Dissertations / Theses: 'Geophysical'

1

Woods, Andrew W. "Geophysical fluid flows." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306472.

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Shipp, Richard Michael. "Two-dimensional full wavefield inversion of wide-aperture marine seismic streamer data." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251747.

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Fourie, Christoffel Johannes Stephanus. "In-situ subsurface density estimations using a seismic technique." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01162009-110629/.

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Cardoso, Silvana. "Mixing in geophysical flows." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321097.

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Persson, Kjell. "Integrated geophysical-geochemical methods for archaeological prospecting." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279.

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Cheung, See Nga Cecilia. "Experimental deformation in sandstone, carbonates and quartz aggregate." Thesis, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3717020.

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The first part of my thesis is mainly focused on the effect of grain size distribution on compaction localization in porous sandstone. To identify the microstructural parameters that influence compaction band formation, I conducted a systematic study of mechanical deformation, failure mode and microstructural evolution in Bleurswiller and Boise sandstones, of similar porosity (∼25%) and mineralogy but different sorting. Discrete compaction bands were observed to develop over a wide range of pressure in the Bleurswiller sandstone that has a relatively uniform grain size distribution. In contrast, compaction localization was not observed in the poorly sorted Boise sandstone. My results demonstrate that grain size distribution exerts important influence on compaction band development, in agreement with recently published data from Valley of Fire and Buckskin Gulch, as well as numerical studies.

The second part aimed to improve current knowledge on inelastic behavior, failure mode and brittle-ductile transition in another sedimentary rock, porous carbonates. A micritic Tavel (porosity of ∼13%) and an allochemical Indiana (∼18%) limestones were deformed under compaction in wet and dry conditions. At lower confining pressures, shear localization occurred in brittle faulting regime. Through transitional regime, the deformation switched to cataclastic flow regime at higher confining pressure. Specifically in the cataclastic regime, the (dry and wet) Tavel and dry Indiana failed by distributed cataclastic flow, while in contrast, wet Indiana failed as compaction localization. My results demonstrate that different failure modes and mechanical behaviors under different deformation regimes and water saturation are fundamental prior to any geophysical application in porous carbonates.

The third part aimed to focus on investigating compaction on quartz aggregate starting at low (MPa) using X-ray diffraction. We report the diffraction peak evolution of quartz with increasing pressures. Through evaluating the unit cell lattice parameters and the volume of the quartz sample, macroscopic stress and strain were resolved. Moreover, we observed quartz peak broadened asymmetrically at low pressure, such extent is more prominent in axial than in radial direction. Our evaluation on peak [101] (highest intensity among peaks) demonstrated that full width at half maximum can be a good proxy for microscopic stress distribution. We observed deviations in the pressure-volume curves at P = ∼0.4 GPa and speculated that it was the point of which onset of grain crushing and pore collapse occur in quartz. This is on the same order of which onset of grain crushing (commonly known as P*) is observed in sandstones in the rock mechanics literature. This demonstrated that there is potential in estimating grain crushing and pore collapse pressure with our technique.

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Perez, Altimar Roderick. "Brittleness estimation from seismic measurements in unconventional reservoirs| Application to the Barnett shale." Thesis, The University of Oklahoma, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3617030.

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Brittleness is a key characteristic for effective reservoir stimulation and is mainly controlled by mineralogy in unconventional reservoirs. Unfortunately, there is no universally accepted means of predicting brittleness from measures made in wells or from surface seismic data. Brittleness indices (BI) are based on mineralogy, while brittleness average estimations are based on Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. I evaluate two of the more popular brittleness estimation techniques and apply them to a Barnett Shale seismic survey in order to estimate its geomechanical properties. Using specialized logging tools such as elemental capture tool, density, and P- and S wave sonic logs calibrated to previous core descriptions and laboratory measurements, I create a survey-specific BI template in Young's modulus versus Poisson's ratio or alternatively λρ versus μρ space. I use this template to predict BI from elastic parameters computed from surface seismic data, providing a continuous estimate of BI estimate in the Barnett Shale survey. Extracting λρ-μρ values from microseismic event locations, I compute brittleness index from the template and find that most microsemic events occur in the more brittle part of the reservoir. My template is validated through a suite of microseismic experiments that shows most events occurring in brittle zones, fewer events in the ductile shale, and fewer events still in the limestone fracture barriers.

Estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) is an estimate of the expected total production of oil and/or gas for the economic life of a well and is widely used in the evaluation of resource play reserves. In the literature it is possible to find several approaches for forecasting purposes and economic analyses. However, the extension to newer infill wells is somewhat challenging because production forecasts in unconventional reservoirs are a function of both completion effectiveness and reservoir quality. For shale gas reservoirs, completion effectiveness is a function not only of the length of the horizontal wells, but also of the number and size of the hydraulic fracture treatments in a multistage completion. These considerations also include the volume of proppant placed, proppant concentration, total perforation length, and number of clusters, while reservoir quality is dependent on properties such as the spatial variations in permeability, porosity, stress, and mechanical properties. I evaluate parametric methods such as multi-linear regression, and compare it to a non-parameteric ACE to better correlate production to engineering attributes for two datasets in the Haynesville Shale play and the Barnett Shale. I find that the parametric methods are useful for an exploratory analysis of the relationship among several variables and are useful to guide the selection of a more sophisticated parametric functional form, when the underlying functional relationship is unknown. Non-parametric regression, on the other hand, is entirely data-driven and does not rely on a pre-specified functional forms. The transformations generated by the ACE algorithm facilitate the identification of appropriate, and possibly meaningful, functional forms.

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TROTTER, BENNETT. "Pore Pressure Prediction in the Point Pleasant Formation in the Appalachian Basin, in parts of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, United States of America." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524213528591632.

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DeGiuli, Eric. "Turbulent flow in geophysical channels." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/12802.

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The problem of turbulent ow in a rough pipe of arbitrary shape is considered. The classical Izakson-Millikan argument for a logarithmic velocity profile is presented, and matched asymptotic expansions are introduced. Scaled, dimensionless equations are produced and simplified. A simple mixing length turbulence model is presented, which closes the problem. To calibrate the model, the mechanical problem is solved in the case of a circular pipe. Excellent agreement with engineering relations is obtained. The mechanical problem for a non-circular pipe is posed, and the boundary layer problem is solved. This leaves unknown the wall stress, which is sought through approximate methods of solution in the outer region. These are presented and the approximate solutions thus obtained are compared to full numerical solutions and data for a square, elliptical, and semi-elliptical pipe. The approximations are vindicated, but agreement between the numerical solutions and data is only moderate. Discrepancies are explained in terms of the neglected secondary ow. The thermal problem is posed, with scalings taken for intended application in glaciology. The problem is solved for a circular pipe. Heat transfer results are presented and compared with empirical relations. The general problem for a non-circular pipe is posed, and approximate methods of solution are motivated, in analogy to those used for the mechanical problem. These are used to obtain approximate solutions, which are compared with numerical solutions, to good agreement. Possible applications of these solutions are discussed.

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Pari, Giovanni. "Geophysical constraints on mantle dynamics." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ27710.pdf.

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Libarkin, Julie Carol. "Geophysical applications in compressional orogens." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289021.

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Geologic endeavor is a continual search for windows into the past. Our ability to characterize ancient geological processes is only as good as the techniques we have at our disposal; often the desire to uncover new information drives the development of new geologic methods or the modification of old techniques. This dissertation is composed of a series of projects focused on gaining new insights into the history of orogenic systems through the application of existing techniques or the development of new methods. Three primary projects were undertaken, the first a paleoelevation study aimed at determining the elevation of the Colorado Rockies 28 million years ago (Ma). This study was an attempt to both constrain the paleoelevational geometry of North America and test a new paleoaltimetry technique. This "one-isotope" technique relies on the relationship between cosmogenic isotope production rates and elevation; while a paleoelevation for the Colorado Rockies was not derived, the technique should prove useful in other geologic situations. From this initial technique, a two-isotope technique was derived which bypasses some of the difficulties inherent to the one-isotope method. A complete theoretical development of this two-isotope technique is included. Finally, a project documenting the wide-spread remagnetization of a suite of pre-Cenozoic Bolivian red sedimentary rocks reflects the impact orogenesis can have on an entire region. Taken as a whole, these projects focus on both the effects of mountain-building events and the techniques we can use to better understand them.

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Waugh, Darryn W. "Single-layer geophysical vortex dynamics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239162.

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Mirza, Nabeel Aman. "Geophysical modelling of sediment permeability." Thesis, Bangor University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280908.

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BUSTAMANTE, SAMUEL GUSTAVO HUAMAN. "FORECASTING GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS: PSEUDO-WELLS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=22840@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
No presente trabalho de tese é apresentado, analisado e avaliado um método inédito para prever perfis de poço (para um pseudo-poço), a partir de informações dos poços verticais vizinhos e dados de sísmica 3D. Este método é formado por quatro partes principais. Na primeira parte são processados os perfis de raio gama dos poços para produzir um conjunto de sinais estratificados. Estes resultados são utilizados na segunda parte para realizar a correlação lateral de poços, com um método baseado em Algoritmos Genéticos, cujos resultados são intervalos de estratos semelhantes que indicariam a existência de estruturas rochosas contínuas na subsuperfície. Na terceira parte são estimados os deslocamentos, em profundidade, entre alguns estratos do pseudo-poço e dos poços reais. Isto é realizado com um método, baseado em Algoritmos Genéticos, para correlacionar eventos entre traços sísmicos 3D nas posições próximas aos poços reais e ao pseudo-poço. Na quarta parte são utilizados os resultados das outras três partes para interpolar vários tipos de perfis do pseudo-poço, primeiramente, dos estratos semelhantes e, em seguida, dos estratos não semelhantes, ajustados em profundidade. Os resultados desta parte constituem as medições previstas. Os pesos para a interpolação, pelo método de Shepard, são calculados através de uma função que depende da distância entre o pseudo-poço e cada um dos poços utilizados. Um estudo de sete casos é apresentado para avaliar a eficácia do método de previsão. Esses casos utilizam arranjos de dois e três poços do Campo de Namorado na Bacia de Campos (RJ) e, adicionalmente, um poço próximo a cada arranjo serve de padrão para avaliar as medições previstas através do coeficiente de correlação e da média dos erros percentuais absolutos. Em termos globais os resultados das previsões apresentam correlação linear forte e os erros percentuais absolutos estão entre 5 por cento e 30 por centoem relação aos padrões.
In this thesis is presented, analyzed and evaluated a new method to forecast well logs (for a pseudo-well), based on information of the neighboring vertical wells and the 3D seismic data. This method consists of four main parts. In the first part, the gamma ray logs from wellbores are processed to produce a stratified set of signals. In the second part, the stratified signals are used to perform a method of lateral correlation of wells with Genetic Algorithms; whose results are similar intervals strata that would indicate the existence of continuous rock structures in the subsurface. In the third part, a method, based on Genetic Algorithms, are used to estimate displacements in depth between some strata of the pseudo-well and real wells. That method correlates events between 3D seismic traces at positions near the real wells and the pseudo-well. In the fourth part, results from the other three parts are used to interpolate several types of logs of the pseudo-well, first of the similar strata and then of the not similar strata, adjusted in depth. The results of this part are the forecasted measurements. The weights for interpolation, by the method of Shepard, are calculated using a function that depends on the distance between the pseudo-well and each real well. A study of seven cases is presented to evaluate the effectiveness of the forecasting method. These cases use arrangements of two and three wells of the Namorado Field in the Campos Basin (RJ) and additionally a real well near each array serves as a standard for evaluating the forecasted measurements by the correlation coefficient and the mean absolute percentage error. Overall the results showed a strong linear correlation and the mean absolute percentage errors are between 5 per cent and 30 per cent in relation of standard data.

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Wilson, John Max. "Computational Studies of Geophysical Systems." Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10979293.

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Earthquakes and tsunamis represent two of the most devastating natural disasters faced by humankind. Earthquakes can occur in matters of seconds, with little to no warning. The governing variables of earthquakes, namely the stress profiles of vast regions of the earth's crust, cannot be measured in a comprehensive manner. Similarly, tsunami parameters are often accurately determined only minutes before waves make landfall. We are therefore left only with statistical analyses of past events to produce hazard forecasts for these disasters. Unfortunately, the events that cause the most damage also occur infrequently, and most regions have scientific records of earthquakes going back only a century, with modern instrumentation being widely distributed only in the past few decades. The 2011 M=9 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, which killed close to sixteen thousand people, is the perfect case study of a country heavily invested in earthquake and tsunami risk reduction, yet being unprepared for a once-in-a-millennium event.

Physics-based simulations are some of the most promising tools for learning more about these systems. These tools can be used to study many thousands of years worth of synthetic seismicity. Additionally, scaling laws present in such complex geophysical systems can provide insights into dynamics otherwise hidden from view. This dissertation represents a collection of studies using these two tools. First, the Virtual Quake earthquake simulator is introduced, along with some of my contributions to its functionality and maintenance. A method based on Omori aftershock scaling is presented for verifying the spatial distribution of synthetic earthquakes produced by long-term simulators. The use of aftershock ground motion records to improve constraints on those same aftershock models is then explored. Finally, progress in constructing a tsunami early warning system based on the coupling of Virtual Quake and the Tsunami Squares wave simulator is presented. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the versatility and strength of complexity science and computational methods in the context of hazard analysis.

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Khan, Sharon. "Studies in geophysical fluid dynamics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620035.

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Bennett, Jesse E., Anthony T. Bowler, William R. Cavabaugh, Aaron J. Glass, John D. Green, Maher M. Katbah, George P. Murphy, et al. "GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS AT VULCAN MINE." LASI Laboratory for Advanced Surface Imaging, The University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624556.

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Andrews, Joseph N., Brian D. Backes, Scott Balay, James F. Barry, Ralf A. Birken, Marshall P. Brown, Michael S. Davenport, et al. "GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS IN PIMA COUNTY." LASI Laboratory for Advanced Surface Imaging, The University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624613.

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Barber, Lorraine, Greg Crum, David George, Carrie Ikeda, Graham Irvine, Doug LaBrecque, Jonathon LeGrand, et al. "GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS NEAR AJO, ARIZONA." LASI Laboratory for Advanced Surface Imaging, The University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624614.

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Betts, Nathan K., Poto Chongo, Nina K. Dieter, Blake J. Elliott, Gretchen R. Geeslin, Maren B. Henley, Matthew W. Marcus, et al. "GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS NEAR PATAGONIA, ARIZONA." LASI Laboratory for Advanced Surface Imaging, The University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624615.

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Al-Zaabi, Mohamed, Julie Eastman, Laura Huebner, Brianna Muhlenkamp, Jeannemarie Riley, Chris Rohe, Gwynneth Smith, Deborah Souza, Ben Sternberg, and Cristin M. Taft. "Geophysical Investigations near Yuma, Arizona." LASI Laboratory for Advanced Surface Imaging, The University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624622.

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VLF (Very Low Frequency), magnetic, TEM (Transient ElectroMagnetics), and Seismic were performed in Yuma, Arizona over two weekends in February and March of 2005. The targets of interest in Yuma included the depth to the shallow bedrock, the trace of the Algodones Fault, and the distribution and thickness of clay units. The VLF and magnetic surveys both proved not to be valuable for the interpretation of groundwater or bedrock depth. The Seismic surveys found a quartz monzonite horst structure at a depth of 8 meters and 250 in length and a graben at 8 meters depth and 48 meters in length. The TEM surveys were performed along Line 2 and Line 4 for Site One, Line 1 and Line 3 for Site Two, and SG1 line and SG2 line for Site Three. The TEM survey, located near the Seismic surveys, was in agreement with the findings of these Seismic surveys. At all sites, the TEM surveys were useful for determining depth to water table. At one site, the TEM survey mapped substantial near-surface clay layers.

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Birken, Ralph A., Mohammed H. I. Hassouneh, Gail Heath, Douglas J. LaBrecque, David S. Lindsay, Matthew D. McGraw, Stuart L. Milton, et al. "GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS IN COCHISE COUNTY." LASI Laboratory for Advanced Surface Imaging, The University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624612.

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23

Cisneros, Gabriel, Marnee M. Dearman, Brian E. Dodds, Nils K. Edwards, Hesham El-Kaliouby, Charles E. Gajda, Michael L. Henley, et al. "GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS NEAR PATAGONIA, ARIZONA." LASI Laboratory for Advanced Surface Imaging, The University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624616.

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A geophysical study of the Patagonia-Sonoita Nature Conservancy property was carried out to determine the depth to bedrock and the geometry of the underlying basin in the area. The survey was part of the ongoing U.S. Geological Survey studies of the region. CSAMT, TEM, DC Resistivity, Seismic, Gravity, and Magnetic surveys were performed. Many of the surveys were not able to map depth to bedrock because the depth of penetration of these surveys was less than the large depth to bedrock, which we encountered in this area. The best estimate of depth to bedrock in the center of the valley is of the order of one kilometer, as identified by the CSAMT surveys. The CSAMT survey found a significant low-resistivity anomaly in the vicinity of the Nature Conservancy Visitor Center. This low-resistivity anomaly could be due to clay-rich rocks or possibly mineralized rocks. Magnetic and TEM anomalies also occurred in the same area as the CSAMT low-resistivity anomaly. Seismic surveys showed a loosely consolidated surface layer above more consolidated alluvium. The model from the · Gravity survey shows an extensive alluvial basin overlying rhyolite with high and low-angle faults.

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Spurr, Charles. "Seismic Analyses of the Crust and Moho beneath the Foreland Fold and Thrust Belt of the Southern Urals, Russia." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1441883731.

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Mohshin, Mohammad. "Analysis of Well Log Data and a 2D Seismic Reflection Survey in the vicinity of London, Ohio." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1502304040084834.

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Tronicke, Jens. "Patterns in geophysical data and models." Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://www.uni-potsdam.de/imaf/events/ge_work0602.html.

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Kivior, Tomasz. "Eastern Tasmanian margin : a geophysical study /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbk62.pdf.

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Vermeesch, Peggy Marie-Therese. "Geophysical modelling of the Chicxulub crater." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429105.

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Hewitt, Ian. "Mathematical modelling of geophysical melt drainage." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.509957.

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Fluid flows involving transport of a liquid phase in close proximity with its solid phase involve continuous transfer of mass and heat, which can influence the nature of the drainage that occurs. We consider mathematical models for two such situations; magma flow in the mantle and water flow beneath glaciers. In part I, we derive a model for porous flow within a partially molten column of mantle undergoing decompression melting. By ignoring composition effects, and by scaling the equations appropriately, approximate analytical solutions can be found for one-dimensional upwelling, which allow the region and extent of melting to be determined. We study the dynamics of open channels of melt flow in the same situation, and find that such channels would have low pressure compared to the surrounding porous flow, and therefore draw in melt from a region of the size of a compaction length. We suggest that such channels could form through the unstable effects of melting caused by heat transfer by the upwelling melt. We emphasise the similarity with channels of meltwater that are known to exist beneath ice. In part II we pose a generalised model for subglacial water flow, which is described as an effective porous medium, the pore space being determined from an evolution equation. This is used to investigate the flow into a channel, which is found to be drawn from a surrounding region whose size, we suggest, determines the spacing between major drainage channels beneath ice sheets. These are compared to the observed spacing of eskers. A critical condition on the discharge necessary to sustain a channel is found, which may provide a criteria to decide where and when channelised drainage occurs. Lastly, a simple drainage model is used to explain seasonal variations in the velocity of a valley glacier.

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Armstrong, Kayt. "Archaeological geophysical prospection in peatland environments." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2010. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/16238/.

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Waterlogged sites in peat often preserve organic material, both in the form of artefacts and pa1aeoenvironmenta1 evidence as a result of the prevailing anaerobic environment. After three decades of excavation and large scale study projects in the UK, the subdiscipline of wetland archaeology is rethinking theoretical approaches to these environments. Wet1and sites are generally discovered while they are being damaged or destroyed by human activity. The survival in situ of these important sites is also threatened by drainage, agriculture, erosion and climate change as the deposits cease to be anaerobic. Sites are lost without ever being discovered as the nature of the substrate changes. A prospection tool is badly needed to address these wet1and areas as conventional prospection methods such as aerial photography, field walking and remote sensing are not able to detect sites under the protective over burden. This thesis presents research undertaken between 2007 and 2010 at Bournemouth University. It aimed to examine the potential for conventional geophysical survey methods (resistivity, gradiometry, ground penetrating radar and frequency domain electromagnetic) as site prospection and landscape investigation tools in peatland environments. It examines previous attempts to prospect peatland sites, both in archaeology and environmental science. These attempts show that under the right circumstances, archaeological and landscape features could be detected by these methods, but that the reasons why techniques often fail are not well understood. Eight case-study sites were surveyed using a combination of conventional techniques. At three of the sites ground truthing work in the form of excavations, bulk sampling and coring was undertaken to validate the survey interpretations. This was followed up by laboratory analysis ofthe physical and chemical properties ofthe peat and mineral soils encountered. The key conclusion of the case study work undertaken is that conventional geophysical prospection tools are capable of detecting archaeological features in peat1and environments, but that the nature of the deposits encountered creates challenges in interpretation. Too few previous surveys have been adequately ground truthed to allow inferences and cross comparisons. The upland case studies demonstrated that geophysical survey on shallow types ofupland peat using conventional techniques yields useful information about prehistoric landscapes. The situation in the lowlands is more complex. In shallow peat without minerogenic layers, timber detection is possible. There are indications that in saturated peat the chemistry ofthe peat and pore water causes responses in the geophysical surveys, which could be developed as a proxy means to detect or monitor archaeological remains. On sites where the sediments are more complex or affected by desiccation, timbers were not detected with the methods attempted. However, important landscape features were and there are indications that geophysical surveys could be used as part of management and conservation strategies. This thesis concludes that geophysical prospection contributes to theoretically informed wet1and archaeology as a tool for site detection, landscape interpretation, and conservation. Future research should aim to further our understanding of the relationship between geophysical response and peat1and geochemistry, alongside a more extensive programme of surveys and ground-truthing work to improve survey methodologies and archaeological interpretations.

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Murray, Stuart William. "Wave radiation in simple geophysical models." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7922.

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Wave radiation is an important process in many geophysical flows. In particular, it is by wave radiation that flows may adjust to a state for which the dynamics is slow. Such a state is described as “balanced”, meaning there is an approximate balance between the Coriolis force and horizontal pressure gradients, and between buoyancy and vertical pressure gradients. In this thesis, wave radiation processes relevant to these enormously complex flows are studied through the use of some highly simplified models, and a parallel aim is to develop accurate numerical techniques for doing so. This thesis is divided into three main parts. 1. We consider accurate numerical boundary conditions for various equations which support wave radiation to infinity. Particular attention is given to discretely non-reflecting boundary conditions, which are derived directly from a discretised scheme. Such a boundary condition is studied in the case of the 1-d Klein-Gordon equation. The limitations concerning the practical implementation of this scheme are explored and some possible improvements are suggested. A stability analysis is developed which yields a simple stability criterion that is useful when tuning the boundary condition. The practical use of higher-order boundary conditions for the 2-d shallow water equations is also explored; the accuracy of such a method is assessed when combined with a particular interior scheme, and an analysis based on matrix pseudospectra reveals something of the stability of such a method. 2. Large-scale atmospheric and oceanic flows are examples of systems with a wide timescale separation, determined by a small parameter. In addition they both undergo constant random forcing. The five component Lorenz-Krishnamurthy system is a system with a timescale separation controlled by a small parameter, and we employ it as a model of the forced ocean by further adding a random forcing of the slow variables, and introduce wave radiation to infinity by the addition of a dispersive PDE. The dynamics are reduced by deriving balance relations, and numerical experiments are used to assess the effects of energy radiation by fast waves. 3. We study quasimodes, which demonstrate the existence of associated Landau poles of a system. In this thesis, we consider a simple model of wave radiation that exhibits quasimodes, that allows us to derive some explicit analytical results, as opposed to physically realistic geophysical fluid systems for which such results are often unavailable, necessitating recourse to numerical techniques. The growth rates obtained for this system, which is an extension of one considered by Lamb, are confirmed using numerical experiments.

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Adam, Claire Reid. "Geophysical investigations of the Western Pyrenees." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357133.

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Caulfield, C. P. "Stratification and buoyancy in geophysical flows." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386925.

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Scrobogna, Stefano. "On some models in geophysical fluids." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0601/document.

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Dans cette thèse nous étudions trois modèles décrivant la dynamique de l’écoulement d’un fluide à densité variable, dans des échelles spatio-temporelles grandes. Dans ce cadre, le mouvement relatif induit par des forces extérieures,comme la force de Coriolis ou la poussée hydrostatique, s’avère être beaucoup plus important que le mouvement intrinsèque du fluide induit par le transport des particules. Une tel déséquilibre contraint ainsi le mouvement, induisant des structures persistantes dans l’écoulement du fluide.D’un point de vue mathématique, l’une des difficultés consiste en l’étude des perturbations induites par les forces extérieures, qui se propagent à grande vitesse.Ce type d’analyse peut être effectué au moyen de plusieurs outils mathématiques ;on choisit ici d’employer des techniques caractéristiques de l’analyse de Fourier,comme l’analyse des propriétés dispersives des intégrales oscillantes.Tout au long de cette thèse, on se restreint à considérer des domaines spatiaux sans frontière : c’est le cas de l’espace entier, ou encore de l’espace périodique. Les modèles considérés sont donc les suivants: équations primitives dont les nombres de Froude et de Rossby sont comparables,et pour lesquelles la diffusion verticale est nulle, fluides stratifiés dans un régime à faible nombre de Froude, fluides faiblement compressibles et tournants dans un régime où les nombres de Mach et de Rossby sont comparables.On prouve que ces systèmes propagent globalement dans le temps des donnés peu régulières. Nous n’imposons jamais de condition de petitesse sur les données initiales. Toutefois, on prendra en compte certaines hypothèses spécifiques de régularité, lorsque des raisons techniques l’imposent
In this thesis we discuss three models describing the dynamics of density-dependent fluids in long lifes pans and on a planetary scale. In such setting the relative displacement induced by various external physical forces, such as the Coriolis force and the stratification buoyancy, is far more relevant than the intrinsic motion generated by the collision of particles of the fluid itself. Such disproportion of balance limits hence the motion, inducing persistent structures in the velocity flow.On a mathematical level one of the main difficulties relies in giving a full description of the perturbations induced by the external forces, which propagate at high speed. This analysis can be performed by the aid of several tools, we chose here to adopt techniques characteristic of harmonic analysis, such as the analysis of the dispersive properties of highly oscillating integrals.All along the thesis we consider boundary-free, three-dimensional domains, and inspecific we study only the case in which the domain in either the whole space or the periodic space . The models we consider are the following ones : primitive equations with comparable Froude and Rossby number and zero vertical diffusivity, density-dependent stratified fluids in low Froude number regime, weakly compressible and fast rotating fluid in a regime in which Mach and Rossbynumber are comparable. We prove that these systems propagate globally-in-time data with low-regularity. Nosmallness assumption is ever made, specific constructive hypothesis are assumed on the initial data when required

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35

Potts, Laramie V. "Satellite geophysical investigation of the moon /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488203857248761.

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Call, Christopher J., Arianna E. Gleason, Rennie B. Kaunda, Michael J. Meneill, Emmanuel Mkandawire, Joe D. Palmer, Barrie S. Portney, Ben K. Sternberg, Jones Tembo, and Shanda L. Wagner. "Geophysical Surveys near Fort Huachuca, Arizona." LASI Laboratory for Advanced Surface Imaging, The University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624619.

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The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has been studying the water resources in the vicinity of Fort Huachuca, Arizona. As a part of this study, they contracted an Airborne Electromagnetic (AEM) survey of the region, which was flown in 1997. During the spring semester of 2002, the University of Arizona Geophysics Field Camp class conducted Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) surveys at five locations near AEM flight lines in order to provide an independent test of the resistivity structure. We used 100 X 100 m transmitting loops. A central induction loop array was employed where the transient decay voltage after transmitter turn off was recorded in the center of the transmitter loop. The TEM data were inverted using a smooth modeling program from Zonge Engineering. The resulting apparent resistivity cross sections, in general, showed a resisitivity structure that was similar to the AEM cross sections down to the depth of the investigation of the TEM survey (approximately 200 m). The surface layers (zero to 50 meters) showed high resistivity (30 to 300 ohm-m) and deeper layers showed lower resistivities (10- 30 ohm meters). We also recorded low-induction number (LIN) EM surveys over a sink hole feature in this area. There was a pronounced conductivity high coincident with the sinkhole. Background conductivity readings were typically 10-15 mS/m and over the sinkhole feature the conductivity readings were typically 20-25 mS/m.

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Asbury, Nicholas A., Margaret E. Barker, Joan Blainey, J. Matthew Fabijanic, Nchimunya M. Hazwezwe, Thomas E. Miller, Chalwe P. Musosha, Gillian E. O’Brien, and Ben K. Sternberg. "Geophysical Surveys near Sierra Vista, Arizona." LASI Laboratory for Advanced Surface Imaging, The University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624621.

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Five different geophysical methods were used near Sierra Vista, Arizona in order to determine the presence or absence of impermeable silt-clay layers in reference to a proposed water-retention system. Geophysical investigations were conducted at Woodcutters 3 and Basin Floor 1 (both approximately one kilometer long north-south and east-west transects), and School Basin (10 meter by 50 meter area where only TEM data were collected). Magnetic, VLF, seismic, EM 31 and 34, and TEM survey data were collected on February 28th and 29th and March 20th and 21st of 2004. Magnetic and VLF surveys conducted at the Woodcutters 3 and Basin Floor 1 sites had relatively flat profiles that indicated only a few single-station anomalies with little difference between the two sites. Seismic survey data produced velocities in two-layer earth models that were similar between the two sites in the upper 5 meters, again indicating little difference between the sites. The EM 31 and 34 surveys, with depths of investigation in the 3-6 meter range, measured higher ground conductivity values in the upper 10 meters at the Woodcutters 3 site. This agreed with shallow borehole data from the Woodcutters 3 and Basin Floor 1 sites. The higher ground conductivity is indicative of higher water content, which may be due to the increased percentage of clay. For the TEM surveys, conducted at all three sites and with depths of investigations in the 0-50 meter range, it was found that a low resistivity layer at 30-50 meter depth resides at the Basin Floor 1 site. This layer is deeper than the available borehole data. At both sites the borehole data do not show definitive clay layers, making it difficult to correlate the high conductivity values with clay content percentages.

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Alam, Alaa E., Mohammed Alabkari, Ahmed Mohammed A. Albahrani, Abdulrahman M. Aljarbou, Ada R. Dominguez, Mohammed Ghallab, Khaliza Binti Khalid, et al. "Geophysical Surveys Near Tucson International Airport." LASI Laboratory for Advanced Surface Imaging, The University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624631.

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The Tucson International Airport Area (TIAA) Superfund site is an approximately ten square mile area in southeast Tucson, Pima County, Arizona in which several known contaminated water plumes have been identified, which are the result of improper disposal of industrial waste from multiple sources during the past sixty years. The most prominent of these contaminants are 1, 4-dioxane, hexavalent Chromium, and trichloroethylene (TCE), which exist in varying concentrations throughout the site. Groundwater contamination in Tucson was first identified in the 1950’s; however TIAA was not recognized as a Federal Superfund site until 1982. Since then, much work has been carried out in an attempt to fully understand and remediate the contamination in the area. This study focusses on four areas within the TIAA: Samsonite North, Aero Park Blvd South (EW line), Aero Park Blvd South (NS line), and EPA-03. Several geophysical techniques have been used to understand the subsurface structure in the area and to better understand the contamination plume and its movement. Using the Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) technique at three sites: Samsonite North, Aero Park Blvd South (NS line and EW line), and EPA-03, it was found that there was a low-resistivity region going through the EPA-03 site, two low-resistivity regions through Aero Park Blvd South (NS line), and three low-resistivity zones through Aero Park Blvd South (EW line). These channels were consistent with the overall orientation of water flow in the region which is toward the Northwest. These zones may indicate higher moisture content, and this may be caused by porous, water-filled channels passing through the sites. These zones could also indicate non-porous clay-rich regions, which would also be low resistivity. The effect of a pipeline on the measurements in the Samsonite North area made it difficult to reach any useful conclusions at this site.

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Al-senani, Haitham S., Melissa R. Cox, Vasco S. Duke, Laurel M. Duncan, Hesham El-Kaliouby, Greg L. Gandler, Scott A. Geauner, Justin Manuel, Kathy S. Powell, and Ben K. Sternberg. "Geophysical Surveys near Chino Valley, Arizona." LASI Laboratory for Advanced Surface Imaging, The University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624620.

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Four different geophysical methods were used near Chino Valley, Arizona in order to map a suspected andesite intrusive, identified as plug 15, which had originally been found using aeromagnetic data already acquired over the area. Magnetic, transient electromagnetic, seismic, and gravity measurements were collected between 3/1/2003-3/2/2003 and 3/22/2003-3/23/2003. The surveys were located near the center of section 35, township 17 North, Range 2 West, just north of Chino Valley, AZ. The magnetic and TEM surveys provided the best indication of the location and depth of the plug. The north-south spatial extent of the plug was estimated to be approximately 600 meters. The depth to the top of the plug was found from the TEM survey to be approximately 300 meters at the center of the survey. The seismic survey did not reach deep enough to find the andesite anomaly and the gravity survey did not appear to be affected by the plug. Magnetic, TEM, and seismic surveys were also performed at another site located approximately 1.25 km northeast of plug 15. The seismic survey did not reach deep enough and the magnetic survey was too short to provide a depth interpretation. The single TEM sounding measured a very high resistivity (approximately 900 ohm-m) at this site.

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Avanesians, Patrick, Giancarlo A. Daroch, John Fleming, Stephen A. Hundt, Steven C. Leake, Lujendra Ojha, Ben K. Sternberg, and David F. Wampler. "GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE TUCSON MOUNTAINS." LASI Laboratory for Advanced Surface Imaging, The University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624628.

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Transient Electromagnetic (TEM), Controlled Source Audio Magnetotellurics (CSAMT), Gravity, and Magnetic data were collected in the Tucson Mountains during the Spring semester, 2011. The goal was to investigate the extent of a low-resistivity porous sedimentary layer and faults that may form potential traps located under the surface volcanic layers, as interpreted by Lipman 1993. The sedimentary layer under the volcanics has the potential to be used for either water resources or compressed air storage to store solar energy. The results from the TEM and CSAMT surveys broadly correlated with the thickness of the volcanic layer and throw of the faults interpreted by Lipman, 1993. The gravity modeling suggested the faults may have a larger throw than what was indicated by the other methods. Because of the fundamental uncertainty in the densities to use in the modeling, it was concluded that the gravity modeling may not give as accurate a prediction of the structure in this region. For further investigation of the deep porous sedimentary layer, we suggest that TEM and CSAMT are the most effective methods.

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Johansson, Linnéa. "Modelling and interpretation of VTEM data from Soppero, Sweden." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-64879.

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The geological and geophysical knowledge about the northernmost part of Sweden has recently increased due to the Barents project, which includes acquisition of modern geophysical and geological information on behalf of the Swedish Geological Survey (SGU). During August 2013, a helicopter-borne versatile time domain electromagnetic (VTEM) survey was performed by Geotech Ltd, in the Soppero area northeast of Kiruna. From the VTEM measurements, a number of TEM anomalous zones have been identified and two of them are located south and southeast of the Lannavaara village. The main conductive features in the Lannavaara area can be explained by the presence of graphitic schist, which is spatially associated with a number of sulphide and iron oxide mineralisation occurrences. In this project, Maxwell thin sheet modelling and EM Flow conductivity-depth-imaging (CDI) software have been applied to selected anomalies in the Lannavaara area, for the purpose of extracting geometrical parameters of conductive features. This information has been used in order to confirm the structural framework of the area and evaluate the utility of VTEM measurements in this geological environment. In general, Maxwell thin sheet models of anomalies with small amplitudes show a better correlation with existing drill holes than models of anomalies with large amplitudes. The use of small amplitudes managed to confirm the structural model in the central part of the investigated area, which is an anticline. However, the use of different models and their distribution across the area is limited. Compared with Maxwell, CDIs from EM Flow provided a better way of confirming the general structural model in the area, although they include artefacts due to strong lateral gradients in conductivity. The Lannavaara area has also been investigated by VLF, Slingram and magnetic measurements and based on these data, multivariate analysis in SiroSOM reveals a strong correlation between VTEM and Slingram data, while VLF data appears to have much less or more complicated correlation with the other data sets. In summary, the results from the various software raise a question about the geological complexity in parts of the Lannavaara area, which may include multiple layers of graphitic schist, possibly expressed as smooth transitions in conductivity when represented by data from electromagnetic methods.

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Granek, Justin. "Computing geologically consistent models from geophysical data." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/39442.

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In this thesis an attempt is made to develop a methodology by which the information provided by downhole physical property logs can be leveraged to assist in the creation of constraints for the inversion of surface geophysics. I first motivate the research with an introduction to the utility of downhole physical property logging, including an overview of the diverse methods and data which can be acquired. Background information is also provided on statistical classification techniques and the UBC-GIF (University of British Columbia Geophysical Inversion Facility) inversion formulation so that the methodology can be properly understood. The introduced methodology differs from previous attempts at incorporation of a priori information since it applies statistical classification of in situ physical property measurements (as opposed to physical property values inferred from geology) as the basis for constraints. Statistical classification, combined with the iterative nature of the scheme, act to propagate the information from the downhole physical property logs through-out the model with minimum user input required. This automated approach reduces the potential for bias from unsupported constraints, while maximizing the integration of the classification results. The methodology is explained, and then demonstrated on three simple illustrative models. The results from these demonstrations are compared against unconstrained inversion, and the strengths and shortcomings of the methodology are discussed.

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Shen, Wei-Zhong. "Multichannel, multi-dimensional models for geophysical data." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26144.

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Multi-channel, multi-dimensional geophysical data models are explored in this thesis. The basic data model we develop, the one-pass, multi-channel, multi-dimensional autoregressive (OPMCTDAR) data model, describes data as the linear superposition of a causal, multi-channel, two-dimensional, deterministic AR filter with a stochastic innovation which is assumed to have minimum-variance, and to be uncorrelated and Gaussian. Two-pass and four-pass extension of this basic model (TP or FPMCTDAR) are also developed in this work as a generalization of the AR data models described by Gregotski (1989), Gregotski et al. (1991) and Jensen et al. (1990, 1993). Direct inversion for the parameters of the one-pass data model is employed in the inversion processes of two-pass and four-pass data models. Least-squares estimates of the causal AR filter coefficients are used to deconvolve original data sets to recover the assumed minimum-variance innovation process. Two-channel, two-dimensional synthetic data modelling examples are presented to prove the validity of this inversion scheme for these data models. I show that two-pass and four-pass inversion schemes extended from those of the corresponding single-channel case work for the only special cases of TP or FPMCTDAR data models. I employ two-dimensional z-transform for the mathematical derivation of the data models and the discussion on the stability of the multi-channel system functions.

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44

Mainali, Ganesh. "Monitoring of tailings dams with geophysical methods." Licentiate thesis, Luleå : Luleå university of Technology, 2006. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1757/2006/07.

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45

Wardlaw, Dennis. "GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY OF GREENWOOD CEMETERY, ORLANDO, FLORIDA." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3161.

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Advances in geophysical and remote sensing technology, specifically with ground penetrating radar (GPR) and geographic information systems (GIS), have led to increased use for archaeological research within cemeteries. Because of its non-invasive manner and high resolution of subsurface anomalies, GPR is ideal for surveying areas with marked or unmarked graves within cemeteries. Using a GIS assists cemetery research by facilitating integration of datasets and projection of spatial data. What has not been attempted to this point is systematic attempting to correlate detection rates of marked graves using a GPR with the time frame of the grave while incorporating the data within a GIS. This research project is the first to correlate rates of detection with a GPR and the age of marked graves with the data integrated into a GIS platform. Greenwood Cemetery, located in downtown Orlando, FL, was chosen for the study. A total of 1738 graves (ranging in date from 1883-2008) were surveyed with a GPR and then paired with probe data to address whether there is a correlation between rates of detection and age of the surveyed grave. Further, the correlation between the rates of geophysical detection to an independent verification by a T-bar probe and the relationship between the depth and age of the grave by decade were examined. Finally, the problem of collating the relevant survey data was addressed by using a GIS for data integration. The results of the geophysical survey show a correlation between ages of graves and rates of detection. Older graves were detected less with a GPR compared to higher detection rates of more recent graves. The results also support the utility of pairing GPR with probe data for independent verification of findings but show no relationship between ages of grave and depth of burial. Finally, the integration of the survey data to a GIS helps to address the issue of data storage and management, the accuracy of the spatial data, and the ability of the data to be viewed and queried in meaningful ways.
M.A.
Department of Anthropology
Sciences
Anthropology MA

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46

Hill, Christopher John. "Satellite laser ranging and some geophysical applications." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328388.

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Young, Andrew T. "Numerical and geophysical investigations of tunnel stability." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316427.

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Grosse, Neil G. "Image processing of Red Sea geophysical data." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308392.

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Rabae, Abdussalam. "Geophysical investigations of the Anglo-Brabant Massif." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386227.

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Ansari, Abdul-Hamid. "Geophysical investigations of the southwest British Isles." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247667.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Geophysical'

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