Academic literature on the topic 'Geological Sub-Surface study'
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Journal articles on the topic "Geological Sub-Surface study"
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Pradnya Andika, Putu, Adrin Tohari, and Dadan Dani Wardhana. "Study of the sub-surface geological condition of the Sibalaya flow liquefaction using seismic refraction method." E3S Web of Conferences 464 (2023): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346402008.
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Understanding the occurrence of flow liquefaction requires knowledge of the sub-surface condition controlling its occurrence. This paper presents the results of seismic refraction surveys conducted to evaluate the sub-surface geological condition in the Sibalaya flow liquefaction area. From the interpretation of the seismic refraction model, an inclined boundary presents between the near-surface sediment layers. Further examinations of the SRT images demonstrate the existence of localized basinal structures in the rock layer with the highest P-wave velocity. The basinal structure may be associated with a hidden normal fault system of horst-graben structures. Thus, this study indicates that such a complex sub-surface geological structure also contributed to the Sibalaya flow liquefaction occurrence.
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Hidayat, Hidayat, Marjiyono Marjiyono, Zulilmatul S. Praromadani, Januar H.Setiawan, G. M. Lucki Junursyah, Subagio Subagio, Ahmad Setiawan, and Andrian Ibrahim. "Delineation of Banyumas Sub-Basins using Gravity Anomaly Based on Trend Surface Analysis Equation." Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral 22, no. 4 (December 16, 2021): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.33332/jgsm.geologi.v22i4.651.
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A study using gravity methods in the Banyumas Basin, located in the southern part of Central Java, Indonesia had been conducted to generate a map for regional geological features in sub-volcanic basin related to petroleum system. This study used the first and second-order of Trend Surface Analysis (TSA) to separate gravity anomaly into regional and residual components. Matrix inversion is applied to obtain constants values for both the first and second-order of TSA. To interpret geological features related to oil and gas study, residual components are used for gravity anomaly. Residual anomaly is also compared for both first and second order of TSA with a regional geological map to validate the result. Residual anomaly from the second order of TSA showed a very comparable result to geological features, as shown in the regional geological map, compared to those of the first order of TSA. These results also showed a strong contrast of some important geological features such as the Gabon-Nusakambangan Formation outcrop, Karangbolong outcrop, and the eastern part of the south Serayu mountain arc. This study also displayed two potential subbasins i.e Citanduy and Majenang sub-Basin that might be a possible setting in which source rocks of the Banyumas Basin were deposited. From this study, it can be concluded that TSA showed a reliable result of separating gravity anomaly data set into regional and residual components.Keywords: Gravity anomaly, Banyumas Basin, petroleum system, trend surface analysis (TSA).
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Meng, Z., H. Wang, X. Li, T. Wang, Z. Cai, J. Ping, and Z. Fu. "POTENTIAL GEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICATIONS OF CRISIUM BASIN REVEALED BY CE-2 CELMS DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (April 30, 2018): 1279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-1279-2018.
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Mare Crisium is one of the most prominent multi-ring basins on the nearside of the Moon. In this study, the regolith thermophysical features of Mare Crisium are studied with the CELMS data from CE-2 satellite. Several important results are as follows. Firstly, the current geological interpretation only by optical data is not enough, and a new geological perspective is provided. Secondly, the analysis of the low <i>T<sub>B</sub></i> anomaly combined with the (FeO+TiO<sub>2</sub>) abundance and Rock abundance suggests a special unknown material in shallow layer of the Moon surface. At last, a new basaltic volcanism is presented for Crisium Basin. The study hints the potential significance of the CELMS data in understanding the geological units over the Moon surface.
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Muhammad Idris, Ahmad, Daniel Eshimiakhe, Shehu Ibrahim Adam, Jibrin Gambo, and Hussaini Abubakar. "Exploring the Geological Formation and Sub-Surface Lithology Modelling of Hadejia, Jigawa State Nigeria." UMYU Scientifica 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.56919/usci.2123.005.
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This research aims to explore the geological formation and sub-surface lithology modelling of Hadejia, Jigawa State using the VES (vertical electrical sounding) method. The VES method is a geophysical technique that measures the electrical resistivity of the subsurface, which is related to the lithology of the rock units. The study area is located in the north-western part of Nigeria, on latitudes 12025’23.73‘‘N and longitudes 10°04’06.74‘‘E, and is characterized by a chad formation geological setting with a variety of rock units, including sandstones, shales, and limestone. The research was conducted using a total of 50 VES stations, which were distributed over the study area in a grid pattern. The data collected from the VES stations were analyzed using the IPI2WIN software. The results were used to create a subsurface electrical resistivity model, which was then used to infer the lithology units present in the subsurface. The results showed that the study area is characterized by a complex subsurface structure, with several rock units present, including sandstones, silt, and clay. The subsurface electrical resistivity model revealed that the sandstone units are located at shallow depths, while the silt units are found at deeper depths. The clay is present at intermediate depths and is interbedded with sandstones and clay. The results provide valuable information for hydro-geological and mineral exploration in the area.
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Andika, P. P., A. Tohari, T. Yudistira, E. Soebowo, and J. Arifin. "Understanding of flow liquefaction in Lolu Village based on seismic refraction tomography method." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1173, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1173/1/012029.
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Abstract A big earthquake may induce flow liquefaction phenomena in lowland areas made up of sedimentary deposits. To understand the factors controlling such a hazard, it is necessary to have knowledge of the sub-surface geological conditions of the liquified area. This paper presents the results of a series of seismic refraction measurements in Lolu Village where flow liquefaction occurred during the 2018 Palu-Donggala earthquake. The results of seismic refraction tomography indicate the presence of horst-graben structures, probably associated with the localized pull-apart basin. The results of this study suggest that the sub-surface geological structure is also a governing factor for the occurrence of flow liquefaction phenomena in an area with a complex fault system.
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Dichiarante, Anna M., Ken J. W. McCaffrey, Robert E. Holdsworth, Tore I. Bjørnarå, and Edward D. Dempsey. "Fracture attribute scaling and connectivity in the Devonian Orcadian Basin with implications for geologically equivalent sub-surface fractured reservoirs." Solid Earth 11, no. 6 (November 23, 2020): 2221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2221-2020.
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Abstract. Fracture attribute scaling and connectivity datasets from analogue systems are widely used to inform sub-surface fractured reservoir models in a range of geological settings. However, significant uncertainties are associated with the determination of reliable scaling parameters in surface outcrops. This has limited our ability to upscale key parameters that control fluid flow at reservoir to basin scales. In this study, we present nine 1D-transect (scanline) fault and fracture attribute datasets from Middle Devonian sandstones in Caithness (Scotland) that are used as an onshore analogue for nearby sub-surface reservoirs such as the Clair field, west of Shetland. By taking account of truncation and censoring effects in individual datasets, our multiscale analysis shows a preference for power-law scaling of fracture length over 8 orders of magnitude (10−4 to 104 m) and kinematic aperture over 4 orders of magnitude (10−6 to 10−2 m). Our assessment of the spatial organization (clustering and topology) provides a new basis for up-scaling fracture attributes collected in outcrop- to regional-scale analogues. We show how these relationships may inform knowledge of geologically equivalent sub-surface fractured reservoirs.
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Prasetyo, Yudo, Nurhadi Bashit, and Reyhan Azeriansyah. "Analysis of Landslide Disaster Impact Identification Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and Geographic Information System (GIS) (Case Study: Ngesrep Sub District, Semarang City)." MATEC Web of Conferences 159 (2018): 01041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815901041.
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Landslide is a natural disaster that commonly happens in Indonesia, especially in Region of Semarang that geologically has hilly topography. In Semarang city, there are 22 Sub Districts classified as landslide potential areas, which one of them is Sub District Ngesrep, based on to BPBD Semarang. The disaster of landslides can cause human injuries and loss in infrastructure, life, and assets. Disaster management requires identifying for the impact of landslide disaster at a location. One of the methods to identifying the impact of landslide disaster uses UAV technology. UAV technology can be used to collect, map, extract information of landslide and build Digital Model in surface or elevation based on overlapping imageries. Elevation data from UAV are combined with data of rainfall, land cover and geological which will produce the map of the potential landslide disaster. The map of the potential landslide disaster is combined with the result of land cover digitation to determine the impact of landslide disaster.
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Sikdar, P. K., and P. Sahu. "Understanding wetland sub-surface hydrology using geologic and isotopic signatures." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 7 (July 28, 2009): 1313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-1313-2009.
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Abstract. This paper attempts to utilize hydrogeology and isotope composition of groundwater to understand the present hydrological processes prevalent in a freshwater wetland, source of wetland groundwater, surface water/groundwater interaction and mixing of groundwater of various depth zones in the aquifer. This study considers East Calcutta Wetlands (ECW) – a freshwater peri-urban inland wetland ecosystem located at the lower part of the deltaic alluvial plain of South Bengal Basin and east of Kolkata city. This wetland is well known over the world for its resource recovery systems, developed by local people through ages, using wastewater of the city. Geological investigations reveal that the sub-surface geology is completely blanketed by the Quaternary sediments comprising a succession of silty clay, sand of various grades and sand mixed with occasional gravels and thin intercalations of silty clay. At few places the top silty clay layer is absent due to scouring action of past channels. In these areas sand is present throughout the geological column and the areas are vulnerable to groundwater pollution. Groundwater mainly flows from east to west and is being over-extracted to the tune of 65×103 m3/day. δ18O and δD values of shallow and deep groundwater are similar indicating resemblance in hydrostratigraphy and climate of the recharge areas. Groundwater originates mainly from monsoonal rain with some evaporation prior to or during infiltration and partly from bottom of ponds, canals and infiltration of groundwater withdrawn for irrigation. Relatively high tritium content of the shallow groundwater indicates local recharge, while the deep groundwater with very low tritium is recharged mainly from distant areas. At places the deep aquifer has relatively high tritium, indicating mixing of groundwater of shallow and deep aquifers. Metals such as copper, lead, arsenic, cadmium, aluminium, nickel and chromium are also present in groundwater of various depths. Therefore, aquifers of wetland and surrounding urban areas which are heavily dependent on groundwater are vulnerable to pollution. In the area south of ECW isotope data indicates no interaction between shallow and deep aquifer and hence this area may be a better location to treat sewage water than within ECW. To reduce the threat of pollution in ECW's aquifer, surface water-groundwater interaction should be minimized by regulating tubewell operation time, introducing treated surface water supply system and artificial recharging of the aquifer.
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Nguyen, Manh Duc, Nguyen Van Thang, Akihiko Wakai, Go Sato, Jessada Karnjana, Hoang Viet Hung, Lanh Si Ho, Indra Prakash, Hoc Tran Quang, and Binh Thai Pham. "Identification, Monitoring, and Assessment of an Active Landslide in Tavan-Hauthao, Sapa, Laocai, Vietnam – A Multidisciplinary Approach." Journal of Disaster Research 16, no. 4 (June 1, 2021): 501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2021.p0501.
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The active landslide located in the Tavan-Hauthao, Sapa district, Laocai province, Vietnam was investigated using geophysical methods (2D Electrical Resistivity and Tomography), geotechnical investigations, and a ground survey to assess the geologic condition of the sliding block and surrounding ground. Landslide displacement was measured using 15 surface monitoring points. Numerical modeling was done to assess the behavior of an active landslide. This multi-disciplinary approach helped in interpreting landslide stratigraphy, geotechnical characteristics of the sliding groundmass, depth, and nature of the sliding plane. The surface area of the slide is approximately 1200 m2. Studying this active landslide is important as it affects the road No. 152, which is an important road connecting the Sapa Ancient Rock Field. This study involved surface topographical survey, surface and sub-surface geological, and geotechnical investigations including Standard Penetration Test and Electrical Resistivity Tomography. Geologic and geotechnical data were used to characterize an active landslide block, which is composed of different soil layers underlaid by granitic rock. The surface electrical-resistivity measurements across the Sapa landslide resulted in inverted-resistivity sections with distinct resistivity contrasts that correlated well with the geology and geo-hydrology observed in boreholes.
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Frery, Emanuelle, Conor Byrne, Russell Crosbie, Alec Deslandes, Tim Evans, Christoph Gerber, Cameron Huddlestone-Holmes, et al. "Fault-Related Fluid Flow Implications for Unconventional Hydrocarbon Development, Beetaloo Sub-Basin (Northern Territory, Australia)." Geosciences 12, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12010037.
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This study assesses potential geological connections between the unconventional petroleum plays in the Beetaloo Sub-basin, regional aquifers in overlying basins, and the near surface water assets in the Beetaloo Sub-basin Northern Territory, Australia. To do so, we built an innovative multi-disciplinary toolbox including multi-physics and multi-depth imaging of the geological formations, as well as the study of potentially active tectonic surface features, which we combined with measurement of the helium content in water sampled in the aquifer systems and a comparative analysis of the surface drainage network and fault lineaments orientation. Structures, as well as potential natural active and paleo-fluid or gas leakage pathways, were imaged with a reprocessing and interpretation of existing and newly acquired Beetaloo seismic reflection 2D profiles and magnetic datasets to determine potential connections and paleo-leakages. North to north-northwest trending strike slip faults, which have been reactivated in recent geological history, are controlling the deposition at the edges of the Beetaloo Sub-basin. There are two spring complexes associated with this system, the Hot Spring Valley at the northern edge of the eastern Beetaloo Sub-basin and the Mataranka Springs 10 km north of the western sub-basin. Significant rectangular stream diversions in the Hot Spring Valley also indicates current or recently active tectonics. This suggests that those deep-rooted fault systems are likely to locally connect the shallow unconfined aquifer with a deeper gas or fluid source component, possibly without connection with the Beetaloo unconventional prospective plays. However, the origin and flux of this deeper source is unknown and needs to be further investigated to assess if deep circulation is happening through the identified stratigraphic connections. Few north-west trending post-Cambrian fault segments have been interpreted in prospective zones for dry gas plays of the Velkerri Formation. The segments located in the northern part of the eastern Beetaloo Sub-basin do not show any evidence of modern leakages. The segments located around Elliot, in the south of the eastern Beetaloo Sub-basin, as well as low-quality seismic imaging of potential faults in the central part of the western sub-basin, could have been recently reactivated. They could act as open pathways of fluid and gas leakage, sourced from the unconventional plays, deeper formations of the Beetaloo Sub-basin or even much deeper origin, excluding the mantle on the basis of low 3He/4He ratios. In those areas, the data are sparse and of poor quality; further field work is necessary to assess whether such pathways are currently active.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Geological Sub-Surface study"
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Arman, Molood. "Machine Learning Approaches for Sub-surface Geological Heterogeneous Sources." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASG014.
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Dans le domaine de l'exploration et de la production du pétrole et du gaz, il est essentiel de comprendre les structures géologiques de sous-sol, tels que les diagraphies de puits et les échantillons de roche, afin de fournir des outils de prédiction et d'aide à la décision. Exploiter des données provenant de différentes sources, structurées ou non structurées, telles que des bases de données relationnelles et des rapports numérisés portant sur la géologie du sous-sol, est primordial. Le principal défi pour les données structurées réside dans l'absence d'un schéma global permettant de croiser tous les attributs provenant de différentes sources.Les défis sont autres pour les données non structurées. La plupart des rapports géologiques de sous-sol sont des versions scannées de documents. L'objectif de notre travail de thèse est de fournir une représentation structurée des différentes sources de données, et de construire des modèles de language spécifique au domaine pour l'apprentissage des entités nommées relatives à la géologie du sous-solIn oil and gas exploration and production, understanding subsurface geological structures, such as well logs and rock samples, is essential to provide predictive and decision support tools. Gathering and using data from a variety of sources, both structured and unstructured, such as relational databases and digitized reports on the subsurface geology, are critical. The main challenge for the structured data is the lack of a global schema to cross-reference all attributes from different sources. The challenges are different for unstructured data. Most subsurface geological reports are scanned versions of documents. Our dissertation aims to provide a structured representation of the different data sources and to build domain-specific language models for learning named entities related to subsurface geology
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Al, Tarawneh Maha Atallah. "Structural setting of the Jordan Northern Highlands : an integrated study using surface and sub-surface geological data by utilizing GIS Technology." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10001.
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This study was designed, for the identification of the General structural style of this part of Jordan by: (1) Definition of dominant structural styles in the JNH: such as the main structural elements, basins, and highs; (2) Inference of the structural setup and its tectonic significance, and (3) Identification of the influence of the Dead Sea Transform on the geological setting of the JNH area.
Book chapters on the topic "Geological Sub-Surface study"
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Huntley, David, Drew Rotheram-Clarke, Kelvin Sattler, and David Elwood. "Surficial Geology and Geomorphology of the North Slide, Thompson River Valley, British Columbia, Canada: Application of Fundamental Geoscience Information to Interpretations of Geospatial Monitoring Results." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, 221–38. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44296-4_10.
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AbstractOur study focuses on a slow-moving landslide in the Thompson River valley, south-central British Columbia, Canada, that has posed a hazard to the national railway transportation corridor since 1880. Real-time kinematic global navigation satellite systems, unoccupied aerial vehicles, and satellite synthetic aperture radar interferometry time-series show significant displacement encroaching on railway infrastructure. In this paper, geospatial relationships between landslide distribution and specific terrain features, and the environmental conditions triggering instability are determined from field-based geological observations. We describe how earth material stratigraphy, textures, and penetrative planar structures are important controls on sub-surface drainage, and how these factors influence the style, timing, and rate of slope displacement. West of the railway tracks, slide scarps extend across the toe slope, corresponding to narrow zones of high displacement, presence of perennial springs and seepage, and cutbank erosion along the river channel. Fluvial incision exposes weak, failure-prone units at the base of the fill sequence, and with ongoing channel migration promotes instability by altering landslide toe geometry. Currently, the zone of potential displacement does not extend upslope into the inactive (1880) main slide body, east of the tracks. Seasonal variations in hydrogeological conditions influence the spatial and temporal patterns of surface water and groundwater flow, in turn controlling the distribution of translational-rotational displacement of slide blocks, and rates of movement on reactivated shear surfaces that extend under Thompson River. Slope failure occurs along weak, sub-horizontal shear zones within poorly drained glaciolacustrine clay and silt units, overlain by rapidly drained glaciofluvial outwash gravel, and imperfectly drained till diamicton. River levels exert a complex control on landslide stability, influencing hydraulic gradients within the basal glaciolacustrine unit, particularly along rupture surfaces within it. Ground displacement occurs while river levels are at their lowest between February and March, before peak flows in June, or after July until December while storm-fed river levels progressively lower to the next winter minimum. Groundwater levels remain elevated in the slide body throughout the year, contained in porous gravel and sand beds, and along brittle fractures and sub-horizonal shear zones in silt-clay varve beds. Geospatial and temporal change-detection monitoring of active landslides and at-risk infrastructure, when benchmarked with terrain and hydrogeological observations, is a cost-effective hazard management practice that provides important geoscience information to help develop appropriate early warning, mitigation, adaptation, and risk reduction measures.
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Kwan, Chiman, David Gribben, Bulent Ayhan, and Jude Larkin. "Practical Digital Terrain Model Extraction Using Image Inpainting Techniques." In Recent Advances in Image Restoration with Applications to Real World Problems. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93184.
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In some applications such as construction planning and land surveying, an accurate digital terrain model (DTM) is essential. However, in urban and sub-urban areas, the terrain may be covered by trees and man-made structures. Although digital surface model (DSM) obtained by radar or LiDAR can provide a general idea of the terrain, the presence of trees, buildings, etc. conceals the actual terrain elevation. Normally, the process of extracting DTM involves a land cover classification followed by a trimming step that removes the elevation due to trees and buildings. In this chapter, we assume the land cover types have been classified and we focus on the use of image inpainting algorithms for DTM generation. That is, for buildings and trees, we remove those pixels from the DSM and then apply inpainting techniques to reconstruct the terrain pixels in those areas. A dataset with DSM and hyperspectral data near the U. Houston area was used in our study. The DTM from United States Geological Survey (USGS) was used as the ground truth. Objective evaluation results indicate that some inpainting methods perform better than others.
Conference papers on the topic "Geological Sub-Surface study"
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Poller, Andreas, Paul Smith, Gerhard Mayer, Mohamed Hayek, Jürg W. Schneider, and Piet Zuidema. "Modelling Study to Evaluate Two Variants for Accessing a Deep Geological Repository From the Point of View of Long-Term Safety." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96080.
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Siting a deep geological repository for radioactive waste essentially involves two interrelated steps: deciding on an appropriate geological environment for the underground facilities and selecting a suitable location for the associated surface facility. An acceptable solution is more easily achieved if some flexibility exists for siting the surface facility, irrespective of the exact position of the underground facilities. Such flexibility is available if a ramp is used as the main access route from the surface facility to the underground facilities. Another option is to use a combination of shafts and (sub)horizontal tunnels as the main access route. Both variants include shafts for ventilation, etc. In this paper, the two variants (i) main access via ramp and (ii) main access via shaft are compared in terms of long-term safety. To this end, the entire network of underground tunnels of a deep geological repository is implemented in an analytical resistor network flow model. Radionuclide release through the tunnel system and the host rock is then calculated with a numerical network transport model, using as input the results from the flow model. The results clearly indicate that, even in case of hypothetically deficient horizontal and subhorizontal sealing elements, the choice between ramp and shaft as the main access route is irrelevant to long-term safety.
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Liu, Y. B., T. Xiao, and L. M. Zhang. "3D Geological Modelling and Management System." In The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar. AIJR Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.133.6.
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A three-dimensional (3-D) geological model has been established for Hong Kong using existing borehole data in order to facilitate detailed site investigations for future engineering projects. This study aims to digitalise ground investigation data in Hong Kong, develop easy-to-use tools for 3-D borehole management and visualisation, and eventually establish 3-D geological models for Hong Kong. The modelling capabilities include geological data retrieval and processing, geological cross-section creation, fence diagrams and 3-D model construction. With approximate 90,000 boreholes processed, 3-D virtual boreholes can be created and managed using ArcGIS Pro. Further, cross-sectional diagrams, fence diagrams and 3-D models can be created and presented. The 3-D geological model established shows the complexity of Hong Kong geological formation layers. Building a 3-D geological model based on machine learning or artificial intelligence is proved to be a feasible way to provide an accurate evaluation of soil layering. The interpreted cross-sections and constructed fence diagrams help engineers and geologists to better understand the complicated sub-surface profiles in a 3-D way, and provide estimates of the volumes of different types of soil locally. The 3-D model will become a design tool for future city and infrastructure planning and constructions.
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Yulitha, G. C. "Sequence Stratigraphy Analysis Based on Wireline Log, Mudlog, and 2D Seismic of GHC Field, Baong Formation, Aru Sub Basin, North Sumatra Basin." In Digital Technical Conference. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa20-sg-229.
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The Baong Formation is one of the formations that has hydrocarbon potential in the Aru Sub Basin, North Sumatra Basin (Figure 1). However, geological information in that area is still far less than is available in others. Analysis of sequence stratigraphy needs to be done to enrich geological information of the study area, maximize the results of exploration before exploitation, and make it easier to find the distribution of potential layers of oil and gas. Methods that are used in this research are electrofacies analysis to show the appearance of rock grain size and geological processes that affect its formation, Well Seismic Tie and interpretation of the horizon along with structures to produce a Time Structure Map, and correlate the sequences in log wells and 2D seismic cross section to know the same area of each sequence. Based on third-order sequence, the Baong Formation was divided into two types of system tract, such as Lowstand System Tract (LST) and Transgressive System Tract (TST). Maximum Flooding Surface (MFS) as the lower boundary of LST, Transgressive Surface (TS) as the boundary between LST and TST, and Maximum Flooding Surface as the upper boundary of TST. Based on fourth-order sequence, each of the system tracts was divided into seven parasequences with Flooding Surface as the boundary. The research area can also be interpreted into a conceptual model of a hydrocarbon system.
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Yin, Qilin, Sheng Dong, and Jinjin Zhai. "Numerical Study of Spudcan Penetration in Clay-Sand-Clay Soil." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54639.
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Aiming at simulating the preloading process of jack-up rig at drilling locations with typical stratum combination near the Yellow River estuary, FE models of interaction between spudcan and sub-soil are set up based on a large deformation finite element method known as Remeshing and Interpolation Technique with Small Strain (RITSS). The ABAQUS finite element package is used to calculate small strain solutions following each step. The seabed can be simplified as a three-layer deposits with soft clay layer, sand layer and soft clay layer from surface to bottom according to geological data. The backfill phenomenon during preloading is described. The results show that the surface soft clay falls onto the upper surface of spudcan very soon after the preloading process begins, afterwards the backfill tendency occurs in the middle sand layer. SNAME recommends two sets of formulas for calculating penetration resistance respectively for backfill penetration and penetration with no backfill. In this study the model with no backfill is realized by condition control in program codes and the penetration resistance is compared with the results of practical backfill model. The variance proves the shortcomings of the method given by SNAME.
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Zakaria, Mohd Uzair, Wan Mahsuri Wan Hashim, Nik Fauziah Nik Omar, Rohaizad M. Norpiah, M. Azuan Abu Bakar, and Wan Amni Wan Mohamad. "Case Study: The Importance of Integrated Flow Assurance Modelling for Carbon Capture and Storage CCS Project." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31536-ms.
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Abstract A gas field located offshore Malaysia will be developed with carbon capture technology which will recover the remaining amount of hydrocarbon from CO2 rich permeate stream and subsequently concentrate the amount of CO2 to higher purity. The separated high concentration CO2 will be compressed, transported to storage site and injected to store the CO2 safely in a sub-surface geological formation which is a depleted gas field. One of the key success criteria for the CCS development is to be able to inject the CO2 to the reservoir for permanent storage from early to end of injection life. Typically, the battery limit of interface between the subsurface and surface engineer is the surface ITHP whereby the initial prediction was based on stand-alone sub-surface well modelling. A validation exercise was conducted using surface well modelling, including a sensitivity of three main Equation of State (EOS) being considered i.e., GERG-2008, PR 1978 and Advanced PR 1978, to allow the range of pressure drop to be translated to the ITHP number to be quantified. It is acknowledged that impurities within the CO2 stream have strong effect on phase behaviour and physical property predictions. The CO2 composition under study is >95mol% with a mixture of impurities. In addition, ambient temperature has also been found to influence pressure drop prediction. A similar approach is extended for pipeline study. Subsequently, the result provides a clear picture to develop a basis for facility design pressure. The integrated approach of flow assurance between wells and pipeline is important as this was found to affect the CO2 source pressure and design of the surface facility. This paper explains how the study was conducted during conceptual engineering stage and can serve as a reference to other CCS projects.
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Yanis, Muhammad, Zaini Nasrullah, Muhammad Isa, Ananda Riski, Muzakir Zainal, and Andri Yadi Paembonan. "Optimizing the Gravity Data and Geological Observation for Mapping the Local Fault around the Jaboi Volcano." In The 5th International Conference on Science and Technology Applications. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-mezta6.
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Geothermal is a very expensive investment industry. Therefore, it is necessary to map a geological structure in the sub-surface, i.e., faults, and rock formations that control volcanic hydrothermal systems to reduce investment risk in the exploitation of geothermal. On the other hand, the hydrothermal system aims for flow paths connecting reservoir wells for fluid production. The Jaboi Volcano, with an estimated 80 MWe located on Weh Island, Indonesia, has been planned by the government to develop electrical energy, where the excess energy will be exported to Banda Aceh via undersea cables. We use global gravity model plus (GGM+) in a resolution of ~230m/px for mapping the geological structure of Jaboi volcano. Based on GGM+ data analysis, the Bouguer anomaly data shows low gravity values in volcanic areas, namely 46 – 69 mGal. These data only represent rock density values with low density in geothermal areas. We also calculate the residual anomaly from the Bouguer data using the high-pass-filtering technique, wherein the volcanic area, several high-gravity anomalies (1 – 1.4 mGal) correspond to the Leumomate fault in the direction of NW-SE. The same pattern is also obtained in the area with a suspected Ceunohot fault in the SW – NE direction. This research demonstrates the optimization of gravity satellite that free access to be used in mapping geological structures in geothermal Jaboi. Finally, we conclude that GGM+ data is a very efficient and cost-effective technique to detect geological structures around the Jaboi volcano, which developing countries can use as a preliminary study for evaluating and exploring geothermal energy
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Khan, Imran, Shakeel Ahmad, Rana Faisal Shahzad, Muhammad Akram Qureshi, Zahoor Khan, Shabeer Ahmad, and Uzair Hamid Awan. "Geomechanical Modelling to Identify Sub-Seismic Faults and Fractures Characteristics Using Elastic Dislocation (ED) Theory: A Case Study from Potwar Foldbelt, Upper Indus Basin (UIB) of Pakistan." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211645-ms.
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Abstract The study will address the failure reasons of wells and point out the high-density fracture zones, to drain out the remaining hydrocarbons in the field. A robust 3D geological model was developed based on 3D seismic interpretation. The rock mechanical properties of carbonates were incorporated. The total strain i.e., the background or remote strain (Bulk deformation) and the strain from displacement along the fault surfaces are mapped to each segment/element of the generated fault surfaces. This total strain calculates stresses and the failure for deformation surface. The geomechanical model based on Elastic Dislocation (ED) theory identified strain fields on horizon surface / observation grids and then finally fractures corridor and their characteristics i.e. distribution, orientation. Fault planes generated from interpretation play a major role in the ED method for fracture analysis. The fault surface consists of an array of panels, each contributing to the ED equation calculation. The main outcome is the sub-seismic faults and fractures identification around larger faults on the horizontal observation medium. The identified fractures corridors characteristics, distribution and orientation changes along the strike of the major fault system. In the developed ED model the predicated fractures system are parallel to the major reverse fault direction, but oblique fractures corridor is also observed along the middle segments, aligning with observed variations in structure dip. The crestal portion of the anticline has a higher density of fractures than the rim. The ED modelling fractures results were verified against FMI data of the targeted horizon, which demonstrated that the wells which were drilled in high-density fracture zones (modelled) have produced hydrocarbons and vice versa. There is a correlation between modelled results with image logs and well-testing results (DST's), which increases the reliance on the ED theory's ability to correctly identify small-scale (sub-seismic) fractures, joints and faults system. The Eocene carbonate reservoirs have low primary porosity and permeability. The productivity of these reservoirs is dependent on permeable natural fractures and sub-seismic faults. The identification of these features is a major problem before drilling while, conventional techniques do not provide optimum solutions to their understanding. A case study of compressional tectonic regime in Himalayan fold & thrust belts is presented here, where an integrated approach is applied in the form of geomechanical modelling, which is built on the ED theory provide a reliable base for well planning.
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Cai, Zhong, Ana Widyanita, Prasanna Chidambaram, and Ernest A. Jones. "Reservoir Architecture Modeling at Sub-Seismic Scale for a Depleted Carbonate Reef Reservoir for CO2 Storage in Sarawak Basin, Offshore Malaysia." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204689-ms.
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Abstract It is still a challenge to build a numerical static reservoir model, based on limited data, to characterize reservoir architecture that corresponds to the geological concept models. The numerical static reef reservoir model has been evolving from the oversimplified tank-like models, simple multi-layer models to the complex multi-layer models that are more realistic representations of complex reservoirs. A simple multi-layer model for the reef reservoir with proportional layering scheme was applied in the CO2 Storage Development Plan (SDP) study, as the most-likely scenario to match the geological complexity. Model refinement can be conducted during CO2 injection phase with Measurement, Monitoring and Verification (MMV) technologies for CO2 plume distribution tracking. The selected reservoir is a Middle to Late Miocene carbonate reef complex, with three phases of reef growth: 1) basal transgressive phase, 2) lower buildup phase, and 3) upper buildup phase. Three chronostratigraphic surfaces were identified on 3D seismic reflection data as the zone boundaries, which were then divided into sub-zones and layers. Four layering methods were compared, which are ‘proportional’, ’follow top’, ‘follow base’ and ‘follow top with reference surface’. The proportional layering method was selected for the base case of the 3D static reservoir model and the others were used in the uncertainty analysis. Based on the results of uncertainty and risk assessment, a risk mitigation for CO2 injection operation were modeled and three CO2 injection well locations were optimized. The reservoir architecture model would be updated and refined by the difference between the modeled CO2 plume patterns and The MMV results in the future.
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Alameri, Felwa, and Mazna Naji. "Integrated Tracer Gas Flood Study for Development Optimization." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/215950-ms.
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Abstract Introducing a reservoir with multiple complexities such as faults and challenging geological characteristics facing unexpected gas breakthrough in certain areas despite the absence of gas-based development within that development scheme. Furthermore, the inter-well Tracer Program was introduced to address and investigate those uncertainties, which involved monitoring the vertical and lateral gas breakthrough. This, in turn, brought forth a better understanding of reservoir heterogeneity. In addition, this further aided in evaluating the current sweep efficiency and oil recovery as well as modify the existing injection scheme and assess future developments. The project was initiated in 2012 where the injectors were selected based on a certain set of criteria which included the proximity to high GOR wells. The paper discusses the considerations taken when calculating the volume of tracers to be injected. Furthermore, sampling of pre-selected wells was conducted monthly and the analysis per quarter. The quantitative and qualitative results have been taken to step two of the process which involves utilizing simulation techniques, such as streamline simulation, as well as other forms of monitoring (PTA, RST) to further understand the dynamic nature of the reservoir. Gas tracer breakthroughs have been captured in 26 of the 160 wells that have been sampled. Most of the results can pinpoint the exact breakthrough time giving an indication of the connection strength between injector and producer. In addition, conclusions were drawn regarding the vertical communication between some sub-reservoirs as well as lateral communication within the same sub-reservoirs. Furthermore, the Inter-well Tracer Project brought to the surface some noteworthy opportunities when integrating it with other forms of assessments and monitoring. This included streamline simulation which was conducted to further assess the integrity of the simulation model at hand and enhancements recommended where needed. An additional added value was the capability of being proactive with regards to re-evaluating existing gas injection scheme in addition to any future developments with regards to well location to enhance sweep efficiency within the existing development scheme. This paper emphasizes on the importance of utilizing not only one tool but the integration of various methods to continually enhance our understanding of the reservoirs. Inter-well tracers’ technique is a powerful tool in assessing the dynamic movement of the fluid subsurface, however, imposing additional monitoring techniques allows us to gain a more structured visual.
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Cheng, S. Y. N., L. Liu, W. Hou, J. R. Hart, and Y. M. T. Yong. "Smart Construction Monitoring Using Photogrammetry and LiDAR-derived 4D Digital Model: A Case Study from the Tung Chung New Town Development of Hong Kong." In The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar. AIJR Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.133.11.
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The conventional practice of construction site monitoring in Hong Kong relies heavily on in-person site inspection, which is inherently subject to limitations in human resources, health, safety and time. Additionally, given that the advent and application of new digital technologies in the construction industry predominantly occurred after 2010 in Hong Kong, it is more challenging to review/ monitor the changes of a construction site with respect to its historical (pre-2010) status. To overcome these limitations, in this paper, we present the use of the 4D model monitoring method on a case study from the Tung Chung New Town (TCNT) and its extension development in Hong Kong. Nine 3D digital surface models covering a 57-year time period from 1963 to 2020 were built from the historical aerial photographs using the Structure from Motion technique and from the territory-wide airborne LiDAR data. These models were used for monitoring the process of land reclamation, site formation and the subsequent works during the TCNT development. In addition, a preliminary ground model was constructed from approximately 500 Nos. of drillholes to provide an engineering geological background for the study site. It is promising that our innovative 4D digital model and the associated sub-surface rockhead model can be integrated with the Building Information Modelling (BIM) system at a later stage to constituent a Smart Built Environment and to facilitate a smart construction site monitoring practice in near future.
Reports on the topic "Geological Sub-Surface study"
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Limoges, A., A. Normandeau, J. B R Eamer, N. Van Nieuwenhove, M. Atkinson, H. Sharpe, T. Audet, et al. 2022William-Kennedy expedition: Nunatsiavut Coastal Interaction Project (NCIP). Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332085.
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The accelerating Arctic cryosphere decline severely impacts the land on which northern communities live through the presence of coastal and marine geohazards and coastal erosion, which further places the cultural heritage of coastal archaeological sites at risks. Sea ice decline also compromises the formation of polynyas, with unknown consequences for the regional ecosystems. From the 10th to the 18th of July 2022, a scientific cruise onboard the research vessel William-Kennedy allowed the collection of a suite of samples and data from the marine coastal environment of Nain, Nunatsiavut. In total, 42 surface sediment samples, 29 sediment cores, 41 conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiles, 13 water samples, 24 phytoplankton nets and 13 zooplankton nets were collected. The cruise allowed the deployment of 2 moorings equipped with sediment traps in Nain Bay and within deeper offshore waters. Triangulation showed that the 2 moorings were correctly placed near their target locations. Drop camera transects were deployed in Webb Bay and at the easternmost tip of Paulmp;gt;'s Island to image the seabed and study benthic habitats. Finally, acoustic sub-bottom profiling along the entire study area allowed a high-resolution characterization of the stratigraphy of the seafloor, helped identifying locations for sediment sampling and inferring geological information about the depositional environments. The material and data collected during the research cruise will be key to 1) evaluating the productivity and dynamics of small recurring polynyas (i.e., rattles) on diverse timescales, 2) assessing marine and coastal geohazards (e.g., landslides) in relation to the deglacial history of Nain, 3) investigate the seabed geomorphology in Webb Bay and linkages with permafrost and sea-level changes and 3) conducting benthic habitat characterization. Co-led by the University of New Brunswick (UNB) and Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), this cruise was done in collaboration with the Government of Nunatsiavut, Université du Québec à Montréal, Université Laval, Dalhousie University and Memorial University, and was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and NRCan.