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Journal articles on the topic 'Geology and the Environment'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Kodama, Kisaburo. "Special issue: Geology and environment. Basement tectonics as a framework of geologic environment." Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 100, no. 6 (1994): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.100.417.

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2

Nirei, Hisashi. "Geo-environment and environmental geology." Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 99, no. 11 (1993): 915–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.99.915.

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3

Park, Chris. "Book Review: Environmental geology: geology and the human environment." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 22, no. 4 (December 1998): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339802200410.

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4

Mein, P. "Quaternary geology and environment of China." Geobios 19, no. 4 (January 1986): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-6995(86)80014-6.

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5

Mathu, E. M., and T. C. Davies. "Geology and the environment in Kenya." Journal of African Earth Sciences 23, no. 4 (November 1996): 511–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(97)00016-x.

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6

Naiwen, Wang. "Quaternary geology and environment of China." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 59 (January 1987): 329–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(87)90095-2.

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7

Smalley, Ian. "Quaternary geology and environment of China." Quaternary Science Reviews 7, no. 1 (January 1988): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(88)90104-7.

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8

Needle, Mattathias D., Juliet G. Crider, Jacky Mooc, and John F. Akers. "Virtual field experiences in a web-based video game environment: open-ended examples of existing and fictional field sites." Geoscience Communication 5, no. 3 (September 2, 2022): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gc-5-251-2022.

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Abstract. We present two original, video-game-style field geology experiences designed to allow flexible, open-ended exploration for geologic mapping and structural geology. One simulation features the Whaleback anticline, a site in central Pennsylvania (USA), with a three-dimensional exposure of a 30 m high fold, based on a terrain model that was acquired through structure-from-motion photogrammetry. The second example is a fictional location with simplified geology, which was built with digital modeling software and inspired by the geology of northwestern Washington. Users move through the terrain, as if in the field, selecting where to make observations of the geologic structure. Additionally, these virtual field experiences provide novel visualization opportunities through tools like a geodetic compass that instantly plots data to a stereonet and a jetpack simulation, which allows the user to interrogate geologic surfaces in hard-to-reach locations. We designed the virtual field experiences in a widely used video-game-creation software and published the field simulations for access via the internet and common web browsers so that no special hardware or software is required to play. We implemented these field simulations to partially replace field and lab exercises in two different courses offered remotely through the University of Washington Department of Earth and Space Sciences, with assignments that address many of the learning goals of traditional in-person exercises. Because the virtual field experiences are open-ended, other instructors can design different exercises to meet different learning goals. While this game environment currently serves as an enhancement to remote education, this format can also augment traditional educational experiences, overcoming several challenges to accessing the field or particular outcrops and, thereby, broadening opportunities for participation and scientific collaboration.

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9

Czurda, K. A. "Geology and environment in Britain and Ireland." Engineering Geology 42, no. 1 (March 1996): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7952(96)90009-5.

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10

Neal, Colin. "Ground pollution: Environment, geology, engineering and law." Environmental Pollution 85, no. 1 (1994): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90247-x.

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11

Bursztyn, Natalie, Pejman Sajjadi, Hannah Riegel, Jiawei Huang, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Jiayan Zhao, Bart Masters, and Alexander Klippel. "Virtual strike and dip – advancing inclusive and accessible field geology." Geoscience Communication 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gc-5-29-2022.

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Abstract. Accessibility and inclusivity in field geology have become increasingly important issues to address in geoscience education and have long been set aside due to the tradition of field geology and the laborious task of making it inclusive to all. Although a popular saying among geologists is “the best geologists see the most rocks”, field trips cost money, time, and are only accessible to those who are physically able to stay outside for extended periods. With the availability of 3D block diagrams, an onslaught of virtual learning environments is becoming increasingly viable. Strike and dip is at the core of any field geologist's education and career; learning and practicing these skills is fundamental to making geologic maps and understanding the regional geology of an area. In this paper, we present the Strike and Dip virtual tool (SaD) with the objective of teaching the principles of strike and dip for geologic mapping to introductory geology students. We embedded the SaD tool into an introductory geology course and recruited 147 students to participate in the study. Participants completed two maps using the SaD tool and reported on their experiences through a questionnaire. Students generally perceived the SaD tool positively. Furthermore, some individual differences among students proved to be important contributing factors to their experiences and subjective assessments of learning. When controlling for participants' past experience with similar software, our results indicate that students highly familiar with navigating geographical software perceived the virtual environment of the tool to be significantly more realistic and easier to use compared with those with lower levels of familiarity. Our results are corroborated by a qualitative assessment of participants' feedback to two open-ended questions, highlighting both the overall effectiveness of the SaD tool and the effect of geographical software familiarity on measures of experience and learning.

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12

Alves, Carlos, and Tiago Ferreira. "Online Analyses of Terrains for Environment and Engineering Geology Studies." Proceedings 24, no. 1 (June 13, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecg2019-06222.

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13

Luo, Jin. "Research on Environment Geology Information System Based on GIS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 1242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.1242.

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With the specific cases, this paper summarizes the general process, target, framework, database logical and physical structure and various application function of environment geology information system based on GIS, in order to provide some reference for the construction of relevant system.

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14

Budiono, Kris, and Godwin Latuputty. "SUBSURFACE GEOLOGICAL CONDITION OF SEVERAL LAND COASTAL ZONE IN INDONESIA BASED ON THE GSSI GROUND PROBING RADAR (GPR) RECORD INTERPRETATION." BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGY 23, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32693/bomg.23.1.2008.6.

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The GSSI Ground Penetrating radar have been used to profile the shallow depth of subsurface geology of several area of Land Coastal zone in Indonesia Analysis of a large data base of GPR profile from natural subsurface geological condition along the land coast line have allowed identification of reflection configuration that characterize this type of sub surface geological environment. In many contamination problem, the geological information of coastal area is sparse and drill-core description only gives a limited picture of the geometry of inhomogeneties. The Ground-Probing Radar (GPR) method is a promising tool for resolving changes of physical properties in subsurface geological condition at the scale of natural inhomogeneties arising from changing lithology composition. The objective of present work are to examine whether and to what extent the characteristic lithofacies of subsurface lithology can be recognised as mapable reflection pattern on ground probing radar (GPR) reflection profiles in order to gain information about the subsurface geometry of subsurface geology in coastal area. Key word: Subsurface geology, coastal zone, Ground Probing Radar Ground probing radar produksi GSSI telah dipergunakan untuk membuat penampang geologi bawah permukaan dangkal di beberapa kawasan pantai Indonesia. Analisa data dasar penampang GPR dari geologi bawah permukaan di kawasan pantai dapat memperlihatkan konfigurasi reflector yang mencerminkan jenis lingkungan geologi bawah permukaan. Dalam masalah kontaminasi, informasi geologi di daerah pantai yang dihasilkan dari pemboran inti hanya dapat memperlihatkan gambaran yang sederhana tentang geometri ketidakseragaman. Metoda ground probing radar merupakan alat bantu yang menjanjikan untuk menanggulangi masalah sifat fisik kondisi geologi bawah permukaan pada skala ketidak seragaman yang sebenarnya dari perubahan komposisi litologi. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji sampai sejauh mana karakteristik litofasies dari litologi bawah permukaan dapat dilihat sebagai pola refleksi yang dapat dipetakan dalam penampang GPR dengan maksud untuk mendapatkan informasi geometri geologi bawah permukaan di daerah pantai. Kata kunci: Geologi bawah permukaan, zona pantai, â€œGround probing radarâ€

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15

FUJII, Yukiyasu, and Manabu TAKAHASHI. "Geology, Sedimentary Environment and Physical Properties of Berea Sandstone." Journal of the Japan Society of Engineering Geology 56, no. 3 (2015): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5110/jjseg.56.105.

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16

Bartlett, Albert Allen. "Physics, Geology, and the Environment, by Edward A. Keller." Physics Teacher 38, no. 6 (September 2000): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.1321819.

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17

WRIGHT, H. E. "The Chinese Quaternary: Quaternary Geology and Environment of China." Science 231, no. 4740 (February 21, 1986): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.231.4740.874-a.

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18

Mayomi, Ikusemoran, Didams Gideon, and Michael Abashiya. "Analysis of the Spatial Distribution of Geology and Pedologic Formations in Gombe State, North Eastern Nigeria." Journal of Geography and Geology 10, no. 1 (February 27, 2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v10n1p83.

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This paper focused on the mapping and analysis of the spatial distribution of the geology and soils in Gombe State. The ever rapid rise in population of the country has called for the need for expansion of agricultural activities which necessitates an in-depth knowledge of the spatial location of soil types for agricultural related activities. There is also the need to explore the environment for possible endowments of mineral resources which can be exploited to meet the economic demands of the populace. The soil and geology maps of Gombe State were extracted from existing soil and geology maps of Nigeria, obtained from Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)/United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)/International Soil Reference and Information Center (ISRIC) and Nigeria Geological Survey Agency (NGSA) respectively. The soil and geology types were digitized as polygon, while other important features such as LGA boundaries, state boundaries were also digitized and overlain on the two generated maps (soils and geology). The clip sub module of the ArcGIS was used to delineate each of the LGAs in both maps, that is, extraction of each LGA as well as the soil and geology units in each of the LGAs. The area in square kilometers of the soils and geology units in the entire state and in each LGA were obtained through the use of the area calculation module of the ArcGIS. The result of the study revealed that Gombe State consists of fourteen (14) geologic units. Among them, the KerriKerri which comprised of sandstone, shale and clay geologic unit covers almost half (42.75%) of the State. Limestone and Shale of the Pindiga formation which are principally used for cement making are found mainly in Funakaye LGA which is the home of Ashaka Cement. It was also found out that there are eleven soil units in the state with Nitisols almost covering half of the state. It was recommended that the generated soil and geologic maps of the State are expected to be considered for mineral exploration and crop suitability assessments in order to reduce time, cost and energy that would likely be incurred if the entire state is assessed.

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19

Akkerman, Gennady, Sergey Akkerman, Alexey Kolos, and Nikolay Kapruschenko. "Road and environment." E3S Web of Conferences 296 (2021): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129602006.

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A railway at all stages of its life cycle (design, construction, operation) interacts with the environment. The environment can be divided into two components, which, depending on the geographical location of the area and its economic development, are characterized by their regional factors. Natural: climate, relief, geology, hydrology, etc. Economic: the development of the area, the density of population and transport networks, industry, etc. The environment affects the choice of the main technical parameters of the railway, design characteristics, methods of construction and operation, and therefore, construction and operating costs. For the analysis of regional factors, a conditional parameter is adopted, the value of which changes in the same direction as the regional parameters. The regression equation between these parameters and the construction cost of 1 km of railway in the considered areas was revealed.

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20

Iwahashi, Junko, Yoshiharu Nishioka, Daisaku Kawabata, Akinobu Ando, and Hiroshi Une. "Development of an online learning environment for geography and geology using Minecraft." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-143-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The purpose of this research is to give children a geographical viewpoint, and to encourage an interest in, and awareness of, landforms and geology. We created a system based on an exploration type computer game and verified the educational effects. Moreover, we aim to reach not only the virtual aspect but we also have a goal of creating interest in the actual field. As a secondary effect, by using a computer game that attracts children’s interest, we aim to make the experience of solving issues subjective and active even if the player is a passive child, a child with little inquiry, or a child who is not adept at self-assertion. With this new approach, we also hope to interact with young generations who usually do not interact with researchers.</p><p>Many thematic maps of geography and geology are already published on the Web. They are popular among those who need to collect and view the information for some reason or with those who are interested in observing topographic maps and are interested in geology. However, in particular, the approach to children who do not have such motivation needs one more step: a mechanism to induce an inquiring mind, and a mechanism that leads to finding the information and having interest in the real field.</p><p>The platform of this research is Minecraft Education Edition (Mojang/Microsoft). Minecraft is very popular game software which has exceeded one hundred million users worldwide in recent years, and in Japan there are many elementary and junior high school student enthusiasts of Minecraft. In the game a user explores a virtual world made of cubic blocks. The blocks imitate vegetation, rock formations, and other items, and can create various puzzles. In recent years, the release of the Education Edition assumes use in classrooms.</p><p>In this research, we have constructed a virtual world tailored to a specific junior high school which teaches science classes to first grade students. First, we re-created the actual school buildings and also included the underground geologic strata based on data from boring. In addition, we created a mechanism to expand children’s imagination and knowledge about past environments which can be understood from the geological strata. We also provided checkpoints and gave challenges regarding knowledge about the formation of the land. Together with this modern world, we created ancient virtual worlds so users may understand the geological history around the school’s location.</p><p>Through the experience of this research, we were able to confirm the mechanisms for promoting motivation in children and aiding their understanding of science. It can be applied to systems other than Minecraft, and it can contribute to educational support in a wide variety of fields.</p>

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21

Nair, K. M. "Natural Resources and Environment." Gondwana Research 7, no. 2 (April 2004): 652–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70826-1.

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22

Wang, Nan, and J. F. Cao. "Environmental Geological Quality Evaluation of Shabaosi Gold Mine in Mohe City." Advanced Materials Research 280 (July 2011): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.280.242.

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This paper has studied the main environmental geology problems about the Shabaosi gold mine by the way of the data used and investigation on the spot, the system is established in accordance with the components of the geology environment and evaluate this area’s environmental geology problems.

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23

Liu, Wei Fu, Shuang Long Liu, and Hong Ying Han. "Depositional Model and Development Significance of Clastic Reservoir." Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (February 2014): 1245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.1245.

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A general geologic sedimentation model for reservoir is made by carefully analyzing the inberent essence of depositional environmentand for clastic rocks of lake basin. The basic model in the streaming environment is composed of two basic facies units: one is the waterway facie and the other is non-waterway facie. The principal characteristics of developing geology and sedimentology have been outlined. It can be commonly used in developing under-producted reserves and raising recovery ratio in the highly developed oil fields.

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24

Lemenkova, Polina. "Geophysical Mapping of Ghana Using Advanced Cartographic Tool GMT." Kartografija i geoinformacije 20, no. 36 (February 15, 2022): 16–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32909/kg.20.36.2.

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Ghana is a country exceptionally rich in geologic mineral resources with contrasting topographic relief and varied geophysical setting. This paper evaluated the geological and geophysical setting of Ghana with a special focus on the impact of the geologic setting and topography on gravity. Specifically, it assessed how variations in geology, topography, landscapes and the environment control the geophysical parameters and how these vary among the major regions of the country – the Volta Basin, Northern Plains, Ashanti-Kwahu (Kumasi) and Coastal Plains in the Accra surroundings. Previous studies utilizing traditional Geographic Information System (GIS) approaches have documented the geologic evolution of Ghana evolved as a part of the West African Craton. As a contribution to the existing research, this paper presents a regional analysis of Ghana by integrated mapping of geology, geophysics and topography of the country. The technical approach of this research focuses on utilizing the console-based scripting cartographic toolset Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) integrated with QGIS for processing and mapping the datasets: General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM-2008), gravity grids. The theoretical background is based on the geologic research of West Africa supported by high-resolution data. The paper defines a conceptual cartographic framework for integrated geologic and geophysical visualization in a regional-scale mapping project on Ghana.

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25

Centeno, Jose, Robert Finkelman, and Olle Selinus. "Medical Geology: Impacts of the Natural Environment on Public Health." Geosciences 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences6010008.

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26

Martínez-Peña, Maria Begoña, and Maria José Gil-Quílez. "Drawings as a Tool for Understanding Geology in the Environment." Journal of Geoscience Education 62, no. 4 (November 19, 2014): 701–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5408/13-001.1.

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27

Seibold, Eugen. "Geology and the environment—keynote to EUG V Symposium 11." Engineering Geology 29, no. 4 (December 1990): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(90)90062-6.

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28

McDonic, G. F. "Planning and geology." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 4, no. 1 (1987): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1987.004.01.03.

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AbstractMost of those engaged in town and country planning are aware of the importance of geology regarding their subject. Indeed there are many geologists now engaged in the planning service.There are two areas, in particular, where geological skills will be required on an increasing scale in the future. These are in mineral planning and landfill and restoration on the one hand, and countryside planning on the other.Land use planning is a political process and has as its basis the positive role of development plans and the negative constraints of development control. Development control involves the approval and refusal of planning applications by planning authorities and the Secretary of State for the Environment. Many disciplines contribute technical advice regarding planning but technical advice is just one of the factors influencing any decision since planning authorities are charged with considering all material considerations.

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29

Grogan, Dr H. "Technetium in the environment." Ore Geology Reviews 3, no. 4 (August 1988): 399–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(88)90035-2.

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30

Das, Neelam, and Raj Kumar. "Climate, Water and Environment (LIMIT-2019)." Journal of the Geological Society of India 95, no. 2 (February 2020): 216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-020-1414-3.

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31

Dean, Timothy, and Mus'ab Al Hasani. "Seismic noise in an urban environment." Leading Edge 39, no. 9 (September 2020): 639–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle39090639.1.

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The results of an experiment aimed at identifying the nature of major noise sources within an urban area are described. We found the strongest noise source to be an irrigation pump located adjacent to the geophones. The noise from the pump had a narrow bandwidth centered at 75 Hz with a duration of 5 minutes every 17 and 34 minutes during the day and night, respectively. Traffic noise was mainly restricted to between 10 and 25 Hz, with its strength decreasing between 9 p.m. and 6 a.m. Passing aircraft resulted in noise between 30 and 200 Hz lasting about 1 minute. Electrical noise was observed at the supply frequency of 50 Hz, although additional noise at 45 Hz also was observed. Given these results we recommended that acquisition within the area should be restricted to late evening or early morning, receiver locations should be selected to avoid strong localized sources of electrical and/or mechanical noise, and any cables associated with the recording system should be as short as possible (although nodal systems are preferable). If nodal systems are deployed for logistical reasons, real-time noise monitoring should be deployed to identify and avoid bursts of high-amplitude, short-duration noise.

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32

Rudnickaitė, Eugenija. "GEOLOGICAL „MUSEUM“ OF SCHOOL SURROUNDINGS: TO HELP TEACHERS." GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 9, no. 2 (September 1, 2012): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu-nse/12.9.36a.

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Year 2012 in Lithuania is announced as the Year of Museums, nevertheless the num-ber of museums and educational programs dedicated to Natural Sciences did not increase. Geosciences are very significant part of the whole complex of Natural Sciences. How-ever, geological disciplines are not included in Education Programm of Secondary Schools, therefore Museums of Geology became very important. Lithuania can not brag about a big number of geological museums, and most of them are not close enough for a class trip. Such luxury is only available mainly for schools in Vilni-us. Although, during recent years more and more geological knowledge is available at regional parks new information centers (Gražutės, Sartų, Nemuno kilpų, Ventos, etc.). It is convenient to nearby schools. But what about the rest? The idea of this article is to show, that a geological „museum“ can be found in schools surrounding environment: school yard, close by river slope, dug out quarry, by a water spring or a hill. Specific examples are presented how an unregistered user, visiting Lithuanian Geologi-cal Survey internet site (www.lgt.lt), can find enough information about his schools’ surround-ings geological structure (on the surface and underground), protected geological object (ge-otops), interesting outcrops, probable pollution sources, mineral resources, etc. Key words: museum of geology, Vilnius University, nonformal natural science educa-tion, geology, education, museum, teacher.

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Pinto, Tânia, António Guerner Dias, and Clara Vasconcelos. "Geology and Environment: A Problem-Based Learning Study in Higher Education." Geosciences 11, no. 4 (April 11, 2021): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11040173.

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We aimed to contribute to a shift in higher education teaching and learning methods by considering problem-based learning (PBL) as an approach capable of positively affecting students from a geology and environment (GE) curricular unit. In a convenience sample from a Portuguese public university, two groups of students were defined: (1) an experimental group (n = 16), to which an intervention program (IP) based on PBL was applied, and (2) a comparison group (n = 17), subjected to the traditional teaching approach. For nine weeks, students subject to the IP faced four problem scenarios about different themes. A triangulation of methods was chosen. The study involved two phases: (1) qualitative (sustained on content analysis of driving questions raised by students, registered in a monitoring sheet) and (2) quantitative (quasi-experimental study, based on data from a prior and post-test knowledge assessment). The qualitative results point to the development of more complex cognitive-level questioning skills after increasing familiarity with PBL. The data obtained in the quantitative study, which included both a “within-subjects” and a “between-subjects” design, show higher benefits in the experimental group, documenting gains in terms of scientific knowledge when using the PBL methodology.

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34

Das, Subhajyoti. "Coastal Tract of Odisha: Geology, Resources and Environment. N.K. Mahalik (Ed)." Journal of the Geological Society of India 81, no. 1 (January 2013): 142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-013-0014-x.

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35

Dong, Zhi Hong, Yong Huang Deng, and Wu Yi. "Stability Analysis of Dangerous Rock Masses." Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (October 2013): 1217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.1217.

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Dangerous rock masses in south of a city, once destroyed, it will be a threat to peoples lives and property in downstream. In this paper, distributions and morphological characteristics are analyzed on the basis of studying its geologic environment and precipitating factors of instability. And it quantitatively analyzes and valuates the stability of number 2 and 17 single dangerous rock by means of planar slide method and analysis of engineering geology respectively. Studies show that number 2 is in an unstable state and number 17 is in a stable state. Consequently, the controlling suggestions associated with practical situation of the project are presented.

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36

Bell, F. G., J. C. Cripps, M. G. Culshaw, and M. O'Hara. "Aspects of geology in planning." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 4, no. 1 (1987): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1987.004.01.01.

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AbstractThe planning of man’s environment is a complex operation which requires the interaction of many disciplines. Generally speaking, the physical development of society occurs by the implementation of a series of separate, but converging, aims which may be expressed in terms of, for instance, improvements to living conditions, public health or mobility. A development plan usually attempts to achieve these aims at minimum financial cost while reconciling many conflicting influences.So far as the use of land is concerned, since some land is inherently more suitable for some purposes than for others, there are clear cost implications in implementing a particular development plan and savings may be possible if the ground conditions are considered at an early stage. However, problems often arise with quantifying this cost due to a lack of appreciation of all the effects of a plan, including unexpected and undesirable ones.Since many natural systems pose threats to society, they should be taken into account during planning. The monetary costs may be less tangible, but security of life, disruption to production and destruction of property all reduce the well-being of society. Whether the causative hazards are the result of either planned or unplanned changes to the environment, or due to natural processes, they can only be successfully predicted or avoided if their mode of interaction with human activities is understood.In this paper the opportunity is taken to explore some of the more important geological factors which may significantly influence the planned use of land. Both natural and man-made geological hazards are considered. In addition, attention is given to the sources and interpretation of geological information in the context of planning.

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Prekopová, Marta, and Juraj Janočko. "Quantitative approach in environmental interpretations of deep-marine sediments (Dukla Unit, Western Carpathian Flysch Zone)." Geologica Carpathica 60, no. 6 (December 1, 2009): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-009-0035-y.

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Quantitative approach in environmental interpretations of deep-marine sediments (Dukla Unit, Western Carpathian Flysch Zone)In structurally complicated terranes with outcrops limited in number and extent, additional methods for interpreting depositional environments are required. Statistical analysis of bed thicknesses, in addition to conventional sedimentological analysis, is a quantitative way to refine environmental interpretations, interpretations that can be useful in predicting reservoir architecture. We analysed Paleogene deep-water sediments belonging to the Cisna, Sub-Menilite, and Menilite Formations of the Dukla Unit, Outer Carpathian Flysch Zone and, using two independent quantitative methods, tried to define their depositional environments. As a first approach we used Carlson & Grotzinger's model (2001), which suggests power law distribution of turbidite bed thicknesses. The second one is the lognormal mixture model of Talling (2001). Based on a quantitative approach, we suggest deposition of the lowermost Cisna Formation in the channel-levee environment. The overlying sediments of the Sub-Menilite Formation were deposited in a more distal, probably outer lobe environment. The uppermost Menilite Formation is interpreted as deposits from an outer lobe/basin plain environment.

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Srikantia, S. V., and N. Rajendran. "Field workshop on the Geology, Mining and Environment of the Closepet Granitoid." Journal of the Geological Society of India 82, no. 1 (July 2013): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-013-0124-5.

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de Kemp, Eric A. "Spatial agents for geological surface modelling." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 6661–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6661-2021.

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Abstract. Increased availability and use of 3D-rendered geological models have provided society with predictive capabilities, supporting natural resource assessments, hazard awareness, and infrastructure development. The Geological Survey of Canada, along with other such institutions, has been trying to standardize and operationalize this modelling practice. Knowing what is in the subsurface, however, is not an easy exercise, especially when it is difficult or impossible to sample at greater depths. Existing approaches for creating 3D geological models involve developing surface components that represent spatial geological features, horizons, faults, and folds, and then assembling them into a framework model as context for downstream property modelling applications (e.g. geophysical inversions, thermo-mechanical simulations, and fracture density models). The current challenge is to develop geologically reasonable starting framework models from regions with sparser data when we have more complicated geology. This study explores the problem of geological data sparsity and presents a new approach that may be useful to open up the logjam in modelling the more challenging terrains using an agent-based approach. Semi-autonomous software entities called spatial agents can be programmed to perform spatial and property interrogation functions, estimations and construction operations for simple graphical objects, that may be usable in building 3D geological surfaces. These surfaces form the building blocks from which full geological and topological models are built and may be useful in sparse-data environments, where ancillary or a priori information is available. Critical in developing natural domain models is the use of gradient information. Increasing the density of spatial gradient information (fabric dips, fold plunges, and local or regional trends) from geologic feature orientations (planar and linear) is the key to more accurate geologic modelling and is core to the functions of spatial agents presented herein. This study, for the first time, examines the potential use of spatial agents to increase gradient constraints in the context of the Loop project (https://loop3d.github.io/, last access: 1 October 2021) in which new complementary methods are being developed for modelling complex geology for regional applications. The spatial agent codes presented may act to densify and supplement gradient as well as on-contact control points used in LoopStructural (https://www.github.com/Loop3d/LoopStructural, last access: 1 October 2021) and Map2Loop (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4288476, de Rose et al., 2020). Spatial agents are used to represent common geological data constraints, such as interface locations and gradient geometry, and simple but topologically consistent triangulated meshes. Spatial agents can potentially be used to develop surfaces that conform to reasonable geological patterns of interest, provided that they are embedded with behaviours that are reflective of the knowledge of their geological environment. Initially, this would involve detecting simple geological constraints: locations, trajectories, and trends of geological interfaces. Local and global eigenvectors enable spatial continuity estimates, which can reflect geological trends, with rotational bias, using a quaternion implementation. Spatial interpolation of structural geology orientation data with spatial agents employs a range of simple nearest-neighbour to inverse-distance-weighted (IDW) and quaternion-based spherical linear rotation interpolation (SLERP) schemes. This simulation environment implemented in NetLogo 3D is potentially useful for complex-geology–sparse-data environments where extension, projection, and propagation functions are needed to create more realistic geological forms.

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Kooij, M. S., and G. J. Bredenkamp. "The vegetation of the north-western Orange Free State, South Africa. 1. Physical environment." Bothalia 20, no. 2 (October 17, 1990): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v20i2.929.

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The physiography, geology, soil, land types and climate of the north-western Orange Free State are described. The description provides a contextual framework for the subsequent vegetation classification.

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Shang, Min, Qiang Xu, Shu Cai Li, and Lan Xin Zhang. "Research on Engineering Geology Properties of Residual Diorite in Jinan, Shandong Province, China." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.434.

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Residual soils are weathering products of rocks that are commonly found under unsaturated conditions. Residual soil is one of special soils, and its engineering geology property is usually different because of the difference of resource rock type, the geology environment and weathering condition. By the means of analysis of the data attained by the methods of field exploration, laboratory test and testing in-situ, the physical and mechanical properties of the residual diorite in Jinan were studied deeply. It is proved that the stratigraphic section of the soil can be classified as two layers on the perpendicular direction. Considering the inhomogeneity of the residual soil mass and the widely divergence of the value of mechanics properties, the suggestion value of c, Φ , a, Es, fak were put forward for further guiding the engineering practice , on the base of physics and mechanics properties tests and the region practice experience. At the same time, it is pointed out that, at that region, the interlayer and inhomogeneity of the weathering layers should be emphasized in the process of projecting and constructing when the residual diorite acts as the foundation of the construction or one of the geologic layers.

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Blacknell, Clive. "Sandy gravel accumulation in a fluvial environment." Geological Journal 16, no. 4 (April 30, 2007): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350160407.

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Andersen, Svend Th. "History of the terrestrial environment in the Quaternary of Denmark." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 41 (November 30, 1994): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1995-41-18.

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Changes in the environment backward in time can be reconstructed by measurement of geophysical, geochemical or palaeolontological paramenters in sediment columns. Changes in the elemental spheres of the environment are forced by changes in insolation and by mutual interactions. The glacial-interglacial cycles are provoked by minima and maxima in insolation and reflect changes in biosphere and geosphere. The last summer insolation maximum in the Northern Hemisphere coincides with the beginning of the Holocene. Decreasing insolation affected the altitudes of the glacial equilibrium line and the tree line in Norway, and air humidity in Denmark. The reestablishment of deciduous woodland coincided with the temperature maximum. The introduction of agriculture caused increasing deforestation, especially in densely populated areas, where the agricultural exploitation expanded with increasing precipitation. The environment was increasingly affected by man up towards present time. The natural climate development may be changed by air pollution. Air pollution due to industrialisation is registered by increased deposition of airborne particles on bogs and in lakes, and pollution of aquatic environments by increased adduction of nutritional elements to freshwater lakes.

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Zhu, Qing Qing, Qiang Qiang Miao, and Shu Ping Jiang. "On Karst Water Inrush (Gushing) Geological Environment in Pingyang Tunnel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 1008–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.1008.

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According to Pingyang tunnel karst complex groundwater environment ,This paper carried out thorough theoretical analysis and field observation from Pingyang tunnel stratum rock properties, engineering geology, hydrogeology, the surrounding patch, runoff and drainage and the changes of surface water environment, as well as tunnel excavating. The complex formation mechanism has given in the Pingyang tunnel karst water . Some effective references had put forward for the engineering treatment, provided some valuable references for other similar underground engineering construction.

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Du, Mengran, Xiaotong Peng, Haibin Zhang, Cong Ye, Shamik Dasgupta, Jiwei Li, Jiangtao Li, et al. "Geology, environment, and life in the deepest part of the world’s oceans." Innovation 2, no. 2 (May 2021): 100109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100109.

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Tazaki, Kazue. "Special issue: Geology and environment. Microbial remediation in the earth environmental systems." Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 100, no. 6 (1994): 436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5575/geosoc.100.436.

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Jean, Jiin-Shuh, How-Ran Guo, Kim Dowling, and Rais Akhtar. "Medical Geology in Asia: Toxic materials in the environment and human diseases." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 77 (November 2013): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.09.024.

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Eittreim, Stephen L., and Marlene Noble. "Seafloor geology and natural environment of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary." Marine Geology 181, no. 1-3 (March 2002): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-3227(01)00258-4.

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Clarke, R. H. "Seabed pockmarks and seepages — impact on geology, biology and the marine environment." Marine and Petroleum Geology 6, no. 3 (August 1989): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(89)90010-x.

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Hunt, John M. "Seabed pockmarks and seepages, impact on geology,bBiology and the marine environment." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, no. 1 (January 1989): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90290-1.

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