Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Géologie profonde'
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Collet, Thierry. "Hydrodynamique d'un réservoir fissuré profond en domaine de socle : site du Cézallier (Massif central français), Programme Géologie profonde de la France." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20216.
Full textBonnay, Marianne. "Caractérisation et transfert des magmas felsiques dans la croûte moyenne à profonde : Exemple : le Mont Hay en Australie Centrale." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ62007.pdf.
Full textMarion, Eva. "Interactions croute océanique profonde-eau de mer dans les Gabbros de la zone M. A. R. K. (Mid-Altantic Ridge/ Kane fracture Zone)." Paris 6, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA066241.
Full textOsorio-Leon, Ivan-David. "Dynamiques oxiques-anoxiques dans la subsurface continentale : prédiction et contrôle sur l'altération des roches et la biomasse profonde." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Rennes (2023-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023URENB039.
Full textRedox reactions involving dissolved oxygen (DO) are the most energetic and provide a major source of energy for the deep biosphere. The ability of fractured rocks to rapidly transport oxygenated waters from the surface to depth allows for the existence of a deep oxic hydrosphere (DOH), which has been historically neglected. This thesis focuses on the origin, dynamics, and consequences of this DOH. First, we establish a conceptual framework to identify the factors controlling the reactive transport of DO at the watershed scale. We develop a water-rock interaction model to predict the depth of the DOH. This model is used to explain the occurrence of a DOH within the first 300 meters of the aquifer in the Critical Zone Observatory of Ploemeur. We investigate the δ18O of DO within the DOH to identify the distribution of biotic and abiotic processes that control the reactivity of DO in the watershed. Second, we conduct two in-situ experiments to explore the consequences of the DOH on the biogeochemical functioning of the subsurface. A reactive DO tracer test and a mineral incubation experiment are developed to study the response of, respectively, the planktonic and mineral-attached biomass to oxic and anoxic dynamics in the subsurface. This work highlights a DOH in which subsurface biogeochemical processes are sensitive to surface hydrological dynamics involving the transport of DO, thus challenging the paradigm of the deep biosphere as an inert and anoxic system
Las reacciones redox que involucran oxígeno disuelto (OD) son las más energéticas y proporcionan una fuente importante de energía para la biosfera subterránea. La capacidad de las rocas fracturadas para transportar rápidamente aguas oxigenadas desde la superficie hasta la profundidad permite la existencia de una hidrosfera óxica profunda (HOP), que históricamente ha sido ignorada. Esta tesis se centra en el origen, la dinámica y las consecuencias de esta HOP. En primer lugar, establecemos un marco conceptual para identificar los factores que controlan el transporte reactivo del OD a escala de cuenca. Desarrollamos un modelo de interacción agua-roca para predecir la profundidad de la HOP. Este modelo se utiliza para explicar la ocurrencia de una HOP dentro de los primeros 300 metros del acuífero en el Observatorio de la Zona Crítica de Ploemeur. Investigamos el δ18O del OD dentro de la HOP para identificar la distribución de los procesos bióticos y abióticos que controlan la reactividad del OD en la cuenca. En segundo lugar, realizamos dos experimentos in-situ para explorar las consecuencias de la HOP en el funcionamiento biogeoquímico del subsuelo. Se desarrolla una prueba de trazador reactivo con OD y un experimento de incubación mineral para estudiar la respuesta de la biomasa planctónica y adherida a los minerales, respectivamente, a las dinámicas óxicas y anóxicas en el subsuelo. Este trabajo destaca una HOP en la que los procesos biogeoquímicos subterráneos son sensibles a las dinámicas hidrológicas superficiales que implican el transporte de OD, desafiando así el paradigma de la biosfera profunda como un sistema inerte y anóxico
Ducassou, Emmanuelle. "Évolution du système turbiditique profond du Nil au cours du Quaternaire récent." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13263.
Full textKeita, Seny. "Comportement des gaz dans des ouvrages souterrains fermés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS385.
Full textThe deep geological repository is today considered the international reference for radioactive waste management. As part of the feasibility study for such a repository in France, an Underground Research Laboratory has been built by the French national radioactive waste management agency (Andra) in Meuse/Haute-Marne. In this context, gas exchanges and the evolution of air chemistry in underground structures - galleries, micro-tunnels (alveoli) and boreholes - need to be understood. The technological challenge is to continuously monitor a wide range of gaseous molecules at low concentrations in confined spaces. The work in this thesis concerns the behavior of gases in closed underground structures, and is part of this problematic. A gas monitoring station called "Flair soil™" has been developed for continuous, real-time, in situ monitoring of gas composition evolution in several structures, galleries and micro-tunnels in the Bure underground laboratory. The station includes two complementary gas concentration analyzers. i) a quadrupole mass spectrometer, which separates gaseous species in a gas mixture according to their mass (m) to charge (z) ratio. It can be used to monitor the evolution of several gas species, such as light hydrocarbons, noble gases, greenhouse gases, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. ii) an infrared laser spectroscope (Picarro) based on the principle of introducing a gas sample into an optical cavity and determining the optical absorbance of the sample, allowing simultaneous measurement of CO2, CO and CH4 concentrations. After several months of testing and calibration in the underground laboratory, this station was used to monitor the air in a gallery and several closed micro-tunnels. The results of monitoring gas evolution in an underground gallery over a period of 4 months have highlighted different gas evolutions according to two periods: i) a period when the galleries are ventilated and there is significant human activity (working days) and ii) a period when the galleries are not ventilated and there is no human activity (weekends, holidays and/or vacations). These observations highlight the sources and sinks of three gases (CO2, CO and CH4) in these structures. In fact, the gases can be consumed or produced by several processes occurring in the Underground Research Laboratory, such as the degassing of CO, CO2 and CH4 from the pore water in the rock, the supply by ventilation and production by human activity, the production of CO or CO2 in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, and the consumption of CO2 by the carbonation of concrete. Gas monitoring in micro-tunnels supplements information on gas exchange between rock, atmosphere and steel casing. Here, levels of a few ppm of dihydrogen produced by anoxic corrosion of the steel were detected. Monitoring gas composition in the Meuse/Haute-Marne underground laboratory reveals complex processes affecting gas species in galleries and micro-tunnels. Our results show that gas exchanges with the Callovo-Oxfordian and the materials present play an important role in understanding the overall gas balance. The cementitious materials act as a CO2 sink, while the clay rock is a source of CO2, CO and CH4. Thanks to this monitoring, the presence of CO in these underground structures has been quantified for the first time. However, we still need to refine our understanding of how this gas is produced and consumed in this context
Popescu, Irina. "Analyse des processus sédimentaires récents dans l'éventail profond du Danube (mer noire)." Brest, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BRES2012.
Full textJacquot, Thierry. "Dynamique de mise en place d'un appareil leucogranitique dans la chaîne hercynienne : le Massif d'Échassières, Allier, Massif Central Français." Nancy 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NAN10440.
Full textLecoeuvre, Aurélien. "Influence de l’altération des roches mafiques et ultramafiques sur la diversité et l’adaptation des communautés microbiennes associées." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=4669&f=29432.
Full textThe subsurface is considered as the largest habitat on Earth hosting the majority of microbial biomass and species diversity. The oceanic crust constitutes the largest aquifer of our planet where water-rocks reactions provide sources of aiotic carbon and energy from which deep microbial communities may flourish in the absence of light. In the framework of this thesis, we focused on two major subsurface hydrothermal processes, namely the aqueous alteration of crystalline basalts and the serpentinisation of peridotites, with the aim to study the influence of rock alteration on the associated microbial communities’ ecology. To this aim, microbial communities diversity and their metabolic potential were characterized for (i) the recently discovered serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal field, namely the Old City hydrothermal field (OCHF), located on the eastern region of the ultraslow southwest Indian ridge (SWIR) and (ii) a basaltic aquifer influenced by anthropogenic gas injections at Hellisheiði, Iceland. Metagenomic approaches revealed that microbial diversity and metabolisms at OCHF depend on the relative influences of serpentinization-derived fluids and seawater. Moreover, our results suggested strong heterogeneities within and between hydrothermal vents, likely due to diffuse hydrothermal fluid venting. In these vents, the microbial niches are potentially partitioned at the microscale according to the relative contribution of serpentinization derived hydrothermal fluids and seawater, hence providing different pools of nutrients. A major outcome of this thesis is that putatively serpentinization influenced microbial phylotypes at OCHF are closely related to microorganisms from ophiolitic serpentinite-hosted ecosystems rather than to its unique oceanic analog, namely the Lost City hydrothermal field (LCHF). Considering that the OCHF is located in the most amagmatic region of the SWIR whereas gabbros are widespread below the LCHF, we postulated that magmatic intrusions impacting both the protolith mineralogy and hydrothermal fluid composition and temperature could be the main factor explaining differences in microbial ecology between OCHF and LCHF. Genomic comparisons of microbial populations inhabiting distinct serpentinized systems highlighted several adaptation and evolution strategies to face extreme conditions related to serpentinization. Furthermore, genome-resolved metagenomics underline the metabolic functions of taxonomic groups in Hellisheiði’s basaltic aquifer, where rock alteration following gas injections substantially sustain microbial communities. This thesis supports previous evidences that deep microbial ecosystems ecology is highly related to subsurface abiotic processes that depend on hydro-geological regimes and extended our knowledge on metabolic and adaptation strategies allowing such ecosystems to thrive under extreme conditions
Credoz, Anthony. "Réactivité des couvertures argileuses en présence de CO2 en conditions de stockage géologique profond : approche intégrée expérimentation-modélisation." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1747/.
Full textThis study offers a multi-scale vision of complex clayey caprocks reactivity and evolution. These formations are identified for the CO2 containment and sealing into the deep underground reservoir. From the experimental scale on purified clay minerals to integrative modeling at large space and time scales, the strategy developped allowed to identify the main geochemical processes, to check the good agreement between experiment and modeling, and to stress the operational impacts on long-term caprocks integrity. Carbonated cement alteration is likely to open caprock porosity and to create preferential reactive pathway for reactive fluid flow. Clay minerals alteration, including the illitization process, reduces the clay fraction volume but considerably limits the porosity increase. The illitization process in acidic conditions determined experimentally and by modeling at small and large scale, is coupled with silica precipitation. On the fundamental side, new kinetic parameters were determined for clay minerals and highlights new structural transformations. On the operational side, this study contributes to the acquisition of qualitative data (long-term reactive pathways of clayey caprocks, coupled carbonates/clays reactivity) and quantitative data (CO2 penetration distance into the caprock) to improve the performance and safety assessment of CO2 capture and geological storage
Le, Campion Paul. "Impact d'un stockage géologique de CO2 sur les écosystèmes profonds des basaltes." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077204.
Full textBasaltics rocks harbor diverse and active microbial populations when associated temperatures are consistent with their development. However, they are rarely considered in engineering operations as carbon capture and storage technology (CCS), white they can potentially alter the storage conditions and hence the fate at depth of the injected gas. During this PhD work the first monitoring cf the microbial diversity hosted in a deep basait aquifer (400-800 m depth) was carried out on a CCS pilot site at Hellisheidi in Iceland. Microbial communities have been described before gas injection and their evolution was monitored during two successive injections of 174. 6t of pure CO2 and 65t of CO2+112S+H2. Before the injections, phylogenetic affiliations suggest that most of the detected microorganisms are endemic to the aquifer. Metabolisms inferred for the OTUs identified are consistent with the geochemistry of wi ter, a result reinforced by statistical analysis, pointing out a potentiel link between the carbonated system and the structure of the microbial populations. Over the injections, analyses highlight variations in the composition of microbial communities that seem to be impacted only by the injection of pure CO2. Particularly, it records a "bloom" of a sequence affiliated to an autotrophic bacterium oxidazing Fe(II), Sideroxydans lithotrophicus. The stimulation of autotrophic metabolisms during the injection of pure CO2 updates the question of whether some of the CO2 was converted into biomass in the subsurface, hence providing an alternative way for CO2 storage
Chautard, Camille. "Interactions fer/argile en conditions de stockage géologique profond : Impact d'activités bactériennes et d'hétérogénéités." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01058325.
Full textChautard, Camille. "Interactions fer/argile en conditions de stockage géologique profond : Impact d'activités bactériennes et d'hétérogénéités." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENMP, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENMP0044.
Full textThis study focuses on the interactions between two materials that may be introduced in a geological disposal of radioactive waste: metallic materials such as the high-level waste overpack, and clay materials such as the clay host rock. Indeed, the interactions between these two materials in such conditions could induce a change of their initial confinement properties. This work aimed at determining the influence of heterogeneities (technological gaps and fractures) and bacterial activities on these interactions, in terms of evolution of chemical and hydraulic properties of clayey materials. To this end, two percolation cells have been conducted during 13 months: the first one with two bacteria (SRB, IRB), the second one without bacteria. These experiments, carried out at 60°C, involved circulating synthetic water representative of the Tournemire pore water through iron powder and through Toarcian artificially cracked argillite from Tournemire. An iron rod was also placed into the argillite. Thus, solid characterizations (SEM, SEM/EDS, Raman, XRD, X-ray tomography) allowed the study of both interfaces: the iron powder/argillite interface and the iron rod/argillite interface.The water probably circulated into the crack during the entire test, which was confirmed by reactive transport modeling with the HYTEC reactive transport code. However, no secondary phase was identified in the crack. In addition, bacteria survival in the biotic cell was confirmed during the experiment by monitoring their population and by analyzing their genetic diversity at the end of the experiment. A strong decrease in sulfate concentration was measured in the output, which confirms the SRB activity.Solid characterization conducted at the end of the experiments have highlighted, with and without bacteria, the occurrence of magnetite and chukanovite in the iron powder, the latter being mainly located close to the argillite interface. In the argillite, a Fe-enriched zone (10 µm) was identified. The mean corrosion rate was estimated at 0.2 µm/y (lower bound). At the iron rod/argillite interface, two corrosion facies were observed. The first, identified in both cells, is mainly constituted of chukanovite in the inner layer and siderite in the outer layer. Extent of the argillite perturbation reaches about 30 µm. The second, only observed with bacteria, highlights the presence of iron sulfide precipitation (mackinawite) and localized corrosion patterns. Finally, HYTEC simulations have enabled us to better understand the observed biogeochemical processes, such as the pH effect, and to better quantify some key kinetic parameters
Dupraz, Sébastien. "Implication des microorganismes dans les processus de stockage géologique du CO2." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GLOB0009.
Full textA first result of this thesis is the building and validation of a circulation reactor named BCC (Biomineralization Control Cell). The reactor has the functionality of a biological reactor and allows a monitoring of physico-chemical characteristics such as Eh, pH, electrical conductivity, spectrophotochemical parameters. It also has a capability of percolation through rock cores. It is a first step toward an analogical modeling of interactions between injected CO2 and deep biospheric components. Moreover, a new spectrophotochemical method for monitoring reduced sulfur species has been developed wich allows efficient monitoring of sulfate-reducing metabolisms. In the thesis, we have tested four metabolisms relevant to biomineralisation or biological assimilation of CO2: a reference ureolytic aerobic strain, Bacillus pasteurii, a sulfate-reducing bacterium, Desulfovibrio longus, a sulfate-reducing consortium (DVcons) and an homoacetogenic bacterium, Acetobacterium carbinolicum. In the case of Bacillus pasteurii, which is considered as a model for non photosynthetic prokaryotic carbonate biomineralization, we have demonstrated that the biological basification and carbonate biomineralization processes can be modelled acurately both analogically and numerically under conditions relevant to deep CO2storage, using a synthetic saline groundwater. We have shown that salinity has a positive effect on CO2 mineral trapping by this bacterium; we have measured the limits of the system in terms of CO2 pressure and we have shown that the carbonates that nucleate on intracellular calcium phosphates have specific carbon isotope signatures. The studied deep-subsurface strains (Desulfovibrio longus and Acetobacterium carbinolicum) as well as the sulfate-reducing consortium also have capabilities of converting CO2 into solid carbonates, much less efficent though than in the case of Bacillus pasteurii. However, once inoculated in synthetic saline groundwater and subjected to an H2/CO2 gas flow, Acetobacterium carbinolicum and the sulfate-reducing consortium show important capabilities of CO2 biological assimilation either as cellular biomass or as extra-cellular polymeric substances. These experiments also demonstrated the strong capabilites of H2 absorption by these bacterial systems, allowing a good quantitative measurement of this phenomenon in future studies about the fate of H2 in the subsurface
Kinga-Mouzeo. "Transport particulaire actuel du fleuve Congo et de quelques affluents : enregistrement quadernaire dans l'éventail détritique profond (sédimentologie, minéralogie et géochimie)." Perpignan, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PERP0019.
Full textThorey, Clément. "Dynamique des intrusions magmatiques peu profondes : théorie et application à la détection d’intrusions planétaires." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01278432.
Full textIntrusive magmatism plays a fundamental role in the accretionary processes of terrestrial crust. Indeed, when magma is forced to the surface, only a small amount of it actually reaches that level. Most of the magma is intruded into the crust where it solidifies into a wide range of features, from the small scale sills and laccoliths to large scale batholiths (several hundred kilo-meters in size). The topographic deformation that could be caused by shallow intrusions can be constrained by observations of planetary surfaces ; that is volume, shape and other dimensions of intrusions can be quantified. However, such observations must be linked to dynamic models of magma emplacement at depth in order to provide insights into magma physical properties, injection rate, emplacement depth and the intrusion process itself. In this thesis, we first investigate the relation between the morphology of shallow intermediate-scale magmatic intrusions (sills and laccoliths) and their cooling. We propose a model for the spreading of an elastic-plated gravity current with a temperature-dependent viscosity that accounts for a realistic magma rheology, melt crystallization and heating of the surrounding medium. The mechanisms that drive the cooling of the intrusions vary from Earth to the Moon and the ability of the model to reproduce the final morphologies (aspect ratio) of terrestrial laccoliths and low-slope lunar domes is examined. On the Moon, the emplacement of magmatic intrusions into the crust has also been proposed as a possible mechanism for the formation of floor- fractured craters. We propose a model for an elastic-plated gravity current spreading beneath an elastic overburden of variable thickness. We find that several characteristics of floor-fractured craters are indeed consistent with the emplacement of large volumes of magma beneath their floor. In addition, using the unprecedented resolution of the NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission, in combination with topographic data obtained from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) instrument, we show that lunar floor-fractured craters present gravitational anomalies consistent with magmatic intrusions intruding a crust characterized by a 12% porosity. The implications in terms of lunar evolution are examined
Schaub, François. "Estimation géostatistique de l’impédance acoustique après migration prestack en profondeur." Paris, ENMP, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENMP1449.
Full textOne of the main goal of geosciences in the petroleum industry is to build accurate and predictive reservoir models, expressed in terms of properties such as geological facies, porosity or acoustic impedance. The seismic reflection technique, at the base of geophysical prospecting, provides the reflection coefficients associated to the geological interfaces. These coefficients give information about the subsurface structures and allow us to estimate the layers petroacoustic properties. We use a preserved amplitude prestack depth migration which gives the depth migrated seismic data, where reflectivity variations versus angle are conserved. The variation analysis is done with the common image gathers sections along trajectories defined by the reflectivity variations with the angle. These trajectories provide a geology depth structural interpretation (the skeleton) with two major AVA attributes: intercept and gradient. A horizon picking phase using both skeletons defines the intervals where the simulation will be achieved. Then, after the interpretation of the hydrocarbons anomalies over the seismic and AVA attributes sections, we propose to locally constrain the geostatistical simulation in order to reproduce these anomalies. To handle it, we use the relationship between the acoustic impedance and the intercept. This method finally provides a depth acoustic impedance section, valid over the whole studied area, which contains the hydrocarbon anomalies for a possible oil and gas exploration & production
Montangon, Cendrine. "Etude expérimentale de l'interaction sol-machine lors du creusement d'un tunnel peu profond par tunnelier à pression de boue." Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISAL0096.
Full textThis thesis deals with a case history of an instrumentation carried out for the line D of the subway of LYON, where two twin shallow tunnels- 6,28 meters in diameter, 900 meters long - have been bored with a slurry shield. The purpose was to determine the interaction between the soil and the tunnel boring machine. The project is located in an urban area very sensitive to surface settlements. The soil is composed of sandy and silty alluvium with very poor geotechnical properties. In order to constitute a data-base for validating modelling procedures, a specific instrumentation has been carried out in complement of classical measurements. In two areas, the following appliances have been installed: inclinometers, extensometers, automatic levelling vessels set on the top of the extensometers, bench marks and pore water pressure cells. The device, consisting of fifty measuring points, was connected to a data logger and recorded every five seconds. More, 60 parameters representative of the work of the tunneling boring machine have been recorded every second. This permits to show the importance of the speed of the boring machine, of the stabilization pressure at the face, of the decreasing of the shield diameter, of the grouting pressure and of the characteristics of the grout. The experimental results have been analyzed in order to determine the interaction between the soil and the machine. Some correlation have been realized between the ground movements and the working parameters of the tunneling boring machine. The study of these experimental results permits the description of the soil responses. The approach of the face does not generate great movements on the tunnel axis, implying therefore, a quasi-plane deformation state. As the shield passes, the simultaneous existence of a vertical movement downwards and a lateral movement outwards can be explained as the result of a redistribution of stresses due to decrease of the shear stresses around the shield
Garibaldi, Cynthia. "Détermination des températures profondes du Bassin du Sud-Est de la France et relations entre anomalies thermiques, géologie et circulations hydrothermales par modélisation 3D." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00493961.
Full textFabien-Ouellet, Gabriel. "Mesures sismiques à faible profondeur : Une approche intégrée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30405/30405.pdf.
Full textLe, Gouche Chloé. "Sédimentation de la matière organique dans les bassins profonds : cas du Bassin Arctique à l'Eocène." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S025/document.
Full textThe continental organic matter deposited in the deep basins is little described and represents a definite interest for the petroleum industry. Understanding the sedimentary processes that allow the deposit and preservation of this organic material of terrestrial origin in the deep basins is fundamental. During the Palaeogene, a period of glacial transition to icehouse, the Mackenzie Delta, located in the Arctic Basin, receives and maintains continental organic matter from the continent. What is the stratigraphic and climatic context that made possible the export of continental organic matter? Initially, the sedimentary study of the basin showed a mixed mixture dominated by the fluviatile process, with less influence of the process of storms and tides. This model of facies associated with the study of the logs of wells available in the zone made it possible to propose a model of electrical appliances of the wells of the basin and to characterize the sedimentary sequences of the delta to evolve over time and to demonstrate its migration to Beginning of the Paleogene in response to the establishment of the Brooks and Rocky Ranges. Despite the contradictory biostratigraphic constraints that had to be re-evaluated and poor quality seismic data and strongly impacted by the contemporary deformation of the Brooks chain, it is possible to propose a stratigraphic and sedimentological division along two land-sea transects. Paleogeographic series of the Mackenzie Delta. The sedimentary study of the basin showed the presence of influence of the tidal process in the internal zone of the Arctic Basin. The common presence of pollen from Avicenna and Nypa showed the existence of a mangrove well established in the Arctic domain during the Palaeogene with associated temperatures of at least 18-20 ° C. The deposits of organic matter are in the Almost all of continental origin of the Mackenzie Delta. This organic matter is of two types: (1) deposits of coal deposited during the period when the mangrove develops and (2) deposits formed by association of plant debris and amorphous organic matter and deposited under reducing conditions under the water interface -sediment. These deposits of organic matter are the most important at the end of the prograding sequences in the facies of the deltaic plain. A positive correlation was found between the increase in OCD and the increase in detrital inputs in the delta, as well as between deposits of coal and illite. On the other hand, no correlation between the second type (organic debris + MO amoprhe) of organic matter and the clayey cortege could not be demonstrated. From the comparison of organic matter deposits in the Mackenzie Delta and Lomonosov Ridge, the sedimentation rate and anteriority appear to be key parameters in sedimentation conditions and especially in the preservation of organic matter according to l Oxygenation of the medium. Moreover, Lomonosov's Ride presents itself as a guest in a home where it is permitted to remain in semi-emerged position during the Paleogene
El, Hajj Hicham. "Influence des microorganismes sur la corrosion d'un acier non allié dans le contexte du stockage géologique profond des déchets radioactifs." Nantes, 2010. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=397c2bb8-8188-4b61-8e58-08c29f497524.
Full textThe subject of this thesis is part of a research program conducted by Andra (The French national agency for the management of radioactive wastes). It concerns the possible deep geological disposal of high-level and intermediate-level long-lived nuclear waste. In this work, microbiological analysis was used to characterize and identify the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) that are present in Callovian-Oxfordian claystone samples, this material being studied as a host rock formation for a disposal site. The effect of the SRB on the corrosion of the P235GH steel containers and liners to be used in the disposal site has been studied. The corrosion rate of the steel coupons measured in batch experiments was high under biotic conditions (~30 μm/year) with the precipitation of mackinawite (FeS) whereas a sterilized blank showed a lower corrosion rate (~14 μm/year). Percolation experiments with claystone cores and steel coupons at 120 bar, simulating compacted conditions expected in disposal conditions, gave results similar to those obtained in batch experiments (e. G. Sulfide production, sulfate reduction). This indicates the plausibility of SRB growth during the construction and operational phases of the repository and, if water is available, their survival, at least temporarily, after the disposal site closure. This microbial activity could lead to an increase of the steel corrosion rate by a factor of two
Asfahani, Jamal. "Méthodologies de prospection uranifère à grande profondeur par les mesures aéroélectriques en surface et dans les trous de forage." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10272.
Full textNaveau, Aude. "Etude et modélisation de la sorption d'ions à la surface de sulfures métalliques en conditions de stockage en milieu géologique profond." Reims, 2005. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000168.pdf.
Full textThe storage of high-level nuclear wastes in a geological disposal is based on the concept of confinement by a multibarrier system. Transport by groundwaters is the most likely means for radionuclides to migrate through the engineered and geological barriers. Understanding processes which could delay this migration is therefore fundamental to ensure the timelessness of a deep geological repository. The present study was initiated to investigate sorption processes between sulfides minerals, present as inclusions in temperate soils, and two long-life fission products, iodine and selenium. All experiments were performed in strict anoxic conditions in order to prevent the studied solids (pyrite FeS2 and chalcopyrite CuFeS2) from oxidation. Potentiometric studies showed a weak reactivity of the metallic sulfides surfaces attributed to a low specific surface. Sorption experiments showed no affinity between iodide and metallic sulfides surfaces whereas selenium was well retained by the differents solids. Spectroscopic studies (XPS and XANES) showed a reduction of SeIV to Se-II on the sulfide surfaces. Selenium behaviour was finally described with the diffuse layer model using the surface complexation theory
Le, Dissez Aurélie. "Modélisation numérique des écoulements tidaux en milieux peu profonds : application à l'étude de l'hydrodynamique du Bassin d'Arcachon." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13181.
Full textMarmi, Ramdane. "Les Sebkhas du sud-constantinois et leur cadre géologique : apports sédimentologiques et géochimiques." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10424.
Full textRecouvreur, Audrey. "Morphologie, architecture et mise en place d’un système carbonaté profond alimenté par un canyon." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0013.
Full textThe large acoustic data set acquired during the Carambar cruises (2010 – 2017) is composed of high resolution bathymetry, backscatter data and very-high resolution seismic lines which allow for an overview of the morphology and sediment transfer processes from the shallow upper slope to the abyssal plain of a modern carbonate system: the north-eastern slope of the Little Bahama Bank. This work completes the results from Tournadour (2015), Chabaud (2016), and Fauquembergue (2018), with a focus on the architecture of this deep system. Surficial distribution of the acoustic facies and echofacies reflects a wide variety of sedimentary processes along and across the slope. It demonstrates the occurrence of a differential subsidence affecting the eastern versus western part of the bank. High resolution seismic profiles give new clues on the origin of a giant carbonate canyon, the Great Abaco Canyon. N110-trending faults have been recognized on the seismic profiles crossing through the Great Abaco Canyon mouth and can be related to the Great Abaco fracture zone. These structures suggest a Neogene fault reactivation during platform growth, contrasting with the quiet tectonic period previously described on the region. The channel – lobe complex at the Great Abaco Canyon mouth has no bathymetric expression. It shows that exceptional mass-flow events largely contributed to an important sediment transfer in the canyon during the Upper Miocene. The seismic architecture of the southern part of the Blake Plateau shows a succession of well-defined seismic facies, separated by high-amplitude reflections, interpreted as stacked contouritic sequences. These contouritic drifts emphasize the occurrence of an Oligo-Miocene current flowing northward along the Blake Bahama Escarpment edges and across the Blake Plateau. Fluid-associated structures and current-associated mounds located in topographic lows allow the definition of two origins for mounds: bioherms (type 1 & 2) and chemoherms (type 3). The stratigraphic association of mounds with erosion surfaces is further indicative of large-scale changes of the activity of bottom currents in the zone
Gervais, Anne. "Analyse multi-échelles de la morphologie, de la géométrie et de l'architecture d'un système turbiditique sableux profond (Système du Golo, Marge est-Corse, Mer Méditerranée) : implications pour la reconnaissance des processus de transport et de dépôt des sédiments et pour la construction des lobes sableux en domaine profond." Bordeaux 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR12621.
Full textBouquet, Sarah. "Étude des interférences entre injections multiples de CO2 dans un aquifère salin profond à l'échelle industrielle." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00960619.
Full textBonifay, Denis. "Intéraction des accumulations terrigènes et océaniques dans le quaternaire moyen et supérieur des marges profondes du Gabon et de la ride médio-guinéenne." Perpignan, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PERP0073.
Full textDoupoux, Cédric. "Caractérisation et modélisation de la dynamique des stocks de matière organique profonde des sols amazoniens." Thesis, Toulon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUL0003/document.
Full textRecent results have shown that equatorial podzols store large amounts of carbon in their deep Bh horizons. This leads to two main questions: (1) how and at what kinetics these soils were formed, (2) how climate change could induce atmospheric carbon production that could impact the global climate system.In this context, we have developed a model that allows to constrain carbon fluxes both by the observed C stocks and their 14C age. In a sufficiently simplified situation, we have established a formal relationship between the C stock evolution and its 14C age. Applied to Amazonian podzols, our model has brought new and unexpected results. It has been shown that the surface horizons of the most hydromorphic podzolized areas are the largest contributors of MOD transferred to the hydrographic network then to the sea. It is observed that the formation of Bh is only possible by considering two compartments, fast and slow. The estimate of their formation time (low estimate) allowed to differentiate between relatively young podzols (formation time 15 – 25 ky) developed on relatively recent Holocene sediments and old podzols (formation 180 – 290 ky) developed on older sediments. The carbon accumulation rate in the studied podzols ranges from 0.54 to 3.17 gC m-2 y-1, which corresponds to a carbon sequestration around 3 1011 gC an-1, which is significant at the geological scales.Column percolation experiments allowed us to show the reactivity of the Bh material and the presence, despite very high C/N ratios (63 on average), of a significant bacterial activity which modifies the nature of the MOD which percolates through it. This MOD has the capacity to transport Al and Fe in the form of complex organometallic complexes capable of migrating through very kaolinitic materials. These results contribute to the understanding of the transfers of pedologically formed MOD in the deep aquifers.Under the hypothesis of the appearance of a climate with contrasting seasons, we have been able to show that a 90-day period without rain after the disappearance of the perched water-table would not allow to reach the point of entry of air by drying of superficial horizons. Nevertheless, assuming an air entry, the extrapolation of the experimentally measured mineralization rates under oxic conditions results in a production of atmospheric C around 2.0 1014 g of CO2 per year, which may involve a positive feedback from the global climate system
Rigollet, Christophe. "Valorisation sédimentologique de l'information sismique : application au comblement des bassins profonds de la Marge Atlantique Nord Européenne du Crétacé à l'Actuel." Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP1278.
Full textThe NE Atlantic margin reservoir sands result from high density turbiditic flow (massive sands pro parte). Their transport and deposition are controlled by the basin floor topography. Consequently, whatever the observation scale, the open and confined sands are characterised by onlap on the basin floor and by lenticular shape with convex up base. The restitution of the paleotopography, sedimentary source, transit surface and deposit areas, give some relevant tools to predict the sands. This approach reviews the "sandy debris flow" model, defined in the same area, which is today the subject of a large debate. The bottom currents are a sorting factor, either intercepting the finest grain of a turbulent flow, or reworking the grains, after their deposition. The post-depositional architectural element identification, gives some tools to predict the reservoir location, the cover rock permeability and to avoid confusion caused by the similarity with sedimentary elements
Bouquet, Sarah. "Étude des interférences entre injections multiples de CO2 dans un aquifère salin profond à l'échelle industrielle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENMP, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENMP0059.
Full textThis thesis studies the regional-scale response of an aquifer system to a massive CO2 injection. Industrial-scale CO2 injections into deep saline aquifers affect natural groundwater systems by generating short-term to medium-term pressure gradient perturbations. To evaluate contamination risks and interference risks between injection projects or other uses of underground space, modelling studies become necessary. The geological parameters of underground formations are also to be taken into consideration as they certainly influence the injection reponse. But, saline aquifers are generally poorly-characterized which adds uncertainties to an already complex system. This thesis aims to explore uncertainties in pressure perturbations and CO2 migration predictions, and their consequences in terms of CO2 storage feasibility studies. Firstly, modelling and geological uncertainties have been tested on 2D conceptual models. This step, based on simpler models than 3D ones, allows a fast uncertainties discrimination and save computational time. Hundreds of stochastic realizations are generated to define the influence of permeability spatial variability. To limit the number of flow simulations, selection procedures of realizations are applied and tested. Selections are derived from fast-calculations methods called "`proxy-response"'. Secondly, once these methods have been 2D tested and validated, and once a number of uncertainties have been eliminated, these methods and related ones are applied to the underground system 3D modelling. The 3D models have been built based on available data from an existing Paris Basin hydrogeological model. Several injection scenarios have been considered and tested. Permeability spatial variability and pore compressibility are the two main parameters chosen to evaluate the injection response. This last step allows a better definition of interference risks between the major uncertainties from geological parameters and injection-related physical parameters
Laurent, Aurore. "Modélisation géologique 3D du bassin houiller du Nord-Pas-de-Calais et de son substratum dévonien-carbonifère inférieur : vers une meilleure définition des réservoirs géothermiques profonds." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUR058.
Full textWithin the act on energy transition voted by the French government in 2015, the Hauts-de-France region is committed to invest and develop massively renewable energies by 2050. This objective requires the development of regional alternatives to fossil fuels, in particular low-temperature geothermal energy. In such a perspective, the present PhD study aims to define the geometry of the potential deep geothermal reservoirs in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais (NPC) coal basin district: the brecciated and karstic limestones of the Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous, 360-330 Ma) and the Givetian-Frasnian carbonates (Middle-Upper Devonian, 388-372 Ma).These reservoirs form part of a large-scale carbonate platform developed onto the southern Avalonian margin from the Middle Devonian to the Lower Carboniferous. During the Variscan orogeny in Late Mississippian-Middle Pennsylvanian (330-305 Ma) times, the collision between the continents Avalonia and Armorica-Gondwana led to the tectonic inversion of the Avalonian margin and the development of a north-verging thrust system whose front crosses northern France. The Devonian-Carboniferous platform was progressively buried under the syn-orogenic Nord-Pas-de-Calais molassic foreland basin developed along the Northern Variscan Front.In order to characterise the geometry of the deep reservoirs within the Devonian-Carboniferous substratum of the NPC coal basin, it is essential to analyse the 3D structure and dynamics of the coal basin and of the Northern Variscan Front at the regional scale. The 3D geometry of the Northern Variscan Front, the NPC coal basin and the geothermal reservoirs has been investigated based on (1) the interpretation of 532 km of seismic reflection profiles reprocessed in the frame of the thesis, and (2) the construction of a 3D numerical structural model integrating a large database (interpreted seismic profiles converted into depth, wells, reinterpreted mining data, outcrops, existing geological syntheses, gravimetric maps).Seismic interpretations point out the main structural features of the southern Avalonian margin and of the different units of the Northern Variscan Front in northern France. The 3D geometry of the thrust front (frontal and lateral ramps, transfer zone) is characterized and the influence of the Devonian and Caledonian structural inheritance on the dynamics of the thrust front is discussed. Numerical modelling allows for the reinterpretation of the 3D geometry of the different sedimentary units and discontinuities (faults, thrusts) of the Northern Variscan Front and of the eastern part of the NPC coal basin. Geothermal targets are imaged in 3D and their extension, depth, thickness and deformations are defined. Operational deliverables, such as isohypses and isopaque maps, were produced and analysed at the end of this study. The definition of the regional subsurface 3D geometry finally allowed to discuss the deformation history of the Variscan orogenic front and to propose a new kinematic evolution model in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais coal district area. This work demonstrates the interest of a dual approach combining advances in scientific knowledge (the dynamics of the Northern Variscan Front) and the development of applied knowledge (reservoir geometry)
Bozedean, Corina. "L’imaginaire du minéral dans l’œuvre d’Henry Bauchau." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CERG0570.
Full textThe recurrent appeal to the mineral in the work of Henry Bauchau might appear, due to its features reminding of coldness and silence, in close relationship with the poetry of breach and separation which the Belgian writer has been often connected to. Yet, this primary intuition is contested ever since the first novel, where the mineral integrates both its repulsive and attractive features. Thus, erecting from a double-levelled interrelationship, from the tight dialogue with the Cosmos and the belonging to the literary movement of his age, the mineral universe of Bauchau shall be structured following the principles of the complementary and the reversible. Through its constitutive ambivalence, the mineral makes possible the passing over from the unpleasant, seemingly hopeless, to the promise of serenity. Linked to a movement of returning to the sensible after “God's death” in a new manner of grasping the world, in the immediate space, the receipt of the mineral favours the strengthening of the subject after having previously contributed to its becoming fragile. The mineral urges human being from surpassing tragic conscience towards acquiring cosmic conscience, using intimate contact with both visible and invisible forces of the Universe. The tendency to blur the demarcation lines between various species is nothing but a statement of belonging to a single wholeness to which the writer is willing to reach. Hence the mineral with Bauchau does not question the notion of coherence and unity, but fully participates to its achievement, through creating a link between the subject and the world in terms of continuity and connection. The world is not only the place of attempts and doubts, but also the chance of outstanding moments, such as the artistic work, where the coherence between the human being and the world's matter is possible to reinstate, while extending the individual experience in the universal one
Missiaen, Lise. "Quantification des changements de la circulation océanique profonde de l'Atlantique au cours des changements climatiques rapides des derniers 40 ka." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV004.
Full textThe last 40 ky, have been characterized by abrupt and high amplitude temperature changes (8 to 15 °C in less than 300 years) in Greenland and in the North Atlantic region, associated with drastic ocean and atmospheric circulation changes. The mechanisms behind these abrupt climate changes are still debated. The objective of this thesis is to quantify the ocean circulation changes associated with these abrupt climate changes. In the first part of this thesis, I combined the information of three geochemical proxies in order to overcome the limitations of each proxy taken separately. The carbon isotopic ratios of the benthic foraminifers (δ13C and Δ14C), as well as the sedimentary Pa/Th ratio, have been measured in the North Atlantic sediment core SU90-08 (43°N, 30°W, 3080m). The proxies depict an apparently inconsistent situation over the last glacial maximum: the carbon isotopes indicate that the deep water mass was poorly ventilated while the Pa/Th evidence an active overturning cell. These observations question the type of signal recorded by each proxy. Besides, in order to quantify the circulation changes, a modeling approach is required. In the second part of this thesis, I have implemented the calculation of the Pa/Th in the climate model of intermediate complexity iLOVECLIM. The model is able to simulate the simultaneous evolution of the three proxies and has been used to decipher the multi-proxy response to abrupt circulation changes. The results show that the proxy response varies in the three main Atlantic water masses. In the deep (>2000m) western North Atlantic, the carbon isotopes response lags the Pa/Th response by a few hundreds of years, exemplifying/illustrating a possible decoupling between the different proxies
Verron, Heloïse. "Étude expérimentale des interactions matériau cimento-bentonitique / argilite / fer et acier (MREA/COx/Fe ou acier) à 90°C en conditions de stockage géologique profond des déchets radioactifs (CIGEO)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0205.
Full textIn the current concept of radioactive waste deep geological disposal planned by Andra (CIGEO project), waste containers are stored into disposal cells drilled into the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone (COx) and encircled by a carbon steel liner. COx and in particular its pyrites, can be oxidized during the drilling of cells. Thanks to an original experimental set-up, involving several pyrite/mineral mixtures and a reactor coupled to a micro gas chromatograph, it is demonstrated, based on the measured O2 consumption that at 100°C in presence of calcite, less than 50% of the pyrite is oxidized. This oxidation induces a transient acidic plume and consequently the corrosion of the steel liner. Andra has developed and patented a low-pH (9
Matteo, Lionel. "De l’image optique "multi-stéréo" à la topographie très haute résolution et la cartographie automatique des failles par apprentissage profond." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ4099.
Full textSeismogenic faults are the source of earthquakes. The study of their properties thus provides information on some of the properties of the large earthquakes they might produce. Faults are 3D features, forming complex networks generally including one master fault and myriads of secondary faults and fractures that intensely dissect the master fault embedding rocks. I aim in my thesis to develop approaches to help studying this intense secondary faulting/fracturing. To identify, map and measure the faults and fractures within dense fault networks, I have handled two challenges:1) Faults generally form steep topographic escarpments at the ground surface that enclose narrow, deep corridors or canyons, where topography, and hence fault traces, are difficult to measure using the available standard methods (such as stereo and tri-stereo of optical satellite images). To address this challenge, I have thus used multi-stéréo acquisitions with different configuration such as different roll and pitch angles, different date of acquisitions and different mode of acquisitions (mono and tri-stéréo). Our dataset amounting 37 Pléiades images in three different tectonic sites within Western USA (Valley of Fire, Nevada; Granite Dells, Arizona; Bishop Tuff, California) allow us to test different configuration of acquisitions to calculate the topography with three different approaches. Using the free open-source software Micmac (IGN ; Rupnik et al., 2017), I have calculated the topography in the form of Digital Surface Models (DSM): (i) with the combination of 2 to 17 Pleiades images, (ii) stacking and merging DSM built from individual stéréo or tri-stéréo acquisitions avoiding the use of multi-dates combinations, (iii) stacking and merging point clouds built from tri-stereo acquisitions following the multiview pipeline developped by Rupnik et al., 2018. We used the recent multiview stereo pipeling CARS (CNES/CMLA) developped by Michel et al., 2020 as a last approach (iv), combnining tri-stereo acquisitions. From the four different approaches, I have thus calculated more than 200 DSM and my results suggest that combining two tri-stéréo acquisitions or one stéréo and one tri-stéréo acquisitions with opposite roll angles leads to the most accurate DSM (with the most complete and precise topography surface).2) Commonly, faults are mapped manually in the field or from optical images and topographic data through the recognition of the specific curvilinear traces they form at the ground surface. However, manual mapping is time-consuming, which limits our capacity to produce complete representations and measurements of the fault networks. To overcome this problem, we have adopted a machine learning approach, namely a U-Net Convolutional Neural Network, to automate the identification and mapping of fractures and faults in optical images and topographic data. Intentionally, we trained the CNN with a moderate amount of manually created fracture and fault maps of low resolution and basic quality, extracted from one type of optical images (standard camera photographs of the ground surface). Based on the results of a number of performance tests, we select the best performing model, MRef, and demonstrate its capacity to predict fractures and faults accurately in image data of various types and resolutions (ground photographs, drone and satellite images and topographic data). The MRef predictions thus enable the statistical analysis of the fault networks. MRef exhibits good generalization capacities, making it a viable tool for fast and accurate extraction of fracture and fault networks from image and topographic data
Missiaen, Lise. "Quantification des changements de la circulation océanique profonde de l'Atlantique au cours des changements climatiques rapides des derniers 40 ka." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV004/document.
Full textThe last 40 ky, have been characterized by abrupt and high amplitude temperature changes (8 to 15 °C in less than 300 years) in Greenland and in the North Atlantic region, associated with drastic ocean and atmospheric circulation changes. The mechanisms behind these abrupt climate changes are still debated. The objective of this thesis is to quantify the ocean circulation changes associated with these abrupt climate changes. In the first part of this thesis, I combined the information of three geochemical proxies in order to overcome the limitations of each proxy taken separately. The carbon isotopic ratios of the benthic foraminifers (δ13C and Δ14C), as well as the sedimentary Pa/Th ratio, have been measured in the North Atlantic sediment core SU90-08 (43°N, 30°W, 3080m). The proxies depict an apparently inconsistent situation over the last glacial maximum: the carbon isotopes indicate that the deep water mass was poorly ventilated while the Pa/Th evidence an active overturning cell. These observations question the type of signal recorded by each proxy. Besides, in order to quantify the circulation changes, a modeling approach is required. In the second part of this thesis, I have implemented the calculation of the Pa/Th in the climate model of intermediate complexity iLOVECLIM. The model is able to simulate the simultaneous evolution of the three proxies and has been used to decipher the multi-proxy response to abrupt circulation changes. The results show that the proxy response varies in the three main Atlantic water masses. In the deep (>2000m) western North Atlantic, the carbon isotopes response lags the Pa/Th response by a few hundreds of years, exemplifying/illustrating a possible decoupling between the different proxies
Egreteau, Alexandre. "Etude des variations de l'amplitude de la réflectivité du sous-sol après imagerie sismique en profondeur." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001811.
Full textArman, Molood. "Machine Learning Approaches for Sub-surface Geological Heterogeneous Sources." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASG014.
Full textIn oil and gas exploration and production, understanding subsurface geological structures, such as well logs and rock samples, is essential to provide predictive and decision support tools. Gathering and using data from a variety of sources, both structured and unstructured, such as relational databases and digitized reports on the subsurface geology, are critical. The main challenge for the structured data is the lack of a global schema to cross-reference all attributes from different sources. The challenges are different for unstructured data. Most subsurface geological reports are scanned versions of documents. Our dissertation aims to provide a structured representation of the different data sources and to build domain-specific language models for learning named entities related to subsurface geology
Bricola, Jean-Charles. "Estimation de cartes de profondeur à partir d’images stéréo et morphologie mathématique." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM046/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we introduce new approaches dedicated to the computation of depth maps associated with a pair of stereo images.The main difficulty of this problem resides in the establishment of correspondences between the two stereoscopic images. Indeed, it is difficult to ascertain the relevance of matches occurring in homogeneous areas, whilst matches are infeasible for pixels occluded in one of the stereo views.In order to handle these two problems, our methods are composed of two steps. First, we search for reliable depth measures, by comparing the two images of the stereo pair with the help of their associated segmentations. The analysis of image superimposition costs, on a regional basis and across multiple scales, allows us to perform relevant cost aggregations, from which we deduce accurate disparity measures. Furthermore, this analysis facilitates the detection of the reference image areas, which are potentially occluded in the other image of the stereo pair. Second, an interpolation mechanism is devoted to the estimation of depth values, where no correspondence could have been established.The manuscript is divided into two parts: the first will allow the reader to become familiar with the problems and issues frequently encountered when analysing stereo images. A brief introduction to morphological image processing is also provided. In the second part, our algorithms to the computation of depth maps are introduced, detailed and evaluated
Thomas, Amélie. "Cartographie et évaluation de la dynamique à court terme d'instabilités gravitaires de grandes ampleurs : exemple du massif de la Cristallère en haute Vallée d'Aspe (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France) : apports des mesures de positionnement satellitaire et des observations aériennes par drone." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0914/document.
Full textFor these last decades, few subjects of the geology of the engineer have drawn the attention of the scientific community as much as those dealing of the natural hazards and more particularly with large-scale gravitational instabilities known as DSGSD (Deep Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation) and DSL (Deep Seated Landslide). Based on few cases study on a natural scale (dating and recent monitoring), short term temporal dynamics remains one of their least studied aspects today. We made the choice of the Cristallère massif as an example. It is located in Upper Aspe Valley of the Pyrenees (Béarn region). The Cristallère DSL was recently identified and analyzed through two dating methods.On the basis of this work, our first approach consists in assessing short term temporal dynamics of these slopes movements on various scales and with various methods of satellites positioning (GPS and GLONASS constellations): multistation positioning RGP (Permanent Geodetic Network in France), statics geodetic with pivot and fast static with pivot. We insist in this work, given the original results obtained, on the interest of the differential GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) with a pivot which must be geographically close to the observations to be carried out in order to ensure sufficient accuracy (cm).Observations and exploitation of drone digital elevation models of the site from aerial surveys at different scales obtained with a “flying wing” are the second approach to this research work. They complete the mapping of the site and demonstrate the existence of a DSGSD based on a high resolution and high precision geomorphometric characterization (cm); they make it possible to refine the delimitation of the Cristallère DSL and its most active area (Pène du Thès) and the Peilhou DSL.In addition to these two complementary approaches, a geological and geophysical survey (structural geology measurements, electrical resistivity tomographies and electromagnetic profiles Very Low Frequency surveys) and an analysis of the available data on the structures present in the unstable slope, such as the large diameter underground water pipe for the hydroelectric plant of Baralet and the former railway tunnel of Peilhou. The combined use of these three approaches confirms that the deep movements of the Cristallère massif are still active with proven seismic forcing: awareness of the potential role taken by the DSGSD is then fundamental. Thus, all the existing structures in the massif or the projects on this site (new constructions or rehabilitation of old structures) have to consider the existence of a slow and gradual change of the entire massif (DSGSD). Moreover, the methodology developed in this work is intended to be general. It also makes possible to monitor and follow, in the short and medium term, all types of ground movement, in particular landslides or rockslides, deep or superficial, slow or fast
Bachaud, Pierre. "Stockage du CO₂ dans les aquifères profonds : Etude en conditions réelles des propriétés de confinement des roches de couverture et de leur altération." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL084N/document.
Full textA promising solution to reduce anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse effect gases consists in the injection and long-term storage of a part of the industrial carbon dioxide discharges in underground formations. These formations must be composed of a reservoir surrounded by tight caprocks, which represent the first barrier preventing fluids migration. The characterization of their confining properties and of their evolution in presence of CO2 is thus a key element regarding a storage site security. This work presents a methodology allowing the measurement of caprocks transport parameters and the consequences of an alteration under representative conditions of deep aquifers storage. This methodology was applied to carbonate rocks from the Paris basin. The breakthrough pressure, the diffusion coefficient of CO2 dissolution products, and the permeability, controlling parameters of leakage mechanisms, were measured before and after alteration of the materials by reaction with a CO2-saturated brine under reservoir thermodynamic conditions (about 80°C and 100 bar). Results revealed a satisfactory global behaviour under these aggressive conditions, but also a strong diminution of the confinement potential in presence of initial structural faults (sealed fractures, large-diameter pores…) forming higher-permeability zones. A numeric simulation describing the evolution of a homogeneous rock formation during 1000 years was also realized based on parameters directly measured or obtained by modelling of the alteration experiments. It showed that the transformations brought by the CO2 storage under a rock formation with no initial faults remain very localized spatially
Ndjaka, Ange. "THERMOPHYSICAL PROCESSES AND REACTIVE TRANSPORT MECHANISMS INDUCED BY CO2 INJECTION IN DEEP SALINE AQUIFERS." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PAUU3003.
Full textCO2 storage in deep saline aquifers has been recognised as one of the most promising ways to mitigate atmospheric CO2 emissions and thus respond to the challenges of climate change. However, the injection of CO2 into the porous medium considerabely disturbs its thermodynamic equilibrium. The near-well injection zone is particularly impacted with a strong geochemical reactivity associated with intense heat exchanges. This has a major impact on injectivity of the reservoir and the integrity of the storage. In addition to these effects, there is the added complexity of the presence of two immiscible phases: brine (wetting fluid) and CO2 (non-wetting fluid). These effects lead to highly coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) processes, whose interpretations have not yet been completed nor formally implemented into the numerical models.This thesis work, combining experimental measurements and numerical modelling, focuses on the study of the coupling between the thermal gradients and the diffusive reactive transport processes taking place in the deep saline aquifers, particularly in the near-well injection zone. We studied the exchanges between a cold anhydrous CO2 phase flowing in high permeability zones, and a hot salty aqueous phase trapped in the porosity of the rock. The strategy of the study starts with a simple approach in a free medium without CO2 flow, in order to study the reactivity of saline solutions of different chemical compositions, and to evaluate the impact of a thermal gradient on this reaction network.We have developed an experimental cell that allow to superimpose 2 to 3 layers of solution of different concentration and chemical composition. The analysis of the light scattered by the non-equilibrium fluctuations of concentration and temperature allows to obtain the diffusion coefficients of salts in water. Our results are in good agreement with literature values. Regarding the study of diffusive reactive transport, the analysis of the contrast of the images allowed us to highlight the fact that the precipitation of minerals, obtained by superimposing two aqueous layers of reactive, is accompanied by a convective instability that fades with time. Numerical modelling of the experimental results with PHREEQC using a heterogeneous multicomponent diffusion approach has allowed us to account for these convective instabilities. Different temperature gradients were applied to the reactive system, while keeping a mean temperature of 25 °C. The experimental observations and numerical interpretations swhow that the temperature gradient has no significant influence on the behaviour of the system. Subsequently, we numerically studied the desiccation process (evaporation of water) at the interface between a brine trapped in the rock porosity and the CO2 flowing in a draining pore structure, simulating the conditions of the Dogger aquifer of the Paris basin. A model coupling the evaporation of water in the CO2 stream and the heterogeneous multicomponent diffusion of salts predicts the appearance of a mineral assemblage at the evaporation front, mainly composed by halite and anhydrite. Modelling this phenomenon at the reservoir scale would requires taking into account the evaporation rate as a function of the CO2 injection rate and the change in porosity at the interface.This thesis work has made it possible to highlight several physicochemical, thermophysical and diffusive transport phenomena at phase interfaces. This opens up new perspectives for improving numerical approaches and large-scale modelling, in particular of near-well injection of CO2 and geological storage reservoirs, and supports future industrial developments and technologies for the ecological transition
Rossi, Tristan. "Contribution à l'étude géologique de la frontière Sud-Est de la plaque Caraïbes : La Serrania Del Interior Oriental (Venezuela) sur le transect Cariaco-Maturin : Synthèses paléogéographique et géodynamique." Brest, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BRES0001.
Full textDuhamel, Maxence. "Restitution des changements de l’hydrologie des masses d’eaux intermédiaires et profondes de la Méditerranée au cours des derniers 145 ka à partir de la mesure de la composition isotopique du Nd de foraminifères Variations in eastern Mediterranean hydrology during the last climatic cycle as inferred from neodymium isotopes in foraminifera Changes in the intermediate water masses of the Mediterranean Sea during the last climatic cycle - new constraints from neodymium isotopes in foraminifera." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS120.
Full textThis thesis aims to advance our knowledge of the hydrology of the intermediate and deep water masses of the Mediterranean during the last climatic cycle (last 145 ka), and to constrain the ocean circulation models that allowed the deposition of organic matter-rich sediments (ENT and sapropels). The Nd isotopic composition (εNd) of foraminifera samples in cores located at intermediate and deep bathymetries of the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Adriatic Sea, the Ionian Sea and the Levantine Basin were analyzed. This work allowed to highlight that the intermediate and deep waters of the Eastern Mediterranean are systematically more radiogenic during the glacial stadiums than during the interglacials. We have shown that these changes cannot be entirely attributed to variations in dust and river inputs from northern Africa but to significant changes in the amount of Atlantic (AW) water entering the Mediterranean. Periods of low sea ice levels are associated with a reduction in Atlantic water flows through the straits of Gibraltar and Siculo-Tunisia by inducing more radiogenic deep-water masses in the eastern Mediterranean. Superimposed on these glacial-interglacial fluctuations, African humid periods and sapropel deposits are systematically characterized by more radiogenic εNd values. This has been attributed to the cessation of deep convection of less radiogenic surface water associated with an increase in the contact time of deep-water bodies with radiogenic sediments from the continental margins of the Levantine basin. Our results highlight during terminations I and II an increase in the contribution of less salty water of North Atlantic origin (MAW) of around 55% which may have pre-conditioned the eastern Mediterranean several thousand years before the deposit S1 and S5 sapropels. A comparison of the εNd recordings obtained in the Eastern and Western basins over the last climate cycle shows a stronger gradient of εNd between the two basins at intermediate and deep depths during the glacial stadiums. This is consistent with a weaker water exchange across the Siculo-Tunisian Strait during periods of low sea ice. On the contrary, during the high sea levels of the interglacial periods, water exchanges are stronger between the two basins, inducing a transfer to the Tyrrhenian Sea of variations in the isotopic composition of Nd observed in the eastern Mediterranean. Thus, the African wet periods inducing a stratification of the water masses and the deposits of sapropels in the east, are associated with signatures of more radiogenic waters which are then transported by the LIW in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Superimposed on these orbital variations, rapid variations in εNd could be highlighted in the Corsica channel. Each cold event in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (Younger Dryas and Heinrich events) is characterized by a more radiogenic LIW in the Tyrrhenian Sea involving a reduction in the formation of intermediate water in the Gulf of Lion (linked to more strong freshwater inflows from the Atlantic during the Heinrich events) and / or a greater production of LIW in the eastern Mediterranean (linked to a cooling of the northern Mediterranean surface during the Heinrich events)
Duong, Hai Thuan. "Observation of monsoon and typhoon-driven hydro-morphodynamics at a tropical low-tide terraced beach : a case study at Nha Trang, Vietnam." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30361.
Full textMost of the coast of Vietnam is currently eroding, an imbalance in the sediment budget that may be caused by overuse of river sediments for construction, subsidence associated with overuse of groundwater, over-exploitation of the littoral zone (coastal squeeze), and possibly by an increase in typhoon frequency and winter monsoon events. Assessment of sediment budget is needed and requires accurate evaluation of sediment transport in the coastal environment. In my PhD study, I use two close-range camera systems for nearshore monitoring: a land-based nearshore camera system for observing short-, medium- and long-term coastal hydro-morphodynamics and a drone for monitoring short-term events. Specifically, I used a camera system installed in Nha Trang beach, Viet Nam, from 05/2013 to 08/2016. The cross-shore profiles, shoreline positions and wave characteristics (height and period) extracted from the video data are calibrated with in-situ measurement from two field experiments during the Haiyan typhoon event. Then, the results on short-term and seasonal shoreline changes are analyzed -- and published. The study shows a marked seasonal evolution of Nha Trang shoreline and dramatic impact of cat-5 typhoons Nari and Haiyan with changes of 4 to 8 m in each case. However, the recovery to individual events is fast, as opposed to the effect of winter monsoon events. Our continuous video observations show for the first time that long-lasting monsoon events have more persistent impact (longer beach recovery phase) than typhoons. Using a shoreline equilibrium model, we estimate that the envelope of intra-seasonal events rather than monthly-averaged waves drives the seasonal shoreline behavior. Finally, the shoreline study suggests that the interplay between intensity and duration of intra-seasonal events may be of key significance. In the second part of this PhD study, a video-based bathymetry inversion technique is applied to long-term data with varying wave environment from swell to wind wave conditions.[...]
Sun, Yufeng. "Time-dependent hydromechanical behaviour of callovo-oxfordian claystone by anatytical and multiscale numerical methods." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Vaulx-en-Velin, École nationale des travaux publics de l’État, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ENTP0009.
Full textIn the context of radioactive waste repository, the time-dependent hydromechanical behaviour of the Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) claystone is investigated to ensure the safety conditions required for long-term repository of radioactive wastes.The first two parts of the study are based on the phenomenological approach carried out directly at the macroscale. Firstly, a quasi-analytical model for the hydromechanical behaviour of a deep spherical cavity excavated in a dilatant poro-viscoplastic rock mass is presented, considering three stages of a simplified life cycle: excavation, free convergence and post-closure. Subsequently, the sensitive and probability analyses are carried out using the finite element code Cast3M toinvestigate the time-dependent extent of the Excavation Damaged Zone (EDZ) which refers to a region characterized by significant and mainly irreversible changes in geochemical and hydromechanical properties. In the following, a multiscale numerical approach is employed to investigate its creep and damage behaviour under mechanical condition. Firstly, a micromechanics-based model within the finite element square (FE2) framework is developed to model the short-term and long-term behaviours of saturated COx claystone. For the viscous behaviour, two microscale mechanisms have been introduced: the viscoplasticity of the clay aggregates and the viscoelasticity of their contacts. Then, the creep model of COx claystones developed at small scale is applied to model the large-scale creep behaviour at laboratory and gallery scales. From simulation results of laboratory scale, a clear three-stage creep process is reproduced, including the primary creep stage, second creep stage and tertiary creep stage. At the gallery scale, the long-term effect of viscosity on the gallery convergences, the evolution of EDZ, and the long-term drainage and pore pressure around a gallery are investigated. Finally, the above developed double-scale creep model used to simulate saturated cracked medium is extend to partial saturated case to study the interaction between rock and the atmosphere occurs through air circulation within underground galleries. The emphasis is to study the effect of the gallery air ventilation on hydromechanical behaviour of host rock. The model predictions reproduce the drainage and desaturation kinetics of undisturbed and damaged rock
Lapointe, Bernard. "Un exemple de minéralisation aurifère en milieu profond : l'indice d'or du Lac Lilois dans le complexe d'Ashuanipi, Province du Supérieur, Nouveau-Québec." Thèse, 1996. http://constellation.uqac.ca/1149/1/1525788.pdf.
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