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Academic literature on the topic 'Geomagnetic induction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Geomagnetic induction"

1

Lilley, F. E. M. "Geomagnetic induction: the study of geomagnetic induction physics." Exploration Geophysics 17, no. 1 (March 1986): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg986022.

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Trichtchenko, L., and D. H. Boteler. "Modelling of geomagnetic induction in pipelines." Annales Geophysicae 20, no. 7 (July 31, 2002): 1063–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-1063-2002.

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Abstract. Geomagnetic field variations induce telluric currents in pipelines, which modify the electrochemical conditions at the pipe/soil interface, possibly contributing to corrosion of the pipeline steel. Modelling of geomagnetic induction in pipelines can be accomplished by combining several techniques. Starting with geomagnetic field data, the geoelectric fields in the absence of the pipeline were calculated using the surface impedance derived from a layered-Earth conductivity model. The influence of the pipeline on the electric fields was then examined using an infinitely long cylinder (ILC) model. Pipe-to-soil potentials produced by the electric field induced in the pipeline were calculated using a distributed source transmission line (DSTL) model. The geomagnetic induction process is frequency dependent; therefore, the calculations are best performed in the frequency domain, using a Fourier transform to go from the original time domain magnetic data, and an inverse Fourier transform at the end of the process, to obtain the pipe-to-soil potential variation in the time domain. Examples of the model calculations are presented and compared to observations made on a long pipeline in the auroral zone.Key words. Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism (geo-magnetic induction)

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Leonov, M., and Yu Otruba. "Measurement of the difference in the geomagnetic induction between the magnetometer pillars of the geomagnetic observatory of the Ukrainian Antarctic Akademik Vernadsky station." Ukrainian Antarctic Journal, no. 1 (2021): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33275/1727-7485.1.2021.662.

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The article describes the features of measurements of spatial inhomogeneities of the geomagnetic field between the pillars of magnetometers in the measuring pavilion, which were carried out at the geomagnetic observatory of the Ukrainian Antarctic Akademik Vernadsky station in 2015. Some preliminary results of these measurements are also given. The concept of the timescaled value of the geomagnetic field induction is introduced, which is convenient for compensating for time changes of the real geomagnetic induction and bringing it to one reference level of induction. The differences in geomagnetic induction between pillars are obtained as the differences in time-scaled values of the geomagnetic induction on the pillars. The technique allows comparing long-term series of measurements of field inhomogeneities at important points in space. The main objectives are to increase the accuracy of measurements of local inhomogeneities of the geomagnetic field in the measuring pavilion of the geomagnetic observatory of the Ukrainian Antarctic Akademik Vernadsky station and to determine the differences in the geomagnetic induction between the pillars on which the magnetometer sensors are installed. Obtaining numerical values of the differences in the geomagnetic induction between the pillars as objective criteria needed to assess the accuracy of the data in the final processing of geomagnetic observatory data. The method of comparison of two series of data is used: one obtained by the scalar magnetometer installed in the observatory as a mandatory stationary device, and the other obtained during measurements with a mobile magnetometer at the desired points in space. Compensation of temporal changes of the geomagnetic field by time-scaling the measurement readings of the mobile magnetometer relative to one reference value and thus, bringing them to one selected and fixed time epoch. Special geometric scheme of mobile measurements in the space around the pillars with magnetometer sensors or at important points in space. A rough estimate of method errors. Based on the analysis of the obtained data, the efficiency of the method and its acceptable potential accuracy were confirmed. We obtained approximate numerical values of the differences in the geomagnetic field induction between the pillars on which the magnetometer sensors are installed. Further increase in the accuracy of determining these differences is possible using modern devices of high accuracy and GPS-synchronization of mobile measurements.

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Chamalaun, F. H., and P. Cunneen. "The canning basin geomagnetic induction anomaly." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 37, no. 4 (December 1990): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099008727940.

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Everett, M. E., and A. Schultz. "Geomagnetic induction in eccentrically nested spheres." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 92, no. 3-4 (December 1995): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(95)03036-6.

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Falayi, E. O., A. B. Rabiu, O. S. Bolaji, and R. S. Fayose. "Response of ionospheric disturbance dynamo and electromagnetic induction during geomagnetic storm." Canadian Journal of Physics 93, no. 10 (October 2015): 1156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2014-0461.

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During geomagnetic storms, the direct penetration of magnetospheric convection electric field and the ionospheric disturbance dynamo (IDD) take place in the ionosphere. In this paper, we studied variability of IDD and electromagnetic induction (EMI) at different latitudinal sectors during the geomagnetic storms on 7 and 8 September 2002 and 20 and 21 November 2003 with high solar wind speed due to coronal mass ejection. This investigation employs geomagnetic field components (H and Z), the geomagnetic indices (Dst, AL, and AU), solar wind speed (Vx), and interplanetary magnetic field (Bz). It was observed that the H component of geomagnetic field decreases across latitudes, and varies with Vx, Bz, Dst, AL, and AU indices throughout the difference phases of the storm. Our result demonstrated the dominance of the IDD during the nighttime compared to the daytime. This implies that neutral dynamic wind is greater at night than during the day. Higher ratio ΔZ/ΔH is observed at nighttime because of the reduction on the E region conductivity, which allowed F region electric fields to dominate.

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Ádám, A., J. Verõ, and J. Szendrõi. "Solar eclipse effect on geomagnetic induction parameters." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 11 (December 21, 2005): 3487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-3487-2005.

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Abstract. The 11 August 1999 total solar eclipse had been studied using a large array of stations in Central Europe (Bencze et al., 2005). According to the result of this study, the amplitudes of the field line resonance (FLR)-type pulsations decreased in and around the dark spot by about a factor of 2, and this decrease moved with the velocity of the dark spot in the same direction. This decrease was interpreted as a switch-off of the FLR-type pulsations, due to a change in the eigenperiod of the field line as a consequence of a change in the charged particle distribution along the field line. An effect was also found in the phase of the (magnetic or electric) perpendicular components. At the Nagycenk (NCK) observatory lying in the zone of totality, both magnetic and electric records were available. The magnetotelluric (MT) sounding curve computed by the usual method for the eclipse interval (08:00-14:00 UT) fits the previously known standard curve extremely well. During the eclipse, however, impedance values in the FLR period range were highly scattered. The scatter remained as long as the eclipse lasted. Coherence values between magnetic and electric components decreased significantly. In contrast, an earlier similar switch-off of the FLR-type activity on the same day did not cause a similar scatter, in spite of a comparably low coherence. Thus, the lack of FLR-type activity disturbed the usual MT connection between the magnetic and electric components during the eclipse. The induction vector (tipper), especially its real part, shows a clear effect of the eclipse in the FLR period range (24-29 s), too. Both at NCK and at Bad Bergzabern (BBZ, westernmost station and longest FLR period), a definite decrease in the real tipper was ascertained during the totality. The average direction of the tipper did not change. Concerning both parameters, a random effect cannot fully explain the observed phenomena. The scatter of the EM induction parameters is most likely due to the switch-off of the FLR activity. The possibility of such an effect should be considered in induction studies. Pilipenko and Fedotov (1993) supposed an opposite effect and emphasised lower quality data, if resulting from FLR-type pulsations, while we claim high quality data just from such an activity.

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Ingham, M. R. "Geomagnetic induction studies in central New Zealand." Exploration Geophysics 17, no. 1 (March 1986): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg986035.

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Parkinson, W. D. "Low Frequency Geomagnetic Variations and Induction Studies." Exploration Geophysics 24, no. 2 (June 1993): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg993145.

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Martinec, Z. "Geomagnetic induction in multiple eccentrically nested spheres." Geophysical Journal International 132, no. 1 (February 27, 2002): 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.1998.00392.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Geomagnetic induction"

1

Pulkkinen, Antti. "Geomagnetic induction during highly disturbed space weather conditions : studies of ground effects /." Helsinki : Finn. Meteorological Inst, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/goettingen/373588518.pdf.

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Bassom, A. P. "An inversion method for the geomagnetic induction problem and the stability of some fluid flows at high Reynolds numbers." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379471.

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Matandirotya, Electdom. "Measurement and modelling of geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) in power lines." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2459.

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Thesis (DTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) are currents induced in ground-based conductor networks in the Earth's surface. The GIC are driven by an electric eld induced by geomagnetic variations which are a result of time-varying magnetospheric-ionospheric currents during adverse space weather events. Several studies have shown that there is a likelihood of technological damage (the power grid) in the mid- and low-latitude regions that could be linked to GIC during some geomagnetic storms over the past solar cycles. The effects of GIC in the power system can range from temporary damage (e.g. protective relay tripping) to permanent damage (thermal transformer damage). Measurements of GIC in most substations are done on the neutral-to-ground connections of transformers using Hall-effect transducers. However, there is a need to understand the characteristics of GIC in the power lines connected to these transformers. Direct measurements of GIC in the power lines are not feasible due to the low frequencies of these currents which make current measurements using current transformers (CT) impractical. This thesis discusses two techniques that can be employed to enhance understanding GIC characteristics in mid-latitude regions. The techniques involve the measurement of GIC in a power line using differential magnetometer measurements and modelling GIC using the finite element method. Low frequency magnetometers are used to measure magnetic felds in the vicinity of the power lines and the GIC is inferred using the Biot-Savart law. A finite element model, using COMSOL-Multiphysics, is used to calculate GIC with the measured magnetic field and a realistic Earth conductivity profile as inputs. The finite element model is used for the computation of electric field associated with GIC modelling.

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McKay, Allan John. "Geoelectric fields and geomagnetically induced currents in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/639.

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This thesis investigates geo-electric fields in the United Kingdom with particular regard to Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GIC) in the Scottish Power electricity transmission network (SPTN). The joint spectral characteristics of Scottish Power GIC and Eskdalemuir magnetic observatory data are analysed, and GIC are shown to be coherent with magnetic field variations over the period range 2-1100s. A bi-variate transfer function model of the physical link between magnetic field variations and GIC demonstrates that long-period (>200s) induction makes a first order contribution to the observed GIC at one SPTN site, and dominates the response at another. Thin-sheet modelling at a period of 750s is used to explore the relative influence of three factors on the size and spatial distribution of the calculated electric field: (i) the contrast in conductance between the sea and the land; (ii) variations in conductance due to sea depth; (iii) lateral variations in conductance representative of those in the geographic area occupied by the SPTN. The modelling suggests that a `coast-only' model (i) will over-predict electric field magnitudes in the SPTN region by a factor of 2-5 in comparison with model (iii). Distortion analysis of Magnetotelluric (MT) data at a period of 750s acquired over numerous field campaigns reveal pervasive galvanic distortion of the electric field in the SPTN region. GIC transfer functions of one site are consistently interpreted as proxy MT responses, and it is shown that galvanic distortion of the electric field modifies significantly the GIC amplitude response. A prototype model of the SPTN developed by the British Geological Survey and the Finnish Meteorological Institute is used to calculate GIC. It is shown that neglect of lateral variations of conductivity may lead to false conclusions about the direction of the external electric field that maximises GIC. Time derivatives of the Eskdalemuir horizontal magnetic field are used as an index of GIC activity, and to select events which may have led to large GIC in the time period (1983-2000) prior to the monitoring of GIC by Scottish Power. Backwards-prediction using the GIC transfer functions and observatory magnetic data suggests that GIC at the Scottish Power monitoring sites have amplitudes less than approximately 30A.

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Lotz, Stefan. "Predictability of Geomagnetically Induced Currents using neural networks." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005269.

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It is a well documented fact that Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GIC’s) poses a significant threat to ground-based electric conductor networks like oil pipelines, railways and powerline networks. A study is undertaken to determine the feasibility of using artificial neural network models to predict GIC occurrence in the Southern African power grid. The magnitude of an induced current at a specific location on the Earth’s surface is directly related to the temporal derivative of the geomagnetic field (specifically its horizontal components) at that point. Hence, the focus of the problem is on the prediction of the temporal variations in the horizontal geomagnetic field (@Bx/@t and @By/@t). Artificial neural networks are used to predict @Bx/@t and @By/@t measured at Hermanus, South Africa (34.27◦ S, 19.12◦ E) with a 30 minute prediction lead time. As input parameters to the neural networks, insitu solar wind measurements made by the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite are used. The results presented here compare well with similar models developed at high-latitude locations (e.g. Sweden, Finland, Canada) where extensive GIC research has been undertaken. It is concluded that it would indeed be feasible to use a neural network model to predict GIC occurrence in the Southern African power grid, provided that GIC measurements, powerline configuration and network parameters are made available.

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Fon, Lawrence Teku. "Magnetotellurics and Geomagnetic Depth Sounding in Queensland, South Eastern Australia -Evidence for the Tasman Line?" Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B538-D.

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Poll, Helena Eva. "Automatic forward modelling of two-dimensional problems in electromagnetic induction." Thesis, 1994. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/9674.

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A finite difference algorithm for solving the forward modelling problem of geo-electromagnetic induction in two-dimensional (2D) structures has been developed in this thesis. The governing equations have been modified to solve for the anomalous field by separating out the 'host' field which is assumed to be the field generated by the one-dimensional (1D) conductivity distribution on the left hand side of the model. This was done to prevent the small anomalous fields being masked by the much larger host field due to the finite length of the computer word. One of the most important features of this program is an automatic gridding subroutine which greatly reduces the amount of time required to design a suitable grid for a model and removes the human element from such grid design. Up to 20 periods can be submitted to the model at one time and specific locations (e.g. the locations at which field data are available) can be added to the automatically generated grid. Integral boundary conditions at the surface and bottom (z = d) of the model eliminate the need to extend the grid above the earth's surface or down into the half-space underlying the model. The program has been used to perform a 2D inversion of magnetoteliuric data from a NS profile in Sardinia. The magnetoteliuric responses from two sites along this profile indicated that the structure underneath them could not be considered to be solely 2D. To examine the conductivity anomalies perpendicular to the profile indicated that are affecting the results at these two sites, 2D inversions were performed on the data to obtain their EW conductivity models. The apparent resistivity curves from the models fit the data fairly well at both sites especially at short periods. Many features of the models were in agreement with the 2D model along the profile obtained by Peruzza et al. (1990) and they also provided insight into the geological structure of the area. A study was made of the behaviour of 2D induction arrows over a buried conductivity contrast. Although the general trend of in-phase arrows is to point towards the regions of high electrical conductivity, some investigators have found small amplitude in-phase arrows that point away from these same regions. Reversals such as these, which do not behave according to the general trend, can cause confusion and erroneous interpretation of the in-phase induction arrows. Using a model with two semi-infinite conducting plates, one at the surface and one buried at a depth d in a layered half space, it was found that the period at which a reversal in the in-phase induction arrow direction occurs was a function of the apparent resistivity of the layered host. Anomalous behaviour was found in the short period in-phase arrows from which the coast effect had been removed. The problems in interpretation of such arrows was discussed. Finally a 2D inversion scheme was discussed in which a 2D forward modelling program was incorporated with a minimization routine MTNDEF. First an investigation was made into the relative merits of using the impedances ZTE, ZTM, Zave and Zeff to calculate the ID inversions that are combined to form starting models for the 2D inversions. A subsequent 2D inversion of the North American Central Plains (NACP) anomaly results in a best fit model whose responses show good agreement with the field data from 20 sites. Tests have been performed to ensure that an oversimplification of the starting model is not responsible for the lack of certain features found by other authors. It is concluded that the incorporation of these features in the model is not required in order to obtain a good fit to the field data.
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Kang, Shuguang. "Electromagnetic induction in the Nigeria Region." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/6552.

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Pu, Xing-Hua. "Three-dimensional numerical modelling of geo-electromagnetic induction phenomena." Thesis, 1994. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/9677.

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A finite difference algorithm for solving the forward modelling problem of geo-electromagnetic induction in three-dimensional structures has been developed in this thesis. Novel features of the method include the incorporation of a thin sheet of anomalous conductance at the surface of an otherwise quite general three-dimensional structure in which the anomalous region is allowed to approach two-dimensional configurations at infinity; the use of magnetic rather than the electric field components for obtaining the solution; the use of integral boundary conditions at the top and bottom of the model; and the application of new cell-integral finite difference equations to the main body of the model. The algorithm has been tested for synthetic models against results delivered by existing two and three dimensional modelling programs which are already well established. The results are found to be very satisfactory. Applications of the algorithm have been shown for two cases. First, the dependence of the induction vectors on the period ranging from 10 to 10000 s has been studied for a model with two perpendicular lateral conductivity contrasts; the directions of induction vectors vary from site to site reflecting the combined effect of the two perpendicular contrasts. In the second case, the distortion effect due to small surface inhomogeneities over a buried 2D anomaly was studied using induction vectors and difference vectors. There is evidence of mutual coupling in a certain region which invalidates a simple subtraction of the vectors to reveal the form of the buried anomaly, but elsewhere the procedure appears to be quite valid. Since surface anomalies can be simulated by an anomalous thin sheet over the general 3D structure, it is suggested that this algorithm could be very useful for testing the validity of existing schemes for impedance tensor decompositions used in MT studies when surface anomalies are thought to be distorting the real data.
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Bindoff, Nathaniel Lee. "Electromagnetic induction by oceanic sources in the Tasman Sea." Phd thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/145723.

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Books on the topic "Geomagnetic induction"

1

Voorhies, Coerte V. Steady induction effects in geomagnetism. Part 1A: Steady motional induction of geomagnetic chaos. Greenbelt, Md: Goddard Space Flight Center, 1992.

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Voorhies, Coerte V. Steady induction effects in geomagnetism. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1993.

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Mathematical methods for geo-electromagnetic induction. Taunton, Somerset, England: Research Studies Press, 1994.

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4

Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Interactive inversion of transient electromagnetic data for central-induction loop over layered earth models. [Denver, Colo.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1993.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Interactive inversion of transient electromagnetic data for central-induction loop over layered earth models. [Denver, Colo.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1993.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Interactive inversion of transient electromagnetic data for central-induction loop over layered earth models. [Denver, Colo.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1993.

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Steady Induction Effects in Geomagnetism. Part 1a: Steady Motional Induction of Geomagnetic Chaos. Independently Published, 2018.

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Steady Induction Effects in Geomagnetism. Part 1c : Geomagnetic Estimation of Steady Surficial Core Motions: Application to the Definitive Geomagnetic Reference Field Models. Independently Published, 2018.

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Steady induction effects in geomagnetism. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Geomagnetic induction"

1

Rikitake, Tsuneji, and Yoshimori Honkura. "Geomagnetic Variation of External Origin and Electromagnetic Induction." In Solid Earth Geomagnetism, 193–204. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4546-3_8.

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Pirjola, R. J., and A. T. Viljanen. "Geomagnetic Induction in the Finnish 400 KV Power System." In Environmental and Space Electromagnetics, 276–87. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68162-5_27.

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Chandrasekhar, E. "Regional Electromagnetic Induction Studies Using Long Period Geomagnetic Variations." In The Earth's Magnetic Interior, 31–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0323-0_3.

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Sun, Jin. "Toroidal-Poloidal Decompositions of Electromagnetic Green’s Functions in Geomagnetic Induction." In Handbook of Geomathematics, 921–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54551-1_66.

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Sun, Jin. "Toroidal-Poloidal Decompositions of Electromagnetic Green’s Functions in Geomagnetic Induction." In Handbook of Geomathematics, 1–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27793-1_66-5.

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Rikitake, Tsuneji, and Yoshimori Honkura. "Electromagnetic Induction in a Plane Conductor." In Solid Earth Geomagnetism, 265–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4546-3_11.

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Rikitake, Tsuneji, and Yoshimori Honkura. "Electromagnetic Induction in a Spherical Conductor." In Solid Earth Geomagnetism, 205–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4546-3_9.

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Constable, S. "Geomagnetic Induction Studies." In Treatise on Geophysics, 219–54. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53802-4.00101-9.

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Oreskes, Naomi. "The Depersonalization of Geology." In The Rejection of Continental Drift. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117325.003.0018.

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Some historians have concluded that plate tectonics caused a change in the standards of the geological community, but the shift in standards of the American scientific community was not so much the result of the development of plate tectonics as it was a larger trend that helped to cause it. Geologists consciously chose to move their discipline away from observational field studies and an inductive epistemic stance toward instrumental and laboratory measurements and a more deductive stance. This shift helps to explain why geologists felt compelled to attend to the demands of geodesists even at the expense of their own data: it was the geodesists’ data, rather than their own, that seemed to be in the vanguard of their science. Geologists at the start of the twentieth century had high hopes for their discipline, and they were not disappointed. The Carnegie Institution’s Geophysical Laboratory became one of the world’s leading locales for laboratory investigations of geological processes, and work done there inspired scientists at other American institutions. At Harvard, for example, Reginald Daly joined forces with Percy Bridgman to raise funds for a high pressure laboratory to determine the physical properties of rocks under conditions prevailing deep within the earth. The application of physics and chemistry to the earth was also advanced at the Carnegie’s Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, where scientists pursued geomagnetism, isotopic dating, and explosion seismology.’ By mid-century, the origins of igneous and metamorphic rocks had been explained, the age of the earth accurately determined, the behavior of rocks under pressure elucidated, and the nature of isostatic compensation resolved, largely through the application of instrumental and laboratory methods. Similar advances occurred in geophysics and oceanography. The work that Bowie and Field instigated in cooperation with the U.S. Navy, and that scientists at places like Wood’s Hole and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography greatly furthered, had grown by the 1950s into a fully fledged science of marine geophysics and oceanography with abundant financial and logistical backing. This work —in gravity, magnetics, bathymetry, acoustics, seismology— relied on instrumentation, much of it borrowed from physics.

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Conference papers on the topic "Geomagnetic induction"

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Babak, V. I., and I. I. Rokityansky. "Monitoring of geomagnetic induction vector." In 17th International Conference on Geoinformatics - Theoretical and Applied Aspects. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201801773.

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Arora, B. R., N. B. Trivedi, A. L. Padilha, and I. Vitorello. "Appraisal of the Electromagnetic Induction Effects on Geomagnetic Micropulsation Studies." In 5th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.299.358.

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Kamalov, Valey. "Methods for Geophysical Sensing on Submarine Cables." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.2023.w1h.1.

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We will review basic physics to establish five methods to use subsea optical fiber networks for network resiliency improvements, earthquake and tsunami early warning and climate change: i) Optical interferometry-based, ii) Optical polarization-based, iii) Coherent Rayleigh backscattering; iv) Microwave frequency fiber interferometry, and v) Faraday’s law of induction to explain correlation of voltage disturbance and the strength of the geomagnetic perturbation TeleGeography’s Interactive Submarine Cable Map. 487 global cables and 1,304 landing stations 1.3+ million km

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Qiao, Jun, Qing Liu, and Yufeng Zhang. "Design of Geomagnetic Induction Current Monitoring and Early Warning System Based on Cloud Server." In 2019 14th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea.2019.8834206.

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Arora, B. R., and E. Chandra Sekha. "Observational Evidence of the Effect of Source Field Geometry on Geomagnetic Induction in Southern India." In 3rd International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.324.1455.

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Blednov, V. A. "Method of definition of the angular components of the magnetic induction vector of the geomagnetic field on board moving ferromagnetic carriers." In Russian Airborne Geophysics and Remote Sensing, edited by Norman Harthill. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.162863.

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