Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Geophysical fluid dynamics'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Geophysical fluid dynamics.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Geophysical fluid dynamics.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Khan, Sharon. "Studies in geophysical fluid dynamics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620035.
Full text
2
Hsia, Chun-Hsiung. "Bifurcation and stability in fluid dynamics and geophysical fluid dynamics." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3223038.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Mathematics, 2006."Title from dissertation home page (viewed June 28, 2007)." Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-06, Section: B, page: 3165. Adviser: Shouhong Wang.
3
Waugh, Darryn W. "Single-layer geophysical vortex dynamics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239162.
Full text
4
Delahaies, Sylvain. "Complex and contact geometry in geophysical fluid dynamics." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2008. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842763/.
Full textAbstract:
Due to its conceptual simplicity and its remarkable mathematical properties, semi-geostrophic theory has been much used for the analysis of large-scale atmospheric dynamics since its introduction by Hoskins [41] in the mid-seventies. Despite its limited accuracy, its ability to tolerate contact discontinuities within the fluid makes it a useful and elegant model for the study of subsynoptic phenomenon such as fronts and jets. In their attempt to find a suitable candidate for a model whose accuracy improves over semi-geostrophic theory while retaining its essential features, McIntyre & Roulstone [59] discovered the existence of a hyper-Kahler structure for a class of Hamiltonian balanced models. In this thesis, in the context of shallow-water dynamics, we recall the formulation of f-plane semi-geostrophic theory and the derivation of McIntyre & Roulstone balanced models firstly using a Hamiltonian framework and secondly using a multisymplectic framework. Introducing the notion of contact manifold, we propose a classification of contact transformations and a characterisation of contact transformations in terms of generating functions. We then introduce the theory of Monge-Ampere operators introduced by Lychagin [54] to study the geometric properties of the Monge-Ampere equation relating the potential vorticity to the geopotential for balanced models. Using this formalism we give a systematic derivation of hyper-Kahler and hyper-para-Kahler structures associated with symplectic nondegenerate Monge-Ampere equations and we use these structures to extend some of the properties of semi-geostrophic theory to McIntyre & Roulstone's balanced models. We discuss the application of the theory of Monge-Ampere operators to the divergence equation for shallow-water model. Finally we present semi-geostrophic theory in three dimensions, and we show how the theory of Monge-Ampere operators in R3 associates a real generalised Calabi-Yau structure to this model.
5
Lewis, Gregory M. "Double Hopf bifurcations in two geophysical fluid dynamics models." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ48653.pdf.
Full text
6
Schulz, Raphael [Verfasser]. "Spatial Asymptotic Profile in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics / Raphael Schulz." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1025821327/34.
Full text
7
Dunn, David Christopher. "Vortex interactions with topographic features in geophysical fluid dynamics." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395836.
Full text
8
Matthews, Jonathan. "The Quaternicionic structure of the Equation of Geophysical fluid Dynamics." Thesis, University of Reading, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494783.
Full text
9
Matthews, Jonathan. "The Quaternionic structure of the Equations of Geophysical fluid Dynamics." Thesis, University of Reading, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494800.
Full text
10
Fotheringham, Paul. "A numerical study of magnetic and non-magnetic geophysical fluid dynamics." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312704.
Full text
11
Higgins, Erik Tracy. "Multi-Scale Localized Perturbation Method for Geophysical Fluid Flows." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99889.
Full textAbstract:
An alternative formulation of the governing equations of a dynamical system, called the multi-scale localized perturbation method, is introduced and derived for the purpose of solving complex geophysical flow problems. Simulation variables are decomposed into background and perturbation components, then assumptions are made about the evolution of these components within the context of an environmental flow in order to close the system. Once closed, the original governing equations become a set of one-way coupled governing equations called the "delta form" of the governing equations for short, with one equation describing the evolution of the background component and the other describing the evolution of the perturbation component. One-way interaction which arises due to non-linearity in the original differential equations appears in this second equation, allowing the background fields to influence the evolution of a perturbation. Several solution methods for this system of equations are then proposed. Advantages of the delta form include the ability to specify a complex, temporally- and spatially-varying background field separate from a perturbation introduced into the system, including those created by natural or man-made sources, which enhances visualization of the perturbation as it evolves in time and space. The delta form is also shown to be a tool which can be used to simplify simulation setup. Implementation of the delta form of the incompressible URANS equations with turbulence model and scalar transport within OpenFOAM is then documented, followed by verification cases. A stratified wake collapse case in a domain containing a background shear layer is then presented, showing how complex internal gravity wave-shear layer interactions are retained and easily observed in spite of the variable decomposition. The multi-scale localized perturbation method shows promise for geophysical flow problems, particularly multi-scale simulation involving the interaction of large-scale natural flows with small-scale flows generated by man-made structures.Master of Science
Natural flows, such as those in our oceans and atmosphere, are seen everywhere and affect human life and structures to an amazing degree. Study of these complex flows requires special care be taken to ensure that mathematical equations correctly approximate them and that computers are programmed to correctly solve these equations. This is no different for researchers and engineers interested in studying how man-made flows, such as one generated by the wake of a plane, wind turbine, cruise ship, or sewage outflow pipe, interact with natural flows found around the world. These interactions may yield complex phenomena that may not otherwise be observed in the natural flows alone. The natural and artificial flows may also mix together, rendering it difficult to study just one of them. The multi-scale localized perturbation method is devised to aid in the simulation and study of the interactions between these natural and man-made flows. Well-known equations of fluid dynamics are modified so that the natural and man-made flows are separated and tracked independently, which gives researchers a clear view of the current state of a region of air or water all while retaining most, if not all, of the complex physics which may be of interest. Once the multi-scale localized perturbation method is derived, its mathematical equations are then translated into code for OpenFOAM, an open-source software toolkit designed to simulate fluid flows. This code is then tested by running simulations to provide a sanity check and verify that the new form of the equations of fluid dynamics have been programmed correctly, then another, more complicated simulation is run to showcase the benefits of the multi-scale localized perturbation method. This simulation shows some of the complex fluid phenomena that may be seen in nature, yet through the multi-scale localized perturbation method, it is easy to view where the man-made flows end and where the natural flows begin. The complex interactions between the natural flow and the artificial flow are retained in spite of separating the flow into two parts, and setting up the simulation is simplified by this separation. Potential uses of the multi-scale localized perturbation method include multi-scale simulations, where researchers simulate natural flow over a large area of land or ocean, then use this simulation data for a second, small-scale simulation which covers an area within the large-scale simulation. An example of this would be simulating wind currents across a continent to find a potential location for a wind turbine farm, then zooming in on that location and finding the optimal spacing for wind turbines at this location while using the large-scale simulation data to provide realistic wind conditions at many different heights above the ground. Overall, the multi-scale localized perturbation method has the potential to be a powerful tool for researchers whose interest is flows in the ocean and atmosphere, and how these natural flows interact with flows created by artificial means.
12
Murray, Stuart William. "Wave radiation in simple geophysical models." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7922.
Full textAbstract:
Wave radiation is an important process in many geophysical flows. In particular, it is by wave radiation that flows may adjust to a state for which the dynamics is slow. Such a state is described as “balanced”, meaning there is an approximate balance between the Coriolis force and horizontal pressure gradients, and between buoyancy and vertical pressure gradients. In this thesis, wave radiation processes relevant to these enormously complex flows are studied through the use of some highly simplified models, and a parallel aim is to develop accurate numerical techniques for doing so. This thesis is divided into three main parts. 1. We consider accurate numerical boundary conditions for various equations which support wave radiation to infinity. Particular attention is given to discretely non-reflecting boundary conditions, which are derived directly from a discretised scheme. Such a boundary condition is studied in the case of the 1-d Klein-Gordon equation. The limitations concerning the practical implementation of this scheme are explored and some possible improvements are suggested. A stability analysis is developed which yields a simple stability criterion that is useful when tuning the boundary condition. The practical use of higher-order boundary conditions for the 2-d shallow water equations is also explored; the accuracy of such a method is assessed when combined with a particular interior scheme, and an analysis based on matrix pseudospectra reveals something of the stability of such a method. 2. Large-scale atmospheric and oceanic flows are examples of systems with a wide timescale separation, determined by a small parameter. In addition they both undergo constant random forcing. The five component Lorenz-Krishnamurthy system is a system with a timescale separation controlled by a small parameter, and we employ it as a model of the forced ocean by further adding a random forcing of the slow variables, and introduce wave radiation to infinity by the addition of a dispersive PDE. The dynamics are reduced by deriving balance relations, and numerical experiments are used to assess the effects of energy radiation by fast waves. 3. We study quasimodes, which demonstrate the existence of associated Landau poles of a system. In this thesis, we consider a simple model of wave radiation that exhibits quasimodes, that allows us to derive some explicit analytical results, as opposed to physically realistic geophysical fluid systems for which such results are often unavailable, necessitating recourse to numerical techniques. The growth rates obtained for this system, which is an extension of one considered by Lamb, are confirmed using numerical experiments.
13
San, Omer. "Multiscale Modeling and Simulation of Turbulent Geophysical Flows." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28031.
Full textAbstract:
The accurate and efficient numerical simulation of geophysical flows is of great interest in numerical weather prediction and climate modeling as well as in numerous critical areas and industries, such as agriculture, construction, tourism, transportation, weather-related disaster management, and sustainable energy technologies. Oceanic and atmospheric flows display an enormous range of temporal and spatial scales, from seconds to decades and from centimeters to thousands of kilometers, respectively. Scale interactions, both spatial and temporal, are the dominant feature of all aspects of general circulation models in geophysical fluid dynamics. In this thesis, to decrease the cost for these geophysical flow computations, several types of multiscale methods were systematically developed and tested for a variety of physical settings including barotropic and stratified wind-driven large scale ocean circulation models, decaying and forced two-dimensional turbulence simulations, as well as several benchmark incompressible flow problems in two and three dimensions. The new models proposed here are based on two classes of modern multiscale methods: (i) interpolation based approaches in the context of the multigrid/multiresolution methodologies, and (ii) deconvolution based spatial filtering approaches in the context of large eddy simulation techniques. In the first case, we developed a coarse-grid projection method that uses simple interpolation schemes to go between the two components of the problem, in which the solution algorithms have different levels of complexity. In the second case, the use of approximate deconvolution closure modeling strategies was implemented for large eddy simulations of large-scale turbulent geophysical flows. The numerical assessment of these approaches showed that both the coarse-grid projection and approximate deconvolution methods could represent viable tools for computing more realistic turbulent geophysical flows that provide significant increases in accuracy and computational efficiency over conventional methods.Ph. D.
14
Scrobogna, Stefano. "On some models in geophysical fluids." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0601/document.
Full textAbstract:
Dans cette thèse nous étudions trois modèles décrivant la dynamique de l’écoulement d’un fluide à densité variable, dans des échelles spatio-temporelles grandes. Dans ce cadre, le mouvement relatif induit par des forces extérieures,comme la force de Coriolis ou la poussée hydrostatique, s’avère être beaucoup plus important que le mouvement intrinsèque du fluide induit par le transport des particules. Une tel déséquilibre contraint ainsi le mouvement, induisant des structures persistantes dans l’écoulement du fluide.D’un point de vue mathématique, l’une des difficultés consiste en l’étude des perturbations induites par les forces extérieures, qui se propagent à grande vitesse.Ce type d’analyse peut être effectué au moyen de plusieurs outils mathématiques ;on choisit ici d’employer des techniques caractéristiques de l’analyse de Fourier,comme l’analyse des propriétés dispersives des intégrales oscillantes.Tout au long de cette thèse, on se restreint à considérer des domaines spatiaux sans frontière : c’est le cas de l’espace entier, ou encore de l’espace périodique. Les modèles considérés sont donc les suivants: équations primitives dont les nombres de Froude et de Rossby sont comparables,et pour lesquelles la diffusion verticale est nulle, fluides stratifiés dans un régime à faible nombre de Froude, fluides faiblement compressibles et tournants dans un régime où les nombres de Mach et de Rossby sont comparables.On prouve que ces systèmes propagent globalement dans le temps des donnés peu régulières. Nous n’imposons jamais de condition de petitesse sur les données initiales. Toutefois, on prendra en compte certaines hypothèses spécifiques de régularité, lorsque des raisons techniques l’imposentIn this thesis we discuss three models describing the dynamics of density-dependent fluids in long lifes pans and on a planetary scale. In such setting the relative displacement induced by various external physical forces, such as the Coriolis force and the stratification buoyancy, is far more relevant than the intrinsic motion generated by the collision of particles of the fluid itself. Such disproportion of balance limits hence the motion, inducing persistent structures in the velocity flow.On a mathematical level one of the main difficulties relies in giving a full description of the perturbations induced by the external forces, which propagate at high speed. This analysis can be performed by the aid of several tools, we chose here to adopt techniques characteristic of harmonic analysis, such as the analysis of the dispersive properties of highly oscillating integrals.All along the thesis we consider boundary-free, three-dimensional domains, and inspecific we study only the case in which the domain in either the whole space or the periodic space . The models we consider are the following ones : primitive equations with comparable Froude and Rossby number and zero vertical diffusivity, density-dependent stratified fluids in low Froude number regime, weakly compressible and fast rotating fluid in a regime in which Mach and Rossbynumber are comparable. We prove that these systems propagate globally-in-time data with low-regularity. Nosmallness assumption is ever made, specific constructive hypothesis are assumed on the initial data when required
15
Blackbourn, Luke A. K. "An analytical, phenomenological and numerical study of geophysical and magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in two dimensions." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4291.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis I study a variety of two-dimensional turbulent systems using a mixed analytical, phenomenological and numerical approach. The systems under consideration are governed by the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes (2DNS), surface quasigeostrophic (SQG), alpha-turbulence and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations. The main analytical focus is on the number of degrees of freedom of a given system, defined as the least value $N$ such that all $n$-dimensional ($n$ ≥ $N$) volume elements along a given trajectory contract during the course of evolution. By equating $N$ with the number of active Fourier-space modes, that is the number of modes in the inertial range, and assuming power-law spectra in the inertial range, the scaling of $N$ with the Reynolds number $Re$ allows bounds to be put on the exponent of the spectrum. This allows the recovery of analytic results that have until now only been derived phenomenologically, such as the $k$[superscript(-5/3)] energy spectrum in the energy inertial range in SQG turbulence. Phenomenologically I study the modal interactions that control the transfer of various conserved quantities. Among other results I show that in MHD dynamo triads (those converting kinetic into magnetic energy) are associated with a direct magnetic energy flux while anti-dynamo triads (those converting magnetic into kinetic energy) are associated with an inverse magnetic energy flux. As both dynamo and anti-dynamo interacting triads are integral parts of the direct energy transfer, the anti-dynamo inverse flux partially neutralises the dynamo direct flux, arguably resulting in relatively weak direct energy transfer and giving rise to dynamo saturation. These theoretical results are backed up by high resolution numerical simulations, out of which have emerged some new results such as the suggestion that for alpha turbulence the generalised enstrophy spectra are not closely approximated by those that have been derived phenomenologically, and new theories may be needed in order to explain them.
16
Stamper, Megan Andrena. "The evolution and breakdown of submesoscale instabilities." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/277822.
Full textAbstract:
Ocean submesoscales are the subject of increasing focus in the oceanographic literature; with instrumentation now more capable of observing them in situ and numerical models now able to reach the resolution required to more fully capture them. Submesoscales are typified by horizontal spatial scales of O(1 − 10) km, vertical scales O(100) m and time-scales of O(1) day and are known to be associated with regions of high vertical velocity and vorticity. Occurring most commonly at density fronts at the ocean surface they can control mixed layer restratification and provide an important control on fluxes between the atmosphere and the deep ocean. This thesis sets out to better understand the fundamental physical processes underpinning submesoscale instabilities using a number of idealised process models. Linear stability analysis complemented by non-linear, high-resolution simulations will be used initially to explore the ways in which submesoscale instabilities in the mixed layer may compete and interact with one another. In particular, we will investigate the way in which symmetric and ageostrophic baroclinic instabilities interact when simultaneously present in a flow, with focus on the growth rates and energetic pathways of previously unexplored dynamic instabilities that arise in this paradigm; three-dimensional, mixed symmetric-baroclinic instabilities. Further, these non-linear simulations will allow us to investigate the transition to dissipative scales that can occur in the classical Eady model via a multitude of small-scale secondary instabilities that result from primary submesoscale instabilities. Finally, observational data, taken aboard the SMILES project cruise to the Southern Ocean, helps to motivate the consideration of a new dynamical paradigm; the Eady model with superimposed high amplitude barotropic jet. Non-linear simulations investigate the extent to which the addition of such a jet is capable of damping submesoscale growth. The causes of this damping are then investigated using linear analysis. With this approach eventually demonstrated as being unable to fully explain growth rate reductions, we introduce a new framework combining potential vorticity mixing by submesoscale instabilities with geostrophic adjustment, which relaxes the flow back to a geostrophic balanced state. This framework will help to explain, conceptually, how non-linear eddies control the linear stability of the flow.
17
Tabataba-Vakili, Fachreddin. "Dynamical circulation regimes in planetary (and exo-planetary) atmospheres." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0822da0e-6309-439e-b6ce-e00ff3faca75.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis, we study the effect of diurnally- and seasonally-varying forcing on the global circulation of planetary atmospheres explored within a large parameter space. This work focusses on studying the spacial and spectral energy budgets across a large range of planetary parameters as well as the momentum transfer as a response to diurnal and seasonal effects. We simulate planetary atmospheres using PUMA-GT, a simple GCM co-developed for this work, that is forced by a semi-grey two-band radiative-convective scheme, dissipated by Rayleigh friction and allows for temporally varying insolation. Our parameter regime includes the variation of the planetary rotation rate, frictional timescale in the boundary layer, the thermal inertia of the surface and the atmosphere, as well as the short-wave optical thickness. We calculate the energy transfer in Martian atmosphere to have a reference case of an atmosphere that is subject to very strong seasonal and diurnal variation. For this we present the first Lorenz energy budget calculated from reanalysis data of a non-Earth planet. A comparison between Martian and Earth atmosphere reveals a fundamentally different behaviour of the barotropic conversion term in the global mean. A significant impact of the thermal tide can be discerned in the generation of eddy kinetic energy, especially during global dust storms. Our study of seasonal variation reaffirms previous work that the equatorial super-rotating jet in the slow-rotating regime is arrested for strong seasonal variation. We find a novel explanation as to why the Titan atmosphere is able to maintain super-rotation despite strong surface seasonality; for non-zero short-wave absorption in the atmosphere the mechanism that hinders equatorial super-rotation is weakened. Diurnally-varying forcing can significantly enhance the equatorial super-rotation in cases with non-zero short-wave absorption. In our simulations this enhancement is maintained by a convergence of vertical momentum flux at the equator. Efforts to identify the atmospheric waves involved in this enhancement point towards thermally-excited gravity waves.
18
Warneford, Emma S. "The thermal shallow water equations, their quasi-geostrophic limit, and equatorial super-rotation in Jovian atmospheres." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6604fcac-afe6-4abe-8a6f-6a09de4f933f.
Full textAbstract:
Observations of Jupiter show a super-rotating (prograde) equatorial jet that has persisted for decades. Shallow water simulations run in the Jovian parameter regime reproduce the mixture of robust vortices and alternating zonal jets observed on Jupiter, but the equatorial jet is invariably sub-rotating (retrograde). Recent work has obtained super-rotating equatorial jets by extending the standard shallow water equations to relax the height field towards its mean value. This Newtonian cooling-like term is intended to model radiative cooling to space, but its addition breaks key conservation properties for mass and momentum. In this thesis the radiatively damped thermal shallow water equations are proposed as an alternative model for Jovian atmospheres. They extend standard shallow water theory by permitting horizontal variations of the thermodynamic properties of the fluid. The additional temperature equation allows a Newtonian cooling term to be included while conserving mass and momentum. Simulations reproduce equatorial jets in the correct directions for both Jupiter and Neptune (which sub-rotates). Quasi-geostrophic theory filters out rapidly moving inertia-gravity waves. A local quasi-geostrophic theory of the radiatively damped thermal shallow water equations is derived, and then extended to cover whole planets. Simulations of this global thermal quasi-geostrophic theory show the same transition, from sub- to super-rotating equatorial jets, seen in simulations of the original thermal shallow water model as the radiative time scale is decreased. Thus the mechanism responsible for setting the direction of the equatorial jet must exist within quasi-geostrophic theory. Such a mechanism is developed by calculating the competing effects of Newtonian cooling and Rayleigh friction upon the zonal mean zonal acceleration induced by equatorially trapped Rossby waves. These waves transport no momentum in the absence of dissipation. Dissipation by Newtonian cooling creates an eastward zonal mean zonal acceleration, consistent with the formation of super-rotating equatorial jets in simulations, while the corresponding acceleration is westward for dissipation by Rayleigh friction.
19
Zarroug, Moundheur. "Asymptotic methods applied to some oceanography-related problems." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-37763.
Full textAbstract:
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2010.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.
20
Wobus, Fred. "The dynamics of dense water cascades : from laboratory scales to the Arctic Ocean." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1610.
Full textAbstract:
The sinking of dense shelf waters down the continental slope (or “cascading”) contributes to oceanic water mass formation and carbon cycling. Cascading is therefore of significant importance for the global overturning circulation and thus climate. The occurrence of cascades is highly intermittent in space and time and observations of the process itself (rather than its outcomes) are scarce. Global climate models do not typically resolve cascading owing to numerical challenges concerning turbulence, mixing and faithful representation of bottom boundary layer dynamics. This work was motivated by the need to improve the representation of cascading in numerical ocean circulation models. Typical 3-D hydrostatic ocean circulation models are employed in a series of numerical experiments to investigate the process of dense water cascading in both idealised and realistic model setups. Cascading on steep bottom topography is modelled using POLCOMS, a 3-D ocean circulation model using a terrain-following s-coordinate system. The model setup is based on a laboratory experiment of a continuous dense water flow from a central source on a conical slope in a rotating tank. The descent of the dense flow as characterised by the length of the plume as a function of time is studied for a range of parameters, such as density difference, speed of rotation, flow rate and (in the model) diffusivity and viscosity. Very good agreement between the model and the laboratory results is shown in dimensional and non-dimensional variables. It is confirmed that a hydrostatic model is capable of reproducing the essential physics of cascading on a very steep slope if the model correctly resolves velocity veering in the bottom boundary layer. Experiments changing the height of the bottom Ekman layer (by changing viscosity) and modifying the plume from a 2-layer system to a stratified regime (by enhancing diapycnal diffusion) confirm previous theories, demonstrate their limitations and offer new insights into the dynamics of cascading outside of the controlled laboratory conditions. In further numerical experiments, the idealised geometry of the conical slope is retained but up-scaled to oceanic dimensions. The NEMO-SHELF model is used to study the fate of a dense water plume of similar properties to the overflow of brine-enriched shelf waters from the Storfjorden in Svalbard. The overflow plume, resulting from sea ice formation in the Storfjorden polynya, cascades into the ambient stratification resembling the predominant water masses of Fram Strait. At intermediate depths between 200-500m the plume encounters a layer of warm, saline AtlanticWater. In some years the plume ‘pierces’ the Atlantic Layer and sinks into the deep Fram Strait while in other years it remains ‘arrested’ at Atlantic Layer depths. It has been unclear what parameters control whether the plume pierces the Atlantic Layer or not. In a series of experiments we vary the salinity ‘S’ and the flow rate ‘Q’ of the simulated Storfjorden overflow to investigate both strong and weak cascading conditions. Results show that the cascading regime (piercing, arrested or ‘shaving’ - an intermediate case) can be predicted from the initial values of S and Q. In those model experiments where the initial density of the overflow water is considerably greater than of the deepest ambient water mass we find that a cascade with high initial S does not necessarily reach the bottom if Q is low. Conversely, cascades with an initial density just slightly higher than the deepest ambient layer may flow to the bottom if the flow rate Q is high. A functional relationship between S/Q and the final depth level of plume waters is explained by the flux of potential energy (arising from the introduction of dense water at shallow depth) which, in our idealised setting, represents the only energy source for downslope descent and mixing. Lastly, the influence of tides on the propagation of a dense water plume is investigated using a regional NEMO-SHELF model with realistic bathymetry, atmospheric forcing, open boundary conditions and tides. The model has 3 km horizontal resolution and 50 vertical levels in the sh-coordinate system which is specially designed to resolve bottom boundary layer processes. Tidal effects are isolated by comparing results from model runs with and without tides. A hotspot of tidally-induced horizontal diffusion leading to the lateral dispersion of the plume is identified at the southernmost headland of Spitsbergen which is in close proximity to the plume path. As a result the lighter fractions in the diluted upper layer of the plume are drawn into the shallow coastal current that carries Storfjorden water onto the Western Svalbard Shelf, while the dense bottom layer continues to sink down the slope. This bifurcation of the plume into a diluted shelf branch and a dense downslope branch is enhanced by tidally-induced shear dispersion at the headland. Tidal effects at the headland are shown to cause a net reduction in the downslope flux of Storfjorden water into deep Fram Strait. This finding contrasts previous results from observations of a dense plume on a different shelf without abrupt topography. The dispersive mechanism which is induced by the tides is identified as a mechanism by which tides may cause a relative reduction in downslope transport, thus adding to existing understanding of tidal effects on dense water overflows.
21
Zidikheri, Meelis Juma, and m. zidikheri@bom gov au. "Dynamical Subgrid-scale Parameterizations for Quasigeostrophic Flows using Direct Numerical Simulations." The Australian National University. Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, 2008. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20090108.112027.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis, parameterizations of non-linear interactions in quasigeostrophic (QG) flows for severely truncated models (STM) and Large Eddy Simulations (LES) are studied.
Firstly, using Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS), atmospheric barotropic flows over topography
are examined, and it is established that such flows exhibit multiple equilibrium states for a wide range of parameters. A STM is then constructed, consisting of the large
scale zonal flow and a topographic mode. It is shown that, qualitatively, this system behaves similarly to the DNS as far as the interaction between the zonal flow and topography
is concerned, and, in particular, exhibits multiple equilibrium states. By fitting the analytical form of the topographic stationary wave amplitude, obtained from the STM,
to the results obtained from DNS, renormalized dissipation and rotation parameters are obtained. The usage of renormalized parameters in the STM results in better quantitative
agreement with the DNS.¶
In the second type of problem, subgrid-scale parameterizations in LES are investigated with both atmospheric and oceanic parameters. This is in the context of two-level QG flows on the sphere, mostly, but not exclusively, employing a spherical harmonic triangular truncation at wavenumber 63 (T63) or higher. The methodology that is used is spectral, and is motivated by the stochastic representation of statistical closure theory, with the damping and forcing covariance, representing backscatter, determined from the statistics
of DNS. The damping and forcing covariance are formulated as 2 × 2 matrices for each wavenumber. As well as the transient subgrid tendency, the mean subgrid tendency is needed in the LES when the energy injection region is unresolved; this is also calculated from the statistics of the DNS. For comparison, a deterministic parameterization scheme consisting of 2×2 damping parameters, which are calculated from the statistics of DNS,
has been constructed. The main difference between atmospheric and oceanic flows, in this thesis, is that the atmospheric LES completely resolves the deformation scale, the energy and enstrophy injection region, and the truncation scale is spectrally distant from it, being well in the enstrophy cascade inertial range. In oceanic flows, however, the truncation scale is in the vicinity of the injection scale, at least for the parameters chosen, and is therefore not in an inertial range. A lower resolution oceanic LES at T15 is also examined, in which case the injection region is not resolved at all.¶
For atmospheric flows, it is found that, at T63, the matrix parameters are practically diagonal so that stratified atmospheric flows at these resolutions may be treated as uncoupled
layers as far as subgrid-scale parameterizations are concerned. It is also found that the damping parameters are relatively independent of the (vertical) level, but the
backscatter parameters are proportional to the subgrid flux in a given level. The stochastic
and deterministic parameterization schemes give comparably good results relative to the DNS. For oceanic flows, it is found that the full matrix structure of the parameters must be used. Furthermore, it is found that there is a strong injection of barotropic energy
from the subgrid scales, due to the unresolved, or partially resolved, baroclinic instability injection scales. It is found that the deterministic parameterization is too numerically unstable to be of use in the LES, and instead the stochastic parameterization must be used to obtain good agreement with the DNS. The subgrid tendency of the ensemble mean flow is also needed in some problems, and is found to reduce the available potential energy of
the flow.
22
Gelwick, Katrina D. "Full of Hot Air: Heat Flow at the Medicine Lake Volcano Hot Spot, Modoc County, California." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1398936533.
Full text
23
Stewart, Andrew L. "The role of the complete Coriolis force in cross-equatorial transport of abyssal ocean currents." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6bf3faff-ec7e-4d11-bdfe-c54ae9d03895.
Full textAbstract:
In studies of the ocean it has become conventional to retain only the component of the Coriolis force associated with the radial component of the Earth’s rotation vector, the so-called “traditional approximation”. We investigate the role of the “non-traditional” component of the Coriolis force, corresponding to the non-radial component of the rotation vector, in transporting abyssal waters across the equator. We first derive a non-traditional generalisation of the multi-layer shallow water equations, which describe the flow of multiple superposed layers of inviscid, incompressible fluid with constant densities over prescribed topography in a rotating frame. We derive these equations both by averaging the three-dimensional governing equations over each layer, and via Hamilton’s principle. The latter derivation guarantees that conservation laws for mass, momentum, energy and potential vorticity are preserved. Within geophysically realistic parameters, including the complete Coriolis force modifies the domain of hyperbolicity of the multi-layer equations by no more than 5%. By contrast, long linear plane waves exhibit dramatic structural changes due to reconnection of the surface and internal wave modes in the long-wave limit. We use our non-traditional shallow water equations as an idealised model of an abyssal current flowing beneath a less dense upper ocean. We focus on the Antarctic Bottom Water, which crosses the equator in the western Atlantic ocean, where the bathymetry forms an almost-westward channel. Cross-equatorial flow is strongly constrained by potential vorticity conservation, which requires fluid to acquire a large relative vorticity in order to move between hemispheres. Including the complete Coriolis force accounts for the fact that fluid crossing the equator in an eastward/westward channel experiences a smaller change in angular momentum, and therefore acquires less relative vorticity. Our analytical and numerical solutions for shallow water flow over idealised channel topography show that the non-traditional component of the Coriolis force facilitates cross-equatorial flow through an almost-westward channel.
24
Xie, Jinhan. "Wave-mean flow interactions : from nanometre to megametre scales." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10475.
Full textAbstract:
Waves, which arise when restoring forces act on small perturbations, are ubiquitous in fluids. Their counterpart, mean flows, capture the remainder of the motion and are often characterised by a slower evolution and larger scale patterns. Waves and mean flows, which are typically separated by time- or space-averaging, interact, and this interaction is central to many fluid-dynamical phenomena. Wave-mean flow interactions can be classified into dissipative interactions and non-dissipative interactions. The former is important for small-scale flows, the latter for large-scale flows. In this thesis these two kinds of interactions are studied in the context of microfluidics and geophysical applications. Viscous wave-mean flow interactions are studied in two microfluidic problems. Both are motivated by the rapidly increasing number of microfluidic devices that rely on the mean-flow generated by dissipating acoustic waves - acoustic streaming - to drive small-scale flows. The first problem concerns the effect of boundary slip on steady acoustic streaming, which we argue is important because of the high frequencies employed. By applying matched asympototics, we obtain the form of the mean flow as a function of a new non-dimensional parameter measuring the importance of the boundary slip. The second problem examined is the development of a theory applicable to experiments and devices in which rigid particles are manipulated or used as passive tracers in an acoustic wave field. Previous work obtained dynamical equations governing the mean motion of such particles in a largely heuristic way. To obtain a reliable mean dynamical equation for particles, we apply a systematic multiscale approach that captures a broad range of parameter space. Our results clarify the limits of validity of previous work and identify a new parameter regime where the motion of particles and of the surrounding fluid are coupled nonlinearly. Non-dissipative wave-mean flow interactions are studied in two geophysical fluid problems. (i) Motivated by the open question of mesoscale energy transfer in the ocean, we study the interaction between a mesoscale mean flow and near-inertial waves. By applying generalized Lagrangian mean theory, Whitham averaging and variational calculus, we obtain a Hamiltonian wave-mean flow model which combines the familiar quasi-geostrophic model with the Young & Ben Jelloul model of near-inertial waves. This research unveils a new mechanism of mesoscale energy dissipation: near-inertial waves extract energy from the mesoscale ow as their horizontal scale is reduced by differential advection and refraction so that their potential energy increases. (ii) We study the interaction between topographic waves and an unidirectional mean flow at an inertial level, that is, at the altitude where the Doppler-shifted frequency of the waves match the Coriolis parameter. This interaction can be described using linear theory, using a combination of WKB and saddle-point methods, leading to explicit expressions for the mean-flow response. These demonstrate, in particular, that this response is switched on asymptotically far downstream from the topography, in contrast to what is often assumed in parameterisation.
25
Tangarife, Tomás. "Théorie cinétique et grandes déviations en dynamique des fluides géophysiques." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1037/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse porte sur la dynamique des grandes échelles des écoulements géophysiques turbulents, en particulier sur leur organisation en écoulements parallèles orientés dans la direction est-ouest (jets zonaux). Ces structures ont la particularité d'évoluer sur des périodes beaucoup plus longues que la turbulence qui les entoure. D'autre part, on observe dans certains cas, sur ces échelles de temps longues, des transitions brutales entre différentes configurations des jets zonaux (multistabilité). L'approche proposée dans cette thèse consiste à moyenner l'effet des degrés de liberté turbulents rapides de manière à obtenir une description effective des grandes échelles spatiales de l'écoulement, en utilisant les outils de moyennisation stochastique et la théorie des grandes déviations. Ces outils permettent d'étudier à la fois les attracteurs, les fluctuations typiques et les fluctuations extrêmes de la dynamique des jets. Cela permet d'aller au-delà des approches antérieures, qui ne décrivent que le comportement moyen des jets.Le premier résultat est une équation effective pour la dynamique lente des jets, la validité de cette équation est étudiée d'un point de vue théorique, et les conséquences physiques sont discutées. De manière à décrire la statistique des évènements rares tels que les transitions brutales entre différentes configurations des jets, des outils issus de la théorie des grandes déviations sont employés. Des méthodes originales sont développées pour mettre en œuvre cette théorie, ces méthodes peuvent par exemple être appliquées à des situations de multistabilitéThis thesis deals with the dynamics of geophysical turbulent flows at large scales, more particularly their organization into east-west parallel flows (zonal jets). These structures have the particularity to evolve much slower than the surrounding turbulence. Besides, over long time scales, abrupt transitions between different configurations of zonal jets are observed in some cases (multistability). Our approach consists in averaging the effect of fast turbulent degrees of freedom in order to obtain an effective description of the large scales of the flow, using stochastic averaging and the theory of large deviations. These tools provide theattractors, the typical fluctuations and the large fluctuations of jet dynamics. This allows to go beyond previous studies, which only describe the average jet dynamics. Our first result is an effective equation for the slow dynamics of jets, the validityof this equation is studied from a theoretical point of view, and the physical consequences are discussed. In order to describe the statistics of rare events such as abrupt transitions between different jet configurations, tools from large deviation theory are employed. Original methods are developped in order to implement this theory, those methods can be applied for instance in situations of multistability
26
Woillez, Éric. "Stochastic description of rare events for complex dynamics in the Solar System." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN046/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse considère quatre systèmes physiques complexes pour lesquels il est exceptionnellement possible d’identifier des variables lentes qui contrôlent l'évolution à temps long du système complet. La séparation d'échelle de temps entre ces variables lentes et les autres variables permet d'utiliser la technique de moyennisation stochastique pour obtenir une dynamique effective pour les variables lentes. Cette thèse considère la possibilité de prédire les événements rares dans le système solaire. Nous avons étudié deux types d’événements rares. Le premier est un renversement possible de l'axe de rotation de la Terre en l'absence des effets de marée de la Lune. Le second est la désintégration de l'ensemble du système solaire interne suite à une instabilité dans l'orbite de Mercure. Pour chacun des deux problèmes, il existe des variables lentes non triviales, qui ne sont pas données par des variables physiques naturelles. La moyennisation stochastique a permis de découvrir le mécanisme physique qui conduit à ces événements rares et de donner, par une approche purement théorique, l'ordre de grandeur de la probabilité de ces phénomènes. Nous avons également montré que la déstabilisation de Mercure sur un temps inférieur à l'âge du système solaire obéit à un mécanisme d'instanton bien décrit par la théorie des grandes déviations. Le travail effectué dans cette thèse ouvre donc un nouveau champ d'action pour l'utilisation d'algorithmes de calcul d'événements rares. Nous avons utilisé pour la première fois les théorèmes de moyennisation stochastique dans le cadre de la mécanique céleste pour quantifier l'effet stochastique des astéroïdes sur la trajectoire des planètes. Enfin, une partie du travail porte sur un problème de turbulence géophysique: dans l'atmosphère de Jupiter, on peut observer des structures zonales (jets) à grande échelles évoluant beaucoup plus lentement que les tourbillons environnants. Nous montrons qu'il est pour la première fois possible d'obtenir explicitement le profil de ces jets par moyennisation des degrés de liberté turbulents rapidesThe present thesis describes four complex dynamical systems. In each system, the long-term behavior is controlled by a few number of slow variables that can be clearly identified. We show that in the limit of a large timescale separation between the slow variables and the other variables, stochastic averaging can be performed and leads to an effective dynamics for the set of slow variables. This thesis also deals with rare events predictions in the solar system. We consider two possible rare events. The first one is a very large variation of the spin axis orientation of a Moonless Earth. The second one is the disintegration of the inner solar system because of an instability in Mercury’s orbit. Both systems are controlled by non-trivial slow variables that are not given by simple physical quantities. Stochastic averaging has led to the discovery of the mechanism leading to those rare events and gives theoretical bases to compute the rare events probabilities. We also show that Mercury’s short-term destabilizations (compared to the age of the solar system) follow an instanton mechanism, and can be predicted using large deviation theory. The special algorithms devoted to the computation of rare event probabilities can thus find surprising applications in the field of celestial mechanics. We have used for the first time stochastic averaging in the field of celestial mechanics to give a relevant orders of magnitude for the long-term perturbation of planetary orbits by asteroids. A part of the work is about geophysical fluid mechanics. In Jupiter atmosphere, large scale structures (jets) can be observed, the typical time of evolution of which is much larger than that of the surrounding turbulence. We show for the first time that the mean wind velocity can be obtained explicitly by averaging the fast turbulent degrees of freedom
27
Kiss, Andrew Elek, and Andrew Kiss@anu edu au. "Dynamics of laboratory models of the wind-driven ocean circulation." The Australian National University. Research School of Earth Sciences, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20011018.115707.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents a numerical exploration of the dynamics governing
rotating flow driven by a surface stress in the " sliced cylinder " model
of Pedlosky & Greenspan (1967) and Beardsley (1969), and its close
relative, the " sliced cone " model introduced by Griffiths & Veronis
(1997). The sliced cylinder model simulates the barotropic wind-driven
circulation in a circular basin with vertical sidewalls, using a depth
gradient to mimic the effects of a gradient in Coriolis parameter. In the
sliced cone the vertical sidewalls are replaced by an azimuthally uniform
slope around the perimeter of the basin to simulate a continental slope.
Since these models can be implemented in the laboratory, their dynamics
can be explored by a complementary interplay of analysis and numerical
and laboratory experiments. ¶
In this thesis a derivation is presented of a generalised
quasigeostrophic formulation which is valid for linear and moderately
nonlinear barotropic flows over large-amplitude topography on an f-plane,
yet retains the simplicity and conservation properties of the standard
quasigeostrophic vorticity equation (which is valid only for small depth
variations). This formulation is implemented in a numerical model based
on a code developed by Page (1982) and Becker & Page (1990). ¶
The accuracy of the formulation and its implementation are confirmed by
detailed comparisons with the laboratory sliced cylinder and sliced cone
results of Griffiths (Griffiths & Kiss, 1999) and Griffiths & Veronis
(1997), respectively. The numerical model is then used to provide insight
into the dynamics responsible for the observed laboratory flows. In the
linear limit the numerical model reveals shortcomings in the sliced cone
analysis by Griffiths & Veronis (1998) in the region where the slope and
interior join, and shows that the potential vorticity is dissipated in an
extended region at the bottom of the slope rather than a localised region
at the east as suggested by Griffiths & Veronis (1997, 1998). Welander's
thermal analogy (Welander, 1968) is used to explain the linear
circulation pattern, and demonstrates that the broadly distributed
potential vorticity dissipation is due to the closure of geostrophic
contours in this geometry. ¶
The numerical results also provide insight into features of the flow at
finite Rossby number. It is demonstrated that separation of the western
boundary current in the sliced cylinder is closely associated with a
" crisis " due to excessive potential vorticity dissipation in the viscous
sublayer, rather than insufficient dissipation in the outer western
boundary current as suggested by Holland & Lin (1975) and Pedlosky
(1987). The stability boundaries in both models are refined using the
numerical results, clarifying in particular the way in which the western
boundary current instability in the sliced cone disappears at large
Rossby and/or Ekman number. A flow regime is also revealed in the sliced
cylinder in which the boundary current separates without reversed flow,
consistent with the potential vorticity " crisis " mechanism. In addition
the location of the stability boundary is determined as a function of the
aspect ratio of the sliced cylinder, which demonstrates that the flow is
stabilised in narrow basins such as those used by Beardsley (1969, 1972,
1973) and Becker & Page (1990) relative to the much wider basin used by
Griffiths & Kiss (1999). ¶
Laboratory studies of the sliced cone by Griffiths & Veronis (1997)
showed that the flow became unstable only under anticyclonic forcing. It
is shown in this thesis that the contrast between flow under cyclonic and
anticyclonic forcing is due to the combined effects of the relative
vorticity and topography in determining the shape of the potential
vorticity contours. The vorticity at the bottom of the sidewall smooths
out the potential vorticity contours under cyclonic forcing, but distorts
them into highly contorted shapes under anticyclonic forcing. In
addition, the flow is dominated by inertial boundary layers under
cyclonic forcing and by standing Rossby waves under anticyclonic forcing
due to the differing flow direction relative to the direction of Rossby
wave phase propagation. The changes to the potential vorticity structure
under strong cyclonic forcing reduce the potential vorticity changes
experienced by fluid columns, and the flow approaches a steady free
inertial circulation. In contrast, the complexity of the flow structure
under anticyclonic forcing results in strong potential vorticity changes
and also leads to barotropic instability under strong forcing. ¶
The numerical results indicate that the instabilities in both models
arise through supercritical Hopf bifurcations. The two types of
instability observed by Griffiths & Veronis (1997) in the sliced cone are
shown to be related to the western boundary current instability and
" interior instability " identified by Meacham & Berloff (1997). The
western boundary current instability is trapped at the western side of
the interior because its northward phase speed exceeds that of the
fastest interior Rossby wave with the same meridional wavenumber, as
discussed by Ierley & Young (1991). ¶
Numerical experiments with different lateral boundary conditions are also
undertaken. These show that the flow in the sliced cylinder is
dramatically altered when the free-slip boundary condition is used
instead of the no-slip condition, as expected from the work of Blandford
(1971). There is no separated jet, because the flow cannot experience a
potential vorticity " crisis " with this boundary condition, so the western
boundary current overshoots and enters the interior from the east. In
contrast, the flow in the sliced cone is identical whether no-slip,
free-slip or super-slip boundary conditions are applied to the horizontal
flow at the top of the sloping sidewall, except in the immediate vicinity
of this region. This insensitivity results from the extremely strong
topographic steering near the edge of the basin due to the vanishing
depth, which demands a balance between wind forcing and Ekman pumping on
the upper slope, regardless of the lateral boundary condition. The
sensitivity to the lateral boundary condition is related to the
importance of lateral friction in the global vorticity balance. The
integrated vorticity must vanish under the no-slip condition, so in the
sliced cylinder the overall vorticity budget is dominated by lateral
viscosity and Ekman friction is negligible. Under the free-slip condition
the Ekman friction assumes a dominant role in the dissipation, leading to
a dramatic change in the flow structure. In contrast, the much larger
depth variation in the sliced cone leads to a global vorticity balance in
which Ekman friction is always dominant, regardless of the boundary
condition.
28
Zidikheri, Meelis Juma. "Dynamical subgrid-scale parameterizations for quasigeostrophic flows using direct numerical simulations /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses, 2007. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20090108.112027/index.html.
Full text
29
Bordes, Guilhem. "Interactions non-linéaires d'ondes et tourbillons en milieu stratifié ou tournant." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00733175.
Full textAbstract:
Les ondes gravito-inertielles jouent un rôle majeur dans les échanges d'énergie globaux sur la planète. Si la génération des ondes est bien connue dans l'atmosphère et l'océan, le devenir de ces ondes au cours de leur propagation n'est pas complètement défini aujourd'hui. Ces ondes peuvent interagir de façon non-linéaire avec elles-mêmes et créer des structures de plus petite échelle qui vont se dissiper plus facilement. Ainsi, le phénomène d'instabilité paramétrique sous-harmonique (PSI), a été étudié de façon expérimentale. Nous avons effectué la première mise en évidence expérimentale de l'interaction de trois ondes planes inertielles bi-dimensionnelles, sous la forme d'une triade résonnante. Cette étude améliore en outre la compréhension de la turbulence en rotation. Les ondes internes peuvent aussi créer, ou interagir avec des écoulements lents de grande échellequi peuvent modifier la biodiversité au fond des océans. Nous avons mis en évidence une situation expérimentale à l'origine d'un tel écoulement moyen induit par les ondes et, à l'aide d'un modèle théorique simplifié, nous avons expliqué la formation de ces écoulements. Enfin, on étudie également des tourbillons en fluide stratifié pour permettre de futures études sur l'interaction d'ondes gravito-inertielles avec des tourbillons.
30
Nolan, Peter Joseph. "Experimental and Theoretical Developments in the Application of Lagrangian Coherent Structures to Geophysical Transport." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/88986.
Full textAbstract:
The transport of material in geophysical fluid flows is a problem with important implications for fields as diverse as: agriculture, aviation, human health, disaster response, and weather forecasting. Due to the unsteady nature of geophysical flows, predicting how material will be transported in these systems can often be challenging. Tools from dynamical systems theory can help to improve the prediction of material transport by revealing important transport structures. These transport structures reveal areas of the flow where fluid parcels, and thus material transported by those parcels, are likely to converge or diverge. Typically, these transport structures have been uncovered by the use of Lagrangian diagnostics. Unfortunately, calculating Lagrangian diagnostics can often be time consuming and computationally expensive.
Recently new Eulerian diagnostics have been developed. These diagnostics are faster and less expensive to compute, while still revealing important transport structures in fluid flows. Because Eulerian diagnostics are so new, there is still much about them and their connection to Lagrangian diagnostics that is unknown. This dissertation will fill in some of this gap and provide a mathematical bridge between Lagrangian and Eulerian diagnostics.
This dissertation is composed of three projects. These projects represent theoretical, numerical, and experimental advances in the understanding of Eulerian diagnostics and their relationship to Lagrangian diagnostics. The first project rigorously explores the deep mathematical relationship that exists between Eulerian and Lagrangian diagnostics. It proves that some of the new Eulerian diagnostics are the limit of Lagrangian diagnostics as integration time of the velocity field goes to zero. Using this discovery, a new Eulerian diagnostic, infinitesimal-time Lagrangian coherent structures is developed. The second project develops a methodology for estimating local Eulerian diagnostics from wind velocity data measured by a fixed-wing unmanned aircraft system (UAS) flying in circular arcs. Using a simulation environment, it is shown that the Eulerian diagnostic estimates from UAS measurements approximate the true local Eulerian diagnostics and can predict the passage of Lagrangian diagnostics. The third project applies Eulerian diagnostics to experimental data of atmospheric wind measurements. These are then compared to Eulerian diagnostics as calculated from a numerical weather simulation to look for indications of Lagrangian diagnostics.Doctor of Philosophy
How particles are moved by fluid flows, such as the oceanic currents and the atmospheric winds, is a problem with important implications for fields as diverse as: agriculture, aviation, human health, disaster response, and weather forecasting. Because these fluid flows tend to change over time, predicting how particles will be moved by these flows can often be challenging. Fortunately, mathematical tools exist which can reveal important geometric features in these flows. These geometric features can help us to visualize regions where particles are likely to come together or spread apart, as they are moved by the flow. In the past, these geometric features have been uncovered by using methods which look at the trajectories of particles in the flow. These methods are referred to as Lagrangian, in honor of the Italian mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange. Unfortunately, calculating the trajectories of particles can be a time consuming and computationally expensive process. Recently, new methods have been developed which look at how the speed of the flow changes in space. These new methods are referred to as Eulerian, in honor of the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler. These new Eulerian methods are faster and less expensive to calculate, while still revealing important geometric features within the flow. Because these Eulerian methods are so new, there is still much that we do not know about them and their connection to the older Lagrangian methods. This dissertation will fill in some of this gap and provide a mathematical bridge between these two methodologies. This dissertation is composed of three projects. These projects represent theoretical, numerical, and experimental advances in the understanding of these new Eulerian methods and their relationship to the older Lagrangian methods. The first project explores the deep mathematical relationship that exists between Eulerian and Lagrangian diagnostic tools. It mathematically proves that some of the new Eulerian diagnostics are the limit of Lagrangian diagnostics as the trajectory’s integration times is decreased to zero. Taking advantage of this discovery, a new Eulerian diagnostic is developed, called infinitesimal-time Lagrangian coherent structures. The second project develops a technique for estimating local Eulerian diagnostics using wind speed measures from a single fixed-wing unmanned aircraft system (UAS) flying in a circular path. Using computer simulations, we show that the Eulerian diagnostics as calculated from UAS measurements provide a reasonable estimate of the true local Eulerian diagnostics. Furthermore, we show that these Eulerian diagnostics can be used to estimate the local Lagrangian diagnostics. The third project applies these Eulerian diagnostics to real-world wind speed measurements. These results are then compared to Eulerian diagnostics that were calculated from a computer simulation to look for indications of Lagrangian diagnostics.
31
Ghanbarian-Alavijeh, Behzad. "Modeling Physical and Hydraulic Properties of Disordered Porous Media: Applications from Percolation Theory and Fractal Geometry." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1401380554.
Full text
32
Resseguier, Valentin. "Mixing and fluid dynamics under location uncertainty." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S004/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse concerne le développement, l'extension et l'application d'une formulation stochastique des équations de la mécanique des fluides introduite par Mémin (2014). La vitesse petite échelle, non-résolue, est modélisée au moyen d'un champ aléatoire décorrélé en temps. Cela modifie l'expression de la dérivée particulaire et donc les équations de la mécanique des fluides. Les modèles qui en découlent sont dénommés modèles sous incertitude de position. La thèse s'articulent autour de l'étude successive de modèles réduits, de versions stochastiques du transport et de l'advection à temps long d'un champ de traceur par une vitesse mal résolue. La POD est une méthode de réduction de dimension, pour EDP, rendue possible par l'utilisation d'observations. L'EDP régissant l'évolution de la vitesse du fluide est remplacée par un nombre fini d'EDOs couplées. Grâce à la modélisation sous incertitude de position et à de nouveaux estimateurs statistiques, nous avons dérivé et simulé des versions réduites, déterministe et aléatoire, de l'équation de Navier-Stokes. Après avoir obtenu des versions aléatoires de plusieurs modèles océaniques, nous avons montré numériquement que ces modèles permettaient de mieux prendre en compte les petites échelles des écoulements, tout en donnant accès à des estimés de bonne qualité des erreurs du modèle. Ils permettent par ailleurs de mieux rendre compte des évènements extrêmes, des bifurcations ainsi que des phénomènes physiques réalistes absents de certains modèles déterministes équivalents. Nous avons expliqué, démontré et quantifié mathématiquement l'apparition de petites échelles de traceur, lors de l'advection par une vitesse mal résolu. Cette quantification permet de fixer proprement des paramètres de la méthode d'advection Lagrangienne, de mieux le comprendre le phénomène de mélange et d'aider au paramétrage des simulations grande échelle en mécanique des fluidesThis thesis develops, analyzes and demonstrates several valuable applications of randomized fluid dynamics models referred to as under location uncertainty. The velocity is decomposed between large-scale components and random time-uncorrelated small-scale components. This assumption leads to a modification of the material derivative and hence of every fluid dynamics models. Through the thesis, the mixing induced by deterministic low-resolution flows is also investigated. We first applied that decomposition to reduced order models (ROM). The fluid velocity is expressed on a finite-dimensional basis and its evolution law is projected onto each of these modes. We derive two types of ROMs of Navier-Stokes equations. A deterministic LES-like model is able to stabilize ROMs and to better analyze the influence of the residual velocity on the resolved component. The random one additionally maintains the variability of stable modes and quantifies the model errors. We derive random versions of several geophysical models. We numerically study the transport under location uncertainty through a simplified one. A single realization of our model better retrieves the small-scale tracer structures than a deterministic simulation. Furthermore, a small ensemble of simulations accurately predicts and describes the extreme events, the bifurcations as well as the amplitude and the position of the ensemble errors. Another of our derived simplified model quantifies the frontolysis and the frontogenesis in the upper ocean. This thesis also studied the mixing of tracers generated by smooth fluid flows, after a finite time. We propose a simple model to describe the stretching as well as the spatial and spectral structures of advected tracers. With a toy flow but also with satellite images, we apply our model to locally and globally describe the mixing, specify the advection time and the filter width of the Lagrangian advection method, as well as the turbulent diffusivity in numerical simulations
33
Swaters, Gordon Edwin. "On the stability and propagation of barotropic modons in slowly varying media." Thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/13002210.html.
Full text
34
Grisouard, Nicolas. "Réflexions et réfractions non-linéaires d'ondes de gravité internes." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENU023.
Full textAbstract:
Étudier les ondes internes est crucial pour comprendre le mélange dans l'océan. Dans cette thèse, un attracteur d'ondes 2D est tout d'abord simulé de manière directe, appuyé par une bonne comparaison avec une expérience préexistante. Nous dérivons un modèle simple de la largeur de l'attracteur et mettons en évidence des effets non-linéaires. Nous réalisons dans une deuxième partie une étude expérimentale de la réflexion d'ondes planes sur une paroi inclinée. Les résonances prédites entre différents harmoniques n'apparaissent pas mais en revanche, un fort écoulement moyen horizontal apparaît, courbant les caractéristiques des ondes par effet Doppler. 70 à 80% du flux d'énergie incident sont dissipés ou convertis en écoulement moyen, ce dernier semblant alimenté par la dissipation des ondes. La génération d'ondes solitaires consécutive à la réflexion d'ondes sur une pycnocline est ensuite étudiée numériquement dans la troisième partie. Dans un premier temps, une étude académique, 2D est réalisée à l'aide de simulations directes. Nous montrons que des ondes solitaires de différents modes et piégées dans la pycnocline peuvent être générées. Deux critères pour comprendre la sélection d'un mode donné, l'un portant sur les différentes vitesses de phase, l'autre sur des arguments géométriques, sont définis. Ces critères sont dans un second temps comparés aux conditions du Golfe de Gascogne en été. Nous montrons qu'un rayon d'ondes internes seul ne peut générer des ondes solitaires correspondant aux observations, ce qui est corrigé en tenant compte de l'écoulement présent dans la pycnocline et indépendant du rayon d'ondes internesInternal wave studies are crucial to the understanding of deep-ocean mixing. In this thesis, we first describe a 2D direct numerical simulation of a wave attractor and validate it against pre-existing experimental data. We then propose a model for the thickness of the attractor along the direction of propagation of energy. We eventually study nonlinear effects induced by the attractor. In a second part, we describe an experimental study of the reflection of plane waves on a sloping wall. Unexpectedly, resonances between different wave harmonics are not observed. However, a horizontal mean flow is generated and the wave characteristics are curved, due to the Doppler effect. 70 to 80% of the incident energy flux is dissipated and transferred to the mean flow, the latter being seemingly generated by wave dissipation. In a third part, we perform a numerical study of the generation of internal solitary waves by an impinging wave beam. We first present direct numerical simulations of this process and show that different solitary wave modes can be excited. Criteria for the selection of a particular mode are put forward, the first one being in terms of phase speeds and the second one based on geometrical arguments. Results are compared with the configuration of the Bay of Biscay in summer. We show that a beam impinging on a thermocline initially at rest cannot generate solitary waves which features agree with oceanic observations. This can be corrected by considering the background flow around the thermocline as found in the Bay of Biscay and independent of the internal wave beam
35
Kehoe, Ryan M. "Characteristic errors in 120-H tropical cyclone track forecasts in the western North Pacific." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA432822.
Full text
36
Angeli, Cesare. "Analytical solutions for the run-up of long water waves excited by time-independent and time-dependent forcing." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21772/.
Full textAbstract:
Nello studio fisico e matematico dei maremoti, l'interazione con la costa, o problema del run-up rappresenta ancora oggi una grande sfida. Da un lato, si tratta forse del problema di maggiore urgenza, in quanto è proprio all'arrivo alla terra ferma che il
maremoto causa le maggiori perdite umane e materiali.
Dall'altro lato, la formulazione matematica del problema è particolarmente complessa ed alcune caratteristiche del fenomeno non sono ancora ben comprese.
In questa tesi viene proposto un metodo di calcolo della posizione della linea di costa in problemi bidimensionali, che suppone di poter applicare le equazioni della fluidodinamica in approssimazione di shallow water lineare. Se la prima di queste ipotesi è sempre utilizzata in questo contesto, questo non vale per la seconda. In generale il problema è non lineare e prevede condizioni al contorno mobili. Nonostante ciò, si può notare un fatto sorprendente: i problemi ai valori iniziali in formulazione lineare e non lineare producono soluzioni con gli stessi punti stazionari. Spesso l'informazione fondamentale che si vuole ottenere è l'estensione dell'area inondata, ovvero il valore massimo del run-up, che sarà previsto quindi correttamente anche in approssimazione lineare.
Sulla base di queste considerazioni, viene presentato un modello capace di prevedere l'inondazione su una spiaggia lineare dovuta ad una qualsiasi deformazione del fondale che sia piccola rispetto alla profondità locale del mare. Questo modello è quindi applicabile nel caso di terremoti e frane sottomarine in prossimità della costa. I risultati delle applicazioni sono in accordo con i principali studi analoghi presenti in letteratura. Per questo, il modello è utilizzato per alcuni casi nuovi, ovvero uno studio
della dipendenza del run-up massimo dalla magnitudo, in cui le caratteristiche della faglia sono dedotte da leggi di scala, e un nuovo semplice modello per una frana di forma
Gaussiana con parametri variabili nel tempo.
37
Morin, Vincent. "INSTABILITES ET BIFURCATIONS ASSOCIEES A LA MODELISATIONDE LA GEODYNAMO." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011484.
Full textAbstract:
Nous avons étudié à l'aide d'un modèle quasi-géostrophique la convection dans une sphère en rotation rapide en chauffage interne uniforme. Nous avons montré que dans la limite des petits nombres d'Ekman, l'action du vent zonal est de rendre l'énergie cinétique des solutions dépendante du temps dès le seuil convectif franchi (oscillations de relaxation). Nous avons aussi identifié le rôle du pompage d'Ekman pour la formation de structures en bandes dans le profil radial du vent zonal dès le seuil. La taille de ces bandes résulte d'un équilibre entre la dissipation de volume et le pompage d'Ekman.Nous avons ensuite étudié le voisinage du seuil de la bifurcation dynamo. Nous avons déterminé que pour un nombre d'Ekman (respectivement Roberts) fixé, il est possible de passer d'une bifurcation super-critique à une bifurcation sous-critique puis à un îlot en décroissant (augmentant) le nombre de Roberts (Ekman). Nous avons également mis en évidence que pour certains régimes de paramètres il peut exister des dynamos métastables. Nous avons constaté que pour un même régime de paramètres, il peut aussi exister des solutions hydrodynamiques multiples dont certaines sont dynamo et d'autres non.
38
Whitehouse, S. G. "POD-Galerkin modelling of the Martian atmosphere." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301652.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis is to seek a low-dimensional description of baroclinic instability in general, and of the Martian atmosphere in particular, where both forcing and spatial resonance are relevant to the dynamics of the system being analysed. The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) is used to determine a basis for the modal decomposition of climatic simulations of Mars, obtained by using two General Circulation Models (GCMs): (a) a simple GCM, which is an idealised model in which the meteorological primitive equations are solved on a sphere with simplified physical parameters and (b) the Martian GCM, a more realistic model in which a comprehensive range of the relevant Martian physical parameters and topography are represented. Results of these analyses are presented for a range of Martian seasons and climatic conditions. The effects of using different forms of energy norm in performing the analysis is considered, with the objective of providing analyses which represents the physically most significant components of the circulation, with optimal efficiency. Reduced low-dimensional models that replicated the full simple GCM streamfunction simulations are formulated by projecting the spherical quasi-geostrophic equations onto the PODs of the large-scale calculations. The resulting models are analysed by using a combination of solution continuation and numerical integration methods. A thorough analysis of the models reveals that a 6-D POD model is capable of reproducing the amplitude, frequency and behaviour of the leading oscillatory structures of the simple GCM, to within a 1% error. Such an excellent reproduction of the original system is shown to be due to (1) an accurate vertical formulation scheme, (2) the use of the correct norm, (3) a sufficiently high level of truncation and (4) the fact that the original system is a steady wave flow. The behaviour of the various regimes observed in the low-order models are comparable with observations from studies of large-scale waves and instabilities in planetary atmospheres, including a range of hydrodynamical experiments on baroclinic wave interactions of a stratified fluid in cylindrical containers.
39
Boschan, Alejandro. "Etude du transport et de la dispersion dans les milieux fracturés." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00171730.
Full textAbstract:
La dispersion de colorant dans des écoulements newtoniens ou rhéofluidifiants a été étudiée optiquement dans deux fractures modèles rugueuses et transparentes. L'évolution du front de déplacement est analysé en fonction du temps et de la vitesse moyenne $U$ . Pour des rugosités de parois monodisperses et distribuées aléatoirement, l'étalement du front est diffusif ($\Delta x \propto t^{0.5}$) et caractérisé par une dispersivité $l_d$. Aux faibles vitesses, $l_d \simeq$ cst: la dispersion est dominée par les fluctuations spatiales de la vitesse et est amplifiée pour les fluides rhéofluidifiants ; aux vitesses élevées, $l_d$ augmente avec $U$ à cause de la dispersion de Taylor mais plus faiblement pour les fluides rhéofluidifiants. Pour une fracture avec deux parois autoaffines complémentaires décalées perpendiculairement à $U$, des chenaux macroscopiques s'étendent sur toute la longueur de la fracture suivant $U$ : l'épaisseur globale du front augmente alors linéairement avec le temps et plus fortement dans le cas rhéofluidifiant (étalement advectif). La croissance de l'épaisseur locale du front est par contre diffusive et due à la dispersion de Taylor.
40
Grasso, Jean-Robert. "Fluides et instabilités sismiques : implications pour le comportement mécanique de la croûte supérieure." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00703292.
Full textAbstract:
Sur la base des faibles variations de contraintes poroélastiques qui sont à l'origine de la séismicité déclenchée localement par la baisse de pression du gisement de Lacq, on tente dans le chapitre 3 d'évaluer les échelles spatiales des connections fluides dans la croûte supérieure à l'aide de la migration des fronts de pression induits. Les séismes associés à la mise en eau d'une retenue artificielle (M 4-5, Monteynard, Vercors, France) permettent par exemple de cartographier des failles sismiques potentielles au sud de l'agglomération grenobloise, les séismes induits jouant alors le rôle de jauges de contrainte. Dans la région de Lacq, à l'aide de modélisations analytiques des transferts de contraintes visco-élastiques et poro-élastiques, on montre qu'on ne peut rejeter a-priori des interactions entre l'extraction du champ de Lacq, les séismes majeurs de la faille Nord-Pyrénéenne distants d'une trentaine de kilomètres, et les séismes locaux à l'aplomb du champ d'hydrocarbure. Le chapitre 4 constitue une synthèse des mécanismes d'instabilités sismiques déclenchées par les exploitations d'hydrocarbures. On isole trois classes de mécanismes de déclenchements des séismes correspondant à des types d'exploitations et à des réponses sismiques (taille-temps-espaces) bien différenciés: augmentation de pression due à l'injection de fluide; baisse de pression due à extraction de fluide, déficit de masse lors d'extraction massive. Les mécanismes de ruptures sont en accord avec les lois de contraintes effectives, et s'expliquent soit par des transferts poroélastiques soit par des compensations isostasiques. Si la sismicité induite par les extractions de fluides reste marginale par rapport au nombre de gisements exploités, la surveillance sismique fine effectuée sur les gisements montre que de nombreux petits séismes (M < 3) sont présents et permettent un suivi in-situ du comportement des réservoirs au cours de l'exploitation. Notre approche de la séismicité à l'aide des séismes induits par des activités humaines montre les limites des lois de la mécanique classique qui, si elles permettent de comprendre et d'évaluer les seuils critiques qui déclenchent les instabilités sismiques, ne peuvent expliquer ni la durée des phénomènes d'instabilités qui sont entretenus durant de nombreuses années ni la taille des instabilités sismiques (Mmax 7). Sur la base des cas mondiaux de séismicité induite on propose la notion de Systèmes Critiques Auto Organisés Induits où l'on peut observer la genèse, la pérennité et la disparition de systèmes critiques dans un contexte, proposé par ailleurs, d'état critique auto-organisé pour l'ensemble de la croûte supérieure.
41
Rogister, Yves. "Modes normaux de modèles de Terre en rotation." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00773648.
Full textAbstract:
The normal-mode spectrum of rotating Earth models is made up of the seismic modes, the rotational modes and the spectrum of the liquid core. The local equations for the infinitesimal elastic-gravitational deformation, based on a Lagrangian perturbation of a spherically-averaged Earth model using the theory of hydrostatic equilibrium, are first established. A comparison is made between this approach and the classical global angular momentum approach to Earth rotation variations. The splitting of the seismic modes by rotation and ellipticity is then computed. Numerical investigation also shows that, by changing the structure of the liquid core, the rotational modes and core spectrum interact to give rise to avoided crossings, which provide a physically plausible mechanism to explain the observed double frequency of the Chandler wobble. The analogy with other oscillatory physical systems allows for a better understanding of the avoided crossing phenomenon.
42
Bourgoin, Mickaël. "Études en magnétohydrodynamique, application à l'effet dynamo." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008302.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse étudie l'induction magnétohydrodynamique et la faisabilité expérimentale d'une dynamo par des écoulements non-contraints de fluides conducteurs à haut nombre de Reynolds magnétique (Rm). Nous considérons plus particulièrement des écoulements von Kármán de gallium (Rm<5) et de sodium (Rm<40). Des mesures de champ magnétique induit sont réalisées pour différentes configurations d'écoulement, de champ appliqué B0 et pour des valeurs croissantes de Rm. Nous interprétons ces mesures par une approche perturbative des équations MHD. Les mécanismes d'induction résultent alors d'une succession d'étapes élémentaires, où B0 induit B1 qui induit à son tour B2 et ainsi de suite. La résolution numérique de ce schéma itératif donne accès à la structure spatiale du champ induit sur l'ensemble de la gamme expérimentale de Rm. Nous pouvons ainsi interpréter des mécanismes spécifiques tels que l'effet Ω, l'effet "α" et l'expulsion. Dans l'approche mécaniste développée, une dynamo correspond à un bouclage magnétique. Ceci se ramène à un problème aux valeurs propres formellement équivalent à l'approche traditionnelle par le calcul des taux de croissance. Un bouclage "α"Ω est mis en évidence expérimentalement et numériquement. Dans les configurations étudiées, l'expulsion reste néanmoins le mécanisme le plus efficace et s'oppose à l'auto-entretien magnétique. La compétition "α"Ω-expulsion est arbitrée par la topologie de l'écoulement et par les conditions aux limites électriques. Des mécanismes d'induction spécifiques, dus à la présence d'un gradient de conductivité à la paroi ont été identifiés et observés expérimentalement. Du fait de leur très faible nombre de Prandtl magnétique les écoulements de métaux liquides étudiés sont fortement turbulents. Les fluctuations magnétiques les plus rapides peuvent être interprétées dans le cadre de la phénoménologie Kolmogorov. Le champ magnétique moyen est en revanche toujours correctement décrit par le profil moyen de l'écoulement.
43
Vidal, Valérie. "Interaction des différentes échelles de convection dans le manteau terrestre." Phd thesis, Institut de physique du globe de paris - IPGP, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009127.
Full textAbstract:
Deux approches nous ont permis d'améliorer la compréhension des modes de convection dans le manteau terrestre. Nous avons étudié expérimentalement les mouvements de fluides visqueux dans une cuve chauffée latéralement et refroidie par le dessus. La convection à petite échelle qui se développe par déstabilisation de la couche limite thermique froide, analogue de la lithosphère océanique, s'organise en présence de l'écoulement cisaillant de la tectonique des plaques. Elle prend alors la forme de rouleaux stationnaires ou de panaches, deux régimes possibles dans le cas de la Terre. L'interaction d'un panache avec la lithosphère a quant à elle été étudiée grâce à une analyse précise des observables géophysiques associées au point chaud d'Hawai'i. L'évolution temporelle des volumes du bombement et des édifices volcaniques met en évidence une importante augmentation de l'activité de ce dernier depuis 30 Ma. Le taux de production magmatique en est le meilleur indicateur.
44
Huser, Gael. "Equation d'état du fer comprimé par choc laser." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006895.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre des recherches menées sur l'équation d'état de matériaux fortement comprimés. En particulier cette étude se focalise sur le cas du fer comprimé par choc laser. Le but est alors de se rapprocher des conditions du noyau terrestre, constitué d'une graine solide entourée de fer liquide. La compréhension des phénomènes décrivant la thermodynamique du noyau et le processus de géodynamo requiert la connaissance du lieu de la courbe de fusion du fer à l'interface solide-liquide du noyau à 3,3 Mbar. Plusieurs expériences ont été menées dans ce but. Dans un premier temps, une mesure absolue de l'Hugoniot du fer a été effectuée. Vient ensuite une étude des états en détente partielle du fer dans un matériau fenêtre, le fluorure de lithium (LiF). Cette configuration permet un accès direct aux propriétés optiques du fer comprimé (réflectivité et émission propre). La mesure de la vitesse d'interface, largement dépendante des propriétés optiques du LiF comprimé, sert de jauge de pression. A l'aide d'un diagnostic de réflectivité à deux longueurs d'onde, la conductivité électrique continue du fer comprimé a été estimée et se trouve être en bon accord avec les résultats annoncés par la littérature géophysique. Le diagnostic d'émission propre a quant à lui permis d'effectuer une mesure de la température du fer en détente partielle, mettant en évidence le changement d'état solide-liquide à des pressions de l'ordre du Mbar.
45
Beyou, Sébastien. "Estimation de la vitesse des courants marins à partir de séquences d'images satellitaires." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870722.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse étudie des méthodes d'assimilation de données par filtrage particulaire à l'estimation d'écoulements fluides observés au travers de séquences d'images. Nous nous appuyons sur un filtre particulaire spécifique dont la distribution de proposition est donnée par un filtre de Kalman d'ensemble, nommé filtre de Kalman d'ensemble pondéré. Deux variations à celui-ci sont introduites et étudiées. La première consiste à utiliser un bruit dynamique (permettant de modéliser l'incertitude du modèle et de séparer les particules entre elles) dont la forme spatiale suit une loi de puissance, cohérente avec la théorie phénoménologique de la turbulence. La deuxième variation repose sur un schéma d'assimilation multi-échelles introduisant un mécanisme de raffinements successifs à partir d'observations à des échelles de plus en plus petites. Ces deux méthodes ont été testées sur des séquences synthétiques et expérimentales d'écoulements 2D incompressibles. Ces résultats montrent un gain important sur l'erreur quadratique moyenne. Elles ont ensuite été testées sur des séquences d'images satellite réelles. Sur les images réelles, une bonne cohérence temporelle est observée, ainsi qu'un bon suivi des structures de vortex. L'assimilation multi-échelles montre un gain visible sur le nombre d'échelles reconstruites. Quelques variations additionnelles sont aussi présentées et testées afin de s'affranchir de problèmes importants rencontrés dans un contexte satellitaire réel. Il s'agit notamment de la prise en compte de données manquantes sur les images de température de surface de l'océan. En dernier lieu, une expérience d'un filtre de Kalman d'ensemble pondéré avec un modèle océanique complet est présentée pour une assimilation de champs de courants de surface en mer d'Iroise, à l'embouchure de la Manche. Quelques autres pistes d'amélioration sont également esquissées et testées.
46
Young, Roland Michael Brendon. "Predictability of a laboratory analogue for planetary atmospheres." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b4f483a6-437c-4914-b94e-cb04d996b337.
Full textAbstract:
The thermally-driven rotating annulus is a laboratory experiment used to study the dynamics of planetary atmospheres under controlled and reproducible conditions. The predictability of this experiment is studied by applying the same principles used to predict the atmosphere. A forecasting system for the annulus is built using the analysis correction method for data assimilation and the breeding method for ensemble generation. The results show that a range of flow regimes with varying complexity can be accurately assimilated, predicted, and studied in this experiment. This framework is also intended to demonstrate a proof-of-concept: that the annulus could be used as a testbed for meteorological techniques under laboratory conditions. First, a regime diagram is created using numerical simulations in order to select points in parameter space to forecast, and a new chaotic flow regime is discovered within it. The two components of the framework are then used as standalone algorithms to measure predictability in the perfect model scenario and to demonstrate data assimilation. With a perfect model, regular flow regimes are found to be predictable until the end of the forecasts, and chaotic regimes are predictable over hundreds of seconds. There is a difference in the way predictability is lost between low-order chaotic regimes and high-order chaos. Analysis correction is shown to be accurate in both regular and chaotic regimes, with residual velocity errors about 3-8 times the observational error. Specific assimilation scenarios studied include information propagation from data-rich to data-poor areas, assimilation of vortex shedding observations, and assimilation over regime and rotation rate transitions. The full framework is used to predict regular and chaotic flow, verifying the forecasts against laboratory data. The steady wave forecasts perform well, and are predictable until the end of the available data. The amplitude and structural vacillation forecasts lose quality and skill by a combination of wave drift and wavenumber transition. Amplitude vacillation is predictable up to several hundred seconds ahead, and structural vacillation is predictable for a few hundred seconds.
47
Lefebvre, Gautier. "Incorporation de liquide dans un milieu granulaire : mécanismes du mélange." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01061870.
Full textAbstract:
Les milieux granulaires, secs et humides, sont omniprésents dans la nature et également dans l'industrie. Néanmoins, à ce jour la façon dont est obtenue un mélange de liquide avec un matériau granulaire est mal connue. En particulier, on ignore les mécanismes permettant de réaliser le mélange, et la physique qui les gouverne. Comment un système hétérogène avec des zones riches en liquide et d'autres sèches, aux propriétés très différentes, va-t-il évoluer ? Ce travail commence par l'étude du mécanisme d'érosion d'un milieu granulaire humide et cohésif par un écoulement sec. Une première partie traite de la dynamique de ce processus dans une géométrie de tambour tournant. Nous avons pu observer que les propriétés des liquides impliqués ont une influence particulière sur la dynamique de rupture des ponts capillaires. Par ailleurs, les fluctuations de contrainte de l'écoulement se sont révélées cruciales dans ce phénomène. La mise en œuvre de l'érosion granulaire dans une géométrie de canal incliné a permis d'observer un phénomène d'instabilité basé sur le couplage entre l'érosion et la forme de l'interface. Nous avons déterminé les conditions d'existence de cette instabilité, et détaillé la morphologie des structures créées. Enfin nous avons étudié le mécanisme d'accrétion, qui participe au transport du liquide par la création de nouveaux ponts capillaire permettant l'agglomération de grains.
48
Liu, Yurun. "Nontraditional approximation in geophysical fluid dynamics." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-05-156.
Full textAbstract:
In the conventional approach to geophysical fluid dynamics, only the horizontal components of the Coriolis force due to horizontal motions of the fluid are taken into account. All the other components of the Coriolis force, which are called the non-traditional (NT) terms, are considered to be small second order quantities and are usually dropped. This effectively simplifies the system and the nice and clean quasi-geostrophic (QG) equation can be obtained, which is widely used in analytical studies of climate systems. Interest has been drawn to the dropped terms in recent studies. It is shown that in some special cases these second order terms actually have a noticeable influence on the dynamics of the system. However, a full picture of these terms in the dynamics of the real ocean is still lacking. Here, we will start from the fundamental equations of fluid dynamics, and through careful scaling analysis conduct a detailed study of the governing equations of geophysical fluid dynamics while keeping the NT terms. We will specifically investigate the influence of these NT terms on equatorial waves, since near the equator the NT components of the Coriolis force are the most significant.text
49
Veysey, John J. "Complex fluid dynamics : from laminar to geophysical flows /." 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3243016.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-11, Section: B, page: 6465. Adviser: Nigel Goldenfeld. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 243-257). Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.
50
"Some studies on geophysical flows." Thesis, 2006. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6074264.
Full textAbstract:
In addition, the vanishing viscousity limit of the solutions for viscous lake equations with the Navier type boundary conditions is obtained for both the smooth and non-smooth initial data.The aim of the thesis is to understand the dynamics and interactions between the Ekman layer and thermal layer which are very important issues in the studies of geophysical flows. We obtain some new results on the primitive equations of the atmosphere and the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with rotating terms. We study the asymptotic limits of the solutions to the initial boundary value problem for the three dimensional primitive equations. We have constructed the asymptotic ansatz which is uniformly valid up to the boundary to derive the quasi-geostrophic equations and the corresponding boundary layer systems. These equations are also important and widely studied in the geophysical flows. The uniform convergence to the solutions for quasi-geostrophic equations is obtained rigorously.
Niu Dongjuan.
"June 2006."
Adviser: Zhouping Xin.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: B, page: 1675.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-106).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
School code: 1307.