapid climate changes have affected the Arctic, where the decrease in sea ice coverage in its ocean opened up new shipping routes and exposed hitherto unexplored mineral resources, transforming the environmental policies of the far north countries and it has the potential of creating new tensions among countries with interests in the region. Thus, new policies were created to meet the new environmental and political reality, following strategies to better relations with neighbors and at the same time, proposing guidelines for the exploitation of less harmful resources to the environment, and also ensuring the integration of indigenous people in regional policies. This article proposes to examine these policies, helping understand how the region's countries are gearing up to these new challenges and thus trace a new geo-political scenario of the regionKeywords: Climate change, geopolitics, Arctic
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Tishkov, Sergey V., Nikolay E. Egorov, and Aleksandr D. Volkov. "Assessment of the Current State of Innovative Development of the Northern and Arctic Territories." Arctic and North, no. 47 (June 28, 2022): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/issn2221-2698.2022.47.57.
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In the modern realities of the global change in the technological order and the emergence of a post-industrial society, innovative activity strengthens its significance as the most important resource for socio-economic development. Territorial differences in the potential for innovative development, which impede the effective integration of the northern regions into a single innovation system of the country, predetermine the need for a deep study of the problems of their development and the study of the main factors and prospects in the field of innovation. The study focuses on the northern regions of the European part of Russia, since they concentrate more than half of the human potential of the North and determine the strategic prospects for the development and strengthening of national security in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation in the face of existing risks and challenges: environmental, social, economic and geopolitical. The purpose of this work is to identify prospects and to assess the current state of innovative development of the northern regions of the European part of Russia. In order to achieve the goal, the methods of statistical and comparative analysis, the dialectical method were used. The informational basis of the study was made up of data from Rosstat and the departmental civil service at the regional level. The analysis demonstrates the differentiation of the regions of the northern European part of Russia at the level of innovation and regional economic systems that include it. The most important prospect of overcoming the weaknesses of regional innovation systems is their integration and mutual complementarity, which is sometimes achievable with new systemic tools for the spatial organization of the economy, in particular, the special economic regime of the Arctic zone of Russia. The study was conducted on the example of five regions of the European North of Russia: the Arkhangelsk Oblast, the Murmansk Oblast, the Republic of Karelia, the Komi Republic and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
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Tsvetkov, Valeriy A., Kobilzhon Kh Zoidov, and Alexey A. Medkov. "FORMATION AND EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE AND INDUSTRIAL BELTS OF TRADE ROUTES IN THE RUSSIAN ARCTIC IN ORDER TO ENSURE INCLUSIVE GROWTH." Scientific Review. Series 1. Economics and Law, no. 4-5 (2021): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2021-4-5-08.
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The research is aimed at studying and analyzing the formation and evolutionary development of innovative industrial belts of trade routes in the Russian Arctic in order to ensure inclusive growth. Goal. To determine the main directions of development of innovative and industrial belts of trade routes in the Russian Arctic as locomotives of the transition from the raw material to the high-tech structure of the national economy by using existing developments and competitive advantages in the field of spatial development of the regions of the Far North, the creation and functioning of polar communications. Tasks. To determine the main directions of the evolutionary development of innovative and industrial belts of trade routes in the Russian Arctic, to identify the problems and prospects of transport and logistics innovations in the Russian Arctic. Methodology. The research uses methods of world system analysis, evolutionary and institutional theory, the theory of production and technological balance and technical and economic patterns, expert and analytical assessments. Results. It is determined that the basis for the diversification of the national economy and increasing its technological level is the formation of innovative and industrial belts of trade routes of the Arctic region in all possible directions. The formation, functioning and development of trade routes in the XXI century has become one of the key directions of global anti-crisis policy, changes in the geo-economic configuration of the world economy, a source of income, a sphere of application of investment and credit resources, an infrastructure and integration basis for the implementation of major geopolitical projects. The problems and prospects of transport and logistics innovations in the Russian Arctic are revealed. Conclusions. The creation and effective functioning in the Arctic region of Russia of trade routes of the XXI century and their innovative and industrial belts should occur through the construction and efficient operation of global year-round land transport communications. First of all, we are talking about the development, implementation and scaling of open magnetic levitation transportation technologies, characterized by high-tech, maximum use of domestic developments, sparsely populated, a wide field for automation, robotization and digitalization, compliance with the requirements of the Sixth techno-economic order.
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Gagieva, Anna K., and Nikolay N. Gagiev. "Scientific Research in the European Part of the Arctic Territories in the Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century as a Part of the North of European Russia Modernization Program." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2020): 774–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-3-774-785.
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The article discusses main stages of scientific research of the arctic territories of the European North in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. Drawing on historical sources and published literature, it concludes that the nature of research changed due to requirements of the time. It is known that the second half of the 19th – early 20th century was a time when society faced the task of expanding its reproduction base, which stimulated development of new spaces, introduction of new means of transport, and active inclusion of population and regions in production relations. The speed and efficiency of the developing commercial interactions between the territories came to the fore. Overcoming institutional and technical backwardness of the country and its territories involved a consistent expansion of the “effective national territory” by means of market development, spatial mobility of the main factors of production, capital, labor, and transport infrastructure improvement. The spatial expansion played a special part. The arctic zone of the North of European Russia presented great opportunities due its unique natural resources, and also prospects of solving geopolitical problems. This should have contributed to a new qualitative growth of production and transition to a new stage of development. Scientific research of the European part of the arctic territories, which was carried out at the time, was a part of the program of modernization of the North of European Russia, which unfolded on the pan-European scale. It was supported by the reorganization of administrative-territorial structure based on traditional structures of grass-roots management and prompted growing interest in the periphery as a source of resources for the growing economy; scientific research of the arctic territories intensified, as it became practical. Thanks to scientific research, the development of the Arctic territories became dynamic, which speeded up the integration of the region (in our case, the Komi krai) into the national space.
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Druzhinin, Alexander. "The Sea Factor in the Spatial and Socio-Economic Dynamics of Today’s Russia." Quaestiones Geographicae 38, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2019-0017.
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Abstract The World Ocean and, in particular, its resource potential have always had a dramatic effect on the progress and spatial organisation of humanity. Recently, the effect of the sea factor on the economy and the settlement system has increased amid globalisation, geoeconomic changes, increasing geopolitical turbulence, and the growing competition for resources. In this article, I attempt to assess the influence of the sea factor on the socioeconomic geography of the Russian Federation. A country with an extensive coastline and a vast inland area, Russia has territories that are very different in geographical terms. I pay special attention to the post-Soviet changes in the major components of the country’s maritime economy: seaports, fishing industry, offshore production, recreation, etc. Another focus is the assessment of these industries’ impact on the development of the coastal areas. I demonstrate the growing dependence between the maritime economy and the economic development of Russia’s inland regions. I identify the key natural geographic, foreign economy, settlement-related, and geopolitical factors of the coastalisation of the economy, infrastructure, and population, observed in Russia today. This process is taking place in the Baltic, Black, and Caspian Sea areas, as well as in the Arctic and Pacific regions of the country. I conclude that Russia’s integration into the system of multi-dimensional Eurasian partnerships (including the Belt and Road initiative) and the ‘turn to the East’ contribute to both the further ‘marinisation’ of Russian space and the differentiation of coastal zones by the level and rates of socio-economic development.
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Sevost'yanov, P., Yu Davydova, and A. Matyuhin. "American and Canadian interests in the Arctic region." Journal of Political Research 6, no. 4 (December 16, 2022): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-6295-2022-6-4-58-68.
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The purpose of the article is to identify the interests in the Arctic region of such leading countries of the Western Hemisphere as the USA and Canada. Arctic ice is actively melting. If current trends continue, the region will undergo drastic changes with far-reaching consequences. At the same time, the retreating ice is opening up the region for economic development, including through the exploitation of previously inaccessible hydrocarbons and minerals. In September 2011, both the Northern Sea Route (along the northern coast of Russia, formerly known as the Northeast Passage) and the Northwest Passage (along the northern coast of Canada and Alaska) were opened for some time, which could potentially lead to a reduction in shipping lanes in Asia. Increasing human activity in the sparsely populated and climatically difficult Arctic requires new initiatives to ensure the safety of the region's environment, its residents and guests. In this regard, the identification of the basic interests of the Canada and United States in the Arctic zone is of particular importance. The authors used such research methods as system analysis, logical and historical. Due to its geopolitical features and enormous resource potential, the Arctic region concentrates the attention of the leading powers of the modern world. The article analyzes in detail the approaches to defining the borders of the Arctic region of Canada and the United States, provides a retrospective analysis of the development of these territories. The results of the study of the actual data and the literature used showed that in modern Canada, the Arctic is considered as the center of national identity, although the interest of the authorities in this zone has been situational for quite a long time. The authors highlight the reasons why Canada seeks to expand its southern borders into subarctic latitudes. The article examines the stages of the US development of its Arctic zone and the reasons for the increased interest in it among the American authorities at the present stage. In conclusion, the authors conclude that the Arctic zone for the Arctic states of the Western hemisphere is important both in terms of resources and in terms of security. At the same time, the authors identify significant differences in the positions of the United States and Canada, in particular the inability of the two countries to agree on such key issues as the legal status of the Northwest Passage and the maritime border in the Beaufort Sea. This significantly affects not only their internal capabilities, but also their ability to exercise international leadership in the region. The practical and theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that the Arctic is strategically important for all countries of the Arctic zone, therefore, the identification of their interests in this region is important both for scientific discourse and in the plane of practical policy.
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Vasilyeva, N. A., and S. N. Pogodin. "The Problem of Self-identification of Russians in the 21st Century: Geopolitical and Regional Aspects." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 5(121) (November 19, 2021): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2021)5-01.
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The territorial changes that accompanied the process of the collapse of the USSR raised the question of the self-identification of Russians, since it was necessary to determine, both in the geopolitical coordinates of the new sovereign identity of the internationally recognized status of the Russian Federation, and in the regional coordinates of national and historical and cultural spaces. According to sociological studies, a trend has emerged in the self-identification of Russians as a civil nation, where ethnic and confessional identities are gradually fading into the background, giving way to the concept of statehood as a symbol of the unity of a multinational people. In this regard, it is logical to consider the processes of the formation of modern self-identification of Russians in the context of global regionalization, where Russia chooses the vector of development: West-East, North-South. The political and economic foundations for the European regional identification of Russians are clearly being lost, which is associated with the increased tension and obvious hostility in relations with the countries of Europe and with the West in general; well-founded fears of territorial and economic expansion of Asian neighbors (China, Japan) and multi-vector foreign policy of the Central Asian countries weaken the Eurasian regional identification tendencies.
In this regard, there is a promising tendency for the northern / arctic self-identification of Russians, which, firstly, is historically associated with the emergence of Russian statehood in the northern regions, and secondly, reflects the important economic and political direction of the development of Russia in the 21st century.
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Е.Е., НОЕВА,. "Current Status and Development Prospects of Arctic Tourism." Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University. Series "Economics. Sociology. Culturology", no. 4(28) (December 25, 2022): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25587/svfu.2022.87.14.011.
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Современные представления об Арктике трансформируются, и теперь ее следует рассматривать как регион, имеющий не только геополитическое и геоэкономическое, но и как социально-культурное и туристско-рекреационное значение. По мере развития разных сфер и видов туризма появилась необходимость поиска или создания новых привлекательных направлений. Арктический туризм открывает возможности для эффективного использования разнообразного природного, социально-экономического потенциала, культурно-исторического наследия, вовлечения местных сообществ в экономические процессы. В данной статье определены характерные для Арктики особенности, оказывающие влияние на туристскую индустрию, выделены доминирующие сегменты туристского рынка, обозначены как положительные, так и отрицательные экономические последствия развития туризма на арктических территориях. Туризм на Севере Российской Федерации развивается довольно стабильно, но неравномерно, доходы от него весьма невелики по сравнению с другими северными государствами, однако имеется достаточно возможностей для улучшения текущей ситуации при правильном планировании, которое должно основываться на результатах научных исследований, а также комплексном совершенствовании инфраструктуры северных территорий. Основными препятствиями для повышения привлекательности и полноценного развития арктического туризма в РФ, кроме удаленности и размеров территорий северных регионов и их суровых климатических условий, можно считать неразвитость инфраструктуры, высокую стоимость туристских услуг, недостаток информации об имеющихся предложениях и слабую заинтересованность со стороны инвесторов и структур управления. Преодоление хотя бы части данных проблем и ограничений положительно скажется на туристской деятельности и простимулирует развитие предпринимательской активности в данной сфере. Modern ideas about the Arctic are being transformed, now it should be considered as a region that has not only geopolitical and geo-economic, but also socio-cultural, tourist and recreational significance. With the development of various spheres and types of tourism, it became necessary to search for or create new attractive destinations. Arctic tourism opens up opportunities for the effective use of diverse natural, socio-economic potential, cultural and historical heritage, and the involvement of local communities in economic processes. This article identifies the features characteristic of the Arctic that affect the tourism industry, the dominant segments of the tourism market, and both positive and negative economic consequences of tourism development in the Arctic territories. Tourism in the North of the Russian Federation is developing quite steadily, but unevenly, incomes from it are very small compared to other northern states; however, there are enough opportunities to improve the current situation with proper planning, which should be based on the results of scientific research, as well as a comprehensive improvement of infrastructure northern territories. In addition to the remoteness and size of the territories of the northern regions and their harsh climatic conditions, the main obstacles to increasing the attractiveness and full development of Arctic tourism in the Russian Federation are the underdevelopment of infrastructure, the high cost of tourist services, the lack of information about available proposals, and weak interest from investors and management structures. Overcoming at least some of these problems and restrictions will have a positive impact on tourism activities and stimulate the development of entrepreneurial activity in this area.
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Akaev, Askar A., Yuri A. Golubitskiy, and Ivan V. Starikov. "The Project of Crating a New World Logisticsю Part I. History and Economics of the Project." Economic Strategies 144, no. 4 (August 20, 2021): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33917/es-4.178.2021.36-47.
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The article presents one of the most promising and ambitious in socio-economic, political, humanitarian aspects of the Russian scientists’ project: “United Eurasia: Trans-Eurasian Belt of RAZVITIE — Integrated Eurasian Transport System (United Eurasia: TEBR-IETS)”. The main purpose of the project is to ensure the connectivity of the territories of the Russian Federation and their active development, first of all, the deep integrated development of Siberia, the Far East and the Arctic. The role of the project in the partnership of the progressive world community is great; the radically modernized Trans-Siberian Railway — the backbone of the project — is designed to connect the Far East, including Japan, with Western Europe and the USA in the future. This fact will make it possible to carry out on the territory of the Russian Federation and the countries included in the project, the systemic coordination of all types of transport, including river and nautical, to create a single world logistics complex of advanced technical and managerial development. The creation of the IETS will consolidate Russian geopolitical position as a transport bridge between the world economic and civilizational regions. It will create conditions for mutually beneficial cooperation with Austria, Germany, France, Czech Republic, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, India; will open up new opportunities for cooperation with North Korea, Canada and USA in the future. It will arouse interest from the PRC in the integration of a similar Chinese project, the "Silk Road" with the Russian Megaproject. The implementation of the Megaproject will allow Russia to offer the world a new effective version of a non-confrontational way of solving international problems, become a geo-economic and geopolitical integrator on the Euro-Asian continent, lay the foundations for the solidarity development of all civilizational centers around Russia as a civilization state, make it senseless and impossible to impose sanctions on Russia, and raise to a qualitatively new level of authority and the role of the Russian Federation in the modern world.
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Streletsky, Vladimir. "Development trajectories of the border regions in the context of social and cultural identity and civilizational patterns of Russia." Pskov Journal of Regional Studies, no. 4 (2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.37490/s221979310022877-7.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the key features and trends of development of the Russian border regions in the context of social and cultural identity of Russia. The main concepts of the Russian civilization are compared. It is shown that the symbiotic nature of the Russian cultural space predetermines the necessity of the multi-vector external positioning of Russia in global processes. The typological diversity of Russian borders and borderlands creates favorable prerequisites for the successful interaction of Russia with different cultural worlds. Three vast culture areas of the Russian borderlands are selected for case studies: Western borderlands of Russia; the Mountainous North Caucasus; the South Siberian Turkic-Mongolian belt. The Western Russian borderlands are important links in the intra-European limitrophe, connecting Russia with the rest of Europe. Although the intensification of geopolitical and geo-economic turbulence in the 2010’s–2020’s sharply increased the barrier functions of the state border in the European part of the country, the Western borderlands of Russia, due to their geographical location and accumulated historical inertia, retain a huge potential for restoring close cross-border cooperation with European countries. The North Caucasian regions of Islam and the South Siberian regions of Buddhism, being integral parts of the Russian Federation as a state, culturally and geographically at the same time act as parts of vast contact zones connecting Russia with neighboring, belonging to other cultural realms. The key problem of the North Caucasian and South Siberian borderlands of Russia is the need for accelerated and effective modernization of these cultural areas. This is especially true for the republics of Southern Siberia, which retain many elements of archaic ways of life.
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Matveyeva, N. V. "The retrospective of study of the Far North vegetation at the Komarov Botanical institute RAS for the one and half century and prospects for the XXI." Vegetation of Russia, no. 25 (2014): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2014.25.142.
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The history of the plant cover studies of the Far North in the Komarov Botanical Institute (BIN) and its predecessors dates back to the second third of the XIX century and it is associated with the names of two eminent botanists — A. Schrenk and F. Ruprecht, who in 1837 and 1841 years made their long trips to the north of the European part of Russia. A long break in the study of the Arctic, which came after that, has been resumed within our institute only in the Soviet period. Already before the Great Patriotic war the scientific expeditions were organized both on the European North and on the Asian part of the Arctic up to the eastern borders of the country. In the 1920–1930th the brightest star in the sky of the Russian tundrology – B. N. Gorodkov worked on the vast area fr om the Kola Peninsula up to the Wrangel Island. This vigorous activity resulted in excellent descriptions of plant cover, and the classic, still actively quoted monograph «The vegetation of the tundra zone of the USSR» was published in 1935. In 1930–1931 years a lot of scientists (F. V. Sambuk, A. I. Leskov, K. N. Igoshina, M. N. Avramchik, V. P. Savich, Z. N. Smirnova and others) participated in various botanical expeditions (the Franz Josef Land, the Novaya Zemlya, the Kolguev Isl., the Malozemelskaya tundra, the interior parts of Taymyr Peninsula). The Great Patriotic war had interrupted botanical work in the Arctic. However the numerous expeditions took place as early as in the first post-war years (1946– 1949). At that time, besides mentioned researchers, B. A. Tikhomirov has already participated in these studies. Later (1952) B. A. headed the Sector of North, transformed in 1960 into the Laboratory of the vegetation of Far North. This Laboratory is the exclusive botanical team not only in Russia but throughout the world, which all over its existence was being specialized in comprehensive study of plant cover in the Arctic, coordinating the northern investigations within the whole country. The outstanding achievement, received international recognition, is undoubtedly the multi-volume edition «Arctic Flora of the USSR» (1960–1987), initiated by the eminent botanist A. I. Tolmachev and completed through intense activity by B. A. Yurtsev. This great work, later translated into English, was done during the large-scale floristic studies in different regions of the Asian Arctic fr om the Yamal, Gydan and Taymyr peninsulas in the west to Chukotka in the east. The implementation of annual field work became possible due to the establishment of Polar Expedition, funded by a «separate item» within the budget of the Institute. A period fr om 1966 to 1991 year without exaggeration may be called as «golden age» in the study of vegetation of the Russian Arctic. This was a time when not only numerous research teams carrying out the floristic studies, but up to 3 long-term research stations simultaneously worked in one field season. The durable stationary studies were performed in the Bolshezemelskaya Tundra (Sivaya Maska), on the Taymyr Peninsula (Tareya and Agapa settlements and Ary-Mas forest «island»), Putorana plateau (Kapchuk lake) and Wrangel Island (Somnitelnaya Bay). According to the results of these stationary studies 11 collective Proceedings have been published. Most lasting (1965–1977) and large-scale investigations were biogeocenological studies at the «Tareya» station, wh ere in the period of the International Biological Program the organizational skills by B. A. Tikhomirov collected up to 40 specialists from different branches of biology and ecology. In the years 1972–1991 these works were continued on Taymyr Peninsula at 6 short-term field stations at the latitudinal gradient from southern tundra up to polar deserts, which became the basis for a comprehensive study of zonation display in the living cover. As a result of extensive studies by the method of concrete floras the data on the composition of vascular plants for nearly 170 sites in all latitude-zonal stripes of Asian North from Yamal up to Chukotka has been obtained. At present these data are the fundamental basis for work on the detailed floristic subdivisions that was started by the great trio — B. A. Yurtsev, A. I. Tolmachev and O. V. Rebristaya in their famous paper «Arctic floristic region» (1978). The end of the last and the beginning of this century became a time of summing up the study of arctic flora and vegetation. The checklists of fungi, lichens, mosses and liverworts of Russian Arctic were compiled; the monographs on the vascular flora of Chukotka and Yamal as well as the book on mosses of Chukotka were published. The electronic version of Pan-Arctic flora and the Circumpolar vegetation map of the Arctic were prepared with the active participation of BIN florists and geobotanists. In the last ten years the obvious lack of information on the diversity of plant communities at the vast arctic territory is being compensated by publishing the numerous papers on syntaxonomy. The intensity of field works, declined sharply in the early 1990s, still continues, albeit in smaller scale. For the first time in the history of the study of the Far North nature the recurrent botanical observations were made in few sites wh ere many-sided studies were performed in the past. This allows assessing the dynamics in the flora and vegetation in situ. The changes in plant cover are well recorded by the earth’s surface remote sensing using multispectral satellite imagery. The analysis of image series allows us to monitor changes in intra-landscape vegetation patterns as well as some technological and cryogenic transformations. In the development of the concepts of classical Arctic and Antarctic geobotanical subdivision suggested by V. D. Aleksandrova for higher system units, the work on the designation of the lower units is being intensified presently. An assessment of current environmental safety of Arctic ecosystems in the areas with heavy anthropogenic load caused by oil and gas production will be the most required in the nearest future. However, there are still large areas within the vast Arctic territories wh ere classic fundamental studies are necessary to close the «white spots» in our knowledge of plant cover. The growing geopolitical interest to the Arctic region gives the hope for the revival of full-scale researches, which are impossible without adequate funding. More than one and a half century of brilliant botanical investigations in the Arctic were carried out by our famous predecessors. This fact allows us to look optimistically for the future and expect the growth of the scientific activities in the Far North.
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Zaychenko, Irina M., Alexsander A. Ilinskiy, Maksim E. Koptev, and Anna M. Smirnova. "Strategic management of the development of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex in the Arctic region of the Russian Federation in the conditions of Industry 4.0." Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка 72, no. 2/2021 (June 30, 2021): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.2.2021.72.006.
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The article substantiates the need to revise the approach to the strategic management of enterprises in the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation, as one of the key sectors of the Russian economy. It is primarily due to the need to improve methods for building a system of strategic management of industrial enterprises in the era of the implementation of the Industry 4.0 concept. The use of traditional methods of managing industrial enterprises, industries, complexes does not allow maintaining, and even more so creating, competitive advantages in the long term. Consequently, the development of a new methodology for building a system of strategic management of industrial enterprises, the application of which would contribute, among other things, to the creation of new competitive challenges. Within the digital economy, modern business development management systems should be built taking into account the possibilities of using information and communication technologies, however, in order for the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex to be fully considered competitive, and their activities are effective only by using information-communicational technologies are not enough. It is necessary to form not a universal system of strategic management ofindustrial enterprises, but a unique system of strategic management of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, which would take into account not only the geopolitical factors of doing business, primarily in the regions of the Far North, but also specific industry features. The tool for the development of such a system is the balanced scorecard, which allows you to take into account both financial and non-financial components of enterprise management. The result of the study was the development of a unique balanced scorecard for the management of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, which is based on taking into account the peculiarities of rational use of natural resources, which is an important aspect of the activities of enterprises of the fueland energy complex and modern possibilities of using information and communication technologies in the strategic management system.
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Osadczy, Włodzimierz. "Skrawek Świętej Rusi w Europie powersalskiej. Ruś Podkarpacka: tradycja i wymiar geopolityczny." Kultura Słowian Rocznik Komisji Kultury Słowian PAU 16 (2020): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25439561ksr.20.011.13300.
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A Piece of Holy Rus in the Europe after the Treaty of Versailles. Subcarpathian Ruthenia: Tradition and Geopolitical Dimension Subcarpathian Ruthenia was a relic of the East Slavic world which survived in the hermetic conditions of the influence of the Hungarian political tradition. Connected with other Ruthenian lands by religious tradition, the language of the Church, speech similar to the folk language of other Ruthenian regions on the other side of the Carpathians, under the rule of the Polish Crown, this piece of Rus was not linked by political or cultural tradition with other regions of Ruthenian lands referring to the common Kiev heritage . During political emancipation, conservative influences were clashing here, on the one hand – those combining attachment to the archaic tradition and political orientation towards Hungary, and on the other: progressive popular democratic influences seeking unity with the Ukrainian national movement. As a result of complicated diplomatic efforts, Subcarpathian Ruthenia was included in the Czechoslovak Republic after World War I. The interwar period did not bring any noticeable economic and civilization progress to these lands. Ruś Podkarpacka była reliktem wschodniosłowiańskiego świata, który przetrwał w hermetycznych warunkach oddziaływania politycznej tradycji węgierskiej. Złączony z innymi ziemiami ruskimi tradycją religijną, językiem cerkiewnym, mową zbliżoną do języka ludowego innych regionów ruskich po drugiej stronie Karpat, w składzie Korony Polskiej, ten skrawek Rusi nie był złączony tradycją polityczną czy kulturową z innymi regionami ziem ruskich odwołujących się do wspólnej spuścizny kijowskiej. W czasie emancypacji politycznej ścierały się ze sobą tutaj wpływy konserwatywne, łączące przywiązanie do archaicznej tradycji i politycznej orientacji na Węgry a nikłe postępowe ludowo-demokratyczne dążące jedności z ukraińskich ruchem narodowym. Na skutek skomplikowanych zabiegów dyplomatycznych Ruś Podkarpacka znalazła się po I wojnie światowej w składzie Republiki Czechosłowackiej. Okres międzywojenny nie przyniósł tym ziemiom dostrzegalnego postępu gospodarczego i cywilizacyjnego.
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Treister, M. Yu. "MEDITERRANEAN AND NORTH PONTIC GREEK IMPORTS IN THE NOMADIC BURIALS OF THE LOWER VOLGA REGION AND FOOTHILLS OF SOUTH URALS OF THE 4th — FIRST THIRD OF THE 3rd CENTURY BC." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 41, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2021.04.03.
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In the Archaic period, Mediterranean and Greek North Pontic imports, rather well represented in Early Scythian burials on the Lower Don, are practically unknown in the burials of the nomads in the Lower Volga and South Urals regions.
The analysis of archaeological sources shows that in the second half of the 4th century BC imported beads and pendants made of glass, frit and amber reach the nomads of the Lower Volga and South Urals, and a little later, at the turn of the 4th and in the first third of the 3rd century BC — in addition, Greek pottery and possibly vessels made of precious metals, alabaster and onyx. Olbian bronze «borystheni» of the late 4th—3rd centuries BC also were found into the Lower Volga region.
If for the 5th and most part of the 4th century BC. imports that entered the South Urals were mainly represented by products of the Achaemenid circle, then after the fall of the Achaemenid state and the resulting geopolitical changes in the Lower Volga region and the South Urals imports began to be distributed from (via) the North Pontic region. It is worth noting that in the burials on the Manych river and in the Lower Volga region, finds of transport amphorae were combined with similar black-glazed echinus bowls, and the find of another such bowl in the South Urals suggests that they enjoyed particular popularity among the nomads, even if they did not penetrate Sarmatia within the same batch.
The above discussed observations rather convincingly support the hypothesis put forward by D. B. Shelov and I. B. Brashinskii. There are grounds reason to suggest that beads and pendants, as well as amphoras, black-glazed pottery and coins could have reached the nomads of the Lower Volga and South Urals precisely via the Elizavetovskoe settlement at the mouth of the Don: probably, beads and pendants — even through the Scythian settlement, on which various industrial complexes and shops existed, allegedly destroyed in the 340s BC, whereas amphoras, black-glazed pottery and coins — already through the so-called Bosporan colony, founded on the site of a settlement in the last quarter of the 4th century BC, which existed until the mid-70s of the 3rd century BC.
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Gonçalves de Oliveira, Alana Camoça. "AS PEGADAS DO DRAGÃO NO PÓLO SUL: UM ESTUDO SOBRE AS ESTRATÉGIAS E AS AÇÕES CHINESAS PARA ANTÁRTICA E SUAS IMPLICAÇÕES PARA O BRASIL." AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations 10, no. 19 (July 6, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2238-6912.110106.
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The starting point of the article is the perception of the relevant role that China has been gaining in the international arena and the competitive and geopolitical pressure that it has been exercising in the most diverse international strategic theaters, including in the Polar Regions – Arctic and Antarctic. Considering the relevance of the Antarctic, the present article analyzes the Chinese strategy and its growing presence in the Antarctic and its implications for Brazil, using the theoretical frameworks of classical geopolitics, realism, and the theory of global power.