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van Kuilenburg, J. "Processing map and well log data for geological and soil surveys." Mathematical Geology 18, no. 1 (January 1986): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00897656.
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Uchastkin, Andrey A., Vladimir A. Mikhailov, and Alexander O. Navrotsky. "Experience in the use of attribute analysis in assessing the information content and quality of regional seismic data processing." Geoinformatika, no. 3 (September 24, 2022): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47148/1609-364x-2022-3-47-55.
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The article discusses the possibilities of quantifying the information content and quality of processing materials of regional seismic surveys based on the use of attribute analysis. Attribute analysis allows you to control the processing of seismic time sections, correcting the graph in a timely manner and selecting the main parameters of the processing procedures used processing, providing the most effective solution of the set geological tasks when performing regional seismic surveys according to the state assignment of the FSBI "VNIGNI".
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Wu, Jianjun. "Potential pitfalls of crooked‐line seismic reflection surveys." GEOPHYSICS 61, no. 1 (January 1996): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443949.
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During the last few years, the Geological Survey of Canada has pioneered the application of seismic reflection profiling to mineral exploration, in close collaboration with Canadian mining companies and with the Lithoprobe project (e.g., Spencer et al., 1993; Milkereit et al., 1994). Because of the rugged terrain in crystalline rock environments (Dahle et al., 1985; Spencer et al., 1993), vibroseis seismic surveys are frequently conducted along existing roads, resulting in extremely crooked survey profiles. Crooked profiling geometry, coupled with the complex nature of the geological targets, pose special challenges for seismic data processing and interpretation. Many common‐midpoint seismic processing techniques are based on an implicit assumption of a straight‐line survey and are most effective with uniform fold and even offset distribution within common‐midpoint (CMP) gathers. However, with crooked‐line acquisition the CMP gathers are characterized by variable fold and uneven offset distribution. Based on experience with several seismic data sets from mining camps, I have identified two potential pitfalls that stem from acquisition along crooked profiles: (1) seismic transparent zones; and (2) coherent noise. To address these problems, I have critically re‐examined the basic aspects of the CMP processing techniques and have developed robust strategies for dealing with crooked profiles. In this paper, I present a field data example to demonstrate the artifacts and also discuss solutions to eliminate them. Although developed for seismic prospecting in mining camps, the methods presented here are applicable to seismic data acquired in any environment.
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Wu, Chunming, Xiao Li, Weitao Chen, and Xianju Li. "A Review of Geological Applications of High-Spatial-Resolution Remote Sensing Data." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 29, no. 06 (September 11, 2019): 2030006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126620300068.
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Geologists employ high-spatial-resolution (HR) remote sensing (RS) data for many diverse applications as they effectively reflect detailed geological information, enabling high-quality and efficient geological surveys. Applications of HR RS data to geological and related fields have grown recently. HR optical remote sensing data are widely used in geological hazard assessment, seismic monitoring, mineral exploitation, glacier monitoring, and mineral information extraction due to high accuracy and clear object features. By reviewing these applications, we can better understand the results of previous studies and more effectively use the latest data and methods to efficiently extract key geological information. Compared with optical satellite images, synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images are stereoscopic and exhibit clear relief, strong performance, and good detection of terrain, landforms, and other information. SAR images have been applied to seismic mechanism research, volcanic monitoring, topographic deformation, and fault analysis. Furthermore, a multi-standard maturity analysis of the geological applications of HR images reveals that optical remote sensing data are superior to radar data for mining, geological disaster, lithologic, and volcanic applications, but inferior for earthquake, glacial, and fault applications. Therefore, it is necessary for geological remote sensing research to be truly multi-disciplinary or inter-disciplinary, ensuring more detailed and efficient surveys through cross-linking with other disciplines. Moreover, the recent application of deep learning technology to remote sensing data extraction has improved the capabilities of automatic processing and data analysis with HR images.
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Ligtendag, Maarten H. P. "The 3-D MegaProject in Petroleum Development Oman: A 3-D Data Management Concept for Seismic, Workstation Support and Interpretation." GeoArabia 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia040137.
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ABSTRACT The concession of Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) is covered with some 30,000 square kilometres of 3-D seismic data, consisting of some 90 individual surveys, acquired and processed since 1984. With the 3-D coverage rapidly growing, more and more continuous coverage over large parts of the PDO concession is established. Traditionally surveys were processed on a survey-by-survey basis, incorporating some data from neighbouring surveys whenever possible. This approach resulted in a patchwork of often overlapping stand-alone 3-D projects, all with different datums, amplitude normalisations and processing histories. PDO strongly believes in the value of large integrated interpretation projects and the information that can be gained by using them. In order to achieve this the 3-D MegaProject was conducted during part of 1996 and 1997. As part of the 3-D MegaProject all 3-D seismic surveys acquired to date by PDO have been harmonised and merged. The concession area has been split up into four separate 3-D MegaGrids according to the dominant acquisition direction. Within each MegaGrid a consistent in-line and cross-line numbering is used. The data are stored in cubes of 10 by 10 kilometres, referred to as MegaCells, which serve as the 3-D seismic data library. In the future, processing and merging of newly-acquired seismic data will follow the same procedures according to the common framework of MegaCells.
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Williams, Gareth, Stéphan Midenet, and Tony Weatherall. "True 3D—wide azimuth seismic comes of age onshore as well as offshore." APPEA Journal 50, no. 2 (2010): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09074.
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The advantages of recording a well-sampled, wider range of azimuths on seismic surveys are being seen in different geological settings worldwide. The success of wide-azimuth surveys has been well documented for sub-salt illumination in the deep water plays of the Gulf of Mexico. Multi-azimuth surveys have similarly shown improved S/N beneath the Messinian unconformity offshore Egypt. More recently, the benefits of improved sampling (and hence attenuation) of noise by dense, wide-azimuth surveys have been demonstrated onshore Oman. Although the successful marine results have highlighted the benefits of true 3D or wide-azimuth surveys, land surveys have often been recorded with a wide range of azimuths for many years. The step-change occurring onshore is the dramatic increase in the trace density on wide-azimuth surveys. We are learning that one of the reasons that conventional land seismic data have often been viewed as noisy is that coherent energy, particularly near surface events, is grossly under-sampled. Modern land recording techniques such as overlapping vibrator sweeps, single vibrator (point source) recording, multiple vibrator fleets and high channel systems allow us to record data much more efficiently. In turn, these enabling technologies allow us to obtain much improved seismic data quality via greatly increased sampling density. Moreover, recording geometries on this new generation of land supercrews provide trace densities that are many times higher than on marine surveys. The next step for marine wide-azimuth surveys may require a similar step-change in recording density in order to address difficult geologies that cannot be imaged with current recording techniques.
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Zaręba, Mateusz, Tomasz Danek, and Jerzy Zając. "On Including Near-surface Zone Anisotropy for Static Corrections Computation—Polish Carpathians 3D Seismic Processing Case Study." Geosciences 10, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10020066.
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Obtaining the most accurate and detailed subsurface information from seismic surveys is one of the main challenges for seismic data processing, especially in the context of complex geological conditions (e.g., mountainous areas). The correct calculation of static corrections allows for the reliable processing of seismic data. This, in turn, leads to better geological interpretation. A seismic signal passing through a near-surface zone (NSZ) is adversely affected by the high heterogeneity of this zone. As a result of this, observed travel times often show anisotropy. The application of refractive waves and the time delay solution without taking into account the effects caused by the complex anisotropy of an NSZ does not meet the standards of modern seismic surveys. The construction of the NSZ model in mountain regions with the use of refraction may be extremely difficult, as the vertical layers can be observed very close to the surface. It is not sufficient to apply regular isotropic refractive solutions in such conditions. The presented studies show the results of taking into account the anisotropy of an NSZ in the calculations of static corrections. The presented results show that this step is critical for the detailed processing of three-dimensional (3D) seismic data collected in the difficult region of the Carpathians in Southern Poland.
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McMahon, Neil, Kees Ruitenbeek, Jan Wams, and Steve Slawson. "Best Practices in 3-D Land Seismic Acquisition in the Middle East and North Africa: Cost-Effective Acquisition in a Low Oil Price Environment." GeoArabia 4, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia0402183.
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ABSTRACT Increasing expenditure in 3-D land seismic acquisition has driven the need to define Best Practices and improvement areas in the acquisition process. Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) and Arthur D. Little Management Consultants undertook a study to identify these Best Practices in the Middle East and North African regions by interviewing 34 companies and compiling data from 51 recent vibroseis surveys. Acquisition costs and duration from surveys over similar terrains, but with varying geometries, were compared on an equal basis to determine the most cost-effective method for acquiring high-quality (i.e. data density) 3-D data. High-quality surveys acquired using a Zig Zag geometry had lower costs than those acquired using conventional geometries over gravel plain terrain. However, there was no clear best geometry for other terrains. Acquisition performance was also improved by adopting a number of Best Practices covering the design, planning, contracting strategy, execution, processing and post-acquisition elements of the seismic acquisition process.
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Loginov, Dmitriy S. "Web technologies in cartographic support of geological exploration." Proceedings of the ICA 4 (December 3, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-4-68-2021.
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Abstract. Web technologies are now an integral part of the implementation of research work in various branches of science. The geological and geophysical direction is no exception, where the planning and execution of geological and geophysical surveys depend on the accuracy, reliability and relevance of the transmitted information.The article deals with the possibilities of web technologies for cartographic support of geological exploration – a complex of scientific and production works, designed to determine the industrial significance of mineral deposits (ore, hydrocarbon, etc.). Examples are given of the use of geoportal solutions for the publication of data on the territory of study.Taking into account the current level of web technologies development, a proprietary web-service was created to provide operational access to geodata during geological and geophysical work. The presented solution is implemented using PostgreSQL DBMS, PostGIS geospatial data processing module, Leaflet JavaScript library. The resulting interactive map allows to perform operational monitoring of field crews during seismic exploration, provides information on the stages of data processing and interpretation. Also it allows to implement a unified geoinformation space for joint work of specialists from different industries.
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Stepanov, N. A., M. V. Aleshkin, and Yu S. Popkov. "PROCESSING OF ACOUSTIC IMAGES OF THE BOTTOM DURING ENGINEERING– GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS IN THE AQUATIC AREAS." Engineering survey 12, no. 9-10 (April 4, 2019): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.25296/1997-8650-2018-12-9-10-74-83.
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During engineering surveys in water areas, the side-scan sonar method (SSS) plays an important role in detecting hazards located on the surface of the seabed. At the same time, the SSS recording is often complicated by several interference associated with the surveying conditions (thermocline); with the joint surveying of several methods(the spikes from the transponder-responder); with weather conditions (strips in the records due to irregular movement of the vessel and twitching of the towing cable) and others. The solution of description, analysis and removal these interferences without losses quantity and quality of useful information is shown. The description of the results of interference removal from the sonar recording is important not only for data improvement, but also for understanding in which cases interference can be removed, and in which cases it is necessary to re-pass profile or change the surveying conditions. An analysis of the interferences, usually present on sonar recordings, and methods of dealing with some of them to increase the effectiveness of the sonar data processing during engineering surveys are presented. Herewith, the analysis of interferences is performed for the possibility of their localization, separation from useful record and removal. The study shows that with the approach chosen by the authors, the data on potential hazards are not lost, while the signal-to-interference ratio significantly increases. As a result of the work, conclusions were obtained that some types of interference can be completely eliminated by processing methods, some can only be partially removed, and certain cannot yet be removed by processing methods and it is necessary to eliminate such interference methodologically.
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Shen, Hongyan, Yueying Yan, Xinxin Li, Xin Wan, Qin Li, and Yidong Li. "Enhancement of GPR Diffracted Waves Processing: A Case Study from Taiyuan, China." Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 24, no. 2 (June 2019): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/jeeg24.2.237.
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Mined-out areas, caves, voids and cavities usually appear as diffracted waves on ground penetrating radar (GPR) profiles. Therefore, the complete extraction of diffracted waves forms the foundation of the efficient usage of the GPR technique in geological surveys. We propose a method of enhancing GPR diffracted waves via singular value decomposition (SVD) filtering and establish an effective GPR data processing flowchart. First, the shallow and deep signal energies were controlled within a certain dynamic range by energy scaling in the traces. Next, the SVD filtering process was employed to suppress air waves and multiples with better transverse coherence and to extract GPR diffracted waves. Third, background noise was suppressed via band-pass filtering to further improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the GPR data. Finally, fitting a diffraction time-distance hyperbola allow us to obtain a diffraction velocity. Constant velocity migration processing for the diffracted waves was based on the Kirchhoff migration technique. The feasibility and effectiveness of this GPR processing technique were verified with the discovery of geological flaws beneath the Mengshan Giant Buddha in China during a cavity survey. Our proposed flowchart efficiently extracts GPR diffracted waves and increases the data SNR. The resulting images are more readily interpreted within the local geological context.
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Zhussupbekov, Askar, Nurgul Alibekova, Sungat Akhazhanov, and Assel Sarsembayeva. "Development of a Unified Geotechnical Database and Data Processing on the Example of Nur-Sultan City." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010306.
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Development of a geotechnical database for the young capital of Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan city, became a paramount concern of both the scientific community and industry. The creation of the Kazakhstan model of the geotechnical database was based on a fixed dataset which included a city map with determined X, Y, and H coordinates and the user generated data obtained from the materials of engineering and geological surveys from more than 2000 boreholes. Based on the assessment of the built-up area of the city, six main engineering-geological elements (EGE) were identified. The territory of the city was regrouped into eight zones instead of the previous six based on the geological origin and stratigraphy interposition of the EGE. Engineering properties of the soils were considered for physical and mechanical characteristics, where the plasticity limits demonstrated an accurate correlation to the elasticity modulus E and distribution boundaries between the alluvial and eluvial types of the soil on the graph. So, the increased liquid and plastic limits are replicated by higher values of elasticity modulus E, and hence better strength characteristics of a particular soil layer and vice versa, while the moisture content and soil density did not show any obvious pattern and requires additional verification on the construction site. Finally, a geotechnical map was built for the driven piles and the optimal variations in the pile length for each zone were determined.
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Skvarekova, Erika, Gabriel Wittenberger, Andrea Senova, Tomas Bakalar, and Rastislav Harcarufka. "An Innovative Process for Efficient Data Evaluation in an Atmospheric Geochemical Survey of Contaminated Soil." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2020-0058.
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Abstract The article focuses on the field of innovative trends for efficient data processing in the conduct of research of organic soil pollution using a soil air analyzer for surveys of soil contamination in situ at industrial enterprises in Slovakia. The content of the article is a discourse of theoretical knowledge from the field of the geological environment; the authors’ own survey to monitor the processing and evaluation of the measured values obtained (e.g., CO2, CH4, NEL, BTEX). Currently, standard data processing procedures using the software that is supplied have basic or limited functionality, and the processing time is several hours, including manual and repetitive tasks. As we present in the article, the new Windows PowerShell tool is being used more efficiently, reducing the data processing time which represents an 86% time saving. There is currently no suitable or faster way of evaluating the measured data in Slovakia and the Czech Republic.
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Rajendran, Sankaran, and Sobhi Nasir. "Recognition of Minerals Using Multispectral Remote Sensing Data: A Case Study in the Sultanate of Oman." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 19, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol19iss2pp37-52.
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The present study demonstrates the capability of a multispectral sensor for the detection of the minerals in the rocks surrounding the Rusayl and Al Jafnayn regions, Sultanate of Oman. The study of spectral absorptions of rocks and minerals in the visible and near infrared (VNIR) and short wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectral bands of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) using the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) supervised image classification technique has provided information on the occurrence of minerals in the rock types of the regions. The study shows the occurrence of carbonate minerals in the limestone formations and of poorly altered silicate minerals in the basic dyke rocks of the study regions. The analysis of minerals over the ancient terraces and recent alluvial deposits show that the deposit materials are derived from the dykes and foliated gabbro source rocks. The image interpretation is compared to the geological map, verified in the field and confirmed through laboratory analyses. The satellite data and the image processing techniques used have potential in the recognition of minerals in the rocks of the study region and could be used in similar arid regions elsewhere in the world.
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Umirova, G. K., S. A. Istekova, and I. N. Modin. "Using magnetotellurgic sounding for estimation of oil and gas content of mesozoic era in of Western Kazakhstan." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 4 (August 28, 2016): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2016-4-52-58.
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The article shows results of test electrical surveys conducted on one of deposits of Western Kazakhstan. Digital geoelectric model and test sections of the area were constructed by the results of processing and interpretation of electrometric data. Effective using of MT sounding with complex of seismic and well- logging data for classification of a geological structure and allocation of prospective oil and gas areas ofterrigeneusly-sedimentary deposits of Mesozoic period is also shown in the article.
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Timshanov, Rustam I., and Sergey A. Sheshukov. "APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL METHODS FOR PROCESSING THE RESULTS OF GROUND GEOCHEMICAL SURVEY WITH THE PURPOSE OF OIL AND GAS FORECASTING." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 2, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2021-2-1-263-270.
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To solve the problems of forecasting oil and gas content on one of the local structures of the South Tatar arch (Volzhsko-Kama anteclise), discriminant and neural network analyzes with training on reference wells were applied during the processing the results of geochemical surveys. Comparison with the results of the classical quantitative description of the geochemical field showed mainly the coincidence of areas of high hydrocarbon concentrations in near-surface sediments and anomalies identified by statistical methods. Based on the integration of the results of statistical processing of geochemical data and their geological interpretation, the structure was characterized as promising.
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Shcherbina, Yu V., V. Yu Kerimov, N. A. Kas’yanova, and V. К. Abdullayeva. "Prospects of hydrocarbon exploration in the Laptev sea basin." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration 63, no. 6 (June 19, 2022): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2020-63-6-20-34.
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Background. The geological structure of the Laptev Sea basin is characterized by a rift nature, thus providing no favorable conditions for the presence of hydrocarbon accumulations. However, the lack of seismic information and the absence of well drilling indicate an incomplete stage of the basin exploration.Aim. To analyze the results of geological modeling based on structural mapping and to identify promising areas of hydrocarbon exploration. A geological hydrocarbon study of the Laptev Sea basin was carried out in order to recommend areas for licensing, as well as to identify exploration drilling sites and estimate the total initial prospective geological resources according to the conducted numerical basin modeling. To design sedimentation models and predict reservoir properties in the Laptev Sea basin.Materials and methods. The analysis was based on the data retrieved from production reports for individual large objects in the water area. A model developed by Equinor specialists was used for the basin analysis. The results of hydrocarbon system modeling, the prediction of hydrocarbon saturation obtained from sections of two sample profiles while structural mapping of the basement and top of Oligocene-Miocene sediments were used.Results. Prospective areas of accumulation of hydrocarbons and their confinement were determined. The probability of hydrocarbons in non-anticlinal traps was estimated. Priority areas of hydrocarbon exploration within the unallocated subsoil area were identified. Recommendations for further geological exploration across the license area were formulated.Conclusion. Further exploration of the Yuzhno-Laptevomorsky promising area is recommended by means of analyzing the available data, processing of new geophysical data, updating the geological model and designing 3D seismic surveys within the identified promising areas. In addition, 2D seismic surveys at the regional level should be carried out to define the sedimentary boundaries of the Eastern Artic water area.
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Jian, Feng Xu, Pooya Hadian, Stephen Doyle, Simon Molyneux, and Hongfeng Wu. "Major geological surfaces of the Exmouth Plateau from the new Broadband PreSDM reprocessed 3D seismic data with full waveform inversion." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S442—S448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21049.
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The Barrow Sub-basin and Exmouth Plateau, of Australia’s North West Shelf, contain Australia’s largest gas reserves, underpinning the three major LNG facilities, including Gorgon, Wheatstone and Pluto. In addition, there remains significant near-field exploration potential such as the Sasanof prospect. While there is full 3D seismic coverage in the basin, the existing 3D surveys are of different vintages covering only parts of the basin with diverse acquisition and processing parameters. Multi-Client Resources has produced an extensive 3D seismic reprocessing project (BEX-MC3D) incorporating 23 legacy 3D surveys to provide a seamless 25 570 km2 3D dataset. The BEX-MC3D was processed from field tape through DUG Technology’s advanced Broadband PreSDM processing sequence with Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) imaging. The BEX-MC3D provides one continuous superlative 3D dataset covering almost the entire Barrow Sub-basin and the Exmouth Plateau. Major geological surfaces corresponding to key tectonic events from overburden to reservoirs have been interpreted from the BEX-MC3D Priority area in the current study. These high-fidelity imaged surfaces form a basin-wide framework for: (1) rapid exploration lead and prospect identification through the creation of trap and reservoir visualisations; (2) improved reservoir connectivity analysis and modelling of producing and discovered fields to support better reservoir management and field development decisions; and (3) improved understanding of basin-burial history for reservoir quality and geo-mechanical property prediction. This paper will present and discuss major geological surfaces in the context of future exploration lead/prospect identification, reservoir characterisation for field development and management, and improving overall understanding of the basin history.
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An, E. V., S. А. Istekova, Kh M. Kassymkanova, and G. K. Jangulova. "USE OF A SATELLITE GEODESIC NETWORK IN THE QUASIGEOID MODEL." BULLETIN of Russian Academy of Natural Sciences 21 (April 2021): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52531/1682-1696-2021-21-1-15-23.
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The article deals with the possibility of using seismic exploration in solving problems of ore geology in complex mining and geological conditions of Kazakhstan. The substantiation and characterization of geological and geophysical conditions for conducting experimental 3D seismic surveys at the deposits of the Zhilandinsky group of copper sandstones located in the Karaganda region of Central Kazakhstan are presented. The tasks are defined and the technique of conducting high-resolution 3D seismic exploration is developed, accompanied by modern processing and interpretation complexes for obtaining high-quality seismic materials for solving geological problems: studying the structural and tectonic structure of ore areas, identifying and refining ore-controlling structures, detecting and deep mapping of tectonic faults, volumetric mapping of intrusive massifs. The directions and technology of the process of modeling ore horizons and tracing them in space based on the results of a comprehensive interpretation of three-dimensional seismic exploration and geological and geophysical data, which will significantly increase the reliability coefficient of forecasting ore deposits, are indicated.
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Teskey, D. J., P. J. Hood, L. W. Morley, R. A. Gibb, P. Sawatzky, M. Bower, and E. E. Ready. "The aeromagnetic survey program of the Geological Survey of Canada: contribution to regional geological mapping and mineral exploration." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-021.
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The aeromagnetic survey operations of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) began in 1946, utilizing a magnetometer in a bird system towed by a Royal Canadian Air Force Anson. Subsequent early operations were carried out by the GSC-operated Canso and Aero Commander aircraft. In 1961, the GSC in-house survey team formed the nucleus of a contract surveys group set up to monitor a new program established to complete the aeromagnetic mapping of the Canadian Shield in 12 years on a cost-sharing basis with the provinces. Today, surveys are carried out under contract by light twin-engine aircraft such as the Cessna 404 and even, in some cases, single-engine aircraft that utilize compact computer-controlled data acquisition and navigation systems and inboard magnetometer installations. Early systems were capable of resolution of only a few nanoteslas (nT) compared to the current standard of 0.1 nT or less, and flight path positioning with 35 mm film and photomosaics or topographical maps was extremely challenging. Despite these limitations, the careful selection of survey parameters and attention given to quality control have resulted in a world-class aeromagnetic data base that has contributed significantly to regional geological mapping and to mineral and oil exploration in Canada. Concurrently, the GSC carried out research programs into the development of instrumentation and into processing, interpretation, and enhancement techniques. In 1968, the GSC acquired its own platform, a Beechcraft B80 Queenair, which was used to develop high-sensitivity techniques, and an inboard gradiometer system, which was transferred to private industry in 1983. The GSC, in cooperation with the Flight Research Laboratory of the National Research Council of Canada, has also conducted a program of research into magnetometry and navigation combined with aeromagnetic studies of the Arctic since 1962.
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Uglitskih, E., S. Vyzhva, and O. Ivanik. "VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT MONITORING OF ZAKARPATTYA REGION TERRITORY BASED ON RADAR INTERFEROMETRY DATA." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 4 (91) (2020): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.91.13.
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The article presents result of deformation monitoring in Zakarpattya region, performed using the method of radar interferometry. The method of radar interferometry allows to monitor the displacements of the earth's surface in real time and quickly obtain up-to-date data. As a result of the research of the Carpathian model landfill, 26 pairs of interferograms for the period 2016–2018 were processed. As a result of these operations, a general map of vertical displacements of the earth's surface of the Carpathian model landfill was constructed. The territory is ranked into 3 zones according to the indicators of vertical displacements of the earth's surface. It is confirmed that the use of interferometry data is effective for detailed analysis of the regime and dynamics of dangerous geological processes. These surveys are of great value and with good resolution and appropriate processing algorithm give reasonable results and conclusions, which in combination with lithological-stratigraphic, geomorphological and structuraltectonic studies can be used to predict dangerous geological processes and minimize their negative impact on nature and man-made systems.
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Denich, Eleonora, Aldo Vesnaver, and Luca Baradello. "Amplitude Recovery and Deconvolution of Chirp and Boomer Data for Marine Geology and Offshore Engineering." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 5704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185704.
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The processing of Chirp data is limited by the usual recording of the signal envelope, which enhances its immediate visibility but prevents applying methods based on wave equations. This is normally not the case for Boomer data. However, both systems are monochannel instruments, which cannot estimate properly the propagation velocity of the signal in the rocks. In this paper, we present two theorems: the first one links the Chirp or Boomer source spectrum with an expected amplitude decay curve; the second one defines conditions for the deconvolution stability of the enveloped Boomer signal when the full waveform of the source signal is known. In this way, we can jointly process and integrate heterogeneous surveys including both data types. We validated the proposed algorithms by applying them to synthetic and real data. The presented tools can improve the image resolution and the characterization of geological formations in marine surveys by reflectivity anomalies, which are distorted by standard equalization methods.
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Bulko, Roman, Marián Drusa, Jozef Vlček, and Martin Mečár. "CPT Profiling and Laboratory Data Correlations for Deriving of Selected Geotechnical Parameter." Civil and Environmental Engineering 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cee-2015-0020.
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Abstract Currently, can be seen a new trend in engineering geological survey, where laboratory analysis are replaced by in situ testing methods, which are more efficient and cost effective, and time saving too. A regular engineering geological survey cannot be provided by simple core drillings, macroscopic description (sometimes very subjective), and then geotechnical parameters are established based on indicative standardized values or archive values from previous geotechnical standards. The engineering geological survey is trustworthy if is composed of laboratory and in-situ testing supplemented by indirect methods of testing, [1]. The prevalence of rotary core drilling for obtaining laboratory soil samples from various depths (every 1 to 3 m), cannot be a more enhanced as continues evaluation of strata and properties e.g. by CPT Piezocone (every 1 cm). Core drillings survey generally uses small amounts of soil samples, but this is resulting to a lower representation of the subsoil and underestimation of parameters. Higher amounts of soil samples make laboratory testing time-consuming and results from this testing can be influenced by the storage and processing of the soil samples. Preference for geotechnical surveys with in situ testing is therefore a more suitable option. In situ testing using static and dynamic penetration tests can be used as a supplement or as a replacement for the (traditional) methods of surveying.
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Kenessary, Abzal Z., M. Koldey, and Zh Islamberdiyev. "Experience of planning and support of 3D seismic exploration on the example of a deposit in the South Torgay basin." Kazakhstan journal for oil & gas industry 4, no. 2 (July 20, 2022): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54859/kjogi107098.
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The modern development of seismic fieldwork technologies and data processing and interpretation techniques make it possible to obtain high-quality material not only for studying structural features, but also for in-depth analysis of rock anisotropy: a detailed understanding of the spatial heterogeneity of lithological and petrophysical properties, predicting the nature of fluid saturation, analyzing finely disjunctive tectonics, fracture density and propagation geometry.
Quality control at all stages of the field seismic survey and processing is also important. It is necessary to understand that quality control consists in direct participation in the work process from the beginning of seismic survey planning to obtaining the final result and interpretation.
This article discusses the importance of full technical support for seismic exploration from planning and design of field work for solving the geological problems, to choosing the optimal processing graph, the results of which have a significant effect on structural and dynamic interpretation. On the example of the South Torgay Basin field, the detailed design of seismic surveys, the use of the latest fieldwork and data processing technologies made it possible to obtain more complete geological and geophysical information. As a result of the work carried out, in 2021, all wells drilled on the basis of the new seismic survey obtained an industrial inflow of hydrocarbons.
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Vuong, Hoang Van, Tran Van Kha, Pham Nam Hung, and Nguyen Kim Dung. "Research on deep geological structure and forecasting of some areas with petroleum prospects in the Red river delta coastal strip according to geophysical data." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 19, no. 3B (October 21, 2019): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/19/3b/14516.
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The coastal areas of the Red River Delta are the transition areas from the continent to the sea and have great mineral prospects, especially petroleum prospects. In this area, a lot of topics and projects in geology and geophysics have been conducted for many different purposes such as studying the deep structure, tectonic - geological features, seismic reflection - refraction to identify petroleum traps in the Cenozoic sediments... However there are very few studies on deep structure features, using the results of processing and meta-analysis of gravity, magnetotelluric, tectonic - geological data to detect the direct and indirect relations to the formation of structures with petroleum potential. The authors have researched, tested and applied an appropriate methodology of processing and analysis, to overcome the shortfall of gravity data as well as the nonhomogeneity in details of seismic and geophysical surveys. The obtained results are semi-quantitative and qualitative characteristics of structure of deep boundary surfaces, structural characteristics of fault systems and their distribution in the study area, calculation of the average rock density of pre-Cenozoic basement... From these results, the authors established the zoning map of the areas with petroleum potential in the Red river delta coastal strip according to geophysical data.
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Cigna, F., C. Del Ventisette, V. Liguori, and N. Casagli. "Advanced radar-interpretation of InSAR time series for mapping and characterization of geological processes." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 3 (March 16, 2011): 865–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-865-2011.
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Abstract. We present a new post-processing methodology for the analysis of InSAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry) multi-temporal measures, based on the temporal under-sampling of displacement time series, the identification of potential changes occurring during the monitoring period and, eventually, the classification of different deformation behaviours. The potentials of this approach for the analysis of geological processes were tested on the case study of Naro (Italy), specifically selected due to its geological setting and related ground instability of unknown causes that occurred in February 2005. The time series analysis of past (ERS1/2 descending data; 1992–2000) and current (RADARSAT-1 ascending data; 2003–2007) ground movements highlighted significant displacement rates (up to 6 mm yr−1) in 2003–2007, followed by a post-event stabilization. The deformational behaviours of instable areas involved in the 2005 event were also detected, clarifying typology and kinematics of ground instability. The urban sectors affected and unaffected by the event were finally mapped, consequently re-defining and enlarging the influenced area previously detected by field observations. Through the integration of InSAR data and conventional field surveys (i.e. geological, geomorphologic and geostructural campaigns), the causes of instability were finally attributed to tectonics.
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Ward, Gavin, and Dean Baker. "Rhyl Field: developing a new structural model by integrating basic geological principles with advanced seismic imaging in the Irish Sea." Geological Society, London, Petroleum Geology Conference series 8, no. 1 (October 27, 2016): 355–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/pgc8.11.
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AbstractA new model of compression in the Upper Triassic overlying the Rhyl Field has been developed for the Keys Basin, Irish Sea. This paper highlights the significance of the overburden velocity model in revealing the true structure of the field. The advent of 3D seismic and pre-stack depth migration has improved the interpreter's knowledge of complex velocity fields, such as shallow channels, salt bodies and volcanic intrusions. The huge leaps in processing power and migration algorithms have advanced the understanding of many anomalous features, but at a price: seismic imaging has always been a balance of quality against time and cost. As surveys get bigger and velocity analyses become more automated, quality control of the basic geological assumptions becomes an even more critical factor in the processing of seismic data and in the interpretation of structure. However, without knowledge of both regional and local geology, many features in the subsurface can be processed out of the seismic by relying too heavily on processing algorithms to image the structural model. Regrettably, without an integrated approach, this sometimes results in basic geological principles taking second place to technology and has contributed to hiding the structure of the Rhyl Field until recently.
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You, Zhiwei, Peifen Xu, Suqun Ling, Yanan Du, Ruohan Zhang, Jin Yao, and Hua Zhang. "Estimation of shallow subsurface S-wave velocity structure in urban area based on inversion of apparent dispersion curve." Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 17, no. 6 (December 2020): 940–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jge/gxaa054.
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Abstract Due to its efficiency, convenience, non-destructive nature and strong anti-interference capability, the microtremor survey method (MSM) has found wide applications in urban geological surveys. The spatial autocorrelation method is diffusely applied to extract the dispersion curves from microtremor signals, which needs to satisfy the assumption that the energy of the fundamental Rayleigh wave is dominant. However, for layered media containing a layer with a significant low- or high-velocity contrast, this assumption is distinctly incorrect for certain frequency ranges. We present a processing methodology comprising the extraction and inversion of the apparent dispersion curves based on extended spatial autocorrelation method and fast simulated-annealing algorithm. We analyse synthetic microtremor signals for three selected geological models, and then compare the S-wave velocity structures estimated from their inversions with the actual models. Subsequently, a filed data example is given to detect the shallow stratigraphic structures in Guangzhou city, China, in which the new MSM was used. The estimated two-dimensional S-wave velocity model provided an accurate description of the thickness and depth of the strata in the study area, based on a priori information. Moreover, the S-wave velocity structures estimated from the MSM and the results from the drilling match very well, indicating that MSM is a reliable geophysical technique in urban geological surveys. Combined with available borehole information, MSM can be a very robust and effective method for detecting the shallow three-dimensional velocity structures in an urban area.
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Ford, Cliff C., James K. Dirstein, and Alistair John Stanley. "Prospectivity insights from automated pre-interpretation processing of open-file 3D seismic data: characterising the Late Triassic Mungaroo Formation of the Carnarvon Basin, North West Shelf of Australia." APPEA Journal 55, no. 1 (2015): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14002.
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Waveform data from pre-interpretation processing is used in nine Late Triassic interpretation case studies from an area extending more than 30,000 km2 across the Exmouth Plateau, Kangaroo Trough and Rankin Trend on the North West Shelf of Australia. Events selected from a database of automatically generated surfaces extracted from six large open-file 3D marine surveys (~16,000 km2) are used to analyse reservoirs, seals, and pore fluid within the Brigadier and Mungaroo formations in this peer-reviewed paper. Today, geoscience teams are challenged with vast data sets such as the archived versions of more than 125 Carnarvon Basin 3D seismic surveys. Pre-interpretation processing delivers a database of numerous seismic events that cannot be effectively managed using traditional interpretation workstations. With, however, a 3D viewer to query, edit and merge the results, geoscience teams are able to review many large surveys and the surfaces in their interpretation workflows. At the 2013 WABS Conference in Perth, WA, two papers offered models for the Late Triassic gas reservoirs. These models represent many years of synthesis and integration of data by teams of geoscientists from two of the major operators on the North West Shelf. Validation and corroboration of the proposed models was gained by using selected pre-interpretation surfaces. Stacking patterns, waveform fitness, amplitude and two-way time surfaces from these spatial databases revealed geological insights about the formations, such as their complexity of structure, extent of reservoirs, and continuity of seals, along with a better understanding about the trapping and charge systems of the fields.
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Adam, Erick, G. Perron, B. Milkereit, Jianjun Wu, A. J. Calvert, M. Salisbury, Pierre Verpaelst, and Denis-Jacques Dion. "A review of high-resolution seismic profiling across the Sudbury, Selbaie, Noranda, and Matagami mining camps." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37, no. 2-3 (April 2, 2000): 503–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e99-064.
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Lithoprobe high-resolution seismic surveys have provided the first systematic images of the deep stratigraphy in four major Canadian mining camps (Noranda, Matagami, Sudbury, and Selbaie). Systematic compressional wave velocity and density measurements in deep boreholes have established that lithological contacts were the main impedance contrast imaged, although reflections from faults and deformation zones have also been observed. The strongest reflections are attributed to mafic intrusions and some sulphides and oxides. Integrating seismic, physical rock property measurements, and geological data has resulted in the revision of several geological models with direct impact on local strategies for deep mineral exploration. Mining companies have shown an interest in seismic reflection methods and this has led to several follow-up studies. The application of seismic methods to the direct detection of massive sulphides, based on physical rock property measurements, has been studied through two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3D) seismic imaging and vertical seismic profiling technologies. The challenge will now be to optimize 3D seismic imaging for mineral exploration and to improve seismic data processing by enhancing the seismic response from deep, lenticular orebodies.
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Jackisch, Madriz, Zimmermann, Pirttijärvi, Saartenoja, Heincke, Salmirinne, Kujasalo, Andreani, and Gloaguen. "DroneBorne Hyperspectral and Magnetic Data Integration: Otanmäki FeTiV Deposit in Finland." Remote Sensing 11, no. 18 (September 5, 2019): 2084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11182084.
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The technical evolution of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for mineral exploration advances rapidly. Recent sensor developments and improved UAS performance open new fields for research and applications in geological and geophysical exploration among others. In this study, we introduce an integrated acquisition and processing strategy for droneborne multisensor surveys combining optical remote sensing and magnetic data. We deploy both fixedwing and multicopter UAS to characterize an outcrop of the Otanmäki FeTiV deposit in central Finland. The lithology consists mainly of gabbro intrusions hosting ore bodies of magnetiteilmenite. Large areas of the outcrop are covered by lichen and low vegetation. We use two droneborne multi and hyperspectral cameras operating in the visible to nearinfrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum to identify dominant geological features and the extents of ore bodies via ironindicating proxy minerals. We apply band ratios and unsupervised and supervised image classifications on the spectral data, from which we can map surficial ironbearing zones. We use two setups with threeaxis fluxgate magnetometers deployed both by a fixedwing and a multicopter UAS to measure the magnetic field at various flight altitudes (15 m, 40 m, 65 m). The total magnetic intensity (TMI) computed from the individual components is used for further interpretation of ore distribution. We compare to traditional magnetic groundbased survey data to evaluate the UASbased results. The measured anomalies and spectral data are validated and assigned to the outcropping geology and ore mineralization by performing surface spectroscopy, portable Xray fluorescence (pXRF), magnetic susceptibility, and traditional geologic mapping. Locations of mineral zones and magnetic anomalies correlate with the established geologic map. The integrated survey strategy allowed a straightforward mapping of ore occurrences. We highlight the efficiency, spatial resolution, and reliability of UAS surveys. Acquisition time of magnetic UAS surveying surpassed ground surveying by a factor of 20 with a comparable resolution. The proposed workflow possibly facilitates surveying, particularly in areas with complicated terrain and of limited accessibility, but highlights the remaining challenges in UAS mapping.
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AKHMEDOV, Tofik Rashid ogly, and Aigyun Nemat kyzy SULTANOVA. "Geological structure of the Khylly field according to 3D seismic data." NEWS of the Ural State Mining University 59, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2020-3-52-61.
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Relevance of the work. The paper considers challenging problems related with outlining of intervals with oil and gas presence in the mature Khylly field by use of latest 3D seismic survey techniques in order to gain larger crude resources base. The purpose of this research is to discover the most promising intervals of target horizons with relatively high reservoir properties outlined by 3D seismic data. The subjects of research are 3D seismic survey data, downhole seismic survey – Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) and well logging diagrams. The object of research is the Khylly deposit. The paper describes in brief geological and geophysical characteristics, stratigraphic and lithological features of rocks making the section. It is noted that despite repeated surveys by use of various geological and geophysical techniques, the field setting is not thoroughly studied and it has been covered by 3D seismic survey in 2012. Research results. 3D seismic survey applied across Khylly area is resulted in drawing of 4 structural maps for III and I horizons of Productive Series (PS), Akchagyl and Lower Absheron suites. Taking into account the relevance of structural planes of various stratigraphic levels and III horizon of PS being one of the major reference horizons the paper gives description of structural map drawn for this horizon. The detailed velocity model is designed based on VSP data with wide use of velocity analysis data. It has been made clear that Khylly area has block structure and each block has been described in detail. Based on acquired data it has been recommended to drill exploratory well R-1. Conclusion. Processing and interpretation of seismic data are aimed at solving some geological problems; the main task was to obtain results that ensure the study of the geological structure in the seismic survey area, including tracing of seismic horizons, faults and outlining the areas and section intervals which may be of interest due to possible oil and gas presence. VSP data acquired in well 2012 and velocity analysis made it possible to design velocity model of the section under the study, with the use of which the temporary 3D cube was transformed into a depth cube. The quality of seismic data is good and made it possible to solve the tasks set for this research.
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Izadi, Mehdi. "Technology Focus: Heavy Oil (April 2022)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, no. 04 (April 1, 2022): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0422-0069-jpt.
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Heavy oils are characterized by high density, high viscosity, and high-heavy-fraction components. Because of high viscosity and lower API gravity than conventional crude oil, primary recovery of some of these crude oil types requires thermal stimulation of the reservoirs. Most of the technologies that deal with heavy oil need to address the mobility ratio or viscous forces before any flooding. In general, poor recovery is caused by physical reasons or geological reasons. Physical reasons can be categorized as capillary forces (existence of the interfacial tension between oil and water, wettability) or viscous forces (high mobility ratio between water and oil). Geological reasons are heterogeneities in reservoir rock and exist in all petroleum oil systems. In heavy oil reservoirs, enhanced oil recovery (EOR) intends to reduce the capillary forces and interfacial tension to improve microscopic displacement efficiency or improve the sweep efficiency (macroscopic) by reducing the mobility ratio between injected fluid and displaced fluid. Improving the mobility ratio is achieved by increasing the viscosity of water using polymers or by reducing the oil viscosity using heat. In general, all technologies need to address the capillary and viscous forces to improve oil recovery. Paper SPE 207361 discusses improving of the efficiency of the flood by near-wellbore conformance and improving the vertical sweep efficiency. The use of fiber-optic sensors, as addressed in paper SPE 199023, is intended to gather better data and avoid misinterpretation during falloff tests and injectivity tests. Traditionally, for heavy oil EOR simulation, because of the addition of chemical species or heat to the flow equations as well as the need for a finer grid resolution, the use of the full-field model in most cases was limited and the use of sector models and local grid refinement to obtain a reasonable accuracy has been applied in the industry. Sector modeling conditions must be satisfied to establish the reliability and the trade-off between accuracy (sector models) and computational expediency (full-field model). Recent development of hardware and software [graphics-processing-unit (GPU) -based simulators] has provided the industry with the tools to achieve a full-field model simulation in most fields by taking advantage of GPU solvers and using a fine-grid model to predict full-field performance. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 200279 - Field Application of the Autonomous Inflow Control Device for Optimized Heavy Oil Production in South Sultanate of Oman by Ali Al-Jumah, Petroleum Development Oman, et al. SPE 203012 - More Oil and Less Water: Autonomous Inflow Control Devices in New and Old Producers in Heavy Oil Fields From South of Oman by Ameera Al Harrasi, Petroleum Development Oman, et al. SPE 207684 - Game Changer in Dealing With Hard Scale Using a Slickline Torque Action Debris Breaker by Mahmoud Mohamed Koriesh, Dragon Oil, et al.
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Mendonça, Carlos Alberto. "Automatic determination of the magnetization–density ratio and magnetization inclination from the joint interpretation of 2D gravity and magnetic anomalies." GEOPHYSICS 69, no. 4 (July 2004): 938–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1778237.
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The Poisson theorem establishes a linear relationship between the gravity and magnetic potentials arising from common dense and magnetized bodies with constant magnetization–density ratio and magnetization direction. For geological formations satisfying such constraints (i.e., the Poisson conditions), this theorem provides suitable relationships between the gravity and magnetic anomalies that are useful in interpreting the related data sets. In such applications, both magnetization–density ratio (MDR) and magnetization direction can be estimated, thus helping the subsurface geological mapping from potential field data acquired on the earth's surface. However, no existing method is fully automatic, which has hampered extensive use in routine applications. Such a drawback follows the adoption of equations that, although obeying the Poisson theorem, relate particular components of the gravity and magnetic fields, thus requiring either a known magnetization direction or the implementation of iterative procedures to determine it. To allow one‐pass estimates for both MDR and magnetization direction (more precisely, its inclination projected on the plane normal to the source strike), this paper presents simple analytical solutions for these parameters by relating suitable gravity and magnetic vector fields that are derived from the gravity and magnetic data sets. Because current geophysical surveys usually provide only a single‐field component, a data processing scheme is developed to determine the required components in evaluating the desired vector fields. This is done by applying suitable linear transformations on the measured components according to well‐established filtering techniques in processing gravity and magnetic data. Except for distortions from noise, the proposed method automatically determines the MDR and the projected magnetization inclination for the underlying rocks everywhere the Poisson conditions are satisfied. Two‐dimensional sources are assumed, but no constraint upon their depth and cross‐section shape is required. Distorted estimates only appear close to the sources where at least one of the Poisson conditions is violated. In this case, the proposed technique furnishes apparent values for the rock properties. The abrupt changes of apparent values over contacts detect edges, thus facilitating the mapping of geological boundaries. The proposed technique is used to interpret two profiles across the Appalachian fold belt from the eastern portion of the State of Georgia, and the results are compared with some of the geological information available for the area.
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Shakarov, Kh I., and Kh G. Mustafaeva. "Reasons for low-resistant oil formations, criteria of their selection and productivity evaluation." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 3 (March 15, 2020): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2020-3-9-14.
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The paper reviews the issues of low-resistivity of oil-saturated formations and analyzes the studies carried out in this direction as well. The definition of specific electric resistance plays a significant role in the selection of reservoir-beds and the evaluation of their productivity. The analysis of the complex of downhole geophysical surveys conducted in Azerbaijan territory justifies that in some cases the geological section consists of the layering of formations with anisotropic properties varying by their resistance and permeability. Neglecting such aspects in the data processing and interpretation leads to the distortions. In the definition of oil saturation of soil units consisting of sand-clay interlayers’ alternation, it is practical to consider the anisotropic nature and comparisons “resistance correlations”.
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Meng, Qing Sheng, Hong Li Li, and Tao Liu. "Some Remarks on Single-Channel and Multi-Channel Seismic in Offshore Engineering Geological Exploration." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 1485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.1485.
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Single-channel and multi-channel seismic exploration have become two important geophysical methods in offshore engineering geological investigation. Both of the two methods can present high sensitivity and high resolution information about the strata under the seafloor. However, the single-channel seismic prospecting method has some limitations in high resolution engineering surveys. For example, (1) When the depth of water is relatively shallow, the system cannot get zero offset profile; (2) The reflective events will be distorted if the terrain of the seafloor is complex, and thus make the interpretation much more difficult; (3) We cannot remove the influence of the complex multiples in single-channel seismic data processing; (4) We cannot get the lithological and physical properties directly using single-channel seismic method; and, (5) The spatial resolution of single-channel is also lower than that of multi-channel seismic method. In this paper, we presented some examples, and the above problems have been discussed to compare the two methods. All those can give a good guide for selecting appropriate exploration methods.
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Liang, Shengjun, Siyuan Sun, and Hongfei Lu. "Application of Airborne Electromagnetics and Magnetics for Mineral Exploration in the Baishiquan–Hongliujing Area, Northwest China." Remote Sensing 13, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13050903.
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Airborne electromagnetics is an effective and efficient exploration tool in shallow mineral exploration for its high efficiency and low cost. In 2016, airborne electromagnetic and airborne magnetic surveys have been carried out at the border of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Gansu Province, the Northwest China. With an integrated system, the airborne electromagnetics and airborne magnetic data were collected simultaneously by AreoTEM-IV system from Aeroquest International Limited in Vancouver, BC, Canada, and the CS3 Cesium Vapor magnetometer from Scintrex in Concord, ON, Canada. About 3149 line-km of both data with 250 m line space were acquired. After data processing, the comprehensive analysis and interpretation of resistivity and magnetic anomalies has been carried out to infer lithological structure and outline the potential ore deposits. Verified by the ground surveys, seven outlined anomalies are consistent with the known ore sites, and one new gold deposit and several mineralization clues were found. The prospective reserves of gold are expected to exceed 10 tons. Besides, some prospecting target areas were outlined as the possible locations of copper–nickel deposits. The successful case shows the airborne magnetic data accords with geological structures, and the airborne electromagnetic method is effective in finding metal mineral resources, which can help to quickly identify potential ore targets with no surface outcrop.
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Daniela, Ruberti, Marino Ermanno, Pignalosa Antonio, Romano Pasquale, and Vigliotti Marco. "Assessment of Tuff Sea Cliff Stability Integrating Geological Surveys and Remote Sensing. Case History from Ventotene Island (Southern Italy)." Remote Sensing 12, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12122006.
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This study provides a detailed integrated analysis of the erosional processes affecting the volcanoclastic headlands of a pocket beach, of a typical Tyrrhenian volcanic island (Ventotene, south Italy). It compares the survey carried out in 2012 and the recent landslides that occurred in 2018–2020. The studied tuff cliff is characterised by steep, up to overhanging walls affected by a fracture network, which locally isolates blocks in precarious equilibrium. The stability conditions of the southern Cala Nave Bay sea cliff were evaluated by integrating a geological field survey, structural analysis of discontinuities, and a detailed topographic survey consisting of a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and photogrammetry data acquisition and processing, providing a three-dimensional (3D) model of the sea cliff. The 3D model of the area affected by the recent landslides was created using proximity photogrammetry, the Structure for Motion (SfM) methodology. The fracture network was represented by using high-resolution digital models and projected to realize geostructural vertical mapping of the cliff. The data acquired in 2012 were more recently compared with further surveys carried out, following rock failures that occurred in winter 2019–2020. The detachment planes and failure modalities coincide perfectly with the ones previously assessed. The applied techniques and the comparison with the recent rock failures have proven to be important in defining these conditions to address risk mitigation interventions.
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Kyriou, Aggeliki, Konstantinos Nikolakopoulos, Ioannis Koukouvelas, and Paraskevi Lampropoulou. "Repeated UAV Campaigns, GNSS Measurements, GIS, and Petrographic Analyses for Landslide Mapping and Monitoring." Minerals 11, no. 3 (March 13, 2021): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11030300.
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Landslides are posing a significant global hazard as they occur instantaneously with devastating consequences. The development of new remote sensing technologies and innovative processing techniques over the past few years opened up new horizons and perspectives in landslide monitoring research. The purpose of the current research is the integrated monitoring of an active landslide, located in Western Greece, using low-cost and high-repeatability remote sensing data like those obtained by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Repeated UAV campaigns and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) surveys were performed to assess the activity of the landslide and determine its kinematic behavior. UAV data were processed using structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry and the generated high-detailed orthophotos and digital surface models (DSMs) were submitted in further processing procedure in an ArcGIS environment. Regarding the GNSS data, a new low-cost technique for the estimation of the direction and the rate of movement of the displaced material was developed. The repeated measurements were displayed in a vector format in a three-axis diagram. In addition, GNSS measurements were used to verify the results of the photogrammetric processing. The final assessment was carried out taking into account geological data such as petrographic and crystallographic features of the material of the landslide. It was observed that the lithology and consequently the petrographic properties of the material plays a key role regarding the activity of the landslide.
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Sassioui, Slimane, Abdellatif Aarab, Mourad Darbali, Ali Ouchbani, Abdellah Lakhloufi, Mohamed El Hilali, and Abdelkader Larabi. "Contribution to the Mineralogical Study Using Electrical Tomography in Foum Tizza Area, Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco." Iraqi Geological Journal 55, no. 2D (October 31, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.2d.1ms-2022-10-17.
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In the Foum Tizza area of Taghbalt, which is located in the Paleozoic cover of the eastern Anti-Atlas of Morocco, a mineralogical study has been done by electrical tomography, with the objective of drawing up a plan of action for future mineral exploitation. To achieve this objective, we first performed a geological assessment of the study area, followed by a geophysical investigation using electric resistivity and induced polarization surveys. The arrangement used is dipole-dipole and the processing of the geophysical data before and after inversion was carried out using Res2Dinv software. After defining the structural contacts and locating the metallogenic anomalies in relation to the field stratigraphy, the faults are mineralized and loaded in barite (BaSO4) and lead sulfide (PbS) with veins orientation WNW-ESE to E-W.
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Connelly, D. L., B. J. Ferris, and L. D. Trembly. "Northwestern Williston Basin case histories with 3-D seismic data." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 11 (November 1991): 1849–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442998.
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Two Northwestern Williston Basin field studies illustrate the cost‐effective geological and three‐dimensional seismic methods used to explore for structurally controlled oil reservoirs in the Tule Creek area of northeast Montana. These examples present the geologic and seismic characteristics of a Mississippian Charles C zone pool at Northwest Poplar field and a Devonian Nisku accumulation at Long Creek West field. A classic, upward‐shoaling, nearshore marine carbonate sequence characterizes the reservoir and associated strata in both fields. The Charles C zone pool of Northwest Poplar field is a subtle, tectonically‐controlled accumulation which remained undiscovered and downdip from the large, nearby, well‐known East Poplar field until 1983. Long Creek West field exhibits the subtle character of small closed structures produced by multistage evaporite solution. Three‐dimensional (3-D) seismic techniques best detect such fields of low vertical relief and small areal extent. The significant acquisition costs of multifold, 3-D seismic surveys led us to design, acquire, process, and interpret single‐fold 3-D surveys to disclose these subtle, small structures. Augmented conventional 48-channel vibroseis crews collected the 3-D data. Near‐surface glacial till deposits in the area created residual statics and normal‐moveout problems on the single‐fold data. These processing problems were handled by constraining the statics and normal‐moveout velocity solutions with plausible geologic conditions: the near‐flat attitude of the reflecting beds, and the inferred horizontal simplicity of the earth velocity field. Our geologically constrained processing methods included: single‐event correlation picking, single‐fold, surface‐consistent statics, and velocity interpolation on flattened events. In addition, spatially oriented six‐fold stacking increases the signal‐to‐noise ratio in areas where poor signal quality exists. In the case of Northwest Poplar field, geologic studies and subsequent interpretations involving isochron mapping techniques showed that the absence of Mississippian evaporites and paleostructural thinning produce disruption of evaporite events and interval thinning near the evaporites, respectively. Long Creek West field exhibited the interval thickening below, and the interval thinning above the trap formed by two‐stage evaporite solution. Careful analysis of geologic conditions coupled with single‐fold 3-D methods makes it possible to economically explore for small undiscovered structural traps in a mature exploration area.
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Leksin, V. K., V. I. Samarin, and P. N. Liskovyi. "RESULTS OF INTERPRETATION OF SEISMIC SECTIONS DURING ENGINEERING SURVEYS WITHIN OF THE SOUTH-KIRINSKOYE OIL AND GAS CONDENSATE FIELD (SHELF OF SAKHALIN ISLAND)." Engineering survey 12, no. 9-10 (April 4, 2019): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25296/1997-8650-2018-12-9-10-64-73.
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High-resolution 2D seismic is the main and optimal method in marine engineering geophysics, which for many years has worked well for the production of semi-submersible drilling rigs, self-lifting drilling rigs, construction of berthing facilities and bridges. The main objective of this method is to identify near-surface gas, faults, which are geological hazards. The method used for performing marine research is longitudinal profiling of reflected waves with a 48-fold overlap of the reflecting horizons. To obtain high-quality seismic migrated sections, we have previously developed a unified data processing algorithm for the offshore areas of the South-Kirinskoye oil and gas condensate field (Sakhalin shelf). More than 8,000 line km of seismic data were processed. The article presents the sequence of interpretation, as well as an analysis of the presence of hazards in the project wells (objects). To isolate potentially dangerous objects for each horizon, a dynamic analysis was carried out, which included the definition of the following parameters: maximum and minimum peak amplitude. The systematization and classification of amplitude anomalies was carried out according to such features as a phase change, frequency reduction, the presence of a supply channel and distortion (false deflection) of all underlying boundaries, indicating the possible presence of gas. The probable hazard levels for drilling operations were determined. All the identified anomalies in the process of interpreting seismic sections were mapped to the geological hazards to select the optimal and safe installation point for drilling a prospecting or exploration well.
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Kuptsova, Olesya V., Alexey A. Verkhoturov, and Vyacheslav A. Melkiy. "DETECTION ZONES OF DISJUNCTIVE DISLOCATIONS FOR THE TERRITORY OF NORTHERN SAKHALIN BY DATA OF SPACE SURVEYS." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 4, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2021-4-1-79-85.
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The article presents results of the research of disjunctive dislocations of the earth's crust in northern part of the Sakhalin Island by analyzing the fields of lineaments, which identified on basis of satellite surveys using the LEFA software package. The object of research was chosen not by chance: eastern part of territory of the north of Sakhalin Island is quite well studied by geological and geophysical methods in order to identify oil and gas-bearing structures, as well as in connection with the close attention to it after catastrophic Neftegorsk earthquake on May 28, 1995. The result of work of the predecessors made it possible for verify the reliability of results obtained and assess of prospects to using automated decryption technologies to identify seismically active zones. The purpose of work was to create maps of active fault zones on studied territory. In process of the work, the SRTM data and Landsat-8 satellite images for 2015-2020, obtained in eight spectral channels, were analyzed using algorithms for detecting the location of lineaments based on methods of mathematical processing of images using different algorithms. It was revealed that images obtained in the red, infrared zones of the electromagnetic spectrum (4, 5, 6, 7), and the panchromatic channel (8) are most informative for identifying disjunctive disorders. Based on the data obtained, maps of disjunctive disorders of Sakhalin Island on scale of 1: 500,000 compiled. The article has certain novelty due to fact that the LEFA technological techniques were first used for research the geologically complex structures of Northern Sakhalin. The main results of the work will be useful in choosing places for construction of economic and industrial facilities, as well as in the exploration, search and operation of mineral deposits.
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Udoratin, V. V. "Structure of the Earth crust and upper mantle along seismological profile Mezen–Timan–Pechora (MEZTIMPECH)." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 20, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2020-20-4-517-527.
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Object of study. The article was devoted to investigation of the depth structure of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle along the Mezen–Timan–Pechora seismic profile (MEZTIMPECH), crossing the southern parts of the Mezen syneclise, the Timan ridge and the Pechora syneclise. Total profile length was 525 km. Materials and methods. In the course of writing the article, the data obtained by performing seismic surveys using the earthquake exchange wave method were used. The processing involved seismic data using the methods of deep seismic sounding, reflected waves, a common depth point, a correlated method of refracted waves, and materials from well geophysical surveys. In interpreting the research results, generalizing models of the deep structure of the territory were employed. Research results. As a result of the interpretation of the records of the method of exchange waves of earthquakes and the subsequent mathematical modeling, a geological and geophysical section was constructed to a depth of about 100 km and a number of seismic boundaries were identified. The pivotal boundaries of the exchange were: Ф0 – the surface of the Riphean folded basement, Ф – the surface of the pre-Riphean crystalline basement, M – the surface of Mohorovich, identified with the roof of the upper mantle. Additionally, horizons K1–K4 – in the crust of the Earth, M1, M2 – in the upper mantle were traced. Four regional geoblocks were distinguished in the seismic section, differing in depth of the basement surface, the Moho sectionand the underlying structural features of the consolidated crust: the Kirov-Kazhim aulacogen, the Vychegda depression, the Timan ridge and the Pre-Ural downfold. Conclusions. The results of deep seismic studies reflected regional features of the structure of the Earth’s crust and were the basis for the construction of tectonic models of large geological objects.
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Jonah, S. A. "Series of 1-D ER and IP traverses reveal vestige of regional geological structure." Applied Journal of Physical Science 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/ajps2021.045.
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At the Basement Complex geological province of central Nigeria, in the state of Niger, just northeast of the Bida Sedimentary Basin, there is the character of non-complexity and high uniformity in the local geology over an appreciable linear spread. This appreciation makes it a standard practice to do one-dimensional vertical electrical sounding surveys in the search for groundwater resources at this area with the expectation of reliable results. This seeming “simplicity” means that intense manual labour can be invested in acquiring a large data-field at a local area of survey where resources are not readily available to do a standard two-dimensional survey of the conventional kind. This is especially significant for the proposed area of development at the Gidan Kwano Campus of the Federal University of Technology, Minna, Thus, with this awareness and the use of the ABEM Terrameter 4000 equipment, the aim of this study was to do an intense acquisition of one-dimensional electrical resistance and concomitant induced polarization programme for this proposed area of development so as to achieve the objective of garnering information about exploitable groundwater locations before structural developments cover these points up. Typical point-to-point one-dimensional tandem electrical resistance and concomitant induced polarisation surveys were completed along east-west profile lines for about 309 survey stations of the available 441 principal locations of the 4 km2 extent of the proposed new development. After due processing and interpretation of the data-field of this survey, whilst remarking that the induced polarisation data-set was used herein as quality control “refiner” only, clusters of reliable groundwater locations were observed at the southwest end of the 4 km2 areal extent of the proposed new development. It conforms to the dip of the landform and comparatively significant overburden-material thicknesses observed over there. Interestingly, in a twist of serendipity, the series of diagonal subsurface “fault-lines” that connect one promising groundwater prospect with the other, describable by a prominent northeast-southwest dip, aligns exactly with the Kazaure-Karaukarau-Kushaka-Ilesha Schist Belt. In the modern geography setting of the present time, the Kazaure-Karaukarau-Kushaka-Ilesha Schist Belt actually traverses a lengthy diagonal across the landscape of Nigeria, cutting through such Nigerian states as Jigawa, Kano, Kaduna, Niger, Kwara, Ekiti, and Osun. There is virtually no surface indicator of this once-prominent schist belt and what this study reveals is its vestigial signature
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Zavatsky, M. D., A. A. Nezhdanov, and A. N. Kurchatova. "Features of the composition of gas sorbed in the rocks of the upper part of the sedimentary cover section." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 6 (December 25, 2021): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-01108-2021-6-23-35.
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The topicality of the article is determined by the insufficient reliability of geochemical oil and gas exploration data for the localization of petroliferous geological objects. Geochemical surveys are carried out to mapping hydrocarbon anomalies caused by vertical migration of fluid from hydrocarbon deposits. Practice shows that not all anomalies in the content of hydrocarbons in the near-surface environment are related to the oil-bearing capacity of a given subsoil area. Therefore, when interpreting the data of geochemical oil and gas prospecting surveys, it is necessary to take into account not only quantitative indicators (namely, content of hydrocarbon gases on the surface), but also the composition of the gas sorbed by the near-surface substrate. The purpose of the article is to determine the composition of the dissipated gases in the rocks of the upper part of the section, to reveal the inter-component relationships, and, on this basis, to determine the genesis of each gas component sorbed by the rocks of the upper part of the section. To solve this problem, statistical processing of data on the component content of gas from core degassing of shallow (up to 30 m) wells drilled in the petroliferous territory of the north of Western Siberia was carried out. The obtained results confirmed the genetic heterogeneity of dissipated hydrocarbons and inorganic gases in the upper part of the sedimentary cover.
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Floris, Mario, Alessandro Fontana, Giulia Tessari, and Mariachiara Mulè. "Subsidence Zonation Through Satellite Interferometry in Coastal Plain Environments of NE Italy: A Possible Tool for Geological and Geomorphological Mapping in Urban Areas." Remote Sensing 11, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11020165.
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The main aim of this paper is to test the use of multi-temporal differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) techniques as a tool for geological and geomorphological surveys in urban areas, where anthropogenic features often completely obliterate landforms and surficial deposits. In the last two decades, multi-temporal DInSAR techniques have been extensively applied to many topics of Geosciences, especially in geohazard analysis and risks assessment, but few attempts have been made in using differential subsidence for geological and geomorphological mapping. With this aim, interferometric data of an urbanized sector of the Venetian-Friulian Plain were considered. The data derive by permanent scatterers InSAR processing of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images acquired by ERS 1/2, ENVISAT, COSMO SKY-Med and Sentinel-1 missions from 1992 to 2017. The obtained velocity maps identify, with high accuracy, the border of a fluvial incised valley formed after the last glacial maximum (LGM) and filled by unconsolidated Holocene deposits. These consist of lagoon and fluvial sediments that are affected by a much higher subsidence than the surrounding LGM deposits forming the external plain. Displacement time-series of localized sectors inside the post-LGM incision allowed the causes of vertical movements to be explored, which consist of the consolidation of recent deposits, due to the loading of new structures and infrastructures, and the exploitation of the shallow phreatic aquifer.
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Hollender, Fabrice, and Sylvie Tillard. "Modeling ground‐penetrating radar wave propagation and reflection with the Jonscher parameterization." GEOPHYSICS 63, no. 6 (November 1998): 1933–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444486.
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As in seismic surveys, forward modeling is essential to the geological interpretation of georadar data. Because a radar signal is broad band, modeling radar waves in a realistic medium requires knowing the frequency dependence of the effective dielectric permittivity of rocks. Various models can be found in the literature. With the support of laboratory measurements carried out on various rock samples, the complex effective dielectric permittivity describing polarization and conduction effects can be modeled by the Jonscher law. In the megahertz range, the Jonscher parameterization involves only three real, constant parameters that are characteristic of the investigated media. Radar plane waves propagating in 1-D models are generated and compared to field data recorded in transmission mode for different frequencies, distances, and geological formations. The signal distortion from propagation is emphasized. Quality factors are calculated and found to be compatible with the propagation in real media. Reflection coefficients are written using the Jonscher relation. Two cases are illustrated: reflection from a halfspace and reflection from a thin layer. From the study of the influence of frequency, reflection modes, electric properties of rocks, and layer thickness, it can be concluded that reflection phenomena, like propagation phenomena, lead to phase shifts and frequency content variations. Thus, processing based on the assumption of stationary wavelets is not suitable for georadar signals, even in low‐loss media.
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Nedimović, Mladen R., and Gordon F. West. "Crooked‐line 2D seismic reflection imaging in crystalline terrains: Part 2, migration." GEOPHYSICS 68, no. 1 (January 2003): 286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1543214.
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Seismic reflection surveys are frequently conducted over very complicated geological structure, but surveying often must be confined to existing crooked roads or tracks. Typically, data from such 2D crooked‐line surveys are processed using standard common midpoint (CMP) stacking techniques to obtain a 2D time section which is then 2D migrated. In Part I, we show that a reflector dip component across the processing line can cause serious problems for standard CMP stacking. We also propose a supplementary processing step in which cross‐dip is determined locally and cross‐dip moveout (CDMO) is removed from data to form an optimum cross‐dip stack. However, a crooked‐line survey is really a swath 3D survey, and ideally we would like to obtain a 3D image of reflectivity surrounding the profile. Here we investigate the potential of 3D prestack Kirchhoff migration to directly image all observed reflections; i.e., we attempt to construct a 3D image volume of all reflectors viewed by the survey. Because reflectors that face away from the acquisition line cannot return much wave energy from available sources to available receivers, they cannot be imaged even if they lie directly beneath the survey profile. Tests show that the cross‐profile spread of trace midpoints usually is sufficient to provide a useful degree of cross‐line positioning of reflection points. A very helpful image volume is thus obtained. Kirchhoff 3D prestack migration is computationally laborious. A much quicker but less complete method is to create the 3D migrated image volume from the 2D optimum cross‐dip stack and the associated set of cross‐dips. Robustness of migration methods to time errors in the prestack data traces such as poorly corrected statics is also an issue. Tests show that in difficult cases, particularly where only 2D processing is warranted, migration of trace absolute amplitude rather than standard phase data may lead to a superior result.
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Solsky, Stanislav V., Oleg N. Kotlov, and Fedor P. Sobkalov. "Justification of the optimal base choice for the anti-filtration circuit during the reclamation of toxic waste storage facilities." Vestnik MGSU, no. 1 (January 2022): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2022.1.93-105.
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Introduction. Storage facilities, designated for the toxic production waste and located on the premises of the former Sredne-Volzhsky chemical plant in Chapayevsk, Samara Region, are sources of negative environmental impacts. The situation is aggravated by the lack of a reliable seepage prevention circuit at toxic waste storage facilities, enclosed by natural impermeable layers. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the choice of the optimal base for seepage prevention curtains along the perimeter of toxic waste storage facilities by clarifying the filtration characteristics of impervious soils using the interpretation of special experimental filtration works, followed by the testing of the effectiveness of engineering solutions using the developed geological filtration model.
Materials and methods. Processing Modflow is the software designed for the 3D filtration and pollutant transport modeling. The input data for a geological filtration model included technical reports on engineering surveys conducted in 2013 on the premises of the former Sredne-Volzhsky chemical plant, as well as the results of special experimental and filtration works and plant site level observations interpreted using the ANSDIMAT software.
Results. The filtration characteristics of the clay rocks of Upper Quaternary deposits were clarified as a result of the interpretation of special experimental and filtration works by the ANSDIMAT software through graphic analytical methods, and the application of a numerical model by the Processing Modflow software to imitate these works. The resulting characteristics confirmed the usability of this engineering geological element as the base for the designed anti-seepage curtains. The Processing Modflow software was applied to confirm the high efficiency of the filtration prevention circuit, which allowed to significantly reduce inflows in toxic waste storage facilities in the course of their reclamation.
Conclusions. In the process of reclamation of the area, occupied by the former Sredne-Volzhsky chemical plant, the option, recommended for implementation, is the installation of anti-seepage curtains around the perimeter of the toxic waste storage facilities for the circuit to be enclosed by the clay rock of the Upper Quaternary deposits. The proposed engineering solution will allow the highly toxic filtrate to be concentrated inside the toxic waste storage facilities to prevent its penetration into the environment.