Academic literature on the topic 'Geological domains'
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Journal articles on the topic "Geological domains"
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Kasmaee, Sara, Giuseppe Raspa, Chantal de Fouquet, Francesco Tinti, Stefano Bonduà, and Roberto Bruno. "Geostatistical Estimation of Multi-Domain Deposits with Transitional Boundaries: A Sensitivity Study for the Sechahun Iron Mine." Minerals 9, no. 2 (February 16, 2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9020115.
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In mineral resource estimation, identification of the geological domains to be used for modeling, and the type of boundaries dividing them, is a major concern. Generally, the variables within a domain are estimated with an assumption of the hard boundaries (sharp contact). However, in many cases, the geologic structures that generate a deposit are transitional (overlapping of several geologic domains). Consequently, boundary identification of the geological domains is essential for an accurate estimate of resources. This paper considers a real application to examine whether the addition of geologic information benefits grade estimation in the presence of transitional boundaries. Results proved that the accuracy of the grade estimation can be improved by adding geological information and there is a significant sensitivity in grade estimation results in the existence of transitional boundaries.
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MacCormack, Kelsey, Emmanuelle Arnaud, and Beth L. Parker. "Using a multiple variogram approach to improve the accuracy of subsurface geological models." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 55, no. 7 (July 2018): 786–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2016-0112.
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Subsurface geological models are often used to visualize and analyze the nature, geometry, and variability of geologic and hydrogeologic units in the context of groundwater resource studies. The development of three-dimensional (3D) subsurface geological models covering increasingly larger model domains has steadily increased in recent years, in step with the rapid development of computing technology and software, and the increasing need to understand and manage groundwater resources at the regional scale. The models are then used by decision makers to guide activities and policies related to source water protection, well field development, and industrial or agricultural water use. It is important to ensure that the modelling techniques and procedures are able to accurately delineate and characterize the heterogeneity of the various geological environments included within the regional model domain. The purpose of this study is to examine if 3D stratigraphic models covering complex Quaternary deposits can be improved by splitting the regional model into multiple submodels based on the degree of variability observed between surrounding data points and informed by expert geological knowledge of the geological–depositional framework. This is demonstrated using subsurface data from the Paris Moraine area near Guelph in southern Ontario. The variogram models produced for each submodel region were able to better characterize the data variability, resulting in a more geologically realistic interpolation of the entire model domain as demonstrated by the comparison of the model output with preexisting maps of surficial geology and bedrock topography as well as depositional models for these complex glacial environments. Importantly, comparison between model outputs reveals significant differences in the resulting subsurface stratigraphy, complexity, and variability, which would in turn impact groundwater flow model predictions.
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De La Rosa, Roberto, Raimon Tolosana-Delgado, Moritz Kirsch, and Richard Gloaguen. "Automated Multi-Scale and Multivariate Geological Logging from Drill-Core Hyperspectral Data." Remote Sensing 14, no. 11 (June 2, 2022): 2676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14112676.
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Hyperspectral drill-core scanning adds value to exploration campaigns by providing continuous, high-resolution mineralogical data over the length of entire boreholes. However, multivariate mineralogical data must be transformed into lithological domains such that it is compatible with interpolation techniques and be usable for geomodeling. Manual interpretation of multivariate drill-core data is a challenging, time-consuming and subjective task, and automated or semi-automated approaches are needed. However, naive machine-learning techniques that ignore the distinct spatial structure and multi-scale nature of geological systems tend to produce geologically unreasonable results. Automated geological logging and multi-scale hierarchical domaining of drill-cores has been previously addressed in several studies by means of scalograms from a wavelet transform and tessellation, albeit exploiting only univariate information. The methodology involves the extraction of the local first principal component at a neighborhood of each observation, and the segmentation of the resulting series of scores with a continuous wavelet transform for boundary detection. In this way, the correlation pattern between the variables is incorporated into the segmentation. The scalogram accurately locates the geological boundaries at depth and yields hierarchical geological domains with mineralogical composition characteristics. The performance of this approach is demonstrated on a synthetic as well as a real multivariate dataset. The real dataset consists of mineral abundances derived from drill-core hyperspectral imaging data acquired in Elvira, a shale-hosted volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit located in the Iberian Pyrite Belt, where 7000 m of drill-core were acquired along 80 boreholes. The extracted domains are sensible from a geological point of view and spatially coherent across the boreholes in cross-sections. The results at relevant scales were qualitatively validated by comparing against the lithological log. This method is fast, is appropriate for multivariate geological data along boreholes, and provides a choice of scales for hierarchical geological domains along boreholes with mineralogical composition characteristics that can be modeled in 3D. Our approach provides an automatic way to transform hyperspectral image-derived mineral maps into vertically coherent geological units that are appropriate inputs for 3D geological modeling workflows. Moreover, the method improves the boundary detection and geological domaining by making use of multivariate information.
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Madani, Nasser, Mohammad Maleki, and Fatemeh Sepidbar. "Integration of Dual Border Effects in Resource Estimation: A Cokriging Practice on a Copper Porphyry Deposit." Minerals 11, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070660.
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Hierarchical or cascade resource estimation is a very common practice when building a geological block model in metalliferous deposits. One option for this is to model the geological domains by indicator kriging and then to estimate (by kriging) the grade of interest within the built geodomains. There are three problems regarding this. The first is that sometimes the molded geological domains are spotty and fragmented and, thus, far from the geological interpretation. The second is that the resulting estimated grades highly suffer from a smoothing effect. The third is related to the border effect of the continuous variable across the boundary of geological domains. The latter means that the final block model of the grade shows a very abrupt transition when crossing the border of two adjacent geological domains. This characteristic of the border effect may not be always true, and it is plausible that some of the variables show smooth or soft boundaries. The case is even more complicated when there is a mixture of hard and soft boundaries. A solution is provided in this paper to employ a cokriging paradigm for jointly modeling grade and geological domains. The results of modeling the copper in an Iranian copper porphyry deposit through the proposed approach illustrates that the method is not only capable of handling the mixture of hard and soft boundaries, but it also produces models that are less influenced by the smoothing effect. These results are compared to an independent kriging, where each variable is modeled separately, irrespective of the influence of geological domains.
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Ekolle-Essoh, Franklin, Arsène Meying, Alain Zanga-Amougou, and Xavier Emery. "Resource Estimation in Multi-Unit Mineral Deposits Using a Multivariate Matérn Correlation Model: An Application in an Iron Ore Deposit of Nkout, Cameroon." Minerals 12, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12121599.
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Modeling the spatial dependence structure of metal grades in the presence of soft boundaries between geological domains is challenging in any mineral resource estimation strategy. The aim of this work was to propose a structural model adapted to this type of geological boundary, based on a multivariate Matérn model that fits the observed direct (within domain) and cross (between domains) correlation structures of metal grades. The methodology was applied to a case study of an iron deposit located in southern Cameroon. Cross-validation scores show that accounting for the grade correlation across domain boundaries improved the traditional workflow, where the grade was estimated in each domain separately. The scores were significantly better when we also ensured that the mean grade was locally invariant from one domain to another to reflect the grade continuity across the domain boundary.
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Fillion, Marie-Hélène, and John Hadjigeorgiou. "Quantifying influence of drilling additional boreholes on quality of geological model." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 56, no. 3 (March 2019): 347–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0653.
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Geotechnical stability analysis in open-pit mines requires access to a representative geotechnical model. The confidence level in the collected geotechnical data influences slope design. This paper investigates the influence of the number of boreholes, drilled to collect geological information, on the quality of one component of the geotechnical model, the geological model. The number of boreholes influences the number of rock core samples collected for the identification of rock type, and the definition of geotechnical domains and their boundaries within the rock mass. A challenge in the definition of the geotechnical domains is the determination of the drill hole density that minimizes the variation in the interpreted geological model from the actual rock mass. To quantify the influence of the drill hole density, boreholes are simulated in the most recently updated geological model for three mine sites. The simulated drill hole density is increased progressively until the variation of the interpreted section, compared with the original section, is minimized. A classification strategy was developed to determine the complexity level for each geotechnical domain. Furthermore, a series of empirical quantitative guidelines are presented prescribing the minimum drill hole density per domain complexity, while limiting variations from the actual rock mass.
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Boroh, A. W., K. Y. Sore-Gamo, Ngounouno Ayiwouo, Mbowou Gbambie, and I. Ngounouno. "Implication of geological domains data for modeling and estimating resources from Nkout iron deposit (South-Cameroun)." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy A: Mining 57, no. 1 (2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jmma2101001b.
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This paper is devoted to determining whether the addition of geological information can improve the resource estimate of mineral resources. The geochemical data used come from 116 drill holes in the Nkout East iron deposit in southern Cameroon. These geochemical data are modeled on Surpac and Isatis softwares to represent the 3D geochemical distribution of iron in the deposit. Statistical analysis and then a variographic study is performed to study the spatial variability of iron. Estimation domains were defined based on the results of geological and geochemical analyses. Four domains were determined. These domains are the saprolitic domain in particular; the poor domain or fresh rocks such as amphibolites, granites, and gneisses; the rich domain or oxidized rocks (BIF) and the metasediment domain. Block modeling of the deposit is performed to estimate the resource. The grade of each block was estimated by using ordinary kriging and composites from each domain. This study also consisted of comparing two types of estimate, notably the domain estimate and the global estimate. The cross-validation made it possible to authenticate the obtained models. From this comparison, the domain estimation brings more precision the global estimate precisely on the error analysis while if we take into account the point clouds of the predicted and estimated values, the estimation by geochemical modeling provides the best results.
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Palomo, I. "Geochemical Characteristics of Toarcian Sedimentation in Alpine Geological Domains." Mineralogical Magazine 58A, no. 2 (1994): 684–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1994.58a.2.94.
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Rogova, Tamara, and Sergey Shaklein. "Adjustment of the Exploration Grids and its use to increase the Reliability of Geological Models of Coal Deposits." E3S Web of Conferences 174 (2020): 01063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017401063.
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The current procedure for determining the boundaries of geological domains, the allocation of which is the mandatory element of digital geological modelling, does not entirely take into account the specifics of coal deposits. Without its improvement, it is impossible to increase the reliability of geological models used in the implementation of the “Industry 4.0ˮ strategy. A new method for analysis of geological data is supposed – the adjustment of the exploration grids method. It is to determine the corrections for values of measured parameters, the use of which eliminates the uncertainty of geological data interpretation. The correction values determined by the method of conditional measurements, which used at equalization geodetic networks. Corrections are considered as an indicator of the significance of measurement and interpolation errors which occurs in the vicinity of specific measurement points. The measured values of parameters are not corrected. Geological domains are the areas with close in values corrections, whose boundaries are corrections isolines. Separate single corrections of anomalous magnitude indicate the presence of extreme values parameters.
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CARPENTER, R. L., and N. A. DUKE. "Geological Setting of the West Meliadine Gold Deposits, Western Churchill Province, Nunavut, Canada." Exploration and Mining Geology 13, no. 1-4 (January 1, 2004): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsemg.13.1-4.49.
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Abstract The West Meliadine area is underlain by structurally interleaved panels of mafic and minor ultramafic metavolcanic rocks and metasedimentary rocks that occur along the northern margin of the Neoarchean Rankin Inlet greenstone belt. Three structural and metamorphic domains are recognized: (1) the easterly Wesmeg domain; (2) the central Barracuda-Ridge domain; and (3) the westerly Peter Lake domain. The Wesmeg domain is characterized by a series of southeast-trending, north-dipping, foliation-parallel panels of greenschist facies mafic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks. The Barracuda-Ridge domain is comprised of greenschist to amphibolite facies mafic metavolcanic rocks that define an east-northeast-trending structural grain. The Peter Lake domain consists of amphibolite facies mafic metavolcanic rocks and minor metasedimentary rocks intruded by a monzonite pluton. West Meliadine hosts the economically significant Wesmeg gold deposits, as well as other important gold showings across the Barracuda-Ridge and Peter Lake domains. The geological setting of the Wesmeg gold deposits resembles that of a break or fault zone. The Pyke Break is a major geophysical discontinuity (>65-km strike length) and is the first-order structural control on gold mineralization at West Meliadine. It is several kilometers wide and characterized by polyphase deformation and shear zone development accompanied by lode-gold mineralization. In general, gold concentration is related to quartz and iron-carbonate veining, iron sulfides (mainly arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite), and accompanying silicate alteration minerals that overprint favorable chemical and structural traps late in the history of deformation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Geological domains"
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Tian, Liang. "CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers : Models for geological heterogeneity and large domains." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-279382.
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This work presents model development and model analyses of CO2 storage in deep saline aquifers. The goal has been two-fold, firstly to develop models and address the system behaviour under geological heterogeneity, second to tackle the issues related to problem scale as modelling of the CO2 storage systems can become prohibitively complex when large systems are considered. The work starts from a Monte Carlo analysis of heterogeneous 2D domains with a focus on the sensitivity of two CO2 storage performance measurements, namely, the injectivity index (Iinj) and storage efficiency coefficient (E), on parameters characterizing heterogeneity. It is found that E and Iinj are determined by two different parameter groups which both include correlation length (λ) and standard deviation (σ) of the permeability. Next, the issue of upscaling is addressed by modelling a heterogeneous system with multi-modal heterogeneity and an upscaling scheme of the constitutive relationships is proposed to enable the numerical simulation to be done using a coarser geological mesh built for a larger domain. Finally, in order to better address stochastically heterogeneous systems, a new method for model simulations and uncertainty analysis based on a Gaussian processes emulator is introduced. Instead of conventional point estimates this Bayesian approach can efficiently approximate cumulative distribution functions for the selected outputs which are CO2 breakthrough time and its total mass. After focusing on reservoir behaviour in small domains and modelling the heterogeneity effects in them, the work moves to predictive modelling of large scale CO2 storage systems. To maximize the confidence in the model predictions, a set of different modelling approaches of varying complexity is employed, including a semi-analytical model, a sharp-interface vertical equilibrium (VE) model and a TOUGH2MP / ECO2N model. Based on this approach, the CO2 storage potential of two large scale sites is modelled, namely the South Scania site, Sweden and the Dalders Monocline in the Baltic Sea basin. The methodologies developed and demonstrated in this work enable improved analyses of CO2 geological storage at both small and large scales, including better approaches to address medium heterogeneity. Finally, recommendations for future work are also discussed.
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Wennerbom, Alan John. "Charles Lyell and Gideon Mantell, 1821-1852: Their Quest for Elite Status in English Geology. Supplementary Volume: The Correspondence between Charles Lyell and his family and Gideon Algernon Mantell: 1821-1852." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/380.
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An analysis of the correspondence between Charles Lyell and Gideon Mantell from 1821 to 1852, in conjunction with other manuscript material, highlights the contrasting backgrounds and geological careers of the two men. It is also characterised by two underlying themes: the nature and timing of their geological work; and the influence of various social factors on their career plans and desire to achieve high social and scientific status. In turn, these points raise several wider issues and inter-related questions concerning the following aspects of English geology in the first half of the nineteenth century. When, why and how did an elite group of geologists emerge in England during this period? Who were its members and what were their characteristics in common? What was the nature and scope of the geological work carried out by the identified elite? In what way did it differ from Mantell's? What social and other barriers did Mantell encounter in his search for scientific and social status? What were the critical factors? In this thesis these issues are examined on a decade-by-decade basis, in three main chapters, as a prelude to examining the central question of why Mantell, unlike Lyell, did not achieve the status of an elite geologist. First, an elite group of English geologists is identified through a series of prosopographic and 'screening' analyses of all members of council of the Geological Society of London (GSL). Geologists who did not meet the prescribed criteria are taken into account. Thirteen geologists are identified in the penultimate and final stages of screening over the four decades. Mantell was the only provincial identified, but he did not attain a position in the final list, which consisted exclusively of a distinctive group of 'gentleman-specialists'. Second, the concept of a geological 'domain' is introduced to analyse the nature and scope of the geological work carried out by the identified group. A critical finding is that all members identified in the final 'screening' list established a 'domain' in one of four categories of the concept and were recognised as the leading authority or exponent of the domain they had fashioned. Finally, the impact and relative importance of specific social and other factors on the careers of Lyell and Mantell are examined. When the findings from each decade of the three chapters are brought together it is shown that by the end of the 1820s it was necessary for a future elite geologist to be so 'positioned' in terms of basic geological experience, location, income and available time that he was able to identify and subsequently fashion an appropriate geological 'domain'. 'Gentleman-specialists', such as Lyell, who were able to follow this strategy, constituted a clearly defined elite that dominated the GSL in the 1830s and 1840s. Mantell's failure to achieve elite geological status stemmed from the fact that he placed too much emphasis on fashioning his image and social status, rather than his scientific career. In doing so, he let the opportunity slip of establishing a major domain - British fossil reptiles - in the early 1830s.
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Wennerbom, Alan John. "Charles Lyell and Gideon Mantell, 1821-1852: Their Quest for Elite Status in English Geology. Supplementary Volume: The Correspondence between Charles Lyell and his family and Gideon Algernon Mantell: 1821-1852." University of Sydney, History and Philosophy of Science, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/380.
Full textAbstract:
An analysis of the correspondence between Charles Lyell and Gideon Mantell from 1821 to 1852, in conjunction with other manuscript material, highlights the contrasting backgrounds and geological careers of the two men. It is also characterised by two underlying themes: the nature and timing of their geological work; and the influence of various social factors on their career plans and desire to achieve high social and scientific status. In turn, these points raise several wider issues and inter-related questions concerning the following aspects of English geology in the first half of the nineteenth century. When, why and how did an elite group of geologists emerge in England during this period? Who were its members and what were their characteristics in common? What was the nature and scope of the geological work carried out by the identified elite? In what way did it differ from Mantell's? What social and other barriers did Mantell encounter in his search for scientific and social status? What were the critical factors? In this thesis these issues are examined on a decade-by-decade basis, in three main chapters, as a prelude to examining the central question of why Mantell, unlike Lyell, did not achieve the status of an elite geologist. First, an elite group of English geologists is identified through a series of prosopographic and 'screening' analyses of all members of council of the Geological Society of London (GSL). Geologists who did not meet the prescribed criteria are taken into account. Thirteen geologists are identified in the penultimate and final stages of screening over the four decades. Mantell was the only provincial identified, but he did not attain a position in the final list, which consisted exclusively of a distinctive group of 'gentleman-specialists'. Second, the concept of a geological 'domain' is introduced to analyse the nature and scope of the geological work carried out by the identified group. A critical finding is that all members identified in the final 'screening' list established a 'domain' in one of four categories of the concept and were recognised as the leading authority or exponent of the domain they had fashioned. Finally, the impact and relative importance of specific social and other factors on the careers of Lyell and Mantell are examined. When the findings from each decade of the three chapters are brought together it is shown that by the end of the 1820s it was necessary for a future elite geologist to be so 'positioned' in terms of basic geological experience, location, income and available time that he was able to identify and subsequently fashion an appropriate geological 'domain'. 'Gentleman-specialists', such as Lyell, who were able to follow this strategy, constituted a clearly defined elite that dominated the GSL in the 1830s and 1840s. Mantell's failure to achieve elite geological status stemmed from the fact that he placed too much emphasis on fashioning his image and social status, rather than his scientific career. In doing so, he let the opportunity slip of establishing a major domain - British fossil reptiles - in the early 1830s.
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Merino, Perez Irene. "Geophysical constraints on the nature of geological domains of continental rifted margins: examples from the West Iberia margin and Ligurian Basin." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673631.
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In this PhD work, we carry out a geophysical and geological study of two classical examples of rifted continental margins: the Gulf of Lions (GoL), located in the Western Mediterranean, and the Tagus Abyssal Plain (TAP), located in the West Iberia margin. In spite of numerous previous studies of these regions, there is a debate on the crustal structure and the processes that led to the formation of the basin. Our study aims to 1) determine the nature of rocks forming the main geological domains of the basin, 2) define the tectonic structure of the basement and 3) place constrains and discuss the kinematics and tectonic and magmatic mechanisms involved in basin formation.
To study the GoL, we used a geophysical data set acquired during the SARDINIA-2006 survey by the Ifremer Institute (France). In particular, we used a Multi-Channel Seismic (MCS) line and a coincident Wide-Angle Seismic (WAS) profile. Altogether, these lines cover a seismic transect that runs NW-SE across the GoL until the central part of the Liguro-Provençal basin. The geophysical data used to study the TAP were collected during the FRAME-2018 survey within the framework of the FRAME project. We present spatially coincident MCS and WAS data, along a 350 km-long, E-W trending profile located at 38º N, crossing the basin in the North-West Iberian margin.
We apply joint refraction and reflection travel-time tomography (TT) that combines travel-times from MCS and WAS data to provide new constraints on the structure and petrological nature of basement domains along the margins. The result of this joint WAS- MCS tomography is a P-waves velocity (Vp) model of the margin that is fully consistent with the MCS image along the profile, making the geological interpretation less subjective. The processing of MCS data provides the tectonic structure and geometry of the sedimentary basins.
The results from the GoL support the existence of three geological domains that are: 1) a continental domain formed by normal faults that tilted the continental basement, 2) a ~100 km wide domain bounded by continental crust domains, characterized by a 4-5 km thick layer with high velocity and steep gradients that we interpret as a lens-shaped body of oceanic crust and 3) a thin continental crust (<4 km). This configuration implies that the continent-ocean transition (COT) occurs abruptly (<10 km along profile) at each side of the oceanic domain.
In the case of the TAP, the models show that the crustal structure is more complex, presenting sharp boundaries between five different domains at the base of the continental slope and across the J-anomaly. Thus, the profile across the TAP shows that Domain I and Domain III are made of 4-6 km thick continental crust. Domain III shows a lower crust with comparatively higher velocities possibly due to limited magmatic intrusions. Domain II, previously interpreted as oceanic crust, is shown to constitute a ~70 km wide domain of exhumed and serpentinized mantle. The westernmost 200 km of the profile include Domain IV and Domain V with a basement made of oceanic crust. The new Vp model and seismic images support that the COT is located ~300 km offshore and that occurs abruptly from 10 to 15 km wide. Based on these results, we discuss a new geodynamic scenario characterized by two main phases of crustal extension. According to the presented distribution of the basement, rifting in the TAP would have started with continental crust extension, continued with exhumation of the mantle, followed by the
formation of the oceanic crust of the J-magnetic anomaly, and continued with spreading of oceanic crust of the Cretaceous Magnetic Quiet Zone.
The interpretation of these results differs from current conceptual models of the formation of both examples of rifting systems. Its integration offers the opportunity to review the existing conceptual models related to rifted margins that involve mantle exhumation and indicate that the response of the continental lithosphere to extension processes may be more complex than previously assumed.En esta tesis doctoral, se ha realizado un estudio geofísico y geológico de dos ejemplos clásicos de márgenes continentales: el margen de la Cuenca de Liguria y el margen de la Llanura Abisal del Tajo, ubicada en el margen Oeste de Iberia. A pesar de los diversos estudios previos de estas regiones, existe un debate abierto tanto sobre su estructura cortical como sobre los procesos que operaban durante su formación. Este trabajo de tesis ha tenido como objetivos: 1) determinar la naturaleza de las rocas que forman los principales dominios geológicos de ambos márgenes, 2) definir la estructura tectónica del basamento y 3) discutir la cinemática y la interacción de mecanismos tectónicos y magmáticos involucrados en la formación de los márgenes. Para conseguir estos objetivos, se han analizado e integrado diversos datos geofísicos. Los datos principales son de sísmica de reflexión de “streamer” multicanal y de sísmica de refracción y refracción de gran ángulo marinos. También se han integrado datos batimétricos y gravimétricos. La parte metodológica más novedosa de esta tesis es la utilización de los tiempos de trayecto de fases sísmicas de datos de streamer y gran ángulo en una tomografía conjunta. Esta metodología permite determinar con más precisión que otros métodos las velocidades de las ondas sísmicas (Vp) a través del basamento a lo largo de los perfiles. El modelo resultante permite establecer la naturaleza petrológica con menos incertidumbre que los métodos más comúnmente usados. El análisis, procesamiento, modelado e interpretación de estos conjuntos de datos permite una interpretación novedosa de los aspectos relacionados con la estructura y naturaleza de la corteza, así como la discusión de nuevas propuestas para los procesos tectónicos que llevaron a la configuración actual de cada uno de los ejemplos de márgenes continentales. La interpretación desarrollada difiere en gran medida de modelos previos en cuanto a la formación de ambos sistemas de rifting. Por ello, proponemos que su integración ofrece la oportunidad de revisar modelos conceptuales existentes en la literatura. En particular, los resultados muestran que la respuesta de la litosfera continental a los procesos de extensión puede ser más compleja de lo que se suponía hasta ahora.
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Skog, Emma. "Geological factors affecting the channel type of Bjur River in Västerbotten County : A study concerning the connection between surficial geology, landforms, slope and different hydrological process domains in a stream catchment above the highest shoreline." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-160914.
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Process domains categorizes sections of streams according to its local dominant processes. These processes often reflect on the local ecology and the streams appearance. But the underlying reason why these different process domains are formed are still not completely certain. In this study the distribution of the process domains: lakes, rapids and slow-flowing reaches in the Bjur River catchment were compared to the geological factors of slope, surficial geology and landforms to see if any connections could be found. The possibility of using GIS (geographic information systems) and remote data to distinguish these stream types and to connect them to the different studied geological factors were also examined. The hypothesis for this study is that the geological factors of slope, surficial geology and landforms all should have an influence over the distribution of the process domains in Bjur River. The analysis was executed through map-studies in ArcGIS and statistical analysis in Excel. All process domains showed statistical significance towards the studied geological factors. The slope was generally steeper in the rapids than in slow-flowing reaches and lakes. The surficial geology displayed more fine-grained sediment (peat) in proximity to lakes and slow-flowing reaches whilst till was more abundant close to rapids. Hilly moraine landscapes were most common around lakes, while rapids displayed a high percentage of glacio-fluvially eroded area. Slow-flowing reaches also showed to have around 44% of its studied points around glacio-fluvially eroded area, and 43% at areas without any major landforms. Even if the statistical analysis and figures display a difference between the different process domains, it is still difficult to say which of these geological factors that plays the most crucial role for their development. However, by using remote data and through studies over slope, adjacent surficial geology and landforms the different process domains can be differentiated from one another.
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Leduc, Amelie. "Seismic analysis of linked geological processes in the transitional domain of gravity detachment systems : deepwater western Niger Delta." Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9443/.
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Two and three-dimensional seismic data are used to investigate some stratigraphic relationships between sedimentation, deformation and fluid flow at the lateral margin of a gravity detachment system. Three themes were studied. In the Niger Delta, a right-lateral strike-slip fault with a displacement of around 7 km occurs across 75 km. It is interpreted as the lateral strike-slip domain, linked to the updip extensional domain and the downdip compression zone of a gravity detachment system. Structural and kinematic evidence, such as present-day propagating strike-slip faults, for possible future lateral expansions of the lateral strike-slip domain, is described. We expect to observe similar domains at the margins of other preserved gravitational collapse sliding over a detachment whose efficiency in causing downdip slip may vary laterally. Using 3D data from both Mauritania and Nigeria, the interactions between tear faults and deepwater channels are studied. Structural observations combined with channel analysis are performed in four case studies, illustrating that tear faults influence channel development throughout their evolution. Some examples across tear fault zones are presented, and it is expected to find such interactions elsewhere in the world. A simple model of development of vertical fluid flow pipes is established using two examples that are 400 - 600 m wide and ~ 2000 - 2500 m high. Both examples are located at the crest of rollover anticlines and rooted in buried channel-complexes tilted during fold growth. At the crest of the structures and within the connected permeable reservoir intervals of the channel complexes, lateral pressure transfer caused the pore pressure to reach critical levels, leading to hydraulic fracturing of the overburden. Although hydrocarbons may migrate upwards through the consequent chimney systems, the pipes are not necessarily indicators of hydrocarbon charge of the channel complexes.
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Ferley, Simon Julius John. "An examination of the effects of geological and glacigenic controls on the engineering properties of till using a domain based approach." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5187/.
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Glacial deposits as a whole are some of the most widespread near surface soils in the northern hemisphere, covering large areas of Canada and the United States, eastern and northern Europe and Asia. In Britain during the final Devensian glaciation, significant accretions of stationary ice developed over most upland areas. The resulting materials derived from the attritional action of the base of the moving ice were deposited as till over approximately 60% of the UK. These soils are generally heterogeneous and unsorted, containing varying proportions of clay to boulder size material. This variation in composition has a commensurate effect on the engineering properties of tills. Commercial investigation data from seven sites in Cumbria overlying different bedrock geology were examined in detail using a variety of statistical and graphical techniques to determine whether differences occurred due to bedrock and glacigenic origin. The results of the data analysis confirm the thesis that the bedrock geology, the history of glacigenic deposition and the post glacial history all affect the geotechnical properties of the resulting till. As a corollary, the commonly used empirical relationship between SPT and shear strength used in deriving undrained shear strength was found not to hold for Cumbrian tills.
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Lau, Ian Christopher. "Regolith-landform and mineralogical mapping of the White Dam Prospect, eastern Olary Domain, South Australia, using integrated remote sensing and spectral techniques." Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37972.
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The research contained within this thesis was directed at examining the spectral properties of regolith-dominated terrains using airborne and proximal hyperspectral instruments. The focus of the investigation was to identify the mineralogy of the regolith and determine if surficial materials were indicative of the underlying bedrock in the regolithdominated terrain of the eastern Olary Domain, South Australia. The research area was constrained to a 250 km2 area around the Cu-Au mineralisation of the White Dam Prosect. Integrated remote sensing, using airborne hyperspectral datasets (HyMap), Landsat imagery and gamma-ray spectroscopy data, was performed to map regolith-landforms and extract information on surficial materials. Detailed calibration of the HyMap dataset, using a modified model-based/empirical line calibration technique, was required prior to information extraction. The White Dam area was able to be divided into: alluvial regolith-dominated; in situ regolith-dominated; and bedrock-dominated terrains, based on mineralogical interpretations of the regolith, using the remotely sensed hyperspectral data. Alluvial regions were characterised by large abundances of vegetation and soils with a hematite-rich mineralogy. Highly weathered areas of in situ material were discriminated by the presence of goethite and kaolinite of various crystallinities, whereas the bedrock-dominated regions displayed white mica-/muscovite-rich mineralogy. Areas flanking bedrock exposures commonly consisted of shallow muscovite-rich soils containing regolith carbonate accumulations. Traditional mineral mapping processes were performed on the HyMap data and were able to extract endmembers of regolith and other surficial materials. The Mixture Tuned Matched Filter un-mixing process was successful at classifying regolith materials and minerals. Spectral indices performed on masked data were effective at identifying the key regolith mineralogical features of the HyMap imagery and proved less time consuming than un-mixing processes. Processed HyMap imagery was able to identify weathering halos, highlighted in mineralogical changes, around bedrock exposures. Proximal spectral measurements and XRD analyses of samples collected from the White Dam Prospect were used to create detailed mineralogical dispersion maps of the surface and costean sections. Regolith materials of the logged sections were found to correlate with the spectrally-derived mineral dispersion profiles. The HyLogger drill core scanning instrument was used to examine the mineralogy of the fresh bedrock, which contrasted with the weathering-derived near-surface regolith materials. The overall outcomes of the thesis showed that hyperspectral techniques were useful for charactering the mineralogy of surficial materials and mapping regolith-landforms.Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2004.
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Pitombeira, JoÃo Paulo AraÃjo. "Geochemistry and geochronology of metamafic and metaultramafic rocks from Novo Oriente group-ce, sw cearà central domain, Borborema Province." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12863.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorIn theNovo Orienteregion, located approximately 400 km from Fortaleza-CE, metamaficand metaultramafic rocks occur in different contexts in the southwestern portion of the Cearà Central Domain ofBorborema Province. The metamafic rocks occurintercaleted with metapelitic and metapsamitic rocks in the form of lenses and tabular layers, with varied thickness, from centimeter to a few tens of meters, consistent with the N-S foliation and metamorphosed under greenschistand amphibolitefacies conditions. The geochemical data indicate a tholeiitic basaltic composition with signature of type MORB basalts, seafloor basalts, calc-alkaline and intra-plate basalts. The main occurrence of ultramafic rocks is associated with a thrust sheetpreserved on a topographic high known as Pereiras Hill. In that location, metaultramafic rocks intensely tectonized, serpentinized, steatizated and silicified, comprising serpentinites (sheared or isotropic), chloritites, actinolitites, tremolitites, talc-chlorite schists,serpentine-talc schists, talc-rich siliceous rocks and listwÃnitesoutcrop in situ. Petrographic studies of thin/polished sections underconventional optical microscope and also scanning electron microscope - SEM, confirmed the presenceof several minerals of economic interest, such as Cr-magnetite, ferrichromite and Cr-spinel associatedwith the rocks of the metaultramaficsequence. Geochemical data indicate that the serpentinites cancorrespond to rocks resulting from the alteration of Alpine-type ultramafites (peridotites and dunites)depleted in REE, similar to the pattern presented by subduction-zone serpentinitos generated fromexhumed sub-continental peridotites and hydrated during ocean-continental transition (OCT) rifting. Sm-Nd isotopic analyzes of the two group of rocks show a juvenile paleoproterozoic derivation for most samples with TDMNd age ranging from 2.10 to 2.46 Ga,ɛNd,2.1 between 0.40 and +3 30, and mixing with older sources represented by archeanTDM ages ranging from 2.63 to 3.29 Ga and ɛNd,2.1 slightly negative (-0.15 to -0.22). The data suggest that the metamafic and metaultramafic rocks could represent, respectively, the mafic magmatism during the development of a magma-poor passive margin and part of a sub-continental lithospheric mantle exhumed in an ocean-continent transition (OCT.
A regiÃo de Novo Oriente, localizada a aproximadamente 400 km de Fortaleza-CE, à conhecida porocorrÃncias de rochas metamÃficas e metaultramÃficas asquais afloram em diferentes contextos na porÃÃo sudoeste do DomÃnio Cearà Central da ProvÃnciaBorborema. As rochas metamÃficas afloram intercaladas comrochas metapelÃticas e metapsamÃticas sob a forma de lentes e estratos tabulares concordantes,com espessura variada, desde centimÃtrica a algumas dezenas de metros, concordantes com a foliaÃÃo N-S e metamorfisadas sob condiÃÃes do facies xisto verde a anfibolito. Os dados geoquÃmicos apontam para uma composiÃÃo basÃltica toleÃtica com assinatura geoquÃmica debasaltos tipo MORB, de fundo oceÃnico, basaltos cÃlcio-alcalinos eintra-placa.A principal ocorrÃncia de carÃter ultramÃfico està associada a uma lasca tectÃnicapreservada em um alto topogrÃfico conhecido como Morro dos Pereiras. Na referida localidade,rochas metaultramÃficas intensamente tectonizadas, serpentinizadas, esteatizadas e silicificadas, quecompreendem serpentinito (cisalhados ou isotrÃpicos), actinolititos, tremolititos, clorititos, talco-clorita xistos, serpentina-talcoxistos (asbestos), rochas talco-silicosas e listwanitos, afloram in situ. Estudos petrogrÃficos de seÃÃes delgadas/polidas, em microscÃpio Ãtico convencional e tambÃm em microscÃpio de varredura eletrÃnica â MEV, confirmaram a presenÃa de diversos minerais de interesse econÃmico tais como cristais de Cr-magnetita, ferricromita e Cr-espinÃlio associados Ãs rochas da sequÃncia metaultramÃfica. Os dados geoquÃmicos indicam que os serpentinito podem corresponder a rochas oriundas da alteraÃÃo de ultramafitos do tipo alpino (peridotitos e dunitos), empobrecidas em ETR, similar ao padrÃo apresentando pelos serpentinitos de zona de subducÃÃo oriundos de peridotitossub-continentais exumados e hidratados durante rifteamento em OCT (ocean-continental transition). AnÃlises isotÃpicas Sm-Nd dos dois grupos de rochas apontam para uma derivaÃÃo juvenil paleoproterozÃica com idades TDM variando de 2,10 a 2,46 Ga, ɛNd,2,1 entre +0,40 e +3,30, e mistura com fontes mais antigas representada pelas amostras com idades TDM arqueanas que variam de 2,63 a 3,29 Ga e ɛNd,2,1 levemente negativo (-0,15 a -0,22). Os dados obtidos sugerem que as rochas metamÃficas e metaultramÃficas poderiam corresponder, respectivamente,o magmatismo maficodurante o desenvolvimento de uma margem passiva pobre em magmase a parte de um manto sub-litosfÃrico continentalexumado em uma zona de transiÃÃo oceano-continente(OCT).
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Mello, Marília Terra de. "Integração de dados e processos disponíveis em portais web baseada em ontologias de domínio." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/15823.
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A integração e a troca de informação na Web é uma necessidade reconhecida no mundo atual nos mais diversos domínios de aplicação. A Web constitui hoje o principal meio de acesso a informações, disponibilizando várias formas de acesso a esse conteúdo. No entanto, disponibilizar essa informação de forma integrada para o usuário ainda é um desafio. O Serviço Web Semântico é uma tecnologia de Inteligência Artificial promissora a qual pode contribuir significativamente com o processo de integração tanto de dados como de processos disponíveis em portais Web. O objetivo do presente trabalho é realizar a integração das diferentes funcionalidades oferecidas por portais disponibilizados na Web, fazendo uso de ontologias de domínio através de Serviços Web Semânticos. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, um sistema de busca e integração, denominado W-KIS, foi projetado e desenvolvido, fornecendo uma visão unificada e transparente ao usuário de toda informação disponível em um determinado número de portais Web, contextualizados a um domínio de aplicação específico. Dois domínios de aplicação foram explorados neste trabalho através de dois estudos de caso: a Biomedicina e a Geologia, cada um fornecendo sua própria ontologia de domínio. Serviços Web Semânticos foram desenvolvidos para encapsular portais Web em ambos os domínios, permitindo ao sistema realizar a integração em cada domínio, separadamente. A aplicação proposta foi validada através da avaliação de sua atuação em ambos os domínios, além de testes com usuários finais e comparações com outras abordagens para integração na Web e motores de busca tradicionais. Através da utilização de Serviços Web Semânticos, W-KIS é capaz de localizar e executar os serviços de forma automática, além de lidar com a heterogeneidade semântica entre as fontes de informação por meio das ontologias de domínio. Desta forma, o sistema fornece apenas informação contextualizada ao interesse do usuário.Integration and exchange of information across the Internet is a universally recognized need, in a wide variety of domains. Nowadays, the Web is the main source of information, providing many ways to access this content. However, making this information available to the user in an integrated way is still a challenge. New promising application fields such as Semantic Web Services can improve the integration process of data and processes available in Web portals. The goal of the present research is to accomplish the integration of the different functionalities offered by portals available in the Web, making use of domain ontologies through Semantic Web Services. In order to achieve the proposed goal, a search and integration system, named W-KIS, was designed and developed. The system provides the user with a unified and transparent view of the whole information available in a number of Web portals, related to a specific application domain. Two application domains were explored in this work through two case studies: the Biomedicine and the Geology, each one providing its own domain ontology. Semantic Web Services were designed to encapsulate Web portals in both domains, allowing the system to accomplish the integration in each domain, separately. The application proposed in this project was validated through the evaluation of its behavior in both domains, besides other tests with final users and comparisons with other approaches for integration in the Web, and traditional search engines. Making use of Semantic Web Services, W-KIS is able to find and execute the services in an automatic way, besides dealing with the semantic heterogeneity in the information sources by means of domain ontologies. This way, the system provides the user with information contextualized to its interest.
Books on the topic "Geological domains"
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Everitt, R. A. Compilation of fracture zones, lithostructural domains and alteration haloes from surface and subsurface geological information for the underground research laboratory. Pinawa, Man: AECL, Whiteshell Laboratories, 1995.
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Paleomagnetism: Magnetic domains to geologic terranes. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992.
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Magocsi, Daniel. The Geologic origins of the Beaverstone Domain. Sudbury, Ont: [s.n.], 2003.
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Butler, Robert F. Paleomagnetism: Magnetic Domains to Geologic Terranes. Blackwell Science, 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Geological domains"
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Madani, Nasser. "Mineral Resource Classification Based on Uncertainty Measures in Geological Domains." In Proceedings of the 28th International Symposium on Mine Planning and Equipment Selection - MPES 2019, 157–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33954-8_19.
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Shah, Babar A. "Groundwater Arsenic Contamination Affecting Different Geological Domains in India: Its Relation to Fluvial Geomorphology and Quaternary Stratigraphy." In Geostatistical and Geospatial Approaches for the Characterization of Natural Resources in the Environment, 267–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18663-4_41.
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Bodart, O., A. Chorfi, and J. Koko. "A Domain Decomposition Method for a Geological Crack." In Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering, 401–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56750-7_46.
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Abel, Mara, Eliseo Berni Reategui, José M. V. de Castilho, and John Campbell. "Evaluating case-based reasoning in a geological domain." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 364–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0049134.
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Balamurali, Mehala, and Arman Melkumyan. "t-SNE Based Visualisation and Clustering of Geological Domain." In Neural Information Processing, 565–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46681-1_67.
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Akulov, Nikolay. "THE PHILOSOPHY OF SEARCH AND THE BASIS OF GEOLOGICAL JURISPRUDENCE." In TESTING OF SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS AT DIAMOND SEARCHING WORKS, 11–13. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_62021f62626af9.93384638.
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The book contains materials on the search for modern and buried alluvial and primary deposits of diamonds. Much attention is paid to prospecting testing of potentially diamondiferous deposits and provides information on all types of diamondiferous rocks currently known. It is addressed primarily to young geologists who have embarked on a search for diamond deposits. It will find the answer to many questions by many geologists, prospectors and prospectors, leading the search for gold and diamonds. While this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner.
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Dirks, Matthew, Andrew Csinger, Andrew Bamber, and David Poole. "Representation, Reasoning, and Learning for a Relational Influence Diagram Applied to a Real-Time Geological Domain." In Advances in Artificial Intelligence, 257–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34111-8_31.
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Fonseca Garcia, Luan, Joel Luis Carbonera, Fabricio Henrique Rodrigues, Cauã Roca Antunes, and Mara Abel. "What Rocks Are Made of: Towards an Ontological Pattern for Material Constitution in the Geological Domain." In Conceptual Modeling, 275–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33223-5_23.
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Val, Pedro, Jorge Figueiredo, Gustavo Melo, Suzette Flantua, Carlos Alberto Quesada, Ying Fan Reinfelder, James S. Albert, Juan Manuel Guayasamin, and Carina Hoorn. "Chapter 1: Geology and geodiversity of the Amazon: Three billion years of history." In Amazon Assessment Report 2021. UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55161/pofe6241.
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This chapter explores how geodiversity evolved over three billion years of history. It shows that periods of continental breakup followed by mountain building ultimately led to the fundamental physiographic subdivisions of the Amazon, and a wealth of landscapes, soils, ore deposits, oil and gas reserves, and freshwater aquifers. Data on the Amazon’s geodiversity support a central theme of the environmental sciences, that the formation of most natural resources (like rare-earth ores, hydrocarbons, freshwater aquifers, and fertile soils) requires natural processes to operate undisturbed over immense periods of geological time and across broad spatial domains.
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Kovaleva, Elizaveta, and Dmitry A. Zamyatin. "Revealing microstructural properties of shocked and tectonically deformed zircon from the Vredefort impact structure: Raman spectroscopy combined with SEM microanalyses." In Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution VI. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.2550(18).
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ABSTRACT Finite deformation patterns of accessory phases can indicate the tectonic regime and deformation history of the host rocks and geological units. In this study, tectonically deformed, seismically deformed, and shocked zircon grains from a granite sample from the core of the Vredefort impact structure were analyzed in situ, using a combination of Raman spectroscopy, backscatter electron (BSE) imaging, electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) mapping, electron probe microanalyses (EPMA), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) qualitative chemical mapping, and cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging. We aimed to reveal the effects of marginal grain-size reduction, planar deformation bands (PDBs), and shock microtwins on the crystal structure and microchemistry of zircon. Deformation patterns such as PDBs, microtwins, and subgrains did not show any significant effect on zircon crystallinity/metamictization degree or on the CL signature. However, the ratio of Raman band intensities B1g (1008 cm–1) to Eg (356 cm–1) slightly decreased within domains with low misorientation. The ratio values were affected in shocked grains, particularly in twinned domains with high misorientation. B1g/Eg ratio mapping combined with metamictization degree mapping (full width at half maximum of B1g peak) suggest the presence of shock deformation features in zircon; however, due to the lower spatial resolution of the method, they must be used in combination with the EBSD technique. Additionally, we discovered anatase, quartz, goethite, calcite, and hematite micro-inclusions in the studied zircon grains, with quartz and anatase specifically being associated with strongly deformed domains of shocked zircon crystals.
Conference papers on the topic "Geological domains"
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Hallinan, Stephen, Wolfgang Soyer, Randall Mackie, Carsten Scholl, and Federico Miorelli. "Geologically Consistent Multiphysics Inversion." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21936-ea.
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Abstract A subsurface volume that can be reliably interpreted in terms of geologically relevant attributes is a desirable objective for products from geophysics inversion workflows. Geophysics data contain uncertainties, however, and the solution of the inverse problem is non-unique. Some form of constraint is then required to obtain geologically reasonable outputs. Our inversions may include a priori geological information quantitatively in the regularization, e.g. to test two or more structural models for consistency with the observed geophysics data sets, updating the models accordingly. We have implemented a cross-gradient constraint for diverse geophysical data types at several geological settings for the O&G, geothermal, mining E&P community (e.g. Scholl et al 2015, 2016, Soyer et al 2018, 2021 and Mackie et al 2020). The basic application covers the familiar structural similarity objective introduced by Gallardo and Meju 2003 and 2011 - comparing the gradient fields of property volumes, e.g. velocity, resistivity, density, derived from different geophysical domains - but a distinct advantage comes when gradient control from geology (e.g. surface dip and strike data, subsurface interpreted structural models, etc.) or an ancillary geoscience property (e.g. porosity volumes as a proxy for geological structure, structural tensors extracted from PSDM, etc.) is included during single or joint domain inversions of geophysical data. In reverse, the cross gradient application may be used to de-risk competing geological or structural models, testing the consistency of the structure in each model variation – as defined by the 3D gradient field – against the observed geophysical dataset(s) (e.g. Miorelli et al 2019). A range of applications is summarized in Figure 1. The method behind our implementation and representative practical examples are discussed in the sections below.
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Horta*, Laura Frota Campos, and Maria Sílvia Carvalho Barbosa. "Geological and Geophysical Study of Nova Era and São Domingos do Prata Domains – Minas Gerais, Brazil." In 15th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society & EXPOGEF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 31 July-3 August 2017. Brazilian Geophysical Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/sbgf2017-109.
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Grambling, Tyler A., Mark E. Holland, Karl E. Karlstrom, George E. Gehrels, and Mark Pecha. "A Geochronologic View of the Yavapai-Mazatzal Transition Zone: Paired Zircon U-Pb/Hf Isotope Evidence for the Presence of Crustal Mixing and Distinct Hf Isotope Domains in Central New Mexico." In 2016 New Mexico Geological Society Annual Spring Meeting. Socorro, NM: New Mexico Geological Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.56577/sm-2016.466.
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Charles, Danquigny, Massonnat Gérard, Barbier Mickaël, Bouxin Pierre, Dal Soglio Lucie, and Lesueur Jean-Louis. "Contribution of the ALBION Dynamic Analogue in Understanding the Diversity of Fluid Flows in Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs. The Example of the LSBB Instrumented Site." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207664-ms.
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Abstract Carbonate reservoirs exhibit an extreme geological heterogeneity inducing a great diversity of fluids flows. Grasping the plurality of flows and the corresponding geological features require data scarcely available from subsurface hydrocarbons fields and even rarely acquired together on outcrop analogues. Among the different sites of the ALBION R&D project, the LSBB underground research laboratory provides outstanding access to both fractured limestone and groundwater dynamics through several experimental areas, including a 3.8 km long tunnel, which penetrates the Barremian-Aptian Urgonian formation to a maximum depth of 519 m. This paper gives an overview of the data acquired and the different works carried out on the LSBB site. From this synthesis, it draws lessons on the characterization of outcrop analogues and some insights for the modeling of fractured carbonate reservoirs. The quantity and diversity of the data acquired on the LSBB site allow: (i) the construction of nested multi-scale geological models, (ii) the comparison of measurements of different physical properties to better characterize the reservoir properties of the fractured rock, (iii) a multi-scale and multi-support approach to heterogeneity. Defining a common geological framework (facies model, rock type classification, inventory of structural objects, etc.) appears to be an essential step, possibly iterative, for the coupled interpretation of the various acquisitions and the extrapolation of results. Building a common geological model as a framework for interpretation help cross-fertilisation between geoscience domains. However, despite the huge amount of data, performing relevant and parsimonious rock typing remains a delicate exercise. This reminds us of the great uncertainties that can exist in establishing rules and concepts from limited data sets, such as those classically available for operational studies. Beyond the characterization of the depositional environment, the observations emphasize the importance of understanding the structural and diagenetic history, which leads to different rock types and current reservoir properties, to successfully define such a rock classification. Furthermore, the organization of flow paths within the fractured medium and its evolution over geologic time condition the processes of diagenesis and karstification. Hydrological processes and history must therefore be taken into account in this genetic reconstruction.
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Davudov, Davud, Ademide O. Mabadeje, Anton Malkov, Ashwin Venkatraman, and Birol Dindoruk. "Combining Capacitance Resistance Model with Geological Data for Large Reservoirs." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206303-ms.
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Abstract Capacitance resistance models (CRM) constitute reduced physics-based models that provide quantitative first order estimate of inter-well connectivity using production and injection data (without geology). However, application of these models to mature fields with large number of wells along with historical data and varying operating conditions is challenging and computationally expensive. In this study we present a novel hybrid approach that combines CRM with geological data for application to large reservoirs. CRM models become more challenging, when applied in larger domains, because the number of unknowns they assume for every injector and producer pair are inherently connected. To overcome this complication, we obtain radius of investigation (ROI) for every injector using Fast Marching Model (FMM) that characterizes the field based on the geological data. Specifically, FMM is used to determine unrelated producer-injector pairs and ROI for each injector that reduce the number of unknowns and hence computational complexity. This hybrid model approach is validated by comparing results with a standalone CRM model for both synthetic and field data. We validate the proposed method results using synthetic data for a producing field with 5 producers and 4 injectors that is generated by numerical simulation. The FMM accurately identifies unrelated injection-production pairs to reduce the number of unknowns in CRM model by 35% (20 to 13). After conceptual validation, we apply this hybrid approach to a mature field with 29 injectors and 46 producers where the number of unknowns are reduced by 57% after the non-related pairs are determined with FMM. This results in significant speedup of computations as compared to standalone CRM approach. In totality, we have developed and validated the proposed hybrid model of geology and CRM using synthetic and field data. On applying our learnings successfully, we propose a hybrid model that combines two reduced-physics models (CRM and FMM) to decrease computational speed and reduce uncertainty in the field. With increasing focus on digitization, these workflows can help organizations reallocate water injection without CAPEX to deliver return on investment for digitization projects.
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Lambert, Christopher W., Felix Gervais, and Abdelali Moukhsil. "DELINEATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TECTONIC DOMAINS IN THE WESTERN GRENVILLE PROVINCE - PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF GEOLOGICAL MAPPING ALONG HIGHWAY 117, QUÉBEC, CANADA." In 53rd Annual GSA Northeastern Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018ne-310718.
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Liu, Wei, Long He, Yuxiang Tang, Chao Chen, Lizhi Wang, and Kaibin Qiu. "Digital Technology Optimizes Well Planning for a High Risk Well in Western China." In 56th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2022-0495.
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ABSTRACT: In this paper, a case study was presented on how to make a new step-change on well planning for a high-risk horizontal well with total depth up to 7500 m through utilizing a digital well planning solution powered by the latest innovative digital and cloud technology. The cloud-based digital well planning solution enables collaboration, concurrent engineering, automate computation & validation, and big data analytics. The entire solution removes barriers throughout different domains and integrates across domains, from geology and geomechanics to drilling engineering to substantially improve drilling engineering design based on in-depth geological and geomechanical understanding to fill the gap between geological design and drilling engineering design. The digital planning solution also brings all drilling engineering domains including mud engineer, bit engineer, cement engineer and drilling engineer in one platform. This, coupled with project orchestration, team collaboration and data management provides further productivity gains and cost savings for the entire team which is otherwise not possible through the traditional way. 1. INTRODUCTION The PZ field, discovered in 2014 by SinoPEC, is a carbonate sour gas field in the western Sichuan Basin. The field, located at a depth of more than 5600 m in the Longmen Mountain Front Fold Belt, targets dolomite deposits in the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation. The first exploration well was tested at an absolute open flow (AOF) rate of 3.3×106 m3 per day (Xu et al. 2017), indicating great potential in the area. Drilling long horizontal wells (up to 7500 m) was required to develop the PZ field effectively. However, the previous drilling operations encountered many challenges, such as kicks, mud losses, stuck pipes, and low rate of penetration (ROP), which had imposed high economic and health, safety, and environmental risks on the development of this reservoir, especially considering hydrogen sulfide content from the reservoir. As widely accepted, drilling engineering design, or well planning is the fundamental first step to addressing these drilling challenges to proactively and adequately reduce the drilling risks. However, the traditional way to carry out well planning is in a silo and sequential mode by multiple domains, making the optimization process very heavy and inefficient and often yields inconsistent and suboptimal results.
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Salim, Diogo, Michael Thiel, Beate Nesttun Øyen, Kong Bakti Tan, Jean-Michel Denichou, Vera Krissetiawati Wibowo, Desheng Zhang, et al. "High Performance Computing on the Cloud Successfully Deployed for 3D Geosteering and Reservoir Mapping While Drilling." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204828-ms.
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Abstract The successful drilling of horizontal wells targeting reservoir zones of interest can be challenged by uncertainties in geological interpretation, identification of structure, and properties of reservoirs and fluid distribution. Optimizing the well placement of high-angle wells in order to intercept the sweet spots is crucial for the total hydrocarbon recovery in any development field. Thus, the geosteering domain was implemented to provide in real time a reservoir mapping characterization together with directional control to achieve the key performance objectives. In the past, many innovative technologies have been introduced in geosteering discipline, among them lately the deep EM directional resistivity tool that provides 1D formation resistivity mapping while drilling. However, despite the fact of delivering a multilayer mapping of the reservoir structure up to tens of meters away from wellbore, the real-time interpretation can be limited by this type of inversion. Since it is a 1D approach, these inversions map resistive boundaries on the vertical axis and assume infinite extend in all other directions. Consequently, in a complex geological setting, 1D approximation may fall short of properly describing the reservoir structure. This communication describes how the introduction of the 2D azimuthal resistivity inversions while drilling was conducted and details the various innovations required in the domains of downhole logging while drilling (LWD) measurements transmission in addition to adaptation of inversion methodology for real-time deployment, mainly through the use of high-performance cloud computing. The final enablement was the execution of automated workflows to process and deliver these advanced inversions into an integrated 3D geomodelling software within the turnaround time of drilling operations. This novel technology provides, while drilling, a better understanding of the 3D geological environment and fluid distribution with a deep depth of investigation, as well as the required information to make support for geosteering decisions for optimal well positioning. Initial field deployments were successfully conducted in horizontal wells, and three examples are presented here. Those real cases, executed with wire-drilled-pipe or mud-pulse telemetries, demonstrated the benefits of integrating 2D azimuthal inversions into the current geosteering workflow to provide a complete 3D structural understanding of the reservoir while drilling. This communication documents in detail how such an approach led to operational efficiency improvements in the form of 3D reservoir mapping in real-time, supporting a strategic change in the original well to turn toward the sweet spot, which was located sideways from the planned trajectory.
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Alqallabi, Salahaldeen, Abdul Saboor Khan, Anish Phade, Mohamed Tarik Gacem, Mustapha Adli, Faisal Al-Jenaibi, Sheharyar Mansur, Lyes Malla, and Dario Benedictis. "An Integrated Ensemble-Based Uncertainty Centric Approach to Address Multi-Disciplinary Reservoir Challenges While Accelerating Subsurface Modeling Process in an Onshore Field, Abu Dhabi, UAE." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205854-ms.
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Abstract The aim of this study is to demonstrate the value of a fully integrated ensemble-based modeling approach for an onshore field in Abu Dhabi. Model uncertainties are included in both static and dynamic domains and valuable insights are achieved in record time of nine-weeks with very promising results. Workflows are established to honor the recommended static and dynamic modeling processes suited to the complexity of the field. Realistic sedimentological, structural and dynamic reservoir parameter uncertainties are identified and propagated to obtain realistic variability in the reservoir simulator response. These integrated workflows are used to generate an ensemble of equi-probable reservoir models. All realizations in the ensemble are then history-matched simultaneously before carrying out the production predictions using the entire ensemble. Analysis of the updates made during the history-matching process demonstrates valuable insights to the reservoir such as the presence of enhanced permeability streaks. These represent a challenge in the explicit modeling process due to the complex responses on the well log profiles. However, results analysis of the history matched ensemble shows that the location of high permeability updates generated by the history matching process is consistent with geological observations of enhanced permeability streaks in cores and the sequence stratigraphic framework. Additionally, post processing of available PLT data as a blind test show trends of fluid flow along horizontal wells are well captured, increasing confidence in the geologic consistency of the ensemble of models. This modeling approach provides an ensemble of history- matched reservoir models having an excellent match for both field and individual wells’ observed field production data. Furthermore, with the recommended modeling workflows, the generated models are geologically consistent and honor inherent correlations in the input data. Forecast of this ensemble of models enables realistic uncertainties in dynamic responses to be quantified, providing insights for informed reservoir management decisions and risk mitigation. Analysis of forecasted ensemble dynamic responses help evaluating performance of existing infill targets and delineate new infill targets while understanding the associated risks under both static and dynamic uncertainty. Repeatable workflows allow incorporation of new data in a robust manner and accelerates time from model building to decision making.
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Wrobel-Daveau, Jean-Christophe, Rodney Barracloughy, Sarah Laird, Nick Matthies, Bilal Saeed, Khalid Shoaib, and Zaheer Zafar. "Insights on Fractured Domains in Reservoirs Resulting from Modeling Complex Geology/Structures - Case Study of the Ratana Field in the Potwar Basin, Pakistan." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204737-ms.
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Abstract Exploration success in fold-and-thrust belts, like the Potwar petroleum province, is impacted by seismic imaging challenges and structural complexity. Success partly relies on the ability to validate subsurface models and model a range of properties, such as reservoir permeability. This is particularly important in the case of tight carbonate reservoirs such as the Eocene Sakesar Formation, where the recovery of economic quantities of hydrocarbons is conditioned by the presence of fracture-enhanced permeability. This requires the application of geological and geophysical modeling techniques to address these challenges, to minimize uncertainty and drive exploration success. The interpretation and structural validation of the Ratana structure presented here allows the proposal of a consistent and robust structural model even in areas of higher uncertainty in the data, such as along faults. The dynamically updatable, watertight, complex 3D structural framework created for the top Sakesar reservoir was used in combination with an assisted fault interpretation algorithm to characterize the fault and fracture pattern. The results showed a higher density of high amplitude fractures on the flanks of the structure rather than along the hinge. These results are supported by the incremental strain modeling based on the kinematic evolution of the structure. Together, this helped to characterize potential fracture corridors in areas of the seismic volume that previously proved challenging for human driven interpretation. Our results allow us to reduce the uncertainty related to the geometrical characteristics of the reservoir and provide insights into potential exploration well targets to maximize chances of success, suggesting that permeability and hydrocarbon flow may be higher at the margins of the Ratana structure, and not at the crest, which was the focus of previous exploration and production efforts.
Reports on the topic "Geological domains"
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Duchesne, M. J., N. Pinet, A. Bolduc, K. Bédard, and D. Lavoie. Seismic stratigraphy of the lower St. Lawrence River estuary (Quebec) Quaternary deposits and seismic signature of the underlying geological domains. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/224408.
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de Kemp, E. A., H. A. J. Russell, B. Brodaric, D. B. Snyder, M. J. Hillier, M. St-Onge, C. Harrison, et al. Initiating transformative geoscience practice at the Geological Survey of Canada: Canada in 3D. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331097.
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Application of 3D technologies to the wide range of Geosciences knowledge domains is well underway. These have been operationalized in workflows of the hydrocarbon sector for a half-century, and now in mining for over two decades. In Geosciences, algorithms, structured workflows and data integration strategies can support compelling Earth models, however challenges remain to meet the standards of geological plausibility required for most geoscientific studies. There is also missing links in the institutional information infrastructure supporting operational multi-scale 3D data and model development. Canada in 3D (C3D) is a vision and road map for transforming the Geological Survey of Canada's (GSC) work practice by leveraging emerging 3D technologies. Primarily the transformation from 2D geological mapping, to a well-structured 3D modelling practice that is both data-driven and knowledge-driven. It is tempting to imagine that advanced 3D computational methods, coupled with Artificial Intelligence and Big Data tools will automate the bulk of this process. To effectively apply these methods there is a need, however, for data to be in a well-organized, classified, georeferenced (3D) format embedded with key information, such as spatial-temporal relations, and earth process knowledge. Another key challenge for C3D is the relative infancy of 3D geoscience technologies for geological inference and 3D modelling using sparse and heterogeneous regional geoscience information, while preserving the insights and expertise of geoscientists maintaining scientific integrity of digital products. In most geological surveys, there remains considerable educational and operational challenges to achieve this balance of digital automation and expert knowledge. Emerging from the last two decades of research are more efficient workflows, transitioning from cumbersome, explicit (manual) to reproducible implicit semi-automated methods. They are characterized by integrated and iterative, forward and reverse geophysical modelling, coupled with stratigraphic and structural approaches. The full impact of research and development with these 3D tools, geophysical-geological integration and simulation approaches is perhaps unpredictable, but the expectation is that they will produce predictive, instructive models of Canada's geology that will be used to educate, prioritize and influence sustainable policy for stewarding our natural resources. On the horizon are 3D geological modelling methods spanning the gulf between local and frontier or green-fields, as well as deep crustal characterization. These are key components of mineral systems understanding, integrated and coupled hydrological modelling and energy transition applications, e.g. carbon sequestration, in-situ hydrogen mining, and geothermal exploration. Presented are some case study examples at a range of scales from our efforts in C3D.
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Chorlton, L. B. Generalized geology of the world: bedrock domains and major faults in GIS format: a small-scale world geology map with an extended geological attribute database. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/223767.
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Wilt, M. J. Interpretation of time domain electromagnetic soundings near geological contacts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5676022.
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Wilt, Michael Joseph. Interpretation of time domain electromagnetic soundings near geological contacts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10132521.
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Lavoie, D., N. Pinet, S. Zhang, J. Reyes, C. Jiang, O. H. Ardakani, M. M. Savard, et al. Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Moose River, and Foxe basins: synthesis of Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program activities from 2008 to 2018. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/326090.
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As part of its Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program, the Geological Survey of Canada included the Hudson Bay Basin in its research portfolio with the goal of generating a modern understanding of its geological framework and a precise knowledge of its hydrocarbon systems. The Hudson Bay-Foxe Basins GEM-1 project led to the proposal of modern stratigraphic frameworks and produced extensive geochemical data on hydrocarbon source rocks as well as data on diverse burial-thermal indicators. Satellite data were acquired over the entire offshore domain in the search for evidence for active hydrocarbon systems. For the Hudson-Ungava GEM-2 project, the aim of the research activities was to better understand local and regional factors associated with the burial and exhumation histories as they pertain to regional or local hydrocarbon prospectivity. This research led to a basin-scale stratigraphic framework coupled with detailed analyses of hydrocarbon generation and the appraisal of the best potential reservoir units.
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Needham, T. W. Geological Setting of Two Metagabbroic Bodies, Central Britt Domain, southwestern Grenville Province, Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/122545.
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Fallas, K. M., and R. B. MacNaughton. Bedrock mapping and stratigraphic studies in the Mackenzie Mountains, Franklin Mountains, Colville Hills, and adjacent areas of the Northwest Territories, Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program 2009-2019. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/326093.
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The Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) program provided an opportunity to update bedrock geological maps for nearly 92 000 km2 of the northwestern portion of the mainland area of the Northwest Territories. Twenty-four new maps (at the scale of 1:100 000 or 1:250 000) cover a region from the Colville Hills southwestward into the Mackenzie Mountains, including areas of significant mineral and energy resource potential. New mapping was informed by archived Geological Survey of Canada data, notably from Operation Norman (1968-1970), as well as by public-domain industry data. Maps incorporate numerous stratigraphic revisions that postdate Operation Norman, including GEM program innovations affecting Neoproterozoic (specifically Tonian and Ediacaran), Cambrian, and Ordovician units. In this paper, the mapping effort and stratigraphic revisions are documented, a preliminary treatment of structural geology is provided, and related subsurface studies are summarized. Following GEM, GIS-enabled bedrock maps will be available for a swath of territory stretching from the edge of the Selwyn Basin, near the Yukon border, to the Brock Inlier in the northeastern portion of the mainland area of the Northwest Territories.
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Peterson, T. D., C. W. Jefferson, and A. Anand. Geological setting and geochemistry of the ca. 2.6 Ga Snow Island Suite in the central Rae Domain of the Western Churchill Province, Nunavut. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/296599.
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Knight, R. D., and B. A. Kjarsgaard. Comparative pXRF and Lab ICP-ES/MS methods for mineral resource assessment, Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331239.
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The Geological Survey of Canada undertook a mineral resource assessment for a proposed national park in northern Canada (~ 33,500 km2) spanning the transition from boreal forest to barren lands tundra. Bedrock geology of this region is complex and includes the Archean Slave Craton, the Archean and Paleoproterozoic Rae domain of the Churchill Province, the Paleoproterozoic Thelon and Taltson magmatic-tectonic zones, and the Paleoproterozoic East Arm sedimentary basin. The area has variable mineral potential for lode gold, kimberlite-hosted diamonds, VMS, vein uranium and copper, SEDEX, as well as other deposit types. A comparison of analytical methods was carried out after processing the field collected samples to acquire both the &lt; 2 mm and for the &lt; 0.063 mm size fractions for 241 surficial sediment (till) samples, collected using a 10 x 10 km grid. Analytical methods comprised: 1) aqua regia followed by ICP-MS analysis, 2) 4-acid hot dissolution followed by ICP-ES/MS analysis, 3) lithium metaborate/tetraborate fusion methods followed by ICP-ES for major elements and ICP-MS for trace elements and, 4) portable XRF on dried, non-sieved sediment samples subjected to a granular segregation processing technique (to produce a clay-silt proxy) for seventeen elements (Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Th, Ti, U, V, Zn, and Zr) Results indicate that pXRF data do not replicate exactly the laboratory 4-acid and fusion data (in terms of precision and accuracy), but the relationship between the datasets is systematic as displayed in x-y scattergrams. Interpolated single element plots indicate that till samples with anomalies of high and low pXRF concentration levels are synonymous with high and low laboratory-based analytical concentration levels, respectively. The pXRF interpolations thus illustrate the regional geochemical trends, and most importantly, the significant geochemical anomalies in the surficial samples. These results indicate that pXRF spectrometry for a subset of elements is comparable to traditional laboratory methods. pXRF spectrometry also provides the benefit of rapid analysis and data acquisition that has a direct influence on real time sampling designs. This information facilitates efficient and cost-effective field projects (i.e. where used to identify regions of interest for high density sampling), and to prioritize samples to be analyzed using traditional geochemical methods. These tactics should increase the efficiency and success of a mineral exploration and/or environmental sampling programs.