Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Geological domains'

This work presents model development and model analyses of CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers. The goal has been two-fold, firstly to develop models and address the system behaviour under geological heterogeneity, second to tackle the issues related to problem scale as modelling of the CO2 storage systems can become prohibitively complex when large systems are considered. The work starts from a Monte Carlo analysis of heterogeneous 2D domains with a focus on the sensitivity of two CO2  storage performance measurements, namely, the injectivity index (Iinj) and storage efficiency coefficient (E), on parameters characterizing heterogeneity. It is found that E and Iinj are determined by two different parameter groups which both include correlation length (λ) and standard deviation (σ) of the permeability. Next, the issue of upscaling is addressed by modelling a heterogeneous system with multi-modal heterogeneity and an upscaling scheme of the constitutive relationships is proposed to enable the numerical simulation to be done using a coarser geological mesh built for a larger domain. Finally, in order to better address stochastically heterogeneous systems, a new method for model simulations and uncertainty analysis based on a Gaussian processes emulator is introduced. Instead of conventional point estimates this Bayesian approach can efficiently approximate cumulative distribution functions for the selected outputs which are CO2 breakthrough time and its total mass. After focusing on reservoir behaviour in small domains and modelling the heterogeneity effects in them, the work moves to predictive modelling of large scale CO2  storage systems. To maximize the confidence in the model predictions, a set of different modelling approaches of varying complexity is employed, including a semi-analytical model, a sharp-interface vertical equilibrium (VE) model and a TOUGH2MP / ECO2N model. Based on this approach, the CO2 storage potential of two large scale sites is modelled, namely the South Scania site, Sweden and the Dalders Monocline in the Baltic Sea basin. The methodologies developed and demonstrated in this work enable improved analyses of CO2 geological storage at both small and large scales, including better approaches to address medium heterogeneity. Finally, recommendations for future work are also discussed.

An analysis of the correspondence between Charles Lyell and Gideon Mantell from 1821 to 1852, in conjunction with other manuscript material, highlights the contrasting backgrounds and geological careers of the two men. It is also characterised by two underlying themes: the nature and timing of their geological work; and the influence of various social factors on their career plans and desire to achieve high social and scientific status. In turn, these points raise several wider issues and inter-related questions concerning the following aspects of English geology in the first half of the nineteenth century. When, why and how did an elite group of geologists emerge in England during this period? Who were its members and what were their characteristics in common? What was the nature and scope of the geological work carried out by the identified elite? In what way did it differ from Mantell's? What social and other barriers did Mantell encounter in his search for scientific and social status? What were the critical factors? In this thesis these issues are examined on a decade-by-decade basis, in three main chapters, as a prelude to examining the central question of why Mantell, unlike Lyell, did not achieve the status of an elite geologist. First, an elite group of English geologists is identified through a series of prosopographic and 'screening' analyses of all members of council of the Geological Society of London (GSL). Geologists who did not meet the prescribed criteria are taken into account. Thirteen geologists are identified in the penultimate and final stages of screening over the four decades. Mantell was the only provincial identified, but he did not attain a position in the final list, which consisted exclusively of a distinctive group of 'gentleman-specialists'. Second, the concept of a geological 'domain' is introduced to analyse the nature and scope of the geological work carried out by the identified group. A critical finding is that all members identified in the final 'screening' list established a 'domain' in one of four categories of the concept and were recognised as the leading authority or exponent of the domain they had fashioned. Finally, the impact and relative importance of specific social and other factors on the careers of Lyell and Mantell are examined. When the findings from each decade of the three chapters are brought together it is shown that by the end of the 1820s it was necessary for a future elite geologist to be so 'positioned' in terms of basic geological experience, location, income and available time that he was able to identify and subsequently fashion an appropriate geological 'domain'. 'Gentleman-specialists', such as Lyell, who were able to follow this strategy, constituted a clearly defined elite that dominated the GSL in the 1830s and 1840s. Mantell's failure to achieve elite geological status stemmed from the fact that he placed too much emphasis on fashioning his image and social status, rather than his scientific career. In doing so, he let the opportunity slip of establishing a major domain - British fossil reptiles - in the early 1830s.

An analysis of the correspondence between Charles Lyell and Gideon Mantell from 1821 to 1852, in conjunction with other manuscript material, highlights the contrasting backgrounds and geological careers of the two men. It is also characterised by two underlying themes: the nature and timing of their geological work; and the influence of various social factors on their career plans and desire to achieve high social and scientific status. In turn, these points raise several wider issues and inter-related questions concerning the following aspects of English geology in the first half of the nineteenth century. When, why and how did an elite group of geologists emerge in England during this period? Who were its members and what were their characteristics in common? What was the nature and scope of the geological work carried out by the identified elite? In what way did it differ from Mantell's? What social and other barriers did Mantell encounter in his search for scientific and social status? What were the critical factors? In this thesis these issues are examined on a decade-by-decade basis, in three main chapters, as a prelude to examining the central question of why Mantell, unlike Lyell, did not achieve the status of an elite geologist. First, an elite group of English geologists is identified through a series of prosopographic and 'screening' analyses of all members of council of the Geological Society of London (GSL). Geologists who did not meet the prescribed criteria are taken into account. Thirteen geologists are identified in the penultimate and final stages of screening over the four decades. Mantell was the only provincial identified, but he did not attain a position in the final list, which consisted exclusively of a distinctive group of 'gentleman-specialists'. Second, the concept of a geological 'domain' is introduced to analyse the nature and scope of the geological work carried out by the identified group. A critical finding is that all members identified in the final 'screening' list established a 'domain' in one of four categories of the concept and were recognised as the leading authority or exponent of the domain they had fashioned. Finally, the impact and relative importance of specific social and other factors on the careers of Lyell and Mantell are examined. When the findings from each decade of the three chapters are brought together it is shown that by the end of the 1820s it was necessary for a future elite geologist to be so 'positioned' in terms of basic geological experience, location, income and available time that he was able to identify and subsequently fashion an appropriate geological 'domain'. 'Gentleman-specialists', such as Lyell, who were able to follow this strategy, constituted a clearly defined elite that dominated the GSL in the 1830s and 1840s. Mantell's failure to achieve elite geological status stemmed from the fact that he placed too much emphasis on fashioning his image and social status, rather than his scientific career. In doing so, he let the opportunity slip of establishing a major domain - British fossil reptiles - in the early 1830s.

In this PhD work, we carry out a geophysical and geological study of two classical examples of rifted continental margins: the Gulf of Lions (GoL), located in the Western Mediterranean, and the Tagus Abyssal Plain (TAP), located in the West Iberia margin. In spite of numerous previous studies of these regions, there is a debate on the crustal structure and the processes that led to the formation of the basin. Our study aims to 1) determine the nature of rocks forming the main geological domains of the basin, 2) define the tectonic structure of the basement and 3) place constrains and discuss the kinematics and tectonic and magmatic mechanisms involved in basin formation. To study the GoL, we used a geophysical data set acquired during the SARDINIA-2006 survey by the Ifremer Institute (France). In particular, we used a Multi-Channel Seismic (MCS) line and a coincident Wide-Angle Seismic (WAS) profile. Altogether, these lines cover a seismic transect that runs NW-SE across the GoL until the central part of the Liguro-Provençal basin. The geophysical data used to study the TAP were collected during the FRAME-2018 survey within the framework of the FRAME project. We present spatially coincident MCS and WAS data, along a 350 km-long, E-W trending profile located at 38º N, crossing the basin in the North-West Iberian margin. We apply joint refraction and reflection travel-time tomography (TT) that combines travel-times from MCS and WAS data to provide new constraints on the structure and petrological nature of basement domains along the margins. The result of this joint WAS- MCS tomography is a P-waves velocity (Vp) model of the margin that is fully consistent with the MCS image along the profile, making the geological interpretation less subjective. The processing of MCS data provides the tectonic structure and geometry of the sedimentary basins. The results from the GoL support the existence of three geological domains that are: 1) a continental domain formed by normal faults that tilted the continental basement, 2) a ~100 km wide domain bounded by continental crust domains, characterized by a 4-5 km thick layer with high velocity and steep gradients that we interpret as a lens-shaped body of oceanic crust and 3) a thin continental crust (<4 km). This configuration implies that the continent-ocean transition (COT) occurs abruptly (<10 km along profile) at each side of the oceanic domain. In the case of the TAP, the models show that the crustal structure is more complex, presenting sharp boundaries between five different domains at the base of the continental slope and across the J-anomaly. Thus, the profile across the TAP shows that Domain I and Domain III are made of 4-6 km thick continental crust. Domain III shows a lower crust with comparatively higher velocities possibly due to limited magmatic intrusions. Domain II, previously interpreted as oceanic crust, is shown to constitute a ~70 km wide domain of exhumed and serpentinized mantle. The westernmost 200 km of the profile include Domain IV and Domain V with a basement made of oceanic crust. The new Vp model and seismic images support that the COT is located ~300 km offshore and that occurs abruptly from 10 to 15 km wide. Based on these results, we discuss a new geodynamic scenario characterized by two main phases of crustal extension. According to the presented distribution of the basement, rifting in the TAP would have started with continental crust extension, continued with exhumation of the mantle, followed by the formation of the oceanic crust of the J-magnetic anomaly, and continued with spreading of oceanic crust of the Cretaceous Magnetic Quiet Zone. The interpretation of these results differs from current conceptual models of the formation of both examples of rifting systems. Its integration offers the opportunity to review the existing conceptual models related to rifted margins that involve mantle exhumation and indicate that the response of the continental lithosphere to extension processes may be more complex than previously assumed.
En esta tesis doctoral, se ha realizado un estudio geofísico y geológico de dos ejemplos clásicos de márgenes continentales: el margen de la Cuenca de Liguria y el margen de la Llanura Abisal del Tajo, ubicada en el margen Oeste de Iberia. A pesar de los diversos estudios previos de estas regiones, existe un debate abierto tanto sobre su estructura cortical como sobre los procesos que operaban durante su formación. Este trabajo de tesis ha tenido como objetivos: 1) determinar la naturaleza de las rocas que forman los principales dominios geológicos de ambos márgenes, 2) definir la estructura tectónica del basamento y 3) discutir la cinemática y la interacción de mecanismos tectónicos y magmáticos involucrados en la formación de los márgenes. Para conseguir estos objetivos, se han analizado e integrado diversos datos geofísicos. Los datos principales son de sísmica de reflexión de “streamer” multicanal y de sísmica de refracción y refracción de gran ángulo marinos. También se han integrado datos batimétricos y gravimétricos. La parte metodológica más novedosa de esta tesis es la utilización de los tiempos de trayecto de fases sísmicas de datos de streamer y gran ángulo en una tomografía conjunta. Esta metodología permite determinar con más precisión que otros métodos las velocidades de las ondas sísmicas (Vp) a través del basamento a lo largo de los perfiles. El modelo resultante permite establecer la naturaleza petrológica con menos incertidumbre que los métodos más comúnmente usados. El análisis, procesamiento, modelado e interpretación de estos conjuntos de datos permite una interpretación novedosa de los aspectos relacionados con la estructura y naturaleza de la corteza, así como la discusión de nuevas propuestas para los procesos tectónicos que llevaron a la configuración actual de cada uno de los ejemplos de márgenes continentales. La interpretación desarrollada difiere en gran medida de modelos previos en cuanto a la formación de ambos sistemas de rifting. Por ello, proponemos que su integración ofrece la oportunidad de revisar modelos conceptuales existentes en la literatura. En particular, los resultados muestran que la respuesta de la litosfera continental a los procesos de extensión puede ser más compleja de lo que se suponía hasta ahora.

Process domains categorizes sections of streams according to its local dominant processes. These processes often reflect on the local ecology and the streams appearance. But the underlying reason why these different process domains are formed are still not completely certain. In this study the distribution of the process domains: lakes, rapids and slow-flowing reaches in the Bjur River catchment were compared to the geological factors of slope, surficial geology and landforms to see if any connections could be found. The possibility of using GIS (geographic information systems) and remote data to distinguish these stream types and to connect them to the different studied geological factors were also examined. The hypothesis for this study is that the geological factors of slope, surficial geology and landforms all should have an influence over the distribution of the process domains in Bjur River. The analysis was executed through map-studies in ArcGIS and statistical analysis in Excel. All process domains showed statistical significance towards the studied geological factors. The slope was generally steeper in the rapids than in slow-flowing reaches and lakes. The surficial geology displayed more fine-grained sediment (peat) in proximity to lakes and slow-flowing reaches whilst till was more abundant close to rapids. Hilly moraine landscapes were most common around lakes, while rapids displayed a high percentage of glacio-fluvially eroded area. Slow-flowing reaches also showed to have around 44% of its studied points around glacio-fluvially eroded area, and 43% at areas without any major landforms. Even if the statistical analysis and figures display a difference between the different process domains, it is still difficult to say which of these geological factors that plays the most crucial role for their development. However, by using remote data and through studies over slope, adjacent surficial geology and landforms the different process domains can be differentiated from one another.

Two and three-dimensional seismic data are used to investigate some stratigraphic relationships between sedimentation, deformation and fluid flow at the lateral margin of a gravity detachment system. Three themes were studied. In the Niger Delta, a right-lateral strike-slip fault with a displacement of around 7 km occurs across 75 km. It is interpreted as the lateral strike-slip domain, linked to the updip extensional domain and the downdip compression zone of a gravity detachment system. Structural and kinematic evidence, such as present-day propagating strike-slip faults, for possible future lateral expansions of the lateral strike-slip domain, is described. We expect to observe similar domains at the margins of other preserved gravitational collapse sliding over a detachment whose efficiency in causing downdip slip may vary laterally. Using 3D data from both Mauritania and Nigeria, the interactions between tear faults and deepwater channels are studied. Structural observations combined with channel analysis are performed in four case studies, illustrating that tear faults influence channel development throughout their evolution. Some examples across tear fault zones are presented, and it is expected to find such interactions elsewhere in the world. A simple model of development of vertical fluid flow pipes is established using two examples that are 400 - 600 m wide and ~ 2000 - 2500 m high. Both examples are located at the crest of rollover anticlines and rooted in buried channel-complexes tilted during fold growth. At the crest of the structures and within the connected permeable reservoir intervals of the channel complexes, lateral pressure transfer caused the pore pressure to reach critical levels, leading to hydraulic fracturing of the overburden. Although hydrocarbons may migrate upwards through the consequent chimney systems, the pipes are not necessarily indicators of hydrocarbon charge of the channel complexes.

Glacial deposits as a whole are some of the most widespread near surface soils in the northern hemisphere, covering large areas of Canada and the United States, eastern and northern Europe and Asia. In Britain during the final Devensian glaciation, significant accretions of stationary ice developed over most upland areas. The resulting materials derived from the attritional action of the base of the moving ice were deposited as till over approximately 60% of the UK. These soils are generally heterogeneous and unsorted, containing varying proportions of clay to boulder size material. This variation in composition has a commensurate effect on the engineering properties of tills. Commercial investigation data from seven sites in Cumbria overlying different bedrock geology were examined in detail using a variety of statistical and graphical techniques to determine whether differences occurred due to bedrock and glacigenic origin. The results of the data analysis confirm the thesis that the bedrock geology, the history of glacigenic deposition and the post glacial history all affect the geotechnical properties of the resulting till. As a corollary, the commonly used empirical relationship between SPT and shear strength used in deriving undrained shear strength was found not to hold for Cumbrian tills.

The research contained within this thesis was directed at examining the spectral properties of regolith-dominated terrains using airborne and proximal hyperspectral instruments. The focus of the investigation was to identify the mineralogy of the regolith and determine if surficial materials were indicative of the underlying bedrock in the regolithdominated terrain of the eastern Olary Domain, South Australia. The research area was constrained to a 250 km2 area around the Cu-Au mineralisation of the White Dam Prosect. Integrated remote sensing, using airborne hyperspectral datasets (HyMap), Landsat imagery and gamma-ray spectroscopy data, was performed to map regolith-landforms and extract information on surficial materials. Detailed calibration of the HyMap dataset, using a modified model-based/empirical line calibration technique, was required prior to information extraction. The White Dam area was able to be divided into: alluvial regolith-dominated; in situ regolith-dominated; and bedrock-dominated terrains, based on mineralogical interpretations of the regolith, using the remotely sensed hyperspectral data. Alluvial regions were characterised by large abundances of vegetation and soils with a hematite-rich mineralogy. Highly weathered areas of in situ material were discriminated by the presence of goethite and kaolinite of various crystallinities, whereas the bedrock-dominated regions displayed white mica-/muscovite-rich mineralogy. Areas flanking bedrock exposures commonly consisted of shallow muscovite-rich soils containing regolith carbonate accumulations. Traditional mineral mapping processes were performed on the HyMap data and were able to extract endmembers of regolith and other surficial materials. The Mixture Tuned Matched Filter un-mixing process was successful at classifying regolith materials and minerals. Spectral indices performed on masked data were effective at identifying the key regolith mineralogical features of the HyMap imagery and proved less time consuming than un-mixing processes. Processed HyMap imagery was able to identify weathering halos, highlighted in mineralogical changes, around bedrock exposures. Proximal spectral measurements and XRD analyses of samples collected from the White Dam Prospect were used to create detailed mineralogical dispersion maps of the surface and costean sections. Regolith materials of the logged sections were found to correlate with the spectrally-derived mineral dispersion profiles. The HyLogger drill core scanning instrument was used to examine the mineralogy of the fresh bedrock, which contrasted with the weathering-derived near-surface regolith materials. The overall outcomes of the thesis showed that hyperspectral techniques were useful for charactering the mineralogy of surficial materials and mapping regolith-landforms.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2004.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
In theNovo Orienteregion, located approximately 400 km from Fortaleza-CE, metamaficand metaultramafic rocks occur in different contexts in the southwestern portion of the Cearà Central Domain ofBorborema Province. The metamafic rocks occurintercaleted with metapelitic and metapsamitic rocks in the form of lenses and tabular layers, with varied thickness, from centimeter to a few tens of meters, consistent with the N-S foliation and metamorphosed under greenschistand amphibolitefacies conditions. The geochemical data indicate a tholeiitic basaltic composition with signature of type MORB basalts, seafloor basalts, calc-alkaline and intra-plate basalts. The main occurrence of ultramafic rocks is associated with a thrust sheetpreserved on a topographic high known as Pereiras Hill. In that location, metaultramafic rocks intensely tectonized, serpentinized, steatizated and silicified, comprising serpentinites (sheared or isotropic), chloritites, actinolitites, tremolitites, talc-chlorite schists,serpentine-talc schists, talc-rich siliceous rocks and listwÃnitesoutcrop in situ. Petrographic studies of thin/polished sections underconventional optical microscope and also scanning electron microscope - SEM, confirmed the presenceof several minerals of economic interest, such as Cr-magnetite, ferrichromite and Cr-spinel associatedwith the rocks of the metaultramaficsequence. Geochemical data indicate that the serpentinites cancorrespond to rocks resulting from the alteration of Alpine-type ultramafites (peridotites and dunites)depleted in REE, similar to the pattern presented by subduction-zone serpentinitos generated fromexhumed sub-continental peridotites and hydrated during ocean-continental transition (OCT) rifting. Sm-Nd isotopic analyzes of the two group of rocks show a juvenile paleoproterozoic derivation for most samples with TDMNd age ranging from 2.10 to 2.46 Ga,ɛNd,2.1 between 0.40 and +3 30, and mixing with older sources represented by archeanTDM ages ranging from 2.63 to 3.29 Ga and ɛNd,2.1 slightly negative (-0.15 to -0.22). The data suggest that the metamafic and metaultramafic rocks could represent, respectively, the mafic magmatism during the development of a magma-poor passive margin and part of a sub-continental lithospheric mantle exhumed in an ocean-continent transition (OCT.
A regiÃo de Novo Oriente, localizada a aproximadamente 400 km de Fortaleza-CE, à conhecida porocorrÃncias de rochas metamÃficas e metaultramÃficas asquais afloram em diferentes contextos na porÃÃo sudoeste do DomÃnio Cearà Central da ProvÃnciaBorborema. As rochas metamÃficas afloram intercaladas comrochas metapelÃticas e metapsamÃticas sob a forma de lentes e estratos tabulares concordantes,com espessura variada, desde centimÃtrica a algumas dezenas de metros, concordantes com a foliaÃÃo N-S e metamorfisadas sob condiÃÃes do facies xisto verde a anfibolito. Os dados geoquÃmicos apontam para uma composiÃÃo basÃltica toleÃtica com assinatura geoquÃmica debasaltos tipo MORB, de fundo oceÃnico, basaltos cÃlcio-alcalinos eintra-placa.A principal ocorrÃncia de carÃter ultramÃfico està associada a uma lasca tectÃnicapreservada em um alto topogrÃfico conhecido como Morro dos Pereiras. Na referida localidade,rochas metaultramÃficas intensamente tectonizadas, serpentinizadas, esteatizadas e silicificadas, quecompreendem serpentinito (cisalhados ou isotrÃpicos), actinolititos, tremolititos, clorititos, talco-clorita xistos, serpentina-talcoxistos (asbestos), rochas talco-silicosas e listwanitos, afloram in situ. Estudos petrogrÃficos de seÃÃes delgadas/polidas, em microscÃpio Ãtico convencional e tambÃm em microscÃpio de varredura eletrÃnica â MEV, confirmaram a presenÃa de diversos minerais de interesse econÃmico tais como cristais de Cr-magnetita, ferricromita e Cr-espinÃlio associados Ãs rochas da sequÃncia metaultramÃfica. Os dados geoquÃmicos indicam que os serpentinito podem corresponder a rochas oriundas da alteraÃÃo de ultramafitos do tipo alpino (peridotitos e dunitos), empobrecidas em ETR, similar ao padrÃo apresentando pelos serpentinitos de zona de subducÃÃo oriundos de peridotitossub-continentais exumados e hidratados durante rifteamento em OCT (ocean-continental transition). AnÃlises isotÃpicas Sm-Nd dos dois grupos de rochas apontam para uma derivaÃÃo juvenil paleoproterozÃica com idades TDM variando de 2,10 a 2,46 Ga, ɛNd,2,1 entre +0,40 e +3,30, e mistura com fontes mais antigas representada pelas amostras com idades TDM arqueanas que variam de 2,63 a 3,29 Ga e ɛNd,2,1 levemente negativo (-0,15 a -0,22). Os dados obtidos sugerem que as rochas metamÃficas e metaultramÃficas poderiam corresponder, respectivamente,o magmatismo maficodurante o desenvolvimento de uma margem passiva pobre em magmase a parte de um manto sub-litosfÃrico continentalexumado em uma zona de transiÃÃo oceano-continente(OCT).

A integração e a troca de informação na Web é uma necessidade reconhecida no mundo atual nos mais diversos domínios de aplicação. A Web constitui hoje o principal meio de acesso a informações, disponibilizando várias formas de acesso a esse conteúdo. No entanto, disponibilizar essa informação de forma integrada para o usuário ainda é um desafio. O Serviço Web Semântico é uma tecnologia de Inteligência Artificial promissora a qual pode contribuir significativamente com o processo de integração tanto de dados como de processos disponíveis em portais Web. O objetivo do presente trabalho é realizar a integração das diferentes funcionalidades oferecidas por portais disponibilizados na Web, fazendo uso de ontologias de domínio através de Serviços Web Semânticos. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, um sistema de busca e integração, denominado W-KIS, foi projetado e desenvolvido, fornecendo uma visão unificada e transparente ao usuário de toda informação disponível em um determinado número de portais Web, contextualizados a um domínio de aplicação específico. Dois domínios de aplicação foram explorados neste trabalho através de dois estudos de caso: a Biomedicina e a Geologia, cada um fornecendo sua própria ontologia de domínio. Serviços Web Semânticos foram desenvolvidos para encapsular portais Web em ambos os domínios, permitindo ao sistema realizar a integração em cada domínio, separadamente. A aplicação proposta foi validada através da avaliação de sua atuação em ambos os domínios, além de testes com usuários finais e comparações com outras abordagens para integração na Web e motores de busca tradicionais. Através da utilização de Serviços Web Semânticos, W-KIS é capaz de localizar e executar os serviços de forma automática, além de lidar com a heterogeneidade semântica entre as fontes de informação por meio das ontologias de domínio. Desta forma, o sistema fornece apenas informação contextualizada ao interesse do usuário.
Integration and exchange of information across the Internet is a universally recognized need, in a wide variety of domains. Nowadays, the Web is the main source of information, providing many ways to access this content. However, making this information available to the user in an integrated way is still a challenge. New promising application fields such as Semantic Web Services can improve the integration process of data and processes available in Web portals. The goal of the present research is to accomplish the integration of the different functionalities offered by portals available in the Web, making use of domain ontologies through Semantic Web Services. In order to achieve the proposed goal, a search and integration system, named W-KIS, was designed and developed. The system provides the user with a unified and transparent view of the whole information available in a number of Web portals, related to a specific application domain. Two application domains were explored in this work through two case studies: the Biomedicine and the Geology, each one providing its own domain ontology. Semantic Web Services were designed to encapsulate Web portals in both domains, allowing the system to accomplish the integration in each domain, separately. The application proposed in this project was validated through the evaluation of its behavior in both domains, besides other tests with final users and comparisons with other approaches for integration in the Web, and traditional search engines. Making use of Semantic Web Services, W-KIS is able to find and execute the services in an automatic way, besides dealing with the semantic heterogeneity in the information sources by means of domain ontologies. This way, the system provides the user with information contextualized to its interest.

In this research we tested two data analyses methodologies, namely the empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) to estimate hydrographic CTD data profiles, and a successive corrections algorithm (SC) to project the results onto two dimensional grids, whose superposition leads to a quasi-three dimensional array, on the Ebro Delta shelf/slope domain. The EOFs as an extrapolation procedure with shallow casts was also tested with thickness profiles, for an adequate set of extrapolated profiles might render reliable geostrophic currents on the shelf. The reference level of no motion for the relative geostrophic currents was 500 m. The resulting currents were contrasted with the ones obtained with a classical methodology for shelf domains proposed by Csanady (1979). Another important goal was to test the potential use of linearly independent basic profiles vector modes derived from historic data, to reproduce the data from the oceanographic campaigns.
We used CTD data from four oceanographic campaigns on the Ebro Delta region under different conditions: FANS I - autumn, FANS II - winter, FANS III - summer and MEGO 94, a previous winter campaign, showed atypical winter conditions, with open ocean dynamics that differed significantly from the shelf ones.
We find that the EOFs applied to hydrographic variables with the self campaign eigenvectors renders very good results (expressed as variance explained percentage), when a non-standardized analysis is used (in which the variability is assumed to be unevenly distributed in the water column, as occurs in the ocean). Good results are also obtained when the variability is assumed to be evenly distributed (standardized analysis). When the historic eigenvectors are used, together with the campaign data, a larger number of modes needs to be included. The results are very good for the summer-FANS III and winter-FANS II campaigns. On the other hand, some significantly large errors are obtained for EOF-standardized density with the autumn-FANS I and the winter-MEGO 94 campaings.
The projection of the EOFs results onto a 2.5 x 2.5 km 2D grid were carried out through a SC algorithm. Some unreliable distributions are obtained with the standardized density analysis, due to the differences of the open ocean and shelf distributions, which in turn lead to a very wide range of mode amplitudes. This lead us to test the interpolation of the estimated profiles instead of the amplitude values, improving the results in a significant manner.
The geostrophic circulation obtained with Csanady's method renders spurious along-transect values. While this method has been successfully used on other shallow regions, the abrupt shelf/slope topography of the Ebro Delta, together with the integration path, render it unreliable. The EOFs estimates with the self-campaign eigenvectors tend to approach well the dynamic height distributions of outer slope and open ocean, particularly the non-standardized analysis. The estimates on the shelf circulation seem to be reliable in two campaigns only. Since no current ADCP data is available in any of the campaigns, a quantitative evaluation is not possible. The use of historic eigenvectors does not contribute to a better estimate of the shelf circulation.

Cette thèse doctorale aborde divers aspects méthodologiques de l‟analyse de levés électromagnétiques aéroportés en domaine temporel (TDEM) pour une interprétation détaillée à finalités géologique et hydrogéologique. Ce travail s‟est appuyé sur un levé réalisé dans la région de Courtenay (Nord-Est de la région Centre) caractérisée par un plateau de craie karstifié (karst des Trois Fontaines) recouvert par des argiles d‟altération et des alluvions. Tout d‟abord, une méthode de filtrage des données TDEM utilisant la Décomposition en Valeurs Singulières (SVD) a été développée. L‟adaptation rigoureuse de cette technique aux mesures TDEM a permis de séparer avec succès les bruits, qui ont pu être cartographiés, et le " signal géologique ", diminuant grandement le temps nécessaire à leur traitement. De plus, la méthode s‟est avérée efficace pour obtenir, rapidement, des informations géologiques préliminaires sur la zone. Ensuite, une analyse croisée entre le modèle de résistivité obtenu en inversant les données filtrées et les forages disponibles a été effectuée. Celle-ci a mené à une amélioration de la connaissance géologique et hydrogéologique de la zone. Une figure d‟ondulation, séparant deux dépôts de craie, et le réseau de failles en subsurface ont pu être imagés, apportant un cadre géologique au karst des Trois Fontaines. Enfin, une nouvelle méthode combinant l‟information aux forages et les pentes issues du modèle de résistivité EM a permis d‟obtenir un modèle d‟une précision inégalée du toit de la craie. L‟ensemble de ces travaux fournit un cadre solide pour de futures études géo-environnementales utilisant des données TDEM aéroportées, et ce, même en zone anthropisée.

El mètode magnetotel·lúric (MT) és una tècnica geofísica que proporciona la distribució de la resistivitat elèctrica en el subsòl a partir de les fluctuacions temporals del senyal electromagnètic (EM) natural mesurades a la superfície terrestre. El senyal MT sovint esdevé contaminat per soroll EM d’origen antropogènic (soroll cultural). La seva detecció i eliminació és un dels reptes actuals per millorar la qualitat de les respostes obtingudes amb el mètode MT. L’estudi de les característiques del senyal MT i del soroll cultural és un pas clau per poder diferenciar ambdós senyals i eliminar posteriorment el soroll. En general el senyal MT no presenta un estat de polarització concret en el domini temps-freqüència (t-f), ara bé, algunes de les seves fonts naturals com les pulsacions geomagnètiques del tipus Pc3 o les ressonàncies Schumann es caracteritzen pel seu estat de polarització. En canvi, el soroll cultural sol estar polaritzat linealment en una direcció determinada a causa de la posició fixa de les seves fonts a l’espai. Tenint en compte que l’estat de polarització del senyal MT està estretament lligat a les característiques de les seves fonts, en aquesta tesi es proposa la seva anàlisi com a eina per identificar i caracteritzar algunes de les seves fonts naturals i les fonts de soroll cultural que el contaminen. Atès que tant el senyal MT com el soroll cultural són senyals variables amb el temps i presenten múltiples freqüències, s’ha considerat adient analitzar el seu estat de polarització en el domini temps-freqüència (t-f). La principal contribució d’aquesta tesi és el desenvolupament, per primer cop, d’un mètode per analitzar l’estat de polarització del senyal MT en el domini (t-f) a partir de les sèries temporals dels camps elèctric i magnètic. S’han establert les bases teòriques del mètode, que permet obtenir els atributs de polarització d’ambdós camps en el domini (t-f) mitjançant la transformada wavelet, i s’ha implementat en un codi anomenat MTWAVELETS. El mètode desenvolupat s’ha aplicat a l’anàlisi de nombroses sèries temporals MT mesurades a diferents localitzacions i que presenten o bé indicis de soroll cultural o bé indicis de la presència de senyals geomagnètics amb un estat de polarització determinat. A partir de l’anàlisi de sèries temporals MT mesurades a Hontomín (Espanya) i a Lamezia Terme (Itàlia) s’ha detectat el soroll cultural creat per línies elèctriques, la circulació de trens per vies fèrries electrificades amb corrent continu, aerogeneradors i entorns industrials i urbans, i s’ha determinat la posició relativa d’aquestes fonts respecte els punts de mesura. S’ha caracteritzat el comportament que presenten l’amplitud i els atributs de polarització d’aquests senyals sorollosos en el domini (t-f), de manera que a partir d’ara pot identificar-se fàcilment la presència d’aquestes fonts contaminants a sèries temporals MT. D’altra banda, l’anàlisi de dades mesurades a Tramutola (Itàlia) ha suggerit que les pulsacions geomagnètiques del tipus Pc3 són una de les causes de l’oscil·lació que presenten les respostes MT en aquest site en el domini (t-f). Així mateix, s’han detectat i analitzat els quatre primers modes de les ressonàncies Schumann a partir de sèries temporals MT mesurades a Huidobro (Espanya). L’anàlisi (t-f) dels seus atributs de polarització ha permès diferenciar aquest senyals geomagnètics de la resta del senyal MT. La nova eina desenvolupada en aquesta tesi constitueix una aportació significativa per a l’anàlisi del senyal MT, ja que permet detectar i caracteritzar les seves fonts, ja siguin naturals o de soroll. Té nombroses aplicacions: en l’àmbit de la millora de les respostes MT per a la identificació del soroll cultural i de senyals geomagnètics que puguin alterar-les, i en l’estudi de la ionosfera i la magnetosfera per a la caracterització de senyals geomagnètics.
The magnetotelluric (MT) signal is usually affected by electromagnetic anthropogenic noise (cultural noise). At present, its detection and removal is one of the challenges to improve the responses of the MT method. The MT signal does not generally have a specific polarisation state in the time-frequency (t-f) domain. However, some of its natural sources such as Pc3 geomagnetic pulsations or Schumann resonances have characteristic polarisation properties. In contrast, cultural noise is usually linearly polarised in a certain direction due to the fixed location of its sources in space. The major contribution of this thesis is the development, for the first time, of a method for polarisation analysis of the MT signal in the (t-f) domain. It is proposed as a tool to identify and characterise some of its natural sources and those of cultural noise. It provides the polarisation attributes of the MT signal in the (t-f) domain computed in terms of the wavelet transform, since both the MT signal and the cultural noise show time and frequency variations. The theoretical basis of the method has been established, and it has been implemented in a code named MTWAVELETS. Cultural noise created by power lines, electrified DC railways, wind turbines and industrial areas has been detected and characterised from the analysis of MT time series acquired at Hontomín (Spain) and Lamezia Terme (Italy). The analysis of MT time-series from Tramutola (Italy) points to Pc3 pulsations as one of the causes of the oscillation of the MT responses in the (t-f) domain at this site. Moreover, the first four modes of the Schumann resonances were detected and analysed from MT time-series acquired at Huidobro (Spain). The new tool developed in this thesis is a major contribution to the analysis of the MT signal since it allows detecting and characterising its sources, both natural and noisy. It has many applications: in the scope of improving the quality of the MT responses due to the identification of cultural noise and geomagnetic signals capable of altering them, and in the scope of the study of the ionosphere and the magnetosphere due to the characterisation of geomagnetic signals.

Orientador: Elson Paiva de Oliveira
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T08:14:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nascimento_RosemerydaSilva_D.pdf: 5636781 bytes, checksum: 8732e39c60030622a2ca93f4c6f2c946 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: A Faixa Sergipana está localizada na região nordeste do Brasil, entre o Maciço Pernambuco-Alagoas e o Cráton do São Francisco. Na literatura é interpretada como a continuação, na América do Sul, da Faixa Oubanguides, na África, com idade Neoproterózóica (Ciclo Brasiliano/Pan-Africano). O quadro lito-estrutural da região está individualizado em diversos domínios, dentre os quais destaca-se o Domínio Canindé na porção central dessa unidade geotectônica. O Domínio Canindé é constituído por rochas metavulcanossedimentares invadidas por uma suíte gabróica e granitos diversos (Boa Esperança, Lajedinho, Tipo Sítios Novos e Xingo). Sobre este domínio há controvérsia quanto ao provável contexto tectònico dessas rochas, com propostas que vão desde complexo ofiolítico, ambiente intra-continental a seqüência de arco intra-oceânico. Assim este trabalho visa a caracterização geoquímica e temporal do Domínio Canindé, usando técnicas, como o ICP-MS capaz de analisar elementos (Nb, Ta, Th, La,) com elevado poder de interpretação na definição de ambiência tectõoica. Somada as técnicas modernas de geocronologia ( U-Pb em grãos de zircão utilizando SHPJMP) em conjunto com métodos convencionais e integração dos resultados obtidos com as observações das relações de campo. As análises isotópicas Pb-Pb do Domínio Canindé revelaram isócrona de 963±20 Ma para mármores associado com anfibolitos e outros metassedimentos. Os resultados das análises Sm-Nd indicam para os metassedimentos da Unidade Novo Gosto dois conjuntos de idade modelo (Td_m) 1.5 e 1,14 Ga e o anfibolitos entre 1,3-0,8 Ga. Os anfibolitos da Unidade Gentileza apresentam Tdm com valores entre 1,2-0,8 Ga e quartzo-monzodiorito com textura rapakivi desta unidade apresenta Tdm em torno de 0,89 Ga. O sNa\t=o> para as unidades Novo Gosto e Gentileza são dominantemente negativos. Os resultados de análise de SHRIMP em metassedímento da Unidade Novo Gosto revelaram idades de áreas fontes distintas (977-718-679 Ma). A Unidade Gentileza apresenta idade U-Pb (SHRIMP) em torno de 688 = 15 Ma, Granito Lajedinho 634 ± 10 Ma e Suíte Gabróica Canindé em torno de 690 ± 16 Ma. O quartzo-monzodiorito com textura rapakivi da Unidade Gentileza apresenta idade de 684 ± 7,3 Ma (U-Pb em zircão por diluição isotópica). As áreas fontes mais antigas da Unidade Novo Gosto correspondem às rochas do Domínio Poço Redondo e Maciço Pernambuco-Alagoas, enquanto as mais jovens as rochas do próprio Domínio Canindé. As composições isotópicas de Nd e anomalias negativas de Nb e Ta das unidades Novo Gosto e Gentileza, associadas com granitos com caracteríticas químicas anorogênicas, além de diorito com textura rapakivi, sugerem um cenário geotectônico de rifle intra-continental para as rochas do Domínio Canindé, cuja a sedimentação perdurou até o ciclo Brasiliano.
Abstract: The Sergipana belt is located in the northeastern region of Brazil, between the Pernambuco-Alagoas massif and the São Francisco craton. The Sergipana belt has been interpreted as the South American counterpart of the African Neoproterozoic Oubanguides belt, both developed during the Brazilian/PanAfrican cycle. The litho-structural array of the Sergipana belt is composed of several domains, with the Canindé domain that is located in the central part of that geotectonic unity. The Canindé domain comprises of metavolcano-sedimentary rocks that are crosscut by a gabbroic suite and several granite bodies (eg. Boa Esperança, Lajedinho, Sítios Novos and Xingo granites). The tectonic context in which these rocks were formed is controversial. Previous models considered the area as an ophiolitc complex, an intracontinental environment, or alternatively as an island arc. In this work the Canindé domain is characterized in terms of stratigraphy, geochemistry and geochronology. Trace-element contents (eg. Nb, Ta, Th, La) were used in order to define the geotectonic environment. Geo chronologic data were obtained on zircon by U-Pb SHRIMP and other conventional techniques. Pb-Pb isotopic analyses revealed an isochron of 963 ± 20 Ma for marbles associated with amphibolites and metasedimentary rocks. Sm-Nd data of metasedimentary rocks (Novo Gosto unity) indicated model ages (Tdm) of 1.5 Ga and 1.14 Ga. Tdm amphibolites are comprised between 1.3 Ga and 0.8 Ga. Amphibolites from the Gentileza unity have (Tdm) situated in the interval 1.2 and 0.8 Ga. Quartz-mozodiorites displaying rapakivi texture from the Gentileza unity present Tdm ages of ca. 0.89 Ga. The eNd(t=o) values of Novo Gosto and Gentileza unities are dominantly negative. SHRIMP data of Novo Gosto unity indicated different ages for the source rocks (977 Ma, 718 Ma and 679 Ma). U-Pb SHRIMP zircon data of the Gentileza unity and the Lajedinho granite are respectively 688 ± 15 Ma and 634 ± 10 Ma. The Gabbroic Suite Canindé was dated at 690 ± 16 Ma and quatz-monzodiorite rapakivi from the Gentileza unity by U-Pb conventional technique (zircon) revealed age 684 ± 10 Ma. It is suggested that the oldest sources of the Novo Gosto metasediment correspond to rocks from the Poço Redondo domain and the Pernambuco-Alagoas massif, whereas the youngest ones are those from the Canindé domain. Nd isotopic compositions and the negative Nb and Ta anomalies observed in rocks from the Novo Gosto and Gentileza unities associated with the anorogenic character of the granites and with the presence of rapakivi-textured diorites permit to propose that the Canindé domain developed in an intra-continental rift whose sedimentary history lasted until the Braziliano cycle.
Doutorado
Metalogenese
Doutor em Ciências

LIMA, Paulo Roberto Correia de. Análise da geometria dos domínios geológicos de sub-superfície a partir de perfis de poços tubulares no município de Fortaleza - Ceará. 2014. 243 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Geologia)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2014.
Submitted by Vitor Campos (vitband@gmail.com) on 2016-10-05T23:14:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_prclima.pdf: 12660234 bytes, checksum: 41fe4e359d2ab24135167b8cdf9e48c5 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-10-06T20:19:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_prclima.pdf: 12660234 bytes, checksum: 41fe4e359d2ab24135167b8cdf9e48c5 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T20:19:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_prclima.pdf: 12660234 bytes, checksum: 41fe4e359d2ab24135167b8cdf9e48c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
The research seeking the geometric characterization of Fortaleza’s Sedimentary Geologic Domain was based on SIAGAS/CPRM (Mineral Resources Research Company) and GEOHIDRO (Geology Hydrogeology and Services) tubular wells records which combined reach the mark of 1166 tubular wells recorded until December 2012. The wells that had a geologic profile totaling 516 were analyzed according to their lithological characteristics technical-constructive aspects and hydrogeological parameters. After the bibliographic revision and the well’s reports gathering the data contained on that reports were organized in sheets maps tables graphics and figures. So then 274 lithological profiles of the 516 recorded were selected to elaborate the fourteen geologic profiles being seven on N-S direction and seven on W-E direction. These geological profiles allowed a better view of the sedimentary packages as well as the crystalline basement and its contour allowing a much more accurate interpretation about the way the sedimentary domain behaves compared to the top of the basement. From the profiles analysis was conclusive that the sedimentary package tends to increase its thickness when approaches the coast. It was observed that the sedimentary domain contains a Carbonate Formation located on the N/NE part of the area classified at first as a infra-Barreiras formation that becomes more thick when approaches the coast zone. It is worth mentioning that the sedimentary package has a more embracing geometry than that related on previous studies. The analysis of that profiles also revealed elevated parts of the basement (structural highs) and depocenters assimilated to horsts and grabens in N-S direction. Analyzing the top and base data of the 137 wells that contains the mantle of alteration from the basement it was possible to draw its contour and measure the average of its thickness that is something about seventeen meters. Among the structures we can highlight the lineaments located on the east part of NW-SE direction and in the center-south part of NE-SW direction. Secondly the faults of NE direction and the fractures of NE NW and W-E direction are observed in the W SW S center-south and SE parts of the area. Apparently the great drainage segments were affected by the lineaments faults and fractures. On the sedimentary hydrogeological domain the hydrogeological parameters presented the following values: from the data collected on 267 wells that had a profile the average of the Static Level presented was 8.4 meters and from 265 wells with a profile the average output presented was 416 m³/h. Now on the crystalline hydrogeological domain the average values was: from the data collected on 237 wells the average of the Static Level was 8.85 meters and from data collected on 236 wells the average output was 41 m³/h. Now the saturated thickness (here considered the sum of the filter columns) calculated from 378 wells presented an average of 24.4 meters with a standard deviation below 20% which attests a tolerable average dispersion.
A pesquisa visando a Caracterização Geométrica do Domínio Geológico Sedimentar de Fortaleza teve como base o cadastro de poços tubulares SIAGAS/CPRM (Companhia de Pesquisa e Recursos Minerais) e da empresa GEOHIDRO (Geologia Hidrogeologia e Serviços Ltda.) que somados totalizam 1166 poços tubulares cadastrados até dezembro de 2012. Os poços que apresentam perfil litológico em um total de 516 foram analisados segundo suas características litológicas aspectos técnico-construtivos e parâmetros hidrogeológicos. Após a revisão bibliográfica e a coleta dos relatórios de poços os dados contidos nestes relatórios foram organizados em planilhas mapas tabelas gráficos e figuras. Foram então selecionados 274 perfis litológicos dos 516 perfis cadastrados para a elaboração de 14 perfis geológicos sendo 7 perfis geológicos na direção N-S e 7 perfis geológicos na direção W-E. Estes perfis permitiram uma melhor visualização dos pacotes sedimentares assim como do embasamento cristalino e de seu contorno possibilitando uma interpretação mais precisa da forma como se comporta o domínio sedimentar em relação ao topo do embasamento cristalino. Da análise dos perfis geológicos concluiu-se que o pacote sedimentar tende a aumentar sua espessura na medida em que se aproxima do litoral. Foi observado que o domínio sedimentar contém uma Formação Calcária localizada na porção N/NE da área classificada a prori como Infra-Barreiras que se torna mais espessa à medida que se aproxima da zona litorânea. Vale ressaltar que o pacote sedimentar tem uma geometria mais abrangente do que a relatada em trabalhos anteriores. A análise desses perfis revelou ainda altos estruturais e depocentros assemelhados a horst e graben alinhados na direção N-S. Analisando os dados de topo e base dos 137 poços que contém o manto alterado foi possível desenhar o seu contorno e medir sua espessura média que é de aproximadamente 17 metros. Dentre as estruturas podem ser destacados os lineamentos situados na porção oeste de direção NW-SE e na porção centro-sul de direção NE-SW. Secundariamente a falha de sentido NEe as fraturas de sentido NE NW e W-E são observadas nas porções W SW S centro-sul e SE da área. Aparentemente os grandes seguimentos da drenagem foram influenciados pelos lineamentos falhas e fraturas do terreno. No domínio hidrogeológico sedimentar os parâmetros hidrogeológicos apresentaram os valores que se seguem: a partir de dados colhidos em 267 poços com perfil a média do Nível Estático (NE) apresentada foi de 84 metros e a partir de 265 poços com perfil a Vazão média (Q média) apresentada foi de 416 m³/h. Já no domínio hidrogeológico cristalino os parâmetros hidrogeológicos apresentaram os seguintes valores: a partir de dados colhidos em 237 poços a média do Nível Estático (NE) apresentada foi de 885 metros e a partir de dados colhidos em 236 poços a Vazão média (Q média) apresentada foi de 41 m³/h. Já a espessura saturada (aqui considerada o somatório da coluna de filtros) calculada a partir dos dados de 378 poços apresentou uma média de 244 metros com desvio padrão abaixo de 20% o que atesta uma dispersão média tolerável.

Orientador: Edson Eiji Matsura
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T04:32:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roque_MarcioWilliam_D.pdf: 4566160 bytes, checksum: e232b1dbf290d1893cd9821cda298632 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Diante da importância da necessidade de água para irrigação, torna-se imprescindível a conscientização do produtor rural com relação ao seu manejo racional, pois a irrigação tem sido apontada, ao longo das últimas décadas, como a grande consumidora de água. Diversos trabalhos têm mostrado que a prática do manejo racional da irrigação associada ao sistema plantio direto leva o agricultor a produzir igual ou até mais, em relação ao plantio convencional, com um menor consumo de água, evitando-se assim, o desperdício desse recurso, além de contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma agricultura sustentável. Entretanto, dependendo do tempo, das condições de implantação e manejo do plantio direto, em muitas lavouras verificou-se um aumento do estado de compactação, com aumento de densidade do solo e da resistência mecânica à penetração, causando perda na produção. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dependência espacial dos atributos físico-hídricos do solo e da produção, verificando-se as inter-relações destes com a produção de grãos do feijoeiro irrigado sob sistema plantio direto e convencional, e também verificar o uso da técnica Reflectometria no Domínio do Tempo (TDR) no monitoramento da umidade do solo nos mesmos sistemas. Para isso foi semeado o feijão como cultura de inverno durante as safras de 2005 e 2006 em quatro parcelas experimentais conduzidas sob plantio direto e convencional, irrigado e não irrigado. Em cada parcela experimental de dimensões de 20 x 30m, foram definidas malhas de amostragem de 3 x 3m, totalizando 60 pontos amostrais por parcela. O solo das parcelas pertence à classe Latossolos Vermelhos Distroférricos típicos. Nos pontos amostrais foram inseridas sondas de TDR para o monitoramento da umidade do solo, e determinada a condutividade hidráulica saturada, a resistência do solo à penetração e retirada de amostras para a determinação da densidade do solo. Utilizando-se de um nível óptico foi determinada a cota em metros de cada ponto amostral nas parcelas estudadas. A análise da dependência espacial foi avaliada por meio da geoestatística, e os parâmetros dos semivariogramas utilizados para construir mapas de isolinhas utilizando-se do interpolador de krigagem pontual disponível no programa Surfer 8.0. Os principais resultados obtidos indicaram que a calibração da TDR proposta por Topp et al. (1980) como universal, não é adequada para o solo estudado. A técnica da TDR foi eficiente no monitoramento da umidade do solo ao longo do ciclo da cultura do feijoeiro e pode ser empregada no manejo da irrigação, desde que se faça a previa calibração do equipamento para o solo estudado. Os valores de resistência do solo à penetração (RP), para os dois sistemas de manejo do solo aumentaram de uma safra para outra, sendo que no plantio direto este aumento foi superior, ultrapassando os valores de RP do plantio convencional na safra de 2006. Entretanto os valores obtidos não interferiram na produtividade do feijoeiro nos dois sistemas de preparo do solo. Os valores da condutividade hidráulica saturada, para os dois sistemas de manejo do solo aumentaram de uma safra para outra, sendo que na safra de 2006, os valores de condutividade hidráulica saturada para o sistema plantio direto foram superiores ao convencional. Com relação à densidade do solo, na safra de 2005, o plantio convencional obteve menor valor médio, e, na safra 2006, os valores médios da densidade do solo foram os mesmos para os dois sistemas de manejo. Todos os atributos físico-hídricos e a produtividade de grãos apresentaram dependência espacial nos dois sistemas de manejo do solo para as duas safras agrícolas. Com relação às inter-relações entre os atributos estudados e a produção, todas as regressões lineares simples não mostraram correlação com a produção. A regressão linear simples entre os mapas dos atributos estudados e a produção, mostrou-se significativas, com baixos valores de coeficiente de determinação. O melhor resultado obtido foi com a relação densidade do solo e a produção no sistema plantio convencional na safra 2005, com coeficiente de determinação de 43,39 %, ou seja, dentro das variáveis estudadas foi a que melhor explicou a variação da produção. Na busca de um modelo que explicasse a variação da produção em função dos atributos físico-hídricos do solo e da cota do relevo, utilizou-se da regressão linear múltipla pelo método stepwise obtendo-se modelos significativos estatisticamente que explicaram a variação da produção com coeficientes de determinação entre 27,34 % e 71,70 %
Abstract: Since last decades irrigation practices are recognized as major water consumers, requiring specific agricultural producers education and awareness on water use and supply. Recent research reports indicate significant water economy, crop yielding as well as contribution to sustainable agricultural development, if direct seedling, when compared with conventional practices, is associated to adequate irrigation management. However, depending on weather conditions as well as on the direct seedling implementation conditions, many crop plantations showed increasing soil bulk density and compaction with increasing soil mechanical resistance to penetration, causing crop production reduction. Based on what it has been exposed before, the objective of this research is to evaluate crop yielding and soil physical-hydric attributes spatial dependence as related to irrigated bean grain production associated to no-tillage and to conventional tillage systems. The Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) efficiency in the soil moisture monitoring in the same crop systems was also evaluated. Four experimental plots with dimensions of 20m x 30m were seeded with beans in the years and 2005 and 2006 and carried under irrigated and non irrigated conventional as well as no-tillage systems. Each plot was screened with 3m x 3m sampling grids, completing a total of 60 sampling points in each plot. Plot soil was classified as Typical Distroferric Red Latossol. TDR probes were introduced into the soil on each plot to monitor moisture content, also being measured saturated hydraulic conductivity, resistance to penetration and sampling for soil bulk density determination. Elevation of each sampling point was determined by means of an optical instrument and expressed in meters. Spatial dependence analysis was evaluated through geostatistic techniques and the semivariograms parameters were employed to generate isoline maps trough the punctual kriging interpolator of the Surfer 8.0 program. Obtained results indicated TDR calibration as proposed by Topp et al. (1980), considered of universal feature, is not adequate to the soil under study. TDR technique showed to be efficient in monitoring soil moisture content throughout bean plant cycle, being applicable in the irrigation process, since a previous equipment calibration in accordance with soil type under study. Soil resistance to penetration associated to both management systems showed increased value from one harvest to the next one, being greater for no-tillage system, surpassing the RP value associated to the conventional tillage for the year of 2006. However, obtained values do not interfere in the bean plant productivity for both employed growing system. Values saturated hydraulic conductivity had increased from one harvest to the next, observing that for the year of 2006 no-tillage system showed larger values than the conventional one. Conventional tillage showed lower soil bulk density average values for the year of 2005, however these values became the same for both methods in the year of 2006 harvest. All physical-hydric attributes as well as grain productivity presented spatial dependence for both soil cultivation techniques for both harvesting periods. All of simple linear regressions showed no correlation between attributes and bean production. However, simple linear regressions showed to be significant for attribute maps and production, presenting low determination coefficient values. The best observed result was identified to be the soil density related to production for the conventional crop management, showing the determination coefficient of 43,39 %, i.e., which is considered the best explaining production variation variable. In looking for a model explaining production variation as a function of soil physical-hydric attributes and relief elevation by means of multiple linear regression by the stepwise method, statistically significant models which explains production variation between 27,34 % to 71,70 %
Doutorado
Agua e Solo
Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
The Rhyacian Serra das Pipocas Greenstone Belt, is part of Archean/Proterozoic terrene of Cearà Central Domain, in the Setentrional portion of Borborema Province. It is located in Southwestern CearÃ, between the municipalities of Boa Viagem, IndependÃncia, Tauà and Pedra Branca. Geological mapping techniques, thin and polished sections petrography, mineral chemistry, lithogeochemistry, and geochronology have been useful in the distinction of the first Greenstone Belt sequence in CearÃ. The metavolcanic-sedimentary sequence is composed of metasedimentary rocks, marly psammite-pelite, containing alternation of mafic-ultramafic volcanic floods, tholeiitic and komatiitic, respectively, and meta-acidic rocks. The komatiitic meta-ultramafic floods are composed of chlorite-anthophyllite-actinolite-tremolite schist displaying acicular texture, or not, occuring discontinuously near the bottom of the sequence. The tholeiitic metamafic rocks are mainly represented by garnet amphibolites, which continuously extend 30km in length by 500m â 1km wide. Basic and acidic metatuffs, metacherts, and banded iron formation are alternated with amphibolites, which sometimes are deeply hydrotermalized. Metasedimentary rocks are mainly terrigenous, containing biotite, kyanite; however, occasional centimetric alternation of calc-silicatic rocks are observed. These lithotypes are cutted off by mafic-ultramafic intrusions, metagranodiorites and metabasic dykes. The lithological association has been developed in a extensional enviroment, probably a back-arc basin, where the komatiitic rocks Mg-Bearing schists display a transition from Munro-type to Barbeton-type, while the tholeiitic metabasalts (amphibolites) are iron-magnesium-rich. Regarding the structural geology, the area is caracterized by penetrative polyphasic strain, occurred during Brasiliano, with tight, isoclinal and recumbent folds, in addition to thrust faults and shear zones. The thrust faults are best recognized, especially, in the contact between the metavolcanic-sedimentary sequence and granite-gneiss-migmatite of Cruzeta Complex; also, between the mafic-ultramafic subunits. The metamorphic grade of the lithological association varies from high greenschist facies to high amphibolite facies, contrasting with Cruzeta Complex units, which are frequently migmatized. Besides, during the Brasiliano orogenesis, leucocratic granites have been intruded along the border zones of the oldest granites (2181,4Â4.4), near the Queimadas thrust fault, there are deeply hydrotemalized rocks, displaying silicification, potassification, chloritization, and carbonation, sulphidation is also present, and they may contain some mineralisation such as copper-gold Volcanic-hosted Massive Sulfide or auriferous lodes, because this association occurs near the silicified zones and also in shear zones.
O Greenstone Belt Serra das Pipocas, de idade riaciana, està inserido no NÃcleo Arqueano/Paleoproterozoico do DomÃnio Cearà Central, na porÃÃo Setentrional da ProvÃncia Borborema. Encontra-se na porÃÃo sudoeste do Estado do CearÃ, entre os municÃpios de Boa Viagem, IndependÃncia Tauà e Pedra Branca. TÃcnicas de mapeamento geolÃgico, anÃlise petrogrÃfica, atravÃs de estudos de seÃÃes delgadas e polidas, quÃmica mineral, litogeoquÃmica e geocronologia auxiliaram para a distinÃÃo desta primeira sequÃncia do tipo Greenstone Belt no CearÃ. A sequÃncia metavulcanossedimentar à composta por rochas metassedimentares psamo-pelito-margosos, contendo intercalaÃÃes de derrames vulcÃnicos metamÃfico-ultramÃficos de natureza toleÃtica e komatiÃtica, respectivamente, e meta-Ãcidas. Os derrames metaultramÃficos komatiÃticos sÃo constituÃdos por clorita-antofilita-actinolita/tremolita xisto, com texturas aciculares ou nÃo, ocorrendo de maneira descontÃnua prÃximo à base da sequÃncia. As rochas metamÃficas de natureza toleÃticas sÃo representadas principalmente por anfibolitos granadÃferos, que se estendem, de maneira descontÃnua, por uma faixa com comprimento da ordem de 30km e largura entre 500m e 1km. Metatufos bÃsicos a Ãcidos, metacherts e formaÃÃes ferrÃferas bandadas ocorrem intercaladas a estes anfibolitos, que se encontram por vezes, fortemente hidrotermalizados. As rochas metassedimentares sÃo principalmente de natureza terrÃgena, contendo biotita, cianita, mas podem apresentar ocasionais intercalaÃÃes centimÃtricas de calcissilicÃticas. Esses litotipos sÃo recortados por intrusÃes metamÃfica-ultramÃficas, metagranodioritos e dique metabÃsico. Toda a associaÃÃo litolÃgica desenvolveu-se ambiente extensional, provavelmente do tipo retro arco, cujas rochas komatiÃticas (xistos magnesianos) encontradas apresentam transiÃÃo entre os tipos Munro e Barbeton, enquanto os metabasaltos toleÃticos (anfibolitos) exibem alto teor de ferro e magnÃsio. Estruturalmente, a Ãrea à marcada por deformaÃÃes polifÃsicas penetrativas, ocorridas no Brasiliano, com dobras isoclinais apertadas, recumbentes, alÃm de falhamentos de empurrÃo e cisalhamento dÃctil. Esses falhamentos sÃo reconhecidos, sobretudo, no contato entre esta sequÃncia metavulcanossedimentar e as rochas granito-gnÃissico-migmatÃticas do Complexo Cruzeta e entre as subunidades dominadas pelas rochas ultramÃficas e mÃficas. O grau metamÃrfico das associaÃÃes litolÃgicas à variÃvel, indo da fÃcies xisto verde alto a anfibolito alto, o que contrasta com as unidades do Complexo Cruzeta que se encontra frequentemente migmatizadas. Durante o evento Brasiliano houve tambÃm a intrusÃo dos leucogranitos. Nas bordas dos corpos intrusivos riacianos, prÃximos à zona de empurrÃo Queimadas, hà presenÃas de rochas fortemente hidrotermalizadas, marcadas por silicificaÃÃo, potassificaÃÃo, cloritizaÃÃo e carbonataÃÃo. Estas sÃo acompanhadas de sulfetaÃÃo, sendo hospedeiras de possÃveis mineralizaÃÃes de cobre e ouro do tipo Sulfetos Massivos VulcanogÃnicos ou mesmo lodes aurÃferos, uma vez que esta associaÃÃo ocorre junto Ãs zonas silicificadas ao longo de cisalhamento.

Le CO₂ est l’un des principaux gaz à effet de serre qui participe activement au réchauffement du système climatique. La capture et le stockage géologique du carbone permettent de limiter les impacts des augmentations de concentration en CO₂ dans l’atmosphère. La principale qualité d’un site de stockage est de présenter une probabilité de fuite minimale. Il est donc essentiel de développer des outils de surveillance afin d’évaluer leur importance et de prévoir des actions correctives. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d’étudier les processus physicochimiques et les impacts d’une fuite de CO₂ sur les hydrosystèmes proches surface (zone vadose (ZV) et nappe) dans un système carbonaté réservoir d’âge Oligocène situé au sein du bassin aquitain. Cette étude a suivi : i) une approche expérimentale sur le site pilote de Saint-Emilion (Gironde, France) où une injection de CO₂ a eu lieu dans l’aquifère à partir d’un puits de forage ; ii) une approche en laboratoire à l’échelle de la carotte afin d’étudier les interactions du système CO₂-H₂O-CaCO₃. Ce travail apporte une démarche expérimentale nouvelle en couplant des méthodes géochimiques et géophysiques sur les deux échelles d’investigation. La ligne de base, réalisée à travers la ZV l’année précédant l’expérience d’injection, a étudié l’évolution naturelle du CO₂ lors d’un cycle hydrogéologique. Après l’injection dans la nappe et au regard de nos résultats, la conductivité électrique (σ), le pH, les concentrations en Ca²⁺, HCO₃- et CO₂ se sont avérés être de bons indicateurs, suffisamment sensibles et réactifs, pouvant être utilisés sur un site de stockage de CO₂ afin de suivre toutes perturbations physicochimiques. Des simulations numériques ont permis de mieux appréhender les processus de réaction et de transport. Les expériences à l’échelle de la carotte ont quantifié l’influence des effets du CO₂ sur le comportement électrique de la roche carbonatée. Une meilleure définition de la relation entre les concentrations en CO₂, la σ et le pH permet de passer de l’échelle de la carotte à l’échelle du site pilote et vice versa. L’ensemble des résultats de ce travail de thèse met en avant l’importance de la caractérisation de l’hétérogénéité pétrophysique du réservoir. Il est également essentiel d’établir une ligne de base, permettant de distinguer les variations naturelles en CO₂ de celles induites par une fuite. Le couplage des observations sur le terrain et des démonstrations en laboratoire permet d’augmenter les chances de détection d’une fuite de CO₂ sur un site de stockage géologique
CO₂ is one of the main greenhouse gases that actively contributes to the global warming. The carbon capture and geological storage can limit the impacts of increases in CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere. The main quality of a storage site is to present a minimum probability of leakage. Therefore, it is essential to develop monitoring tools in order to assess their importance and plan corrective actions. The objective of this thesis is to study the physicochemical processes and the impacts of a CO₂ leak on near-surface hydrosystems (vadose zone (VZ) and aquifer) in a carbonate reservoir system of Oligocene age located within the Aquitaine basin. This study followed: i) an experimental approach at the Saint-Emilion pilot site (Gironde, France) where CO₂ injection took place into the aquifer from a borehole; ii) a core-scale laboratory approach to study the interactions of the CO₂-H₂O-CaCO₃ system. This work brings a new experimental approach by coupling geochemical and geophysical methods on the two scales of investigation. The baseline, carried out through the VZ the year before the injection experiment, studied the natural evolution of CO₂ during a hydrogeological cycle. After injection into the aquifer and according to our results, the electrical conductivity (σ), the pH, the concentrations of Ca²⁺, HCO₃- and CO₂ turned out to be good indicators, sufficiently sensitive and reactive, which can be used on a CO₂ storage site to monitor any physicochemical disturbances. Numerical simulations have made it possible to better understand the reaction and transport processes. Core-scale experiments quantified the influence of CO₂ effects on the electrical behavior of carbonate rock. Better definition of the relationship between the concentrations of CO₂, σ and pH makes it possible to pass from the core scale to the pilot site scale and vice versa. All the results of this thesis work highlight the importance of characterizing the petrophysical heterogeneity of the reservoir. It is also essential to establish a baseline, making it possible to distinguish natural variations in CO₂ from those induced by a leak. Coupling field observations and laboratory demonstrations increases the chances of detecting a CO₂ leak at a geological storage site

Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T19:48:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VladimirCM_ate_Cap2.pdf: 2326830 bytes, checksum: b58da6e64643f0b1b300b813b8340f81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-11-30
Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais
This thesis aims to advance in the geological knowledge of the region comprising the Pianc?-Alto Br?gida (TPAB) and Alto paje? (TAP) terranes, in the Transversal Zone Domain (Borborema Province, NE Brazil), with the main objective of understanding the geodynamic evolution and the structural framework of these units. To reach this objective, and besides field work and interpretation of traditional aerial photographs, other tools were employed like of remote sensing products (Landsat 7 ETM+, aeroradiometrics, aeromagnetics and topographical images), lithogeochemical (whole rock) analyses and geochronological dating (U-Pb in zircon), besides integration with literature data. In the area, several precambrian geological units outcrop, represented in the TAP by the paleoproterozoic Serra Talhada and Afogados da Ingazeira complexes, Riacho Gravat? Complex (metavolcano-sedimentary sequence of Stenian-Tonian age) and Cariris Velhos orthogneisses (of Tonian age). The TPAB comprises the Santana do Garrote (lower unit) and Serra do Olho d'?gua (upper unit) formations of the Cachoeirinha Group (Neoproterozoic III), besides the Pianc? orthogneisses and Bom Jesus paragneisses; the latter correspond to an older (basement ?) block and a possible high grade equivalent of the Cachoeirinha Group (or Serid? Group ?), respectively. Several Brasiliano-age plutons occur in both terranes.The aeromagnetic data show the continuity, at depth, of the main shear zones mapped in the region. The Patos, Pernambuco, Boqueir?o dos Cochos, Serra do Caboclo, Afogados da Ingazeira/Jabitac? and Congo-Cruzeiro do Nordeste shear zones reach depths greater than to 6-16 km. The aeromagnetic signature of other shear zones, like the Juru one, suggests that these structures correspond to shallower crustal features. The satellite images (Landsat 7 ETM+) and aerogamaspectrometric images discriminate different geological units, contributing to the mapping of the structural framework of the region. The Serra do Caboclo Shear Zone was characterized as the boundary/suture between the TPAB and TAP. This structure is an outstanding, pervasive feature that separates contrasting geological units, such as the Neoproterozoic III Cachoeirinha Group in the TPAB and the Riacho Gravat? Complex and the Cariris Velhos metaplutonics, of Stenian-Tonian age, in the TAP. Occupying different blocks, these units are not found in authoctonous relations, like unconformities and intrusive contacts. Concerning the Cariris Velhos (ca. 1,0 Ga old) event is recorded by radiometric ages of the Riacho Gravat? Complex metavolcanics and intrusive augen and orthogneisses, all of them displaying geochemical affinities of arc or collisional settings. A structural signature of this event was not recorded in the region, possibly due to its low grade/low strain style, obliterated by the overprinting of younger, higher grade/high strain Brasiliano-age fabrics.The first tectonic event (D1) observed in the Cariris Velhos lithotypes presents contractional kinematics with transport to the NW. Neoproterozoic III geochronologic dates, obtained in late-D1 granitoids, imply a Brasiliano age (ca. 610-600 Ma) for this deformation event. The second tectonic event (D2) characterized in the region corresponds to the Brasiliano transcurrent kinematics of the outstanding shear zones and associated granitoid plutons. The geochronological (U-Pb in zircon) data obtained during this thesis also confirms the occurrence of the Cariris Velhos magmatic suite in the TAP, as well as the Neoproterozoic III age to the Cachoeirinha Group in the TPAB. The TAP (Riacho Gravat? Complex, augen and orthogneisses) is interpreted as a continental arc possibly accreted to a microcontinent during the Cariris Velhos (Stenian-Tonian) event. Later on, this terrane collided with the TPAB at the beginning of the Brasiliano orogeny (D1 contractional deformation), and both domins were reworked by the transcurrent shear deformation of the D2 event
A presente tese procurou avan?ar no conhecimento geol?gico da regi?o que abrange os terrenos Pianc?-Alto Br?gida (TPAB) e Alto paje? (TAP) , no Dom?nio da Zona Transversal (Prov?ncia Borborema, NE do Brasil), com o intuito principal de compreender a evolu??o geodin?mica e o condicionamento estrutural destas unidades. Para atingir este objetivo, al?m do trabalho de campo e da interpreta??o de fotografias a?reas tradicionais, foram utilizados outros produtos de sensoriamento remoto (imagens Landsat 7 ETM+, aeroradiom?tricas, aeromagn?ticas e topogr?ficas), an?lises litogeoqu?micas (rocha total) e data??es geocronol?gicas (U-Pb em zirc?o), al?m da integra??o com dados da literatura. Na regi?o afloram v?rias unidades geol?gicas precambrianas, representadas no T AP pelos complexos paleoproteroz?icos de Serra Talhada e Afogados da Ingazeira, Complexo Riacho Gravat? (seq??ncia metavulcanossedimentar de idade Esteniana-Toniana) e ortognaisses Cariris Velhos (Tonianos). No TPAB ocorrem as forma??es Santana do Garrote (unidade inferior) e Serra do Olho d'?gua (unidade superior) do Grupo Cachoeirinha (Neoproteroz?ico III), al?m dos ortognaisses de Pianc? e paragnaisses de Bom Jesus, estes dois ?ltimos podendo constituir um bloco mais antigo (embasamento ?) e um equivalente de alto grau do Grupo Cachoeirinha (ou Grupo Serid? ?), respectivamente. Em ambos os terrenos ainda ocorrem v?rios corpos degranit?ides brasilianos. Os dados aeromagn?ticos permitiram estimar a continuidade, em profundidade, das principais zonas de cisalhamento cartografadas na regi?o. As zonas de cisalhamento de Patos, Pernambuco, Boqueir?o dos Cochos, Serra do Caboclo, Afogados da Ingazeira/Jabitac? e Congo-Cruzeiro do Nordeste atingem profundidades . superiores a 6-16 km. A assinatura aeromagn?tica de outras zonas de cisalhamento, tais como a de Juru, sugere que tais estruturas correspondem a fei??es crustais mais rasas. As imagens de sat?lite (Landsat 7 ETM+) e aerogamaespectrom?tricas permitiram individualizar unidades geol?gicas distintas, bem como esbo?ar a trama estrutural da regi?o.A Zona de Cisalhamento Serra do Caboclo foi caracterizada como o limite/sutura entre o TPAB e TAP, tendo em vista ser uma estrutura marcante/penetrativa que separa unidades geol?gicas contrastantes, como o Grupo Cachoeirinha (Neoproteroz?ico III) no TPAB e o Complexo Riacho Gravat? (Esteniano-Toniano) e as metaplut?nicas Cariris Velhos, do TAP. Embora mais jovem, o Grupo Cachoeirinha n?o exibe contatos em n?o conformidade sobre o Complexo Riacho Gravat? ou ortognaisses Cariris Velhos, indicando que aquelas unidades estavam distanciadas quando da sua deposi??o. Com rela??o ao evento Cariris Velhos (ca. 1,0 Ga), a presen?a do mesmo ? indicada pelas metavulc?nicas do Complexo Riacho Gravat?, augen gnaisses e ortognaisses intrusivos, todos com afinidade geoqu?mica de contextos de arco ou colisional. Todavia, o registro estrutural associado a este evento n?o foi identificado, o que foi interpretado em fun??o de sua oblitera??o (constitu?am estruturas de baixo grau/baixo strain) pelos eventos subseq?entes. O primeiro evento tect?nico (01) observado nos litotipos de idade Cariris Velhos apresenta cinem?tica contracional com transporte para NW. Uma data??o do Neoproteroz?ico III, obtida em granit?ide tardi-D1, permite atribuir uma idade do in?cio do brasiliano para este eventodeformacional. O segundo evento (D2) caracterizado na regi?o corresponde ? tect?nica transcorrente Brasiliana, a qual ? materializada por marcantes zonas de cisalhamento e corpos gran?ticos associados. Os dados geocronol?gicos obtidos (U-Pb em zirc?o) confirmaram a presen?a do magmatismo Cariris Velhos no ?mbito do TAP, bem como a idade Neoproteroz?ica III para o Grupo Cachoeinha (TPAB) e para o evento tect?nico D1. O TAP (Complexo Riacho Gravat?, augen gnaisses e ortognaisses) deve constituir um arco continental (provavelmente acrescido a um microcontinente) formado durante o evento Cariris Velhos (Esteniano-Toniano). Este terreno colidiu com o TPAB no inicio da orog?nese brasiliana (deforma??o tangencial D1), sendo ambos os blocos afetados por retrabalhamento/cisalhamentos transcorrentes (evento D2) at? o final do Ciclo Brasiliano

Étude des couches rouges du synclinal des Ait Attab, Haut Atlas central du Maroc. Après avoir précisé le cadre stratigraphique de l'étude, on décrit une série de coupes géologiques : l'étude des lithofacies, des séquences sédimentaires, des structures et du contenu faunique permet de proposer des interprétations concernant les milieux de dépôts. On précise l'inventaire faunique des formations étudiées ainsi que leur implication

This item is only available electronically.
The Late Palaeoproterozoic Olary Domain, in the east of South Australia, has been extensively surveyed using airborne geophysical methods, including 256 channel radiometries. This detailed data set over outcropping areas is potentially a valuable aid to geological mapping. Ground-based radiometric data was obtained along profiles through the eastern Weekeroo Inlier and Ninnerie Hill areas in order to relate radioelement concentrations to lithological units. The Weekeroo Inlier traverse sampled all stratigraphic units present in the Olary Domain. The Ninnerie Hill traverse sampled Early Mesoproterozoic granitoids, migmatites and host metasediments. Two acquisition styles were attempted when collecting the ground-based data, with continuous recording to provide results that better replicate the airborne data than discrete sampling. The discrete sampling method was found to be heavily influenced by single point anomalies and not representative of the lithological average. Relative peaks and troughs on all three channels and total count data correspond well between the ground and airborne data. Correlation between the airborne data and the ground-based data was best for the K channel. For the Th channel the ground-based data was similar to the airborne data in wavelength and amplitude but was bulk shifted below the airborne data. The U channel data from the ground-based data detected the same anomalies as the airborne data but was an order of magnitude higher. The differences between the airborne and ground-based data could be due to errors in the calibration process that was performed for part of this project or due to the time difference in acquisition of the ground­ based and airborne data. Comparison of ground-based data with the geology of the survey areas revealed that radiometric data can provide useful lithological discrimination. Within the survey area some differences between metasediments, intrusive lithologies, and alteration types are determinable. The radiometric data can successfully differentiate between potasic and sodic granites. The low levels in all three measured radioelement channels can reflect occurrences of amphibolites. The data discriminates between pelites and psammites in that the pelites contain significantly higher levels of K, the difference between levels of Th and U are less extreme but are still discernable. As well as providing a mapping tool on the lithology scale, the interpretation of radiometric data can resolve sub-lithology scale variations.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 1999

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2009.
Title from PDF file main screen (viewed on Feb. 19, 2010). A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mining Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta. Includes bibliographical references.

Simulation of the system behavior of hydrate-bearing geologic media involves solving fully coupled mass- and heat-balance equations. In this study, we develop a domain decomposition approach for large-scale gas hydrate simulations with coarse-granularity parallel computation. This approach partitions a simulation domain into small subdomains. The full model domain, consisting of discrete subdomains, is still simulated simultaneously by using multiple processes/processors. Each processor is dedicated to following tasks of the partitioned subdomain: updating thermophysical properties, assembling mass- and energy-balance equations, solving linear equation systems, and performing various other local computations. The linearized equation systems are solved in parallel with a parallel linear solver, using an efficient interprocess communication scheme. This new domain decomposition approach has been implemented into the TOUGH+HYDRATE code and has demonstrated excellent speedup and good scalability. In this paper, we will demonstrate applications for the new approach in simulating field-scale models for gas production from gas-hydrate deposits.

Leakage of stored bulk phase CO₂ is one risk for sequestration in deep saline aquifers. As the less dense CO₂ migrates upward within a storage formation or in layers above the formation, the security of its storage depends upon the trapping mechanisms that counteract the migration. The trapping mechanism motivating this research is local capillary trapping (LCT), which occurs during buoyancy-driven migration of bulk phase CO₂ within a saline aquifer with spatially heterogeneous petrophysical properties. When a CO₂ plume rising by buoyancy encounters a region where capillary entry pressure is locally larger than average, CO₂ accumulates beneath the region. One benefit of LCT, applied specifically to CO₂ sequestration and storage, is that saturation of stored CO₂ phase is larger than the saturation for other permanent trapping mechanisms. Another potential benefit is security: CO₂ that occupies local capillary traps remains there, even if the overlying formation that provides primary containment were to be compromised and allow leakage. Most work on LCT has involved numerical simulation (Saadatpoor 2010, Ganesh 2012); the research work presented here is a step toward understanding local capillary trapping at the bench scale. An apparatus and set of fluids are described which allow examining the extent of local capillary trapping, i.e. buoyant nonwetting phase immobilization beneath small-scale capillary barriers, which can be expected in typical heterogeneous storage formation. The bench scale environment analogous to CO₂ and brine in a saline aquifer is created in a quasi-two dimensional experimental apparatus with dimension of 63 cm by 63 cm by 5 cm, which allows for observation of plume migration with physically representative properties but at experimentally convenient ambient conditions. A surrogate fluid pair is developed to mimic the density, viscosity and interfacial tension relationship found at pressure and temperature typical of storage aquifers. Porous media heterogeneity, pressure boundary conditions, migration modes of uprising nonwetting phase, and presence of fracture/breach in the capillary barrier are studied in series of experiments for their influences on LCT. A variety of heterogeneous porous media made of a range of sizes of loosely packed silica beads are used to validate and test the persistence of local capillary trapping mechanism. By adjusting the boundary conditions (fluid levels in reservoirs attached to top and to bottom ports of the apparatus), the capillary pressure gradient across the domain was manipulated. Experiments were conducted with and without the presence of fracture/potential leakage pathway in the capillary seal. The trapped buoyant phase remained secure beneath the local capillary barriers, as long as the effective capillary pressure exerted by the trapped phase (proportional to column height of the phase) is smaller than the capillary entry pressure of the barrier. The local capillary trapping mechanism remained persistent even under forced imbibition, in which a significantly higher hydraulic potential gradient, and therefore a larger gradient in capillary pressure, was applied to the system. The column height of buoyant fluid that remained beneath the local capillary barrier was smaller by a factor corresponding to the increase in capillary pressure gradient. Mimicking a breach of the caprock by opening valves at the top of the apparatus allowed buoyant mobile phase held beneath the valves to escape, but buoyant phase held in local traps at saturations above residual, and therefore potentially mobile, was undisturbed. This work provides systematic validation of a novel concept, namely the long-term security of CO₂ that fills local (small-scale) capillary traps in heterogeneous storage formations. Results from this work reveal the first ever unequivocal experimental evidence on persistence of local capillary trapping mechanism. Attempts to quantify the nonwetting phase saturation and extent of LCT persistence serve as the initial steps to potentially reduce the risks associated with long-term storage security.
text