Relevant bibliographies by topics / GEOGRID REINFORCED

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Academic literature on the topic 'GEOGRID REINFORCED'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "GEOGRID REINFORCED"

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Wang, Qingbiao, Yue Li, Hongxu Song, Jianing Duan, Zhongjing Hu, Fuqiang Wang, Haolin Xu, et al. "Experimental Study on Tensile Mechanical Properties and Reinforcement Ratio of Steel–Plastic Compound Geogrid-Reinforced Belt." Materials 14, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 5963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14205963.

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The steel–plastic compound geogrid has been widely used as a new reinforcement material in geotechnical engineering and other fields. Therefore, it is essential to fully understand the mechanical properties of steel–plastic compound geogrid-reinforced belts to utilize steel–plastic compound geogrids efficiently. In this study, tensile mechanical tests of steel wire, polyethylene geogrid belt, and steel–plastic compound geogrid-reinforced belt were conducted with respect to the tensile mechanical properties of steel–plastic compound geogrid-reinforced belts. In addition, the minimum reinforcement and optimal reinforcement ratios of steel–plastic compound geogrid-reinforced belts were summarized. The results showed that the steel–plastic compound geogrid-reinforced belts possessed an incongruent force of the internal steel wire during the tensile process. The tensile stress–strain curve of the steel–plastic compound geogrid-reinforced belt can be divided into the composite adjustment, steel wire breaking, and residual deformation stages. The tensile strength of the steel–plastic compound geogrid-reinforced belt is proportional to the diameter and number of steel wires in the reinforced belt. The minimum and optimum reinforcement ratios of steel wire in the steel–plastic compound geogrid-reinforced belt were 0.63% and 11.92%, respectively.
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Kaluder, J., S. Lenart, M. Mulabdic, and K. Minazek. "Resilient modulus of crushed stone material reinforced with geogrids." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1260, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1260/1/012011.

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Abstract Unbound base layers can be stabilized with geogrids that reduce lateral movement of granular material thus improving its stiffness through particle interlocking inside geogrid openings. Good particles-geogrid interlocking depends significantly on the ratio of geogrid aperture size to the average soil particle size. This paper describes testing of a resilient modulus and a permanent deformation of geogrid reinforced granular material. Biaxial and triaxial geogrids made with 3D printer were used in which geogrids were of different aperture sizes and rib thickness. It was thus possible to test parametrically the effect of geogrid geometry and rib stiffness on the resilient behaviour and permanent deformations. Experiments were conducted on cylindrical specimens of 160 mm diameter and 320 mm height and were reinforced with one or several layers of geogrids. The results of cyclic triaxial tests for unreinforced and reinforced specimens with created geogrids are presented in the paper, as well as the results of the previous research on commercially available geogrids. It is observed from the presented results that resilient behaviour of the tested granular material was not improved with the use of geogrids, while geogrids gave certain improvement with respect to permanent deformations. Presented research is a part of the ongoing project at the University of J.J. Strossmayer in Osijek and the Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute.
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A. El-Kasaby, El-Sayed, Mohab Roshdy, Mahmoud Awwad, and Ahmed A. Abo-Shark. "Enhancing Flexural Performance of GFRC Square Foundation Footings through Uniaxial Geogrid Reinforcement." International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science 9, no. 8 (2023): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.98.3.

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This study investigates how the flexural characteristics of square foundation footings, strengthened with glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC), are influenced by uniaxial geogrids. The research involves tests on five reinforced concrete square footings under square loading until failure. Variables include geogrid layer count and longitudinal reinforcement proportion. The analysis covers factors like different stage loads, deflection, energy absorption, ductility, and crack patterns. Results indicate that adding geogrid layers with GFRC significantly improves footing flexural performance and fracture mechanism. More geogrid layers lead to notable load increases at each stage. The data also reveals that geogrid reinforced GFRC footings surpass those reinforced with steel and standard concrete mixes in strength resistance. Moreover, a simplified empirical equation correlates footing moment directly to geogrid tensile strength, offering efficient predictive accuracy for their relationship. This research emphasizes uniaxial geogrids' benefits in reinforcing GFRC footings, enhancing flexural performance, and offering valuable insights for earth structure design and construction.
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Yuan, Hui, Xiaohong Bai, Hehui Zhao, and Jingren Wang. "Experimental Study on the Influence of Aging on Mechanical Properties of Geogrids and Bearing Capacity of Reinforced Sand Cushion." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (October 8, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8839919.

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Geogrids are widely used in foundation engineering for reinforcing foundations due to their light weight, high strength, and excellent performance. In this study, two kinds of polypropylene biaxial geogrids were used, and indoor thermal oxygen and photooxygen aging tests were carried out. The residual mechanical stability of the exposed materials was determined by tensile testing. The results of both accelerated test methods are discussed and compared in detail. After aging of the geogrid, the trend of tensile strength and fracture elongation change with aging time is obtained. The gray prediction model was used to predict the variation in the retention rate of tensile strength in the geogrid with photooxygen aging time. Model tests of cushions were carried out in a large geogroove to compare the load bearing characteristics of pure sand and the unaged and aged geogrid-reinforced sand cushions. The results show that ultraviolet radiation illuminance plays a decisive role in the aging degree of the polypropylene geogrid. The influence of photooxygen aging on the tensile strength and fracture elongation of a polypropylene biaxial geogrid is greater than that of thermal oxygen aging. Different types of polypropylene biaxial geogrids with photooxygen aging showed different retention rates of tensile strength, and the aging resistance of the geogrid with higher tensile strength was significantly higher than that of the geogrid with lower tensile strength. The tensile strength of the geogrid has an effect on the bearing capacity of reinforced sand cushions. Under proper elongation, the bearing capacity of the reinforced sand cushion is clearly improved compared with that of the unreinforced cushion. The aging behavior of the two geogrids reduces the load bearing capacity of the reinforced cushion by influencing the property of the interface between the geogrid and sand.
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El-Kasaby, El-Sayed A., Mahmoud Awwad, Mohab Roshdy, and Ahmed A. Abo-Shark. "Behavior of Square Footings Reinforced with Glass Fiber Bristles and Biaxial Geogrid." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 8, no. 4 (July 19, 2023): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2023.8.4.3075.

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This study investigates the influence of biaxial geogrids on the flexural behavior of square footing foundations reinforced with glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC). Experimental research is conducted, involving the testing of five reinforced concrete square footings under area loading until failure. The variables considered are the number of geogrid layers and the percentage of longitudinal reinforcement. Various parameters including deflection, loads at each stage, stiffness, ductility, energy absorption, crack patterns, as well as strains in steel, concrete, and geogrid, are analyzed and compared. The results reveal that incorporating geogrid layers as a reinforcement technique with GFRC significantly enhances the flexural behavior of the footings and improves cracking patterns. The number of geogrid layers used in the footings substantially increases the loads at each stage. Furthermore, an empirical equation is developed to establish a correlation between the moment acting on the footings and the tensile strength of geogrid reinforcement. The empirical evidence demonstrates a substantial improvement in the strength resistance of geogrid-reinforced footings with GFRC, surpassing those reinforced with steel and normal concrete mix. This research contributes valuable insights for the design and construction of earth structures, highlighting the advantages of biaxial geogrids in reinforcing GFRC footings with enhanced flexural performance.
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Sayão, Alberto S. F. J., and Ana C. C. F. Sieira. "Evaluation of Direct Shear Tests on Geogrid Reinforced Soil." Soils and Rocks 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.351065.

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This paper presents a program of direct shear tests in soil reinforced with geogrids, carried out with large-scale equipment. A woven geogrid was placed in sandy soil and positioned with different inclinations inside the shear box. The strength parameters of the soil-geogrid interface were obtained from shear tests with the geogrid positioned horizontally in the sand. The direct shear tests with inclined reinforcement revealed the strength differences related to the reinforcement inclination, seeking to define the most favorable positioning of the geogrid for construction works in reinforced slopes. An analysis of the deformed configuration of the geogrid is presented, based on the measured position of the grid at the end of the shear tests. Finally, numerical simulations of the direct shear tests were carried out, allowing an assessment of the tensile forces acting on the inclined reinforcement. These studies allowed a clear definition of the soil region that is not distorted during the direct shear test, being subject to a simple translation only. The geogrid’s displacements were found to be anti-symmetrical in relation to the failure plane. Shearing was concentrated at the central region of the specimen’s height, with the upper and lower regions being simply subjected to translation, with no distortion. The inclination of the reinforcement within the soil has a significant influenc
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Tang, Xiaochao, Isaac Higgins, and Mohamad Jlilati. "Behavior of Geogrid-Reinforced Portland Cement Concrete under Static Flexural Loading." Infrastructures 3, no. 4 (September 26, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures3040041.

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Geogrids have been investigated by a limited number of studies as a potential alternative to steel reinforcement for Portland cement concrete (PCC), especially in situations where using steel reinforcement may not be suitable due to constructability and durability limitations. This study aims to investigate the flexural behavior of simply-supported concrete beams reinforced by geogrids, which would aid in assessing the potential use of geogrids for concrete structures such as overlays and other thin sections. Another objective of this study is to examine the potential benefits of embedding geogrids in PCC, and to investigate the mechanism and effectiveness of geogrid reinforcement in PCC. Plain and geogrid-reinforced concrete beams were fabricated and tested under a static four-point flexural bending load. The midspan deflection and crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) of the beams were recorded during loading. Additionally, for geogrid-reinforced beams, strain gages were attached on the geogrids to monitor the strains that developed in geogrids. Results reveal that the geogrid primarily contributes to improving the ductility of the post-peak behavior of plain concrete and to delaying the collapse failure of concrete beams. Strain measurements of the geogrids indicate that the geogrids were activated and mobilized instantly upon the application of the flexural load. Both the strain measurements and observations of the geogrids post failure suggest that there was no slippage between the geogrids and the concrete.
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Sharma, Radhey S., BR Phani Kumar, and G. Nagendra. "Compressive load response of granular piles reinforced with geogrids." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 41, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t03-075.

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Results are presented from a series of tests performed to investigate improvement in load-carrying capacity and reduction in bulging of a granular pile in soft clay by geogrid reinforcement. The study revealed an increase in the load-carrying capacity of geogrid-reinforced piles. The engineering behaviour improved with an increase in the number of geogrids and a decrease in the spacing between them. The bulge diameter and bulge length decreased due to the incorporation of geogrid reinforcement.Key words: granular pile, geogrids, composite ground, load-carrying capacity, bulging.
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Liangsunthonsit, Anubud, Pakkapon Jaroonrat, Jiratchaya Ayawanna, Weerawut Naebpetch, and Salisa Chaiyaput. "Evaluation of Interface Shear Strength Coefficient of Alternative Geogrid Made from Para Rubber Sheet." Polymers 15, no. 7 (March 29, 2023): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15071707.

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In this work, elastic natural rubber compound sheet (RCS) and ribbed smoked sheet grade 3 (RSS) were studied as alternative replacements for polymer geogrid for soil reinforcement. In order to investigate the reinforcing effectiveness in three distinct environments using the interface shear strength coefficient (Rin) by the large-scale direct shear test, the RSS and RCS geogrids were installed independently in sand, lateritic soil, and clay. Using either an RSS geogrid or RCS geogrid, the average Rin is progressively smaller in reinforced sand, lateritic soil, and clay, respectively. Higher tensile strength of reinforced materials using the RCS geogrid than those using the RSS geogrid is encouraged by the better elastic characteristics of the RCS geogrid. Thus, utilizing the RCS geogrid-reinforced materials can better increase the shear strength of coarse-grained soil such as sand and gravel.
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Luo, Hao, Xuan Wang, Yu Zhang, and Jiasheng Zhang. "Discrete Element Study on Bending Resistance of Geogrid Reinforced Cement-Treated Sand." Materials 16, no. 7 (March 26, 2023): 2636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072636.

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Cement-treated sand reinforced with geogrids (CTSGs) has higher bending resistance and toughness than cement-treated sands (CTSs). To explore the reinforcement mechanism of geogrids with different stiffness and layers on CTSGs, three-point bending tests and numerical tests based on DEM are carried out on CTS specimens and CTSG specimens considering different reinforcement conditions. The results show that the geogrids and cement-treated sands have good cooperative working performance. Compared with CTSs, CTSG specimens show better ductility, flexural strength and toughness. The increase in geogrid stiffness and geogrid layers promote the reinforcement effect. On the meso-level, different geogrid stiffness and layers affect the crack propagation speed and distributions of cracks due to the anchorage action of geogrids, resulting in different reinforcement effects. In addition, the layers and stiffness of geogrids affect the evolution of the internal force chains of CTSG specimens. Both the increase in geogrid layers and decrease in geogrid stiffness reduce the average internal force of geogrids and weaken the anisotropy of the normal contact force of the specimens. The simulation results interpret the reinforcement mechanism of a CTSG specimen from crack development and internal force evolution, which can support a mesoscopic supplement to laboratory tests.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "GEOGRID REINFORCED"

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TEIXEIRA, CHRISTIANO FARIA. "ANALYSIS OF GEOGRID REINFORCED SOIL TESTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=9595@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
A utilização de materiais geossintéticos como reforço em obras geotécnicas vem crescendo bastante nas últimas décadas. A geogrelha, cuja função primária é o reforço de solos, é um entre os diversos tipos de geossintéticos, que vêm sendo utilizados. Diversas são as formas de interação da geogrelha com o solo em um maciço reforçado e o entendimento dos mecanismos que se desenvolvem nestas interações é essencial, pois só a partir daí pode-se obter parâmetros confiáveis para projeto. Pesquisas vêm sendo realizadas por diversos autores, mas muitos aspectos ainda devem ser estudados para que se tenha uma melhor compreensão do comportamento de solos reforçados com geogrelhas. A utilização de uma ferramenta numérica pode ser uma alternativa para que consigamos dar um passo adiante no entendimento da técnica de solo reforçado. Então, modelagens numéricas de ensaios triaxiais e de cisalhamento direto em solos reforçados e não reforçados foram realizadas com a utilização do programa Plaxis. Foram analisadas a influência do reforço no aumento da rigidez e resistência do solo e a resistência de interface solo-reforço. Para calibrar o programa e validar as análises numéricas, foram realizadas retro-análises dos ensaios realizados por Sieira (2003), onde se definiram aspectos importantes para modelar os ensaios, tal como, a melhor forma de impor as condições de contorno. Os resultados obtidos nas análises numéricas dos ensaios triaxiais sugerem que o programa Plaxis permite de forma razoável a reprodução dos ensaios reforçados, sendo possível prever o ganho de resistência do solo com a inclusão do reforço. Uma análise alternativa, onde se aplica um incremento de tensão confinante representativo da influência do reforço, foi também realizada. As análises numéricas dos ensaios de cisalhamento direto em solo arenoso não reforçado permitiram verificar a rotação do eixo das direções das tensões principais quando é aplicado carregamento cisalhante e a presença de uma zona central de cisalhamento (zona de cisalhamento). A resistência de interface sologeogrelha não foi bem reproduzida, indicando que o Plaxis não permite este tipo de avaliação. Quando os reforços encontravam-se inclinados, verificou-se a maior eficiência do reforço rígido e fazendo ângulo de 60º com a superfície de ruptura.
The use of geosynthetic materials as reinforcement in geotechnical engineering works is significantly increasing over the past decades. Geogrid, whose primary functions is reinforcing the soil mass, is one of the geosynthetics that has been used. In a reinforced soil structure, there are different types of interaction between soil and geogrid. To be possible to obtain reliable design parameters is essential to know the mobilized mechanisms in the interaction. This situation has been investigated by many researchers, but there are still many aspects to be better understood about geogrid reinforced soil behavior. In this research, numerical tools have been used to improve our knowledge about reinforced soil techniques. Numerical modeling of triaxial and direct shear tests on reinforced and non reinforced soils were carried out using software Plaxis. It was verified the resistance and stiffness increase of the soil due to geogrid inclusion and the interface soil-reinforcement resistance parameters. To calibrate the software and to validate the numerical analyses, back-analyses of the tests carried out by Sieira (2003) were done. These results helped to define important aspects to the tests modeling such as geometry and tests boundary conditions. The numerical analyses of the triaxial tests suggest that the software Plaxis reasonably allow an adequate reproduction of the reinforced soil tests. It was possible to foresee the increase of soil resistance because of reinforcement inclusion. In addition, an alternative analysis, where one applies a confining stress that reproduces the reinforcement influence, it was done. Numerical analyses of non reinforced direct shear tests had numerically evidenced the rotation of the axis of the principal stresses directions and the presence of a central zone of shear (shear zone). The soil- geogrid interface resistance was not well reproduced, indicating that Plaxis does not allow this type of evaluation. To inclined reinforcement relative to failure plane, it was verified the maximum gain of resistance is achieved with inclined reinforcement at 60º and when rigid geogrids are used.
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Gunasekara, Jayalath Chamara Prasad. "Performance of geogrid-reinforced unpaved pavements under cyclic loading." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/208419/1/Chamara%20Prasad_Gunasekara%20Jayalath_Thesis.pdf.

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Composite geogrids can successfully be used as a pavement-reinforcement material to increase the performance of pavement structures. This thesis presents a comprehensive study that has investigated the effectiveness of composite geogrids as subgrade reinforcement in unpaved granular pavements that are subjected to cyclic loading and constructed with local materials available in Queensland, Australia. The research outcomes suggest guidelines to design and construct unpaved granular pavements with the composite geogrid reinforcement at the base-subgrade interface. These guidelines benefit the industry by reducing construction and maintenance costs, and environmental pollution.
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Berkheimer, Scott A. "Instrumented geogrid reinforced mechanically stabilized earth wall undergoing large settlement." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 140 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1338919121&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Correia, Natália de Souza. "Performance of flexible pavements enhanced using geogrid-reinforced asphalt overlays." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18132/tde-05032015-100057/.

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The study of innovative pavements is of significant importance in geotechnical engineering in Brazil, due to the continued need to increase the network of roadways. This requires optimized projects, not only for economic, but also for technical reasons. Technical solutions that use geosynthetics in asphalt overlays have been identified to minimize fatigue and reflective cracks. However, the majority of the application of this technology has ignored the possible additional structural benefits brought by the inclusion of geosynthetics as reinforcement in asphalt layers. The objective of this research is to assess the reinforcement benefits of geogrids placed within asphalt overlays on the structural performance of flexible pavements. In addition, this study investigates the tensile-strain response of geogrids under traffic conditions, induced by cyclic wheel loads generated by a new accelerated pavement testing facility (APT) that was specifically developed for this research. The APT facility consists of a large steel testing box, in which field-scale pavement layers could be constructed. Pavement materials included subgrade soil, aggregate base, hot mix asphalt concrete, asphalt emulsion and a PVA geogrid. Pavement performance was assessed by applying a cyclic wheel load pressure of 700 kPa to the pavement surface. The pavement sections investigated in this study included a geogrid-reinforced and an unreinforced asphalt overlay sections, a single new geogrid-reinforced asphalt layer, and a geogrid-reinforced asphalt overlay with reduced base course thickness. A variety of sensors were used to measure asphalt concrete strains, surface plastic and elastic displacements, and induced traffic loads. Displacements along the geogrid specimens were measured using a tell-tail system. As result, several reinforcement mechanisms of this technique could be quantified in the present study. Polymeric geogrid reinforcements were found to have considerably reduced strains developed at the bottom of asphalt layers, as well as to have reduced vertical stresses in pavement lower layers. Resistance to rutting and lateral movement induced by the geogrids were also clearly evidenced in the presented study. The measurement of displacements along the geogrid provided understanding of the distribution of strains during traffic loading. A mobilized length was identified in geogrid-reinforced sections, showing that the bonding between geogrids and asphalt layers and the stiffness of the geogrid ensured satisfactory performance of the pavement sections. The results also illustrated that the lateral restraining mechanisms effect is a governing mechanism to improve the performance of the asphalt layers by the development of shearing resistance with the geogrids. Overall, it was concluded that geogrids within asphalt overlays act as reinforcement and not merely to delay cracks, providing enhanced performance to flexible pavement structures.
O estudo de pavimentos é de grande importância na Engenharia Geotécnica brasileira devido à crescente necessidade de melhora da situação da rede rodoviária nacional. Para tanto, o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de novas técnicas são necessários, principalmente no âmbito econômico. A técnica do uso de reforços geossintéticos em capa asfáltica é identificada como uma alternativa ao aumento da vida útil do pavimento através da mitigação de trincas por fadiga e de reflexão. No entanto, a maioria das aplicações desta técnica não correlaciona os benefícios estruturais da inclusão do geossintético na capa asfáltica para a melhora do desempenho global do pavimento. O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar os benefícios estruturais no desempenho de pavimentos flexíveis trazidos pelo reforço de geogrelhas em camadas asfálticas. Ainda neste estudo, será investigada a reposta tensão-deformação destas geogrelhas sobre as condições de tráfego através do uso de ensaios acelerados de pavimento. Um equipamento foi desenvolvido para esta pesquisa e consiste numa caixa metálica de grande porte, em que seções de pavimento em escala real podem ser construídas. O desempenho das seções de pavimento foi avaliado com a aplicação de cargas cíclicas de roda com pressão de contato de 700 kPa. Os materiais que compõem as seções de pavimento incluem solo de subleito, brita graduada simples, concreto betuminoso usinado à quente, emulsão asfáltica e geogrelha de PVA. Foram estudadas uma seção com geogrelha como reforço no recapeamento da camada asfáltica, uma seção idêntica não reforçada, uma seção com uma única capa asfáltica reforçada com geogrelha e uma seção com geogrelha no recapeamento da camada asfáltica, porém com espessura de base reduzida em relação aos demais ensaios. Sensores nas camadas do pavimento mediram tensões e deformações, e deslocamentos plásticos e elásticos na superfície. Deslocamentos ao longo da geogrelha foram monitorados utilizando o sistema tell-tales. Como resultado, mecanismos de reforço foram identificados neste estudo. O uso de uma geogrelha polimérica reduziu consideravelmente as deformações na fibra inferior da capa asfáltica, assim como as tensões verticais nas camadas subjacentes do pavimento. Resistência à formação de trilhas de roda e solevamentos laterais foram também evidenciadas. As medidas de deslocamentos ao longo da geogrelha forneceram entendimento da distribuição de deformações durante o carregamento. Foi identificado o comprimento de geogrelha mobilizado durante os ensaios, mostrando que a aderência entre a geogrelha e as camadas asfálticas e a rigidez da geogrelha asseguraram o desempenho satisfatório das seções de pavimento. Os resultados também mostraram que o efeito do mecanismo de restrição lateral é um mecanismo que governa a melhora no desempenho da capa asfáltica com o uso da geogrelha através do desenvolvimento de resitência ao cisalhamento. Estas observações permitem concluir que a geogrelha na camada asfáltica atua como reforço e não apenas reduzindo a o potencial de trincamento, levando à um aumento no desempenho de estruturas de pavimentos flexíveis.
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Sinmez, Bugra. "Characterization of Geogrid Reinforced Ballast Behavior Through Finite Element Modeling." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7946.

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Recently, the railway pavement structure system, as an integral part of the transport infrastructure, has been under fast development in some countries such as China, Turkey, and some European Union countries, particularly for the use of high-speed trains. In designing and constructing the railway pavement structure, it is necessary to take into account the infrastructure demand of the High-Speed Railway Lines (HSRL). Compared to traditional railway trains, HSRL can cause more significant problems to the ballast or base layer of commonly used ballasted railway pavements. The deteriorated ballast or base layer may further result in substructure degradation that may cause safety issues and catastrophic accidents. As a consequence, heavy goods or high-speed trains will affect railway efficiency. As a countermeasure, a railway pavement structure may be reinforced by geosynthetic materials in the ballast or base layer. In the literature, however, there is still a need to quantify the effect of geosynthetic materials, geogrid in particular, on the mechanical responses of railway pavement structures to HSRL loads, which is necessary knowledge in supporting the selection of appropriate material and placement location of geogrid. Therefore, the goal of this study is to investigate how a geogrid reinforcement layer can change the essential characteristics of a ballasted railway pavement structure, with focus on the material type and placement location of geogrid that can help minimize the rate of deterioration of the railway pavement structure system. This research attempts to validate the advantage of geogrid reinforcement through numerical simulation in a realistic railway setting. All technical literature on the use of geogrids in the railway system has been studied. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model was constructed for the numerical simulation, in which three different types of geogrid placed at two different locations (i.e., within the ballast layer, between the ballast and the sub-ballast layer) within a railway pavement structure were analyzed under a range of vertical wheel loads. Therefore, four possible applications of geogrid reinforcement systems (G0: no-reinforcement; G1: reinforced with geogrid having the lowest density and Young’s modulus; G2: reinforced with geogrid having the intermediate Young’s modulus and density; G3: reinforced with geogrid having the highest density and Young’s modulus) were modeled to represent different situations in ballasted railway systems. Railway mechanical responses, such as vertical surface deflection, maximum principal stress and strain, and maximum shear stress were analyzed and compared among the four geogrid reinforcement scenarios and under four vertical wheel load levels (i.e., 75, 100, 150 and 200 kN). The advantages of such geosynthetics in ballast are indicated by result difference in the mechanical responses of railway pavement structures due to the use of different geogrid materials. The results also show that the reinforced structures have lower vertical surface deflection, lower maximum shear stress at the interface of sleeper and ballast, and maximum principal stress at the bottom of the ballast layer than a non-reinforced railway pavement structure. Consequently, the addition of geogrid into the ballast layer, and between the ballast and sub-ballast layer has been shown to reduce critical shear and principal stresses and vertical surface deflection in a ballasted railway pavement structure. Besides that, the results of the analysis confirm that geogrid reinforced layers exhibit higher resistance to deformation than the non-reinforced layers.
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BASTOS, GERSON ALVES. "MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF ASPHALT MIXTURES REINFORCED WITH GEOGRID FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=16585@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento mecânico de misturas asfálticas reforçadas com geogrelhas. Inicialmente foram previstos ensaios a serem executados em um modelo físico de verdadeira grandeza. Entretanto, devido a um comprometimento estrutural localizado num dos componentes deste modelo físico durante a realização dos ensaios, optou-se por interromper a execução destes e então, elaborar um programa experimental de laboratório, que consistia da extração de amostras deste modelo físico de verdadeira grandeza e moldagem de corpos de prova por amassamento através de compactador giratório. Cada conjunto de amostras (extraídas e moldadas) possuía corpos de prova sem ou com reforço, onde foram estudados dois tipos de geogrelha (de fibra de vidro e poliéster). Foram realizados os ensaios de Resistência à Tração por Compressão Diametral, Módulo de Resiliência, Fadiga por compressão diametral sob carga controlada e Tração em Disco Circular com Fenda. Os resultados dos ensaios mostraram que a presença do reforço de geogrelha melhorou o comportamento mecânico das misturas asfálticas, com a tendência de maior resistência à fratura, fato este evidenciado principalmente pelo ensaio de Tração em Disco Circular com Fenda, onde tais corpos de prova não atingiram o critério de finalização do ensaio (redução da carga aplicada a 0,10 kN). Nos ensaios de fadiga constatou-se que a melhor influência das geogrelhas ocorre para os menores níveis de tensão aplicada, sendo que nesta condição é permitido um maior período para as geogrelhas se deformarem, condição essencial para sua atuação como elemento com a função de atrasar a propagação de trincas. Constatouse uma melhoria significativa nos resultados obtidos com as amostras reforçadas com as grelhas, tendo as amostras com camada de geogrelha de poliéster apresentado os melhores resultados.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanical behavior of geogrid reinforced asphalt mixtures. Initially tests were planned to be executed on a physical model, however, this tests had to be stopped due to structural problems. Samples were extracted from the physical model and samples were shaped through gyratory compaction, both for analyze the mechanical laboratory tests. Tensile Resistance (Brazilian Test), Resilient Modulus, Fatigue (controlled load) and Disk-Shaped Compact Tension Geometry Tests were carried out in extracted and shaped samples, without reinforcement and with the reinforcement of two geogrid types (fiberglass and polyester). The reinforcement improved the mechanical behavior of asphalt mixtures, with the trend of greater resistance to fracture, and this was evidenced by Disk-Shaped Compact Tension Geometry Tests, where the final criterion of the test was not reached (reduction of the applied load of 0.10 kN). The influence of geogrid is better for lower applied stress levels according with the Fatigue Tests. This condition allows the geogrid to deform for a long period, witch is essential for the performance as an element for delay crack propagation. There was a significant improvement in the results obtained with the reinforced samples, for both geogrids studied, but the polyester geogrid reached better results when compared to fiberglass geogrid.
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7

Tiwari, Dipak. "BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION USING GEOGRID REINFORCED DOUBLE LAYERED SOIL." OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/772.

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Since the last three decades, several studies have been conducted related to improvement in bearing capacity of pavements, embankments, and shallow foundations resting on geosynthetic reinforced soil. Most of the work has been carried out on single layer soil e.g., sand or clay layer only. Very few studies are available on a double layer soil system; but no study is available on the local soil of Carbondale, Illinois. The present study investigates the physical and engineering properties of a local soil and commonly available sand and improvement in the bearing capacity of a local soil for a rectangular footing by replacing top of the local soil with sand layer and placing geogrids at different depths. Seven tests on the model footing were performed to establish the load versus settlement curves of unreinforced and reinforced soil supporting a rectangular foundation. The improvement in bearing capacity is compared with the bearing capacity of the local soil and double layer unreinforced soil system. The test results focus on the improvement in bearing capacity of local soil and double layer unreinforced soil system in non-dimensional form i.e., BCR (Bearing Capacity Ratio). The results obtained from the present study show that bearing capacity increases significantly with the increasing number of geogrid layers. The bearing capacity for double layer soil increases, by placing three inch sand layer at the top of local soil, was not significant. The bearing capacity of the local soil increased at an average of 7% with three inches sand layer. The bearing capacity for the double layer soil increases with an average of 16.67% using one geogrid layer at interface of soils (i.e., local soil and sand) with u/B equal to 0.67. The bearing capacity for the double layer soil increases with an average of 33.33% while using one geogrid in middle of sand layer having u/B equal to 0.33. The improvement in bearing capacity for double layer soil maintaining u/B equal to 0.33 and h/B equal to 0.33; for two, three and four number geogrid layer were 44.44%, 61.11%, 72.22%, respectively. The results obtained from this research work may be useful for the specific condition or similar type of soil available anywhere to improve the bearing capacity of soil for foundation and pavement design.
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Chen, Cheng. "Discrete element modelling of geogrid-reinforced railway ballast and track transition zones." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13399/.

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Track deterioration has a serious influence on the safety and efficiency (speed restriction) of train operations. Many expensive, disruptive and frequent repair operations are often required to maintain the ballast characteristics due to the problem of settlement. Because of this, a geogrid solution that has proved to be a simple and economical method of reinforcing track ballast is widely used. This project presents an evaluation of the behaviour of geogrid-reinforced railway ballast. Experimental large box pull-out tests were conducted to examine the key parameters influencing the interaction between ballast and the geogrid. The experimental results demonstrated that the triaxial geogrid with triangular apertures outperforms the biaxial geogrid with square apertures and the geogrid aperture size is more influential than rib profile and junction profile. The discrete element method (DEM) has then been used to model the interaction between ballast and geogrid by simulating large box pull-out tests and comparing with experimental results. The DEM simulation results have been shown to provide good predictions of the pull-out resistance and reveal the distribution of contact forces in the geogrid-reinforced ballast system. The discrete element method has also been used to simulate cyclic loading of geogrid-reinforced ballast under confined and unconfined conditions. For the confined condition, box tests have been simulated on unreinforced samples and reinforced samples with different geogrid positions and geogrid apertures. The response of the ballast layer reinforced with geogrid under repeated loading agrees with experimental results. It was found that the optimum location of geogrid is 100 mm depth from base, and the triaxial geogrid outperforms biaxial geogrid. For the unconfined condition, cyclic loading of a trough of ballast has also been simulated, and the sample with the geogrid at 50mm from the sub-ballast layer performs best. It was also found that the used of two geogrids at both 50mm and 150mm from the sub-ballast gave a smaller settlement than using a single layer geogrid, or the unreinforced ballast. The geogrid reinforcement limits the lateral displacement in reinforced zone, which is approximately 50mm above and below the geogrid. Previous investigations have shown that the abrupt stiffness change in track support is often associated with accelerated rates of deterioration of track geometry, high maintenance demand, and poor ride quality. However, at present, there is no detailed understanding of the mechanisms of track geometry deterioration at transition zones. This work provides insight into the factors that can cause or accelerate track degradation at the transition zones, in order to identify and evaluate appropriate mitigation design. A simple track transition model with dimensions 2.1m x 0.3m x 0.45m was simulated by using PFC3D. In order to identify and evaluate appropriate mitigation methods, two kinds of transition patterns, including a single step change and a multi step-by-step change for subgrade stiffness distribution were tested. The influence of the train direction of travel and speed on the transition were also investigated. In addition, geogrid was used in the ballast layer to examine the effects of geogrid reinforcement.
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Scotland, Ian. "Analysis of horizontal deformations to allow the optimisation of geogrid reinforced structures." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/23323.

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Geogrid reinforced structures have been successfully used for over 25 years. However their design procedures have remained largely focused on ultimate failure mechanisms, originally developed for steel reinforcements. These are widely considered over conservative in determining realistic reinforcement and lateral earth stresses. The poor understanding of deformation performance led many design codes to restrict acceptable soils to selected sand and gravel fills, where deformation is not as concerning. Within UK construction there is a drive to reduce wastage, improve efficiency and reduce associated greenhouse gas emissions. For geogrid reinforced structures this could mean increasing reinforcement spacing and reusing weaker locally sourced soils. Both of these strategies increase deformation, raising concern about the lack of understanding and reliable guidance. As a result they fail to fulfil their efficiency potential. This Engineering Doctorate improved the understanding of horizontal deformation by analysing performance using laboratory testing, laser scanning industry structures and numerical modelling. Full-scale models were used to demonstrate a reduction in deformation by decreasing reinforcement spacing. Their results were combined with primary and secondary case studies to create a diverse database. This was used to validate a finite element model, differentiating between two often used construction methods. Its systematic analysis was extended to consider the deformation consequences of using low shear strength granular fills. The observations offered intend to reduce uncertainty and mitigate excessive deformations, which facilitates the further optimisation of designs.
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Holst, Martin. "Numerical and Analytical Analysis of Geogrid Reinforced Soil Wall Subjected to Dynamic Loading." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bygg, anlegg og transport, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18803.

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The potential human and economic loss due to structural collapse of geo-synthetic reinforced soil walls during earthquakes us huge. This substantiates the need for reliable design of such structures. The focus of this study was numerical and analytical design geo-synthetic reinforced soil walls under dynamic loading. Two topics were addressed; the effect of reinforcement parameters and verification of pseudo-static methods. The study is based on a 1 m high reduced-scale shaking table model loaded using stepped-amplitude harmonic base acceleration amplitude. A numerical PLAXIS model was developed and verified using physical model data. Material properties of the components (e.g. backfill and reinforcements) were based on information from a similar model developed using FLAC. The numerical model was used in a parameter study of the effects of reinforcement length and strength on the failure surface, facing displacements and reinforcement loads. The accuracy of pseudo-static methods was studied by comparing physical model results with predictions using the Mononobe-Okabe, the horizontal slices and two-part wedge method. Furthermore, guidelines for the Mononobe-Okabe method in different seismic design codes (i.e. Eurocode, FHWA/AASTHO and PIANC) were compared. Based on this comparison a new pseudo-static coefficient was developed. The reinforcement length and strength were found to have a significant effect on model response. For example, an increase in reinforcement axial stiffness will give a shallower failure surface and reduced the lateral facing displacements. Neither the Mononobe-Okabe, nor the horizontal slice, or the two-part wedge method was able to predict both the failure surface and the earth forces for a wide range of acceleration amplitudes. It was found that different pseudo-static methods are suitable for different predictions (e.g. of the failure surface) at different acceleration amplitudes. For example, single wedge pseudo-static methods gave good predictions for the active earth force and failure surface shape for acceleration amplitudes up to 0.30g, but not for higher amplitudes. FHWA/AASHTO were found to give better predictions for the failure surface and earth forced (when using Mononobe-Okabe) than the Eurocode and PIANC guidelines. Even so, the failure surface predicted using FHWA/AASHTO was too shallow compared to the physical measurements for acceleration amplitudes up to 0.30g.
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Books on the topic "GEOGRID REINFORCED"

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Ling, Hoe I. Seismic testing: Geogrid reinforced soil structures faced with segmental retaining wall block : executive summary. Edina, MN: Allan Block Corp., 2003.

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United States. Federal Highway Administration. Demonstration Projects Division., ed. Design, construction, and performance of tensar geogrid-reinforced soil walls at Tanque Verde-Wrightstown-Pantana Roads, Tucson, Arizona. Washington, D.C: Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Operations, Demonstration Projects Division, 1989.

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Perkins, Steven W. Feasibility of use of existing analytical models and experimental data to assess current design methods for pavement geogrid-reinforced base layers: Final report. Helena?, MT]: Montana Dept. of Transportation, 1995.

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Perkins, Steven W. Numerical modeling of geosynthetic reinforced flexible pavements. Bozeman, Mont: Western Transportation Institute, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Montana State University, 2001.

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Perkins, Steven W. Mechanistic-empirical modeling and design model development of geosynthetic reinforced flexible pavements: Final report. Bozeman, Mont: Western Transportation Institute, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Montana State University, 2001.

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Perkins, Steven W. Mechanistic-empirical modeling and design model development of geosynthetic reinforced flexible pavements: Appendix C--DARWin output. Bozeman, Mont: Western Transportation Institute, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Montana State University, 2001.

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Perkins, Steven W. In-field performance of geosynthetics used to reinforce roadway base layers: Phase I : instrumentation selection and verification : final report. Bozeman, Mont.]: Montana State University, Civil Engineering Dept., 1996.

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Bearing capacity tests on ice reinforced with geogrid. Hanover, N.H: US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory, 1993.

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Evaluation of Anchor Wall Systems' Landmark Reinforced Soil Wall System: With Tc Mirafi's Miragrid & Miratex Geogrid Reinforcements (Technical Evaluation Report). American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "GEOGRID REINFORCED"

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Yu, Xinbao, and Asheesh Pradhan. "Effect of Particle Shape on Geogrid-Reinforced Granules." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 109–16. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1926-5_13.

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Ma, Pengcheng, Jiwu Lan, and Han Ke. "Field Monitoring of a Geogrid Reinforced MSW Slope." In Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics Volume 2, 724–31. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2224-2_90.

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Lingwal, Prachi, and Ashok Kumar Gupta. "Bearing Capacity of Clayey Soil Reinforced with Geogrid." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 173–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0886-8_14.

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Deshmukh, Rohan, S. Patel, and J. T. Shahu. "Finite Element Modeling of Geogrid-Reinforced Unpaved Road." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 205–13. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1303-6_16.

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Ram Kumar, B. A. V., and Harishbabu Jallu. "Performance of Geogrid Reinforced Asphalt Layers—A Review." In Recent Advancements in Civil Engineering, 683–99. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4396-5_60.

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Sreya, M. V., Femy M. Makkar, N. Sankar, and S. Chandrakaran. "Numerical Modelling of 2D Geogrid Reinforced Sand Bed." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 959–68. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6086-6_76.

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Bouacha, Nadjet. "Comparison of Geotextile-Reinforced and Geogrid-Reinforced Flexible Pavements by Numerical Analyses." In Sustainable Civil Infrastructures, 55–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63570-5_6.

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Keerthana, C., M. P. Vibhoosha, and Anjana Bhasi. "Numerical Analyses of Geogrid Reinforced Embankment Over Soft Clay." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 381–90. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5644-9_28.

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Santhosh, Aswathy, Padmakumar Radhakrishnan, and Vignesh Dhurai. "Finite Element Modeling of Flexible Pavement Reinforced with Geogrid." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 987–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12011-4_83.

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Sheta, Nasr O., and Rudolph P. Frizzi. "Analysis and Design of Piled Geogrid-Reinforced-Earth Embankment." In Sustainable Civil Infrastructures, 126–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63570-5_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "GEOGRID REINFORCED"

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Liu, Shushu, Hai Huang, and Tong Qiu. "Behavior of Geogrid-Reinforced Railroad Ballast Particles Under Different Loading Configurations During Initial Compaction Phase." In 2017 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2017-2218.

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A railroad ballast or subballast layer is composed of unbound granular particles. The ballast/subballast initial compaction phase occurs immediately the construction or maintenance of a track structure is finished. The particles are densified into a more compact state after certain load repetitions. Geogrids are commonly used in railroad construction for reinforcement and stabilization. Currently heavy haul trains are increasing the loads experienced by the substructural layers, which changes behavior of reinforced granular particles. This paper presents a series of ballast box tests to investigate the behavior of geogrid-reinforced unbound granular particles with rectangular (BX) and triangular (TX) shaped geogrids during the compaction phase. Three types of tests were conducted: one without geogrid as a control, one with a sheet of rectangular shaped geogrid, and the other one with a sheet of triangular shaped geogrid. The geogrid was placed at the interface between subballast and subgrade layers. A half section of a railroad track structure consisting of two crossties, a rail, ballast, subballast and subgrade was constructed in a ballast box. Four wireless devices - “SmartRocks”, embedded underneath the rail seat and underneath the shoulder at the interface of ballast-subballast, and subballast-subgrade layers, respectively, to monitor particle movement under cyclic loading. The behavior of the unbound aggregates in the three sections under two different loading configurations were compared. The results indicated that the inclusion of the geogrid significantly decreased accumulated vertical displacement on the ballast surface, ballast particle translation and rotation under a given repeated loading configuration. The results also demonstrated the effectiveness of the SmartRock device and its potential for monitoring behavior of ballast particles in the field.
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Edinçliler, Ayşe, Gokhan Baykal, Altuğ Saygili, Adolfo Santini, and Nicola Moraci. "SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF GEOGRID REINFORCED SLAG WALL." In 2008 SEISMIC ENGINEERING CONFERENCE: Commemorating the 1908 Messina and Reggio Calabria Earthquake. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2963905.

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R., Umadevi, A. S. Arun Kumar, and B. V. Ravishankar. "Characteristics of geogrid reinforced stabilized mud blocks." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (ICONSET 2018). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5078998.

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Vega-Meyer, Reinaldo, and Yong Shao. "Geogrid-Reinforced and Pile-Supported Roadway Embankment." In Geo-Frontiers Congress 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40777(156)9.

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Hu, You-chang, Hai Song, Jun Zhou, Ding-tao Liu, and Jin-tian Tong. "Compressive Performance of Geogrid-Reinforced Granular Soil." In Tenth International Conference of Chinese Transportation Professionals (ICCTP). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41127(382)335.

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Maubeuge, K. v., and J. Klompmaker. "New Developments for Geogrid Reinforced Base Courses." In Geo-Frontiers Congress 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41165(397)473.

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Klompmaker, Jörg, George Fanelli, and Holger Pohlmann. "New Developments for Geogrid Reinforced Base Courses." In International Conference on Ground Improvement & Ground Control. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-3560-9_03-0319.

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Mahmud, S. M. Naziur, Debakanta Mishra, and David O. Potyondy. "Effect of Geogrid Inclusion on Ballast Resilient Modulus: The Concept of ‘Geogrid Gain Factor’." In 2018 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2018-6126.

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Geogrid reinforcement of railroad ballast improves its structural response under loading, limits lateral movement of ballast particles, and reduces vertical settlement through effective geogrid-ballast interlocking. This improved performance can be linked to improved shear strength and resilient modulus properties. An ongoing research study at Boise State University is focusing on investigating the effects of different specimen and test parameters on the mechanism of geogrid-ballast interaction. A commercially available Discrete Element Modeling (DEM) program (PFC3D®) is being used for this purpose, and the effect of geogrid inclusion is being quantified through calculation of the “Geogrid Gain Factor”, defined as the ratio between resilient-modulus of a geogrid-reinforced ballast specimen and that of an unreinforced specimen. Typical load-unload cycles in triaxial shear strength tests are being simulated, and parametric studies are being conducted to determine the effects of particle-size distribution, geogrid aperture size, and geogrid location on railroad-ballast modulus. This paper presents findings from the research study, and presents inferences concerning implications of the study findings on design and construction of better-performing ballast layers.
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Helstrom, C. L., D. N. Humphrey, and S. A. Hayden. "Geogrid Reinforced Pavement Structure in a Cold Region." In 13th International Conference on Cold Regions Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40836(210)57.

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Geng, Min, Peiyong Li, and Jianshu Li. "Numerical Analysis of a Geogrid-Reinforced High Embankment." In Fifth International Conference on Transportation Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479384.135.

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