Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Geological database'

The aim of this project was to study the leakage of CO2 in a Geological Carbon Sequestration (GCS) system. To define the GCS system, a tool that is known as an FEP database was used. FEPs are the features, processes and events that develop scenarios for the goal of the study. Combinations of these FEPs can produce thousands of scenarios. However, among all of these scenarios, some are more important than others for leakage. The FEPs that were used as scenario developers were the formation of the liquid flow, the salinity of the formation liquid, diffusion as a process for gas bubble transport and the depth of the reservoir layer. In this study, the leakage path is considered as the presence of a fracture in sealed caprock. The fractures can be modeled using various approaches. Here, I represented the influence of fracture modeling by applying the Equivalent Continuum Method (ECM) and the Dual-Porosity and Multi-continuum methods to leakage. This study suggests that considering groundwater in the aquifer would reduce the leakage of CO2 and that a shallower formation leads to higher leakage. This study can be expanded to future studies by including external FEPs that are related to the FEPs that were used in this study.

The genlogy of the Namaqua Province is notoriously difficult to map and interpret due to polymetamorphic and multiple deformation events and limlted outcrop. Current maps of the Province reflect diverse interpretations of stratigraphy as a consequence of these difficulties. A Geographic Information System is essentially a digital database and a set of functions and procedures to capture, analyse and manipulate spatially related data. A GIS is therefore ideally suited to the study and analysis of maps. A digital map database was established, using modem GIS technology, to facilitate the collation of existing maps of an area in the Central Namaqua Province (CNP). This database is based on a lithological classification system similar to that used by Harris (1992), rather than on an interpretive stratigraphic model. In order to establish the database, existing geological maps were scanned into a GIS, and lines of outcrop and lithological contacts were digitised using a manual line following process, which is one of the functions native to a GIS. Attribute data were then attached to the resultant polygons. The attribute database consists of lithological, textural and mineralogical data, as well as stratigraphical classification data according to the South African Committee for Stratigraphy (SACS), correlative names assigned to units by the Precambrian Research Unit, the Geological Survey of South Africa, the Bushmanland Research group and the University of the Orange Free State. Other attribute data included in the database, are tectonic and absolute age information, and the terrane classification for the area. This database reflects the main objective of the project and also serves as a basis for further expansion of a geological GIS for the CNP. Cartographic and database capabilities of the GIS were employed to produce a collated lithological map of the CNP. A TNTmipsTM Spatial Manipulation Language routine was written to produce a database containing two fields linked to each polygon, one for lithology and one for a correlation probability factor. Correlation factors are calculated in this routine from three variables, namely the prominence a worker attached to a specific lithology within a unit or outcrop, the agreement amongst the various workers on the actual lithology present within an outcrop, and the correspondence between the source of the spatial element (mapped outcrop) and the source of the attribute data attached to it. Outcrops were displayed on the map according to the lithology with the highest correlation factor, providing a unique view of the spatial relationships and distribution patterns of lithological units in the CNP. A second map was produced indicating the correlation factors for lithologies within the CNP. Thematic maps are produced in a GIS by selecting spatial elements according to a set of criteria, usually based on the attribute database, and then displaying the elements as maps. Maps created by this process are known as customised maps, since users of the GIS can customise the selection and display of elements according to their needs. For instance, all outcrops of rock units containing particular lithologies of a given age occurring in a specific terrane can be displayed - either on screen or printed out as a map. The database also makes it possible to plot maps according to different stratigraphic classification systems. Areas where various workers disagree on the stratigraphic classification of units can be isolated, and displayed as separate maps in order to aid in the collation process. The database can assist SACS in identifying areas in the CNP where stratigraphic classification is still lacking or agreements on stratigraphic nomenclature have not yet been attained. More than one database can be attached to the spatial elements in a GIS, and the Namaqua-GIS can therefore be expanded to include geochemical, geophysical, economic, structural and geographical data. Other data on the area, such as more detailed maps, photographs and satellite images can be attached to the lithological map database in the correct spatial relationship. Another advantage of a GIS is the facility to continually update the database(s) as more information becomes available and/or as interpretation of the area is refined.

Planetary research is often user-based and requires considerable skill, time, and effort. Unfortunately, self-defined boundary conditions, definitions, and rules are often not documented or not easy to comprehend due to the complexity of research. This makes a comparison to other studies, or an extension of the already existing research, complicated. Comparisons are often distorted, because results rely on different, not well defined, or even unknown boundary conditions. The purpose of this research is to develop a standardized analysis method for planetary surfaces, which is adaptable to several research topics. The method provides a consistent quality of results. This also includes achieving reliable and comparable results and reducing the time and effort of conducting such studies. A standardized analysis method is provided by automated analysis tools that focus on statistical parameters. Specific key parameters and boundary conditions are defined for the tool application. The analysis relies on a database in which all key parameters are stored. These databases can be easily updated and adapted to various research questions. This increases the flexibility, reproducibility, and comparability of the research. However, the quality of the database and reliability of definitions directly influence the results. To ensure a high quality of results, the rules and definitions need to be well defined and based on previously conducted case studies. The tools then produce parameters, which are obtained by defined geostatistical techniques (measurements, calculations, classifications). The idea of an automated statistical analysis is tested to proof benefits but also potential problems of this method. In this study, I adapt automated tools for floor-fractured craters (FFCs) on Mars. These impact craters show a variety of surface features, occurring in different Martian environments, and having different fracturing origins. They provide a complex morphological and geological field of application. 433 FFCs are classified by the analysis tools due to their fracturing process. Spatial data, environmental context, and crater interior data are analyzed to distinguish between the processes involved in floor fracturing. Related geologic processes, such as glacial and fluvial activity, are too similar to be separately classified by the automated tools. Glacial and fluvial fracturing processes are merged together for the classification. The automated tools provide probability values for each origin model. To guarantee the quality and reliability of the results, classification tools need to achieve an origin probability above 50 %. This analysis method shows that 15 % of the FFCs are fractured by intrusive volcanism, 20 % by tectonic activity, and 43 % by water & ice related processes. In total, 75 % of the FFCs are classified to an origin type. This can be explained by a combination of origin models, superposition or erosion of key parameters, or an unknown fracturing model. Those features have to be manually analyzed in detail. Another possibility would be the improvement of key parameters and rules for the classification. This research shows that it is possible to conduct an automated statistical analysis of morphologic and geologic features based on analysis tools. Analysis tools provide additional information to the user and are therefore considered assistance systems.
Planetenforschung umfasst oft zeitintensive Projekte, bei denen Expertise und Erfahrung eine wesentliche Rolle spielen. Auf Grund äusserst komplexer und sich selten wiederholender Forschungsfragen sind Annahmen, Definitionen und Regeln zur Lösung dieser Fragen nicht leicht nachvollziehbar oder aber nicht eindeutig dokumentiert. Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse unterschiedlicher Forscher zum selben Thema oder eine Erweiterung der Forschungsfrage macht dies somit nur schwer möglich. Vergleiche liefern oftmals verzerrte Ergebnisse, da die Ausgangslage und Randbedingungen unterschiedlich definiert worden sind. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es eine Standardmethode zur Oberflächenanalyse zu entwickeln, die auf zahlreiche Untersuchungsfragen angewandt werden kann. Eine gleichbleibende Qualität der Ergebnisse muss durch diese Methode gewährleistet sein. Ein weiteres Ziel ist es, dass diese Methode ohne Vorwissen und Expertise angewandt werden kann und die Ergebnisse in kurzer Zeit vorliegen. Ausserdem müssen die Ergebnisse vergleichbar und nachvollziehbar sein. Automatisch operierende Analysewerkzeuge können die zahlreichen Anforderungen erfüllen und als Standardmethode dienen. Statistische Ergebnisse werden durch diese Methode erzielt. Die Werkzeuge basieren auf vordefinierten, geowissenschaftlichen Techniken und umfassen Messungen, Berechnungen und Klassifikationen der zu untersuchenden Oberflächenstrukturen. Für die Anwendung dieser Werkzeuge müssen Schlüsselstrukturen und Randbedingungen definiert werden. Des Weiteren benötigen die Werkzeuge eine Datenbank, in der alle Oberflächenstrukturen, aber auch Informationen zu den Randbedingungen gespeichert sind. Es ist mit geringem Aufwand möglich, Datenbanken zu aktualisieren und sie auf verschiedenste Fragestellungen zu adaptieren. Diese Tatsache steigert die Flexibilität, Reproduzierbarkeit und auch Vergleichbarkeit der Untersuchung. Die vordefinierten Randbedingungen und die Qualität der Datenbank haben jedoch auch direkten Einfluss auf die Qualität der Ergebnisse. Um eine gleichbleibend hohe Qualität der Untersuchung zu gewährleisten muss sichergestellt werden, dass alle vordefinierten Bedingungen eindeutig sind und auf vorheriger Forschung basieren. Die automatisch operierenden Analysewerkzeuge müssen als mögliche Standardmethode getestet werden. Hierbei geht es darum Vorteile, aber auch Nachteile zu identifizieren und zu bewerten. In dieser Arbeit werden die Analysewerkzeuge auf einen bestimmten Einschlagskratertyp auf dem Mars angewandt. Krater mit zerbrochenen Kraterböden (Floor-Fractured Craters) sind in verschiedensten Regionen auf dem Mars zu finden, sie zeigen zahlreiche Oberflächenstrukturen und wurden durch unterschiedliche Prozesse geformt. All diese Fakten machen diesen Kratertyp zu einem interessanten und im geologischen und morphologischen Sinne sehr komplexen Anwendungsgebiet. 433 Krater sind durch die Werkzeuge analysiert und je nach Entstehungsprozess klassifiziert worden. Für diese Analyse sind Position der Krater, Art des Umfeldes und Strukturen im Kraterinneren ausschlaggebend. Die kombinierten Informationen geben somit Auskunft über die Prozesse, welche zum Zerbrechen des Kraterbodens geführt haben. Die entwickelten Analysewerkzeuge können geologische Prozesse, die sehr ähnlich zueinander sind, von einander abhängig sind und zusätzlich auch dieselben Oberflächenstrukturen formen, nicht eindeutig unterscheiden. Aus diesem Grund sind fluviale und glaziale Entstehungsprozesse für den untersuchten Kratertyp zusammengefasst. Die Analysewerkzeuge liefern Wahrscheinlichkeitswerte für drei mögliche Entstehungsarten. Um die Qualität der Ergebnisse zu verbessern muss eine Wahrscheinlichkeit über 50 % erreicht werden. Die Werkzeuge zeigen, dass 15 % der Krater durch Vulkanismus, 20 % durch Tektonik und 43 % durch Wasser- und Eis-bedingte Prozesse gebildet wurden. Insgesamt kann für 75 % des untersuchten Kratertyps ein potentieller Entstehungsprozess zugeordnet werden. Für 25 % der Krater ist eine Klassifizierung nicht möglich. Dies kann durch eine Kombination von geologischen Prozessen, einer Überprägung von wichtigen Schlüsselstrukturen, oder eines bisher nicht berücksichtigten Prozesses erklärt werden. Zusammenfassend ist zu sagen, dass es möglich ist planetare Oberflächenstrukturen quantitativ durch automatisch operierende Analysewerkzeuge zu erfassen und hinsichtlich einer definierten Fragestellung zu klassifizieren. Zusätzliche Informationen können durch die entwickelten Werkzeuge erhalten werden, daher sind sie als Assistenzsystem zu betrachten.

Thesis (M.S.)--Northwest Missouri State University, 2009.
The full text of the thesis is included in the pdf file. Title from title screen of full text.pdf file (viewed on April 9, 2010) Includes bibliographical references.

Bancos de dados geológico-geotécnicos podem atuar como instrumentos interessantes de auxílio a atividades de planejamento e gestão urbana e ambiental. Entretanto, as informações utilizadas nessas ferramentas nem sempre se encontram disponíveis ou de maneira acessível. Este trabalho aborda a elaboração de um sistema de apoio à decisão em ambiente de SIG (ArcGis 9.1); trata da implementação de um banco de dados geológico-geotécnicos da cidade de João Pessoa - PB, a partir de sondagens à percussão com Standard Penetration Test (SPT). O banco de dados foi projetado para atuar como forma de apoio às ações de planejamento e gestão urbanas do município, assim como importante subsídio ao meio acadêmico e profissional. A pesquisa envolveu etapas preparatórias essenciais para a estruturação do Banco de Dados e para o desenvolvimento de análises e modelagens espaciais, tais como a geração da base topográfica digital da área de estudo, a produção do Modelo Digital do Terreno e a localização e inserção das informações geológicosgeotécnicas obtidas nos perfis das sondagens. Para as modelagens e análises espaciais foram utilizados e comparados métodos de interpolação determinísticos (Topo to Raster) e geoestatísticos (Krigagem Ordinária). As principais variáveis espaciais analisadas foram profundidade do lençol freático (N.A.) e \'N IND.SPT\'. Foram gerados mapas do lençol freático e mapas com uso sugerido para fundações em três setores distintos da área de estudo e para diferentes profundidades, como principais produtos cartográficos.
Geological-geotechnical databases have been used as important assistant tools in urban and environmental management activities. However, the kind of information necessary for one to work with such tools may not always be available or easily supplied. This work concerns the generation of a Decision Support System undertaken through means of a Geographic Information System (Arcgis 9.1). It presents the development of a geological geotechnical database of João Pessoa-PB, based on information obtained from boring logs of soundings with Standard Penetration Tests. This database has been designed to act as an additional support to the urban and environmental management city activities, as it might also work as an important resource to academic and practical fields. The research evolved important stages of database preparation and organization (digital topographic base), followed by spatial modeling and analysis such as digital elevation model (DEM) generation, location and insertion of all geological-geotechnical information. Deterministic (Topo to Raster) and Geostatistical (Ordinary Krigging) methods were used and compared during spatial modeling and analysis of two main variables: water table level and \'N IND.SPT\' values. Results were integrated in order to obtain water table level maps, as to foundation engineering works, for three different area sectors and depths.

In an area of interest- Sivas Basin, Turkey- where most of the units are sedimentary and show similar spectral characteristics, spectral settings of ASTER sensor may not be enough by itself. Therefore, considering other aspects, such as morphological variables, is reasonable in addition to spectral classifiers. The main objective of this study is to test usefulness of integration of spectral analysis and morphological information for geological mapping. Remotely sensed imagery obtained from ASTER sensor is used to classify different lithological units while DEM is used to characterize landforms related to these lithological units. Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) is used to integrate data streaming from different sources. The methodology involves integrating the surface properties of the classified geological units in addition to the spectral reflectances. Seven different classification trials were conducted: : 1. MLC using only nine ASTER bands, 2. MLC using ASTER bands and DEM, 3. MLC using ASTER bands and slope, 4. MLC using ASTER bands and plan curvature, 5. MLC using ASTER bands and profile curvature, 6. MLC using ASTER bands and drainage density and finally 7. MLC using ASTER bands and all ancillary data. The results revealed that integrating topographical parameters aid in improvement of classification where spectral information is not sufficient to discriminate between classes of interest. An increase of more than 5% is observed in overall accuracy for the all ancillary data integration case. Moreover more than 10% improvement for most of the classes was identified. However from the results it is evident that the areal extent of the classified units causes constraints on application of the methodology.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi demonstrar que as informações produzidas pelos trabalhos científicos, quando organizadas e colocadas em formato eletrônico (digital), facilitam a utilização por pessoas a quem venham interessar. Foi desenvolvido um projeto em mapeamento geotécnico, utilizando-se um sistema de informação geográfica e um projeto dentro do ambiente de uma linguagem de programação(elaboração de um aplicativo). Observou-se que esses instrumentos proporcionam facilidade e rapidez na manipulação, na busca, no armazenamento, na visualização, na consulta e na análise da informação. A Pesquisa teve lugar na região de Ribeirão Preto (SP) e, utilizando-se o desenvolvimento do projeto de mapeamento geotécnico na escala 1:50.000 (escala regional), foi feita a análise das formas de organização das informações no formato eletrônico considerando o sistema de informação geográfica e usando um aplicativo externo ao SIG. Puderam- e verificar vantagens e desvantagens do uso desses instrumentos, em relação ao formato não-eletrônico (e forma de papel). Além do SIG (SPRING4.0, desenvolvido pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – INPE) e o aplicativo desenvolvido na linguagem de programação Visual Basic (comercializada pela Microsoft), recorreu- e a um visualizador de informações georeferenciadas (TERRAVIEW, desenvolvido pelo INPE) e um programa (um anplet SPRINGWEB, desenvolvido pelo INPE) que ajuda a disponibilizar as informações na Internet. Ficou comprovado que a informação armazenada eletronicamente é mais fácil de ser manipulada, organizada e consultada.
This research had proposed to show that the information produced by scientific jobs, when this information is organized and electronically, this facilitated the use for other interested people. Therefore, a geological engineering mapping design was developed using a geographical information system (GIS) and another project about the elaboration computer program. It was observed that theese tools proposed easier and faster manipulation, search, storage, display, reference and the analysis of geo-referential information. The research was realized in Ribeirão Preto and region in the state of São Paulo, using the development of the geological engineering mapping desing on a scale of 1:50,000 (regional scale). Analyse of the ways of organizing of the information electronically: in GIS and using a computer program apart from GIS. You can verify the advantages and disadvantages when using these tools on paper as well. In addition to using GIS (SPRING, it was developed by Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE) and the computer program, in this research which was developed in Visual Basic (it was sold by Microsoft), a displayer for geo-referential information (TERRAVIEW, it was developed by INPE) and a software were also used, wich offers the visualization of the information in the internet (SPRINGWEB is an anplet which was developed by INPE). And it proved that the electronically stored information is easier to be manipulated, visualized, organized and consulted

This thesis integrates three disciplines: geosciences, computer science, and museum collections management. Although these are not commonly integrated, by developing their intersection this thesis uniquely contributes a much-needed system for effectively managing geological collections. The lack of effective organization and management of collections can result in a serious problem: not only is history lost, but so is the potential for collection of further data from documented samples using newer analytical techniques. Using the Department of Geosciences at Virginia Tech as a beta testing ground, the electronic geological management system, EGEMS, was developed (Chapter 2). A database such as EGEMS should provide ready access to useful information including, a materialâ s provenance or current location, as well as any published analytical data. Past experiences volunteering in museums have allowed the author to design a system that is easily queried for such information. The organizational scheme and data model integral to the functionality of EGEMS was driven by direct experiences with geological research, in particular the electron microprobe analyses of Mn-rich minerals from the Hutter Mine, Virginia (Chapter 1). The final component of this thesis (Chapter 3) describes a facet of museum science that is most importantâ communication. This project records the development of a museum exhibit. Titled â The Search for the Mysterious Mineral,â this approach relies on pedagogical tools to engage the audience, and to illustrate how the scientific method used by a geologist is the same technique used in any problem solving. The exploration involved in these projects has lead to an enhanced understanding and appreciation for connections among generating, managing, and communicating geological information.
Master of Science

Although Greece and the broader Aegean Region belong to the most tectonically and seismically active places in the world, a GIS-based database of seismogenic sources was lacking. Data and information concerning the occurrence and behaviour of numerous active faults are usually scattered or hidden in the rich literature, making their acquirement a hard and time-consuming task. On the other hand, such data and information are useful for several purposes: SHA (and especially probabilistic SHA), geodynamic models and seismotectonic interpretations are some of the disciplines for which such a database can be an irreplaceable tool. The core of this research is the development of GreDaSS which was started from North Greece as a pilot area. The compilation procedure includes several stages. The first stage is the recognition of a seismogenic source and the collection of its respective available data and information. The synthesis, critical analysis and homogenization of the collected material follows, in order to define the principal seismotectonic parameters, to plot the source in a geographic coordinate system according to its geometric attributes and to fill in all the corresponding informational fields (comments, open questions, summaries, pictures and references). The final stage includes a processing of all informational levels in order to be linked and interactive. This procedure was followed for 38 CSSs and 58 ISSs that belong to the study area (North Greece). However, some of those steps were followed for the rest sources of the broader Aegean Region in the frame of the SHARE project. During the parameterization process, an important issue came up: given that the majority of the seismogenic sources in Greece is not connected with recently (historically or instrumentally) recorded earthquakes – which is the more hazardous case, the only data to rely on are the ones based on cumulative effects-based investigations (or generally characterized as geological investigations). On the other hand, investigations based on single-event effects (having the seismological investigations as the most prevailing method) sometimes provide wrong information especially when it is about old events. The comparison of these two different approaches is important to define the reliability of the provided data and information. Based on four characteristic case studies which all involve a major earthquake covering a wide period of the historical and instrumental era, it is shown that i) the single-event effects-based investigations provide improved results as technology advances, and ii) the cumulative effects-based investigations steadily provide reliable results regardless if the seismogenic source is associated with recent earthquakes or not. Another important matter that emerged during parameterization is the determination of two important SHA parameters: the maximum fault depth and the slip rate. Defining the maximum fault depth is important because the faults dimensions can be constrained and hence its maximum expected magnitude. For crustal faults, maximum depth is limited within the seismogenic layer, which can be defined by the brittle-ductile transition zone (BDT). Although it is not necessary that a fault will rupture the entire thickness of the seismogenic layer, by estimating the depth of the BDT we can set the maximum depth which a possible rupture can reach. The estimation of the BDT depth relies on the calculation of the strength profiles that reflect the mechanical behaviour of the upper lithosphere. In the current dissertation, the rheological models of three different areas are compared and calibrated based on the local seismic distribution. Since temperature is the key-factor of lithospheric strength, the geothermal gradients are also calculated. However, in the radiogenic heat productive crust, the geotherm equations depend on some thermophysical parameters. For this reason several sensitivity tests were run for various compositions of the upper and lower crust which allowed distinguishing two relative thermal conditions of the crust: the cool and warm crust. Based on these tests and on rheological modelling, the BDT depth of the three case studies is calculated and it is compared with the available seismic distributions. The results are in good match and verify the rheological models of each case study, giving confidence for further application in the surrounding areas. The calculation of the slip rate is based on the geodetic strain rate field that derives from GPS measurements. Given that GPS measurements span only few decades, short-term slip rate is actually calculated by this method. The theoretical approach relies on the fact that the deformation between two GPS stations that move relatively to each other is not uniform, but it is concentrated within a zone around the fault plane. During a seismic event, most of the so far accumulated elastic strain is suddenly released on the fault plane and transformed into relative slip, leaving a small, practically neglectful, amount of plastic deformation. The calculation process is based on a series of strain fundamental formulas that can provide the two slip rate components: the strike-slip component and heave which provides the dip-slip component. The obtained results derive from three different datasets that provide either the principal strain axes, or dilatation and maximum shear strain. The patterns coming from the three results are quite similar, although some differences exist in their absolute values. The geodetically calculated slip rates are also compared with the ones found in the literature (wherever these are available), which are basically obtained by geological methods. The comparison suggests that the former not only show reasonable values, but they are of the same order of magnitude. The usually lower values of the geodetic slip rates can be explained by the facts that GPS stations measure velocities during a very short period of a seismic cycle, and that strain accumulation is not necessarily linear with time, so it could be wrong to infer that its rate is steady. It is important to mention that during the calculation process rake is also calculated as a collateral result. The completeness of GreDaSS for North Greece, including all seismogenic sources that are known so far, allowed the separation of the area into five sectors, each documenting an internal uniform behaviour. Moreover, the pattern, geometry and the geodynamic setting of some regions imply the presence of low-angle normal (detachment) faults defining a seismogenic volume in which faults’ behaviour can change significantly (fault interaction, random rupture path, etc.). Nevertheless, beyond these qualitative observations, the database can offer several other applications especially for the enhancement of SHA. Two examples are given in this thesis. The first one concerns the improvement of the seismic zonation map of Greece by introducing a new seismogenic zonation map. Until now, seismic zonation of Greece was based only on seismological data. This method produces several inconsistencies with major seismotectonic features in the Aegean. The proposed seismogenic zonation map of this thesis relies on other geological criteria and especially the seismogenic sources of GreDaSS. However, the best solution would be a map that would take into account both geological and seismological criteria. The second application example involves earthquake triggering scenarios that are based on Coulomb stress transfer. The Volos and Nea Anchialos ISSs, both lying in the Pagasitikos Gulf, are selected as a case study. Each fault is responsible for one of the two strongest shocks of the 1980 Volos earthquake sequence. Coulomb stress change models based on the seismogenic sources of GreDaSS suggest that earthquake triggering between these two ISSs is a possible scenario. Concluding, the development and the state-of-the-art of GreDaSS for North Greece are presented in this dissertation, along with the calculation of two basic parameters, the observation of some seismotectonic features and the usage of the database as a SHA tool. It is important to mention though, that the database is always updatable, which means that whenever new data and information are available these will be included in GreDaSS.

Le città sono ambienti complessi, dove una moltitudine di elementi interagiscono. Un cambiamento del paradigma verso il raggiungimento di obiettivi di sostenibilità, come il limite del consumo di suolo, sta determinando un maggiore utilizzo del sottosuolo, abbandonando così lo sviluppo urbano in senso orizzontale. Ciò si traduce in una crescente interazione tra la falda e le infrastrutture sotterranee. Pertanto, è ragionevole pensare che nei prossimi anni un enorme sforzo sarà dedicato alla ricerca idrogeologica in aree urbane. Tra le città che nel mondo sono state colpite da questo problema, la città di Milano (Nord Italia, Regione Lombardia) ha registrato un forte aumento del livello piezometrico negli ultimi decenni, che hanno portato ad episodi di infiltrazione per diverse categorie di infrastrutture sotterranee. Considerando che è già stato pianificato un futuro sviluppo del sottosuolo, ciò evidenzia l'importanza di adottare strategie integrate nel quadro sia dello sviluppo sotterraneo che della gestione della falda. All'interno di questo schema generale, il presente progetto di dottorato è stato suddiviso in tre parti, per fornire una definizione dettagliata del modello concettuale urbano per la città di Milano, che potrebbe svolgere un ruolo fondamentale per sostenere i processi decisionali nelle politiche di pianificazione urbana. In particolare, la prima parte del progetto riguarda la ricostruzione di un Geodatabase 3D (3D GDB) per le infrastrutture sotterranee (UIs). Utilizzando banche dati di tipo Open come fonte principale, ma non unica, di informazioni, sono state catalogate all'interno del 3D GDB tre categorie di elementi del sottosuolo (parcheggi privati e pubblici, linee metropolitane). Queste informazioni sono state poi combinate con la ricostruzione della tavola d’acqua per condizioni di minimo e massimo idrogeologico per identificare le aree in cui le UIs sono state sommerse dalla falda. Nella seconda parte, sono state applicate tecniche data-driven per analizzare le serie storiche della falda freatica, occupata dagli UI. Sono state utilizzate tecniche statistiche e geo spaziali per raggiungere una migliore comprensione del sistema idrogeologico, individuando le principali variabili che regolano il livello piezometrico. Di conseguenza, sono state identificate quattro aree di gestione che possano fungere da future unità territoriali, definendo specifiche strategie di gestione della falda in relazione alle UIs. Nella terza parte, è stato implementato un modello numerico su scala locale per la parte occidentale della città, al fine di valutare ulteriormente le interazioni tra falda e infrastrutture sotterranee. In particolare, sono state quantificate le infiltrazioni della falda nelle UIs, portando ad una migliore definizione del modello concettuale urbano. Il modello numerico è stato sviluppato utilizzando MODFLOW-USG, adottando il pacchetto HFB, supportato dal pacchetto DRAIN per modellare le infrastrutture sotterranee. I risultati di questo progetto hanno evidenziato come la combinazione di questi diversi strumenti potrebbe essere utile per gestire le interazioni tra la falda e le infrastrutture sotterranee e per sostenere i decisori nella gestione delle acque sotterranee in ambito urbano. In questo modo, potrebbero essere adottate strategie adeguate per progettare in modo sostenibile il futuro sviluppo del sottosuolo della città.
Cities are intricate areas, where a multitude of elements interact. A change in the paradigm towards sustainability goals, as the limit of soil consumption, is determining a greater use of the subsurface, thus abandoning the urban horizontal sprawl. This results in increasing interactions between groundwater and the underground infrastructures. Thus, it is reasonable to think that in the next years a huge effort will be allocated to research in urban hydrogeology. Among the cities that worldwide have been affected by this issue, the city of Milan (Northern Italy, Lombardy Region) experienced a strong groundwater table rise in the last decades, leading to flooding episodes for different categories of underground infrastructures. Considering that a future subsurface development has been already planned, this highlights the importance of adopting integrated strategies in the framework of both underground development and groundwater management. Within this general scheme, the present PhD project has been divided into three parts, to provide a detailed definition of the urban conceptual model for the city of Milan, that could play a pivotal role and support decision-making processes in urban planning policies. More specifically, the first part of the project deals with the reconstruction of a 3D Geodatabase (3D GDB) for urban underground infrastructures (UIs). Using Open Data databases as the primary, but not unique source of information, three categories of subsurface elements (private and public car parks, subway lines) have been gathered within the 3D GDB. This information has been then combined with groundwater table reconstructions of groundwater minimum and maximum conditions to identify the areas where the UIs were submerged by the water table. In the second part, data-driven techniques have been applied to analyse groundwater time-series of the shallow aquifer, occupied by the UIs. Statistical and geospatial techniques were used to reach a better understanding of the hydrogeologic system, pinpointing the main potential variables influencing the water table levels. Consequently, four management areas have been identified to act as future geographic units, defining specific groundwater management strategies in relation to UIs. In the third part, a local scale numerical model was implemented for the western part of the city to further evaluate groundwater/underground infrastructures interactions. In particular, groundwater infiltrations into UIs were quantified, leading to a better definition of the urban conceptual model. The numerical model was developed using MODFLOW-USG, and adopting the HFB package, supported by the DRAIN package to model the UIs. The results of this project pointed out that the combination of these different tools could be beneficial to manage the interactions between groundwater and the underground infrastructures and to support the decision makers in urban groundwater management. In this way, proper strategies could be adopted to sustainably design the future subsurface development of the city.

An "active and capable fault" (ACF) defines an active fault able to permanently dislocate the ground surface, while a "seismogenic source" (SS) is a fault capable of generating earthquakes. When the deep coseismic rupture along a SS propagates towards the surface, the latter can be permanently dislocated. Consequently, the geological features of an ACF could be considered the surface expression of the deep activity of a SS. For example, the geological studies, carried out before the seismic sequences of central Italy along the faults responsible for the main earthquakes of 2009 and 2016-2017, are been partly confirmed by the coseismic ruptures produced during these seismic sequences. This highlighted the importance of defining in a "preventive" way what are the ACFs and SSs and where they are located in a given area. The dichotomy between ACF and SS in Italy is, however, still marked in the literature, resulting in the presence of two national databases: the "Catalog of capable faults" (ITHACA) and the "Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources" (DISS) which deal with ACF and SS, respectively. Nonetheless, the analysis of the two databases highlights the presence of some conceptual and critical differences that can not permit conceptual and factual interoperability between them. These difficulties highlight the lack of criteria used for the assessment of the ACF and SS and, therefore, the need to define a clear and well-defined methodological approach, allowing to map an ACF in relation to a SS. The following Ph.D. research, therefore, proposes a conceptual model able to combine the concept of ACF with that of an SS. The result of this model is represented by a prototype thematic map (Attached I) of ACFs that represent the superficial expression of SSs, in the central-southern Apennines. The realization of the conceptual model and the identification of the geological and segmentation criteria, useful for establishing the relationship between ACF and SS (the object of Map C), were made possible by the use of a multidisciplinary methodological approach: the acquisition and analysis of literature, photogeological analysis and, especially, the acquisition of geological, geomorphological, structural and paleoseismological data in 5 test areas of the central-southern Apennines. These geological studies have allowed clarifying that many of the criteria, used individually to assess an ACF as an expression of a SS, may not always be sufficient to define the presence of ACF in a given area if they are not framed within a comprehensive geological study. The use of this approach and the resulting map (Attached I) provides the knowledge to conceptually relate the main ACFs of the central-southern Apennines with the respective SSs, superimposing seismogenic parameters to information concerning the distribution and entity of permanent dislocations of the ground surface. These elements represent the input data for an evaluation of the seismic hazard of a given area, in terms both of maximum magnitude expectations, useful for the definition of shaking scenarios in the context of the design of infrastructures and major buildings, and surface faulting hazard for land planning studies.

Il lavoro di questa tesi ha previsto l'acquisizione e l'elaborazione di dati geofisici al fine di determinare la risposta sismica di tre siti della Rete Accelerometrica Nazionale (RAN), collocandosi all'interno del progetto sismologico S2-2014 Constraining Observations into Seismic Hazard gestito dal Dipartimento di Protezione Civile Nazionale e dall’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e di Vulcanologia. Tale necessità nasce dal fatto che il più delle volte le informazioni per la corretta caratterizzazione geofisica dei siti ospitanti le stazioni accelerometriche risultano essere insufficienti, rendendo così i dati acquisiti non idonei per l'utilizzo in sede di calcolo delle leggi di attenuazione dalle quali successivamente vengono derivate le mappe di pericolosità sismica a livello nazionale e locale. L'obbiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato quello di determinare l'eventuale presenza di effetti di sito o effetti di interazione suolo-struttura, per tre stazioni ubicate in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (codici stazioni MAI, TLM1 e BRC), capaci di amplificare il moto del terreno nella parte di suolo compresa fra il bedrock sismico (inteso come strato che non amplifica) e il piano campagna. Le principali tecniche utilizzate sono le seguenti: HVSR ossia rapporto spettrale della componente orizzontale su quella verticale da misure di rumore ambientale acquisite e EHV ovvero rapporto spettrale della componente orizzontale su verticale da registrazione di terremoti scaricate dal database accelerometrico italiano ITACA. I risultati delle due tecniche sono stati poi confrontati al fine di verificare un'eventuale congruenza, portando alle seguenti conclusioni. La caratterizzazione della stazione TLM1 ha portato alla importante conclusione che il sito non è idoneo per l’acquisizione di dati accelerometrici da utilizzare per il calcolo di leggi predittive o di attenuazione. La stazione accelerometrica è ospitata all’interno di un box in lamiera su una collina nel comune di Verzegnis (UD). Il problema principale che riguarda questo sito è la vicinanza della diga Ambiesta e del relativo invaso. La stazione di BRC è collocata all’interno di una cabina di trasformazione dell’ENEL sul lato destro del torrente Cellina, al suo ingresso nel lago di Barcis (PN). Le condizioni topografiche della zona, molto impervie, non consentono la corretta acquisizione dei dati. Un ulteriore fattore di disturbo è dato dall’interazione suolo-struttura, causata dalla cabina ENEL in cui è alloggiata la strumentazione. La caratterizzazione della stazione MAI collocata all'interno di una cabina ENEL nel centro del comune di Majano (UD) ha portato alla conclusione che questa è l'unica delle tre stazioni considerate capace di acquisire dati utilizzabili per il processo di validazione per le stime di pericolosità sismica. Questo perché le condizioni topografiche dell’area, pianura con stratificazione 1D, hanno permesso di sfruttare a pieno le potenzialità delle metodologie utilizzate, consentendo anche la ricostruzione di profili di velocità delle onde di taglio S con i quali è stata assegnata la categoria C del suolo previsto dall'approccio semplificato presente nelle NTC08.

In questa Tesi è descritto il processo di creazione di un Sistema Informativo Geologico e degli strumenti informatici per la gestione dell’informazione su base geografica, o più semplicemente GIS (Geographic Information System), al servizio delle attività di rilevamento geologico, finalizzato alla raccolta dei dati ed alla loro rappresentazione cartografica nell'ambito di un Sistema Informativo Territoriale (SIT). Un SIT è definibile come l'insieme di uomini, strumenti e procedure che, nell’ambito di una organizzazione, permettono l’acquisizione e la distribuzione dei dati relativi alla conoscenza dei fenomeni e degli attori presenti su territorio; tutto questo è facilitato in gran parte dalle capacità e funzionalità dei GIS. Il Sistema Informativo Territoriale orientato alla Geologia (SIG – Sistema Informativo Geologico) della Regione Lombardia è costituito da un gruppo di lavoro composto da geologi, informatici e geologi-informatici dell’Ente regionale e della società Lombardia Servizi (Gruppo Lombardia Informatica). Ho fatto parte del team di consulenza tecnico-scientifica incaricato da Lombardia Servizi per la realizzazione del SIG regionale. I compiti del gruppo di lavoro sono: - definizione di ruoli e metodi per la costituzione del SIG; - definizione delle logiche per la creazione di strumenti finalizzati all’archiviazione del dato geologico in una banca dati geologica e loro manutenzione; Il progetto è inserito nel più ampio processo di aggiornamento della Cartografia Geologica nazionale (progetto CARG). Il SIG ha come principali obiettivi: - la pianificazione ed esecuzione del rilevamento geologico di dettaglio (scala 1:10.000) del territorio lombardo; - la costruzione di un database della geologia di superficie (ma anche del sottosuolo per le aree di pianura) interrogabile e aggiornabile ; - il supporto ai processi di analisi finalizzati alla descrizione della geologia superficiale e ricostruzione degli eventi che hanno creato il paesaggio attuale; - la rappresentazione cartografica dell’ambiente geologico a partire dal database creato. - la distribuzione dell’informazione geologica archiviata in vari formati (cartaceo e digitale); Sono qui descritte ed analizzate criticamente la filosofia di costruzione delle procedure e le soluzioni tecniche e metodologiche adottate per realizzare gli obiettivi prefissi. L’APAT (Agenzia per la Protezione dell'Ambiente e per i servizi Tecnici nazionali) ha ereditato dal Servizio Geologico il compito di rilevare, aggiornare e pubblicare la Carta Geologica d'Italia (progetto nazionale CARG) quale organo cartografico dello Stato in base alla legge 68/60. Nel 1976 era stato completato il rilevamento della Carta geologica d'Italia alla scala 1:100.000 costituita da 278 fogli a copertura del territorio nazionale; per il suo aggiornamento sono stati definiti strumenti normativi idonei a garantire l'omogeneità dei contenuti e della rappresentazione cartografica; la definizione delle norme discende dall'applicazione di linee guida, frutto dell'attività di Commissioni e Gruppi di lavoro, pubblicate nei Quaderni della serie III (ed. APAT). L’Ente Regione Lombardia, per rispondere all’impegno istituzionale di aggiornamento della Carta Geologica, all’interno del più ampio e strutturato Sistema Informativo Territoriale regionale, ha dunque creato il Sistema Informativo Geologico (SIG) regionale. Il rapido evolversi delle ricerche nel campo delle Scienze della Terra e l'importanza che riveste la cartografia geologica nella gestione del territorio, hanno spinto la Regione Lombardia a progettare un rilevamento geologico di dettaglio per dotarsi di una banca dati geologica dalla quale derivare la propria cartografia geologica (alla scala 1:10.000). Sono stati quindi definiti standard specifici rispondenti a questa esigenza di maggior dettaglio (rispetto a quanto indicato dal progetto nazionale CARG) ed è stato pianificato e in gran parte realizzato un rilevamento ex-novo finalizzato alla pubblicazione del dato alla scala del rilevamento e per la sua generalizzazione alle scale 1:25.000 e 50.000. Alla fine del processo saranno stati realizzati 14 fogli del territorio lombardo relativamente alle aree alpine e di passaggio alla pianura (Bergamo, Bormio, Breno, Clusone, Lecco, Iseo, Malonno, Ponte di Legno, Sondrio, Vimercate, Milano, Bagolino, Seregno, Voghera). In tale progetto sono anche coinvolti le Università di Milano, di Pavia e di Bolona, il Politecnico di Milano e il CNR - Centro di Studio per la Geodinamica Alpina e Quaternaria di Milano. L’attività di rilevamento geologico è di competenza dei funzionari regionali della Struttura Sistema Informativo Territoriale della Direzione Generale Territorio e Urbanistica che, coadiuvati da geologi rilevatori, realizzano tutte le fasi del lavoro, dalla raccolta del dato fino alla sua pubblicazione. L’ambiente informatico GIS sviluppato, denominato CARGeo (Cartografia Geologica), permette di inserire i dati raccolti da geologi rilevatori in un database appositamente predisposto, mediante interfacce grafiche semplificate e procedure standard di archiviazione e controllo di correttezza formale. La banca dati è costruita in modo da facilitare l’archiviazione della maggior parte dei dati che normalmente il geologo registra nella carta e nei taccuini di terreno e, allo stesso tempo, guidarlo nella raccolta organica dell’informazione geologica. Nella strutturazione del database è stata privilegiata la possibilità di inserire attributi direttamente associabili agli elementi geometrici anziché attraverso schede associate a punti di osservazione. Il geologo rilevatore interviene per correggere errori di digitalizzazione o di attribuzione con un processo ciclico, fino ad ottenere una banca dati corretta secondo gli standard predefiniti. Gli strumenti di creazione della banca dati permettono anche di: - disegnare gli schemi accessori (sezioni geologiche, schemi stratigrafici e strutturali etc.); - eseguire lo “sfoltimento” e posizionamento delle annotazioni sulla mappa (sigle di unità litologiche e parametri di inclinazione delle giaciture) secondo criteri di leggibilità della carta - creare le legende; - creare banche dati a scala inferiore (1:25.000 e 50.000); - stampare e pubblicare carte geologiche complete di schemi e legende. Il sistema contiene gli strumenti necessari alla migrazione della banca dati dalla struttura proprietaria CARG-Regione Lombardia a quella CARG-APAT secondo la struttura definita nei Quaderni della serie III Il Sistema nel corso del biennio 2006-2007 ha raggiunto la fase di consegna dei dati (derivazione e generalizzazione della banca dati CARG-APAT 1.50.000 da quella 1:10.000 CARG-Regione Lombardia) dei primi fogli completati (ISEO, MALONNO, LECCO e SONDRIO) con ritardo rispetto alla programmazione. Sono state analizzate le cause che hanno portato a questo rallentamento del flusso di lavoro, quindi apportate le necessarie modifiche al Sistema. Sono qui descritti i problemi e le soluzioni trovate per migliorare l'efficienza del sistema. Attualmente il Sistema Informativo Geologico è in una fase di ristrutturazione, che vede la migrazione verso un’architettura informatica basata sulla piattaforma ARCGis® 9.x. Attraverso il Sistema Informativo Geologico viene tentata una sintesi fra le logiche metodologiche dei due ambiti tecnico-scientifici coinvolti (Geologia e Informatica), in un ambiente dove ricercatori e tecnici lavorano sperimentando l’interazione tra le conoscenze e le metodologie conoscitive tipiche delle Scienze Geologiche e le tecnologie e processi logici delle Scienze Informatiche. Con questa Tesi è documentato tutto il percorso di costruzione della banca dati geologica attraverso e all’interno del sistema realizzato assieme gruppo di lavoro composto da geologi e tecnici informatici, cui ho partecipato, riassumendo gli oltre 9 anni di lavoro dall’ideazione del progetto CARGeo, anche in funzione del suo miglioramento.
- Regione Lombardia - Direzione Generale Territorio e Urbanistica - Gruppo Lombardia Informatica S.p.A.
Submitted
open

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
102
Kaohsiung complex geology, soft loose sand interbedded clay and silt soil characteristics intricate Individually each region, the degree of difficulty of retaining excavation is also different, retaining Excavation damage neighborhood since the 1980s, the construction of buildings in Kaohsiung incidents continue, frequent disputes, from July 1993, Kaohsiung City Government works construction construction Management Office in order to prevent disasters and loss of neighborhood events, the implementation of building construction works construction plan review, a significant reduction in excavation damage retaining neighborhood events, received good results. In this paper, modeling and Google earth to do a combination of the use Dreamwaver create web pages and publishing, from July 1993 to date the construction of the Kaohsiung area, about 800 buildings in 2014, the book case construction plan, summarize and organize the construction site, open dig deep, deep retaining wall, geological distribution, will face an effective technique geological cataclysm that reason, to protect their house nearby and the occurrence of disasters, such as construction, increased at any time updated in the cloud for civil construction and other professional engineering personnel and create public reference planning. Case construction plan of the cloud by Professor Shen Maosong National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences is responsible for "uplift analysis, failure analysis flow of sand, perforated type quicksand failure analysis, failure analysis on the move to avoid the analysis of the groundwater table and the corresponding decrease in the depth of the disaster" and "retaining wall construction methods and geological disaster prevention measures and analytical analysis policyholders Adjacent Building construction ", the cloud data accumulated by this excavation retaining wall adjacent building and engineering experience to construct the construction of the data protection area, public feedback and understand their methods and eliminate the causes of the disaster, and to explore and Countermeasures.

This research is deemed of importance in the solution of one of the main complex problems in geological map production, the transfer from the 1:25.000 geologic data base, that has a resolution corresponding to that at which data are gathered in the field, to the printing of 1:50.000 geological maps. The problems relate mainly to the greater detail of information contained in the database and the smaller printing scale. They can be classified into the design of a geological database scheme that allows the generalization process based on the rules relating the geological objects to one another, symbol overcrowding, and symbol overlapping. The challenge is to specify and implement a digital version of the decision rules used by geologists and cartographers to generate the final map. Often in practice these rules tend to be highly ambiguous, subjective, and inadequate in view of the modern need of automated generalization of geological information for land-use planning. The proposed system is based on the application of conventional and artificial intelligence computer techniques to the production of digital geological cartography, from the gathering of geologic data in the field to some printed product of wide usability. The objectives can be summarised as follows: 1 A support system for the iterative identification and characterization of geological objects based on an ad hoc geological and stratigraphic dictionary; 2 The identification and implementation of a hierarchical geological database schema for the automated reclassification or generalization of a geological database; 3 A hierarchical expert system for the automated revision and multiple representation of a geological database in view of new interpretation criteria of the geological information or for the production of maps on demand; 4 A system for avoiding symbol overcrowding or overlapping during the production of a geological map, which identifies the geological rules interacting between the geological objects represented in a map.
The Open University Milton Keynes, UK
Published
5.4. TTC - Sistema Informativo Territoriale
open

The thesis deals with the possibilities of presentation of geological information in the field of regional geology. The main aim of the thesis is to create the proposal of On-line Textbook in Regional Geology which can be used as a learning resource for universities, experts and all interested people. There had not been paid enough attention to the geology subject within the basic and secondary schools curriculum for last years. Geology was the part of other taught subjects. Nevertheless, there were initiatives that allowed to find new space for geology subject that has been realizing especially within frame educational programme at grammar schools. There are many resources that can be used during the educational process of regional geology such as traditional textbooks, expert compendiums, but also modern aplication in the form of internet projects. Unfortunatelly, current accesible web applications are not updated and do not include modern findings and knowledge. The proposal of On-line textbook represents the core topic of the thesis. This concept is being developed with the support of the Czech Geological Survey (CGS) in collaboration with the Faculty of Science at Charles University in Prague. There is the connection with CGS portal which is the main communication interface with the user. CGS portal...

Accessibility to consistent subsurface hydrostratigraphic information is crucial for the development of robust groundwater flow and contaminant transport models. However, full three-dimensional understanding of the subsurface geology is often the missing link. Construction of watershed-scale hydrostratigraphic models continues to be limited by the quality and density of borehole data which often lack detailed geologic information. This can become a serious problem where rapid sediment facies changes and intricate sediment architecture occur. This research is motivated by the idea that if we can understand more about the distribution of sediments and structures of complex deposits, we learn more about depositional processes and how they affect the internal geometry of a deposit and the distribution of hydraulic properties. One approach is to study surficial excavations (e.g. sand and gravel pits) that often punctuate shallow aquifers. The purpose of this study is to develop and test a method of integrating high-resolution georeferenced stratigraphic and sedimentologic information from sand and gravel pits as a means to better document sedimentologic data and improve understanding of the depositional environments. The study area is located within the Waterloo Moraine, in southwestern Ontario, and is an unconsolidated shallow aquifer system with a complex internal architecture and sediment heterogeneity. The method involves the integration of high-resolution field data with borehole and geophysical information in a computer-based 3D environment. A total of fourteen virtual sedimentary sections were constructed by georegistering digital photographs within a framework of georeferenced positions collected using a reflectorless total station and GPS. Fourteen sediment facies have been described in the field. These include crudely stratified gravel beds, planar and cross-laminated sandy strata (ripple and dune scales), along with laminated and massive silty and clayey beds. Calculated hydraulic conductivities span over seven orders of magnitude. The analysis of a single excavation has shown contrasting sediment assemblages from one end of the pit to the other, highlighting the complexity of the Waterloo Moraine. The heterogeneous and deformed layers of gravel, sand, and mud may be the product of an ice-contact to ice-proximal environment, whereas the extensive sandy assemblages may reflect an intermediate subaqueous fan region. The results also suggest that the borehole database overestimates the amount of fine-grained material in the study area. Finally, this research demonstrates that it is possible to build in a timely manner a 3D virtual sedimentologic database. New emerging technologies will lead to increased resolution and accuracy, and will help streamline the process even further. The possibility of expanding the 3D geodatabase to other excavations across the region in a timely manner is likely to lead to improved hydrostratigraphic models and, by extension, to more efficient strategies in water resources planning, management and protection.

Η παρούσα διατριβή έχει ως στόχο τη διερεύνηση των τεχνικογεωλογικών συνθηκών που επικρατούν στη λεκάνη Δυτικής Θεσσαλίας, με χρήση και εφαρμογή των Γεωγραφικών Συστημάτων Πληροφοριών, καθώς επίσης τον προσδιορισμό και τη στατιστική επεξεργασία των τιμών των γεωμηχανικών χαρακτηριστικών των τεταρτογενών αποθέσεων που δομούν το πεδινό της τμήμα. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό σχεδιάστηκαν ογδόντα (80) θεματικοί χάρτες με χρήση Γεωγραφικών Συστημάτων Πληροφοριών, από τους οποίους επιλέχτηκαν τελικά για παρουσίαση, εντός και εκτός κειμένου, οι πενήντα εννέα (59). Επίσης, συντάχτηκε πλήθος πινάκων, σχημάτων, χαρτογραφικών ή στατιστικών διαγραμμάτων, ενώ παράλληλα παρουσιάστηκε σειρά φωτογραφιών. Αναλυτικότερα, δίνεται κατ΄αρχήν το τεχνικογεωλογικό πλαίσιο της λεκάνης στην οποία εντάσσεται η παραπάνω έρευνα, με βάση την ανάλυση και σύνθεση στοιχείων που αναφέρονται στις γεωμορφολογικές και κλιματολογικές συνθήκες, το υδρομετεωρολογικό καθεστώς, τη σεισμικότητα και σεισμική επικινδυνότητα, τη λιθολογική σύσταση και δομή των σχηματισμών, τις υδρογεωλογικές και υδρολιθολογικές συνθήκες, καθώς και τις αποσαθρωτικές και διαβρωτικές διεργασίες των γεωλογικών σχηματισμών που δομούν την περιοχή έρευνας. Ακολούθως, παρουσιάζονται αναλυτικά οι τεχνικογεωλογικές συνθήκες που επικρατούν στη λεκάνη Δυτικής Θεσσαλίας και συντάχτηκε τεχνικογεωλογικός χάρτης σε κλίμακα 1:100.000. Στον εν λόγω χάρτη διακρίνονται είκοσι τρείς (23) τεχνικογεωλογικές ενότητες, έξι (6) για τις τεταρτογενείς αποθέσεις, δύο (2) για τους μεταλπικούς σχηματισμούς (νεογενή και μολάσσες) και δέκα πέντε (15) για τους σχηματισμούς του αλπικού υποβάθρου. Ο χάρτης αυτός συνοδεύεται από αναλυτικό Υπόμνημα. Στη συνέχεια, αναλύονται τα γεωμηχανικά χαρακτηριστικά (φυσικές ιδιότητες και μηχανικές παράμετροι) των τεταρτογενών αποθέσεων της περιοχής έρευνας, περιγράφεται η Βάση Γεωτεχνικών Δεδομένων που δημιουργήθηκε και παρατίθεται στατιστική ανάλυση των τιμών από τις παραπάνω παραμέτρους, καθώς και των αποτελεσμάτων από τις επί τόπου δοκιμές πρότυπης διείσδυσης και υδροπερατότητας. Ειδικότερα, έγινε συγκέντρωση, αξιολόγηση, τυποποίηση και καταγραφή-αρχειοθέτηση στην παραπάνω Βάση Δεδομένων των Γεωτεχνικών Πληροφοριών οι οποίες προέρχονται από 1.039 γεωτρήσεις που είχαν εκτελέσει διάφοροι φορείς του Δημόσιου και ιδιωτικού τομέα στο πεδινό τμήμα της λεκάνης Δυτικής Θεσσαλίας. Συνολικά καταχωρήθηκαν 22.463 εγγραφές σε έξι (6) Πίνακες, που στον καθένα αποθηκεύονται διαφορετικά τμήματα της γεωπληροφορίας. Επίσης, πραγματοποιήθηκε λεπτομερής ανάλυση του τεχνικoγεωλογικού πλαισίου και των σημαντικότερων παραμέτρων που υπεισέρχονται στο πρόβλημα των κατολισθήσεων. Ακολούθως, έγινε στατιστική επεξεργασία των στοιχείων της Βάσης Δεδομένων Κατολισθήσεων που δημιουργήθηκε και διερευνήθηκαν αναλυτικά οι σημαντικότεροι από τους παράγοντες που θεωρούνται υπεύθυνοι για την εκδήλωση κατολισθητικών φαινομένων και λαμβάνονται υπόψη στην εκτίμηση των επιδεκτικών προς κατολίσθηση περιοχών. Συνολικά αποτυπώθηκαν 979 θέσεις εκδήλωσης κατολισθήσεων, ενώ συντάχτηκε Χάρτης απογραφής κατολισθητικών φαινομένων και Χάρτης επιδεκτικότητας κατολισθήσεων στα όρια της λεκάνης Δυτικής Θεσσαλίας. Τέλος, καταγράφηκαν και αποτυπώθηκαν εδαφικές υποχωρήσεις που εκδηλώθηκαν σε οικισμούς (εντός ή εκτός οικιστικού ιστού) στην ευρύτερη περιοχή Φαρσάλων-Σοφάδων, ενώ διερευνήθηκαν τα πιθανά αίτια και ο μηχανισμός εκδήλωσης των φαινομένων αυτών.
The investigation of engineering-geological conditions of the Western Thessaly basin and the analysis of geomechanical characteristics of the Quaternary deposits, which occur in the flat part of the region, are examined in this thesis. In this framework, eighty (80) thematic maps have been produced using Geographic Information Systems. In addition, many tables, drawings, cartographic or statistical diagrams have been created. Moreover, a large number of photographs are also presented. The engineering-geological framework of the basin is given in detail, based on the analysis and composition of collected data, regarding, specifically, the geomorphological and hydrometeorological conditions, the seismicity and seismic hazard, the lithological characteristics and structure of the geological formations, the hydrogeological conditions, as well as the weathering and erosion processes exhibited in the geological formations that occur in the basin. Furthermore, an engineering-geological map of the Western Thessaly basin at a scale of 1:100,000 has been compiled, aiming to facilitate both urban planning and industrial development of the basin’s wider area. It is considered that this map may well contribute to the optimization of land use planning and improve the allocation and planning of civil engineering projects. The formations encountered in the basin are grouped into twenty three (23) engineering-geological unities, with regard to their geotechnical behaviour. The entire study, engaged to this thesis, was basically based on data from both in situ investigations and geotechnical information derived and evaluated from the utilisation of 1,039 existing boreholes and trial pits, in the plain part of the Western Thessaly basin. Totally 22,463 records were created and allocated in six (6) Tables. In each one of these tables different kind of geo-information were stored. The values of the above parameters were critically examined. Besides, statistical analysis was carried out on Standard Penetration and Permeability Tests result. All the geotechnical characteristics of the Quaternary deposits (physical properties and mechanical parameters) have been analyzed and a Geotechnical Database was created and presented in this thesis. Furthermore, a landslide inventory map of the Western Thessaly basin has been compiled. Many technical reports and studies, which refer to landslide occurrences, mainly obtained from the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (IGME) were used to analyse and record all the landslides of the study area. A Database, using Microsoft Access, has been compiled. The connection between the Database system and Geographic Information Systems was established with the defined coordinates of the locations of existing landslide occurrences. After the necessary modifications, 979 landslide events were recorded and digitally stored. Also, a simple statistical evaluation of the available recordings was applied for the assessment of the engineering-geological data regarding the lithology and geomechanical characteristics of the encountered various geo-materials. Finally, the surface subsidence ruptures manifested in the basin’s area have been investigated.

Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência e Sistemas de Informação Geográfica
O presente trabalho pretende enunciar um método de caracterização das áreas de dragagem através do desenvolvimento e implementação de um sistema de classificação de materiais sedimentares para efeitos de operações de dragagem e gestão de materiais dragados, utilizando um sistema de informação geográfica (SIG). Um SIG permite a integração e geoprocessamento da informação geológica georreferenciada, bem como a realização de operações de análise espacial específicas. No desenvolvimento do sistema de classificação foram considerados, relativamente aos materiais dragados: os termos de realização das campanhas de amostragem, a caracterização dos sedimentos, os parâmetros físico-químicos a analisar, os limites de qualidade ambiental de cada classe de contaminação e, a aptidão ambiental para a imersão no mar. Este sistema é implementado em duas simulações distintas (uma mais expedita e simples e outra mais robusta, mas morosa) e são aplicados três métodos de interpolação (IDW, Spline, Kriging) para a estimação de valores. As superfícies geradas são analisadas comparativamente, permitindo a selecção do método de interpolação que demonstrou ser o mais ajustado, o método IDW e, a simulação de caracterização de áreas de dragagem mais adequada aos trabalhos realizados pelo IPTM, neste caso a simulação mais simples e expedita, simulação 1A. Definem-se as especificações técnicas para a implementação de um SIG no IPTM-Sede e, pela concepção global de um modelo de dados (modelo conceptual de informação geológica georreferenciada) utilizando a técnica de modelação entidade–relação, é desenhada e construída uma base de dados. O sistema de classificação foi implementado num caso de estudo (operação de dragagem no porto de Vila do Conde, situado na margem direita do rio Ave, na área do Cais das Lavandeiras), permitindo não só caracterizar a área de dragagem quanto às características ambientais dos materiais dragados (avaliação das classes de qualidade ambiental, do risco potencial de poluição do meio marinho e, da aptidão ambiental para a imersão dos dragados no mar). A análise fisiográfica da área, o cálculo de áreas de dragagem e de volumes de materiais dragados foram contemplados também no estudo efectuado.