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Journal articles on the topic 'Geographical location of death'
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Poveda, Tony G. "Geographic location, death sentences and executions in post-Furman Virginia." Punishment & Society 8, no. 4 (October 2006): 423–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474506067566.
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Gogou, Evdoxia, Chrissi Hatzoglou, Sotirios G. Zarogiannis, Foteini Malli, Rajesh M. Jagirdar, and Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis. "Mesothelioma Mortality Rates in Greece for the Period 2005–2015 Is Increased Compared to Previous Decades." Medicina 55, no. 8 (July 30, 2019): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080419.
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Background and Objective: To present summary statistics regarding malignant mesothelioma (MM) mortality in Greece during the period 2005–2015 and compare it with previous decades, along with gender, age and geographical area analysis. Materials and Methods: The Hellenic Statistical Authority provided the data, which included all deaths for the period 1983 to 2015 that mentioned MM as the death cause in the corresponding death certificate. MM mortality rates have been calculated with respect to gender, age, and geographical location in Greece. Furthermore, a comparison analysis was made among three eleven consecutive year periods, in order to assess potential changes in the mortality rates. Results: The MM mortality rate has significantly increased during the period 2005–2015 both in males and females compared to earlier decades. The maximum number of MM deaths has shifted to an older age group of 70–80 years during the 2005–2015 period as compared to that of 1983–2004 in both genders. Additionally, MM mortality rates have significantly increased in all geographical areas except for the Epirus Prefecture. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate an increased MM mortality rate in Greece for the decade 2005–2015 as compared to the two previous decades. This increase is possibly due to the fact that the peak in asbestos production and use in Greece was in mid 1990s, while the asbestos ban came in effect in 2005. Based on these findings the MM epidemic in Greece has not yet peaked, therefore it is important to implement screening strategies for early MM detection.
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Keller, Deborah, Cara Guilfoyle, and Jack Sariego. "Geographical Influence on Racial Disparity in Breast Cancer Presentation in the United States." American Surgeon 77, no. 7 (July 2011): 933–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481107700734.
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Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States. It has been shown that breast cancer presentation varies between racial groups nationwide. Several studies have suggested that this is more a function of geographic rather than true racial disparity. The current study was undertaken to examine racial disparity in breast cancer presentation and to determine whether such disparity continues to be seen once geographic factors are taken into account. Breast cancer data were reviewed for all programs reporting to the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer National Cancer Database (NCDB) between 2000 and 2007, inclusive. These data were readily available online. Variables reviewed were: stage at the time of presentation; race; histology; and geographic location within the United States. Four broad regions of the country were chosen, corresponding to the U.S. Census Regions: Northeast, South, Midwest, and West. Patient data were classified as either “early” (stages 0, I, and II) or “late” (stages III and IV) at the time of presentation. A total of 1,388,186 patients were reported during the study period; 1,132,128 white and 256,058 nonwhite. There was a statistically significant difference in presentation between the two racial cohorts; a significantly higher percentage of whites presented with “early” disease (88.8%) when compared with nonwhites (83.8%). This statistically significant difference persisted even when the data were corrected for geographic location within the United States. There is a racial disparity with regard to breast cancer presentation throughout the United States which seems to be independent of geographic location. Nonwhites in all geographic regions present with later-stage disease than whites.
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Vlad, Maria Daciana. "Ritualuri de înmormântare în Maramureșul contemporan. O aplicație antropologică." Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei 30 (December 20, 2016): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47802/amet.2016.30.09.
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The main objective of this paper is to present and analyze the cultural meaning in “passing away”, its scope is to illustrate in detail how this event is perceived in Romanian culture, especially in the county region we will study about. Each country has its own funeral rituals and is directly interconnected with religion, education, traditional roots that where influenced by geographical location and individual teachings over time. Our attention was towards our birth place called Salistea de Sus, a village in Maramures County. The doctrine of each religion confirms the “immortality of the soul” and share the same mantra that death is a continuation of life, a transcendence in another existence beyond death. In the Orthodox Christian denomination, the most common religion in Maramures, the doctrine about death is different; it is believed that life after death is still an enigma somehow, but according to tradition is a continuation of this earthly life in another spiritual life, close to God.
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Pinhorn, A. T., and R. G. Halliday. "The Tail of Grand Bank, southeast of Newfoundland, as a geographical boundary for continental slope fishes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 1753–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-805.
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Fish catches in about 4300 bottom trawl sets made in 1949 – 1991 on the continental slope (365 – 1700 m) between Labrador and the Scotian Shelf in the northwest Atlantic were examined for geographical discontinuities in species distribution and density. Eighteen of 24 taxa that were reliably identified to species showed discontinuities in the vicinity of the Tail of Grand Bank, the remaining 6 having ubiquitous distributions. Bottom temperatures, collected in conjunction with trawl sets, also showed a discontinuity associated with this location, lower temperatures occurring to the east and north than to the south and west at all depths sampled. The species with geographical limits of distribution near the Tail of Grand Bank were those with depth ranges centred on the upper slope (200 – 750 m) and some of those with shelf – upper-slope ranges (the remainder of the latter having ubiquitous geographical distributions). Species with middle- and lower-slope ranges (750 – 2250 m) did not have geographical limits of distribution at this location; nonetheless, they apparently had substantially different levels of density on either side of it.
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Gao, Wei, Yuen K. Ho, Julia Verne, Emma Gordon, and Irene J. Higginson. "Geographical and temporal Understanding In place of Death in England (1984–2010): analysis of trends and associated factors to improve end-of-life Care (GUIDE_Care) – primary research." Health Services and Delivery Research 2, no. 42 (November 2014): 1–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hsdr02420.
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BackgroundPlace of death (PoD) has been used as an outcome measure for end-of-life care. Analysis of variations in PoD can improve understanding about service users’ needs and thus better target health-care services.Objectives(1) To describe PoD in England by demographic, socioeconomic and temporal variables; (2) to determine how much of the variation in PoD can be explained by potential explanatory variables at the area level, and building on this to develop individual-level multivariable regression models; and (3) to evaluate factors associated with PoD and to construct risk assessment models to inform practice.MethodsA population-based study of all registered deaths between 1984 and 2010 in England (n = 13,154,705). The outcome was the PoD. Explanatory variables included age, gender, cause of death (CoD), marital status, year of death, whether or not the death was in a holiday period (Christmas, Easter, New Year), season of death, the location of usual residence and area-level deprivation. The proportion of explained variation in PoD was estimated using the weighted aggregate-level linear regression. Factors associated with PoD were investigated using generalised linear models. The risk assessment models were constructed using the 2006–9 data; the performance was evaluated using the 2010 data.ResultsHospital was the most common PoD in 2001–10 [overall 57.3%; range – cancer 46.1% to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 68.3%], followed by home [overall 19.0%; range – cerebrovascular disease (CBD) 6.7% to cardiovascular disease 27.4%] or care home (overall 17.2%; range – cancer 10.1% to neurological conditions 35.2%), depending on CoD. Over the period, the proportion of hospital deaths for people who died from non-cancer increased (57.1–61.2%) and care home deaths reduced (21.2% down to 20.0%); a reverse pattern was seen for those who died of cancer (hospital: reduced, 48.6–47.3%; care home: increased, 9.3–10.1%). Hospice deaths varied considerably by CoD (range – CBD 0.2% to cancer 17.1%), and increased slightly overall from 4.1% in 1993–2000 to 5.1% in 2001–10. Multivariable analysis found that hospital deaths for all causes combined were more likely for people aged 75+ years [proportion ratios (PRs) 0.863–0.962 vs. aged 25–54 years], those who lived in London (PRs 0.872–0.988 vs. North West), those who were divorced, single and widowed (PRs 0.992–1.001 vs. married), those who lived in more deprived areas (PRs 0.929–1.000 more deprived vs. less deprived) and those who died in autumn, winter or at New Year. We were able to develop risk assessment models but the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve indicating poor predictive performance, ranging from 0.552 (COPD) to 0.637 (CBD).ConclusionsHospital remains the most common PoD, followed by home and care home. Hospices play an important role for people who died from cancer but little for other diseases. Place of death is strongly associated with the underlying CoD. The variation in PoD by region, age, marital status and area deprivation suggests that inequities exist, which services and clinical commissioning groups could seek to address.FundingThe National Institute for Health Services and Delivery Research programme.
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Crandall, Katherine. "Pregnancy-related death disparities in non-Hispanic Black women." Women's Health 17 (January 2021): 174550652110198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17455065211019888.
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While the rate of pregnancy-related death steadily increases in the United States, this tragic outcome is disproportionately devastating US-born non-Hispanic Black women at a rate that is three to four times that of their White and non-Black Hispanic counterparts. These disparities persist despite controlling for variables such as socioeconomic status, education levels, and geographical location. Pregnancy-related deaths in Black women are largely cardiovascular in etiology, and while these complications also occur in women of other ethnic backgrounds, they often are more severe and more deadly in Black women. This population often lacks adequate prenatal care likely because they face personal and structural barriers. Reversal of barriers during the prenatal period, the implementation of medical protocols during delivery, and the assurance of close follow-up during the postpartum year are vital in improving outcomes. This article will detail seven specific concerns within perinatal care and pregnancy-related death, and offer potential solutions to addressing them. Pregnancy-related death in Black women is not as an isolated event, but rather is one adverse outcome that exists on a broad spectrum of adverse outcomes. Now is the time to reckon with the reality that our nation’s Black women are dying at a disproportionate rate compared to women of other ethnicities due to pregnancy-related complications and suffering lifelong consequences even if they escape this fatal outcome. This is a call to action to understand this deeply devastating, multi-factorial issue so we may strive to eliminate this highly preventable and tragic event altogether.
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Esposito, Thomas J., Ronald V. Maier, Frederick P. Rivara, Susan Pilcher, Janet Griffith, Susan Lazear, and Scott Hogan. "The Impact of Variation in Trauma Care Times: Urban versus Rural." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 10, no. 3 (September 1995): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00041947.
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AbstractStudy Objectives:To document the existence and nature of variation in times to trauma care between urban and rural locations; to assess the impact of identified variations on outcome.Design:Retrospective case reviewSetting:Washington state, 1986Participants:Motor-vehicle-collision fatalitiesMethods:Previously unreported definitions of urban and rural location and possibly preventable death were used to conduct a comparative analysis of urban and rural fatalities. Trauma care times in the prehospital and the emergency department (ED) phases of care were abstracted. Their relationships to corresponding crude death rates and possibly preventable death rates also were examined.Results:Prehospital times averaged two times longer in rural locations than in urban areas. First-physician contact in the ED averaged six times longer in rural locations than in urban settings. Concomitantly, the crude death rate in rural settings was three times that of the urban areas. The overall possibly preventable death rate was double the urban rates in rural incidents. When stratified by phase of care, rate of possibly preventable death showed no urban/rural variation for the prehospital phase, but was three times greater for the ED phase in rural areas than in urban ones.Conclusions:Trauma care times and adverse outcome appear to be associated. Allocation of resources to decrease length of and geographic variation in time to definitive care, particularly in the ED phase, seems appropriate.
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Duarte, Lia, Ana Cláudia Teodoro, Mariana Lobo, João Viana, Vera Pinheiro, and Alberto Freitas. "An Open Source GIS Application for Spatial Assessment of Health Care Quality Indicators." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040264.
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Prevention quality indicators (PQIs) constitute a set of measures that can be combined with hospital inpatient data to identify the quality of care for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC). Geographical information system (GIS) web mapping and applications contribute to a better representation of PQI spatial distribution. Unlike many countries in the world, in Portugal, this type of application remains underdeveloped. The main objective of this work was to facilitate the assessment of geographical patterns and trends of health data in Portugal. Therefore, two innovative open source applications were developed. Leaflet Javascript Library, PostGIS, and GeoServer were used to create a web map application prototype. Python language was used to develop the GIS application. The geospatial assessment of geographical patterns of health data in Portugal can be obtained through a GIS application and a web map application. Both tools proposed allowed for an easy and intuitive assessment of geographical patterns and time trends of PQI values in Portugal, alongside other relevant health data, i.e., the location of health care facilities, which, in turn, showed some association between the location of facilities and quality of health care. However, in the future, more research is still required to map other relevant data, for more in-depth analyses.
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Alexander, Monique, and Vanessa A. Massaro. "School deserts: Visualizing the death of the neighborhood school." Policy Futures in Education 18, no. 6 (September 2020): 787–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478210320951063.
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The purported purpose of school choice policies is to increase students’ access to “good schools.” There is little discussion, however, of where those good schools are located, nor of the ways in which the distribution of good schools mirrors broader patterns of uneven development in the United States. Given that schools are neighborhood assets and that the distance which students travel to get to school affects their success, the locations of schools matter tremendously and are inextricable from questions of social and spatial justice. We introduce and argue for the explicit use of the term “school desert” as a way for scholars to understand and describe the spatial injustice of school closures and for activists to argue the importance of effective local schools. Spatial visualization and rendering of social problems is an invaluable strategy for effecting policy change. As cities move increasingly to a “de-spatialized” geography of schooling where catchment zones are less determinate of where a student attends school, it is important to consider where the desirable schools are and where they are not. A more nuanced visualization of school locations than neighborhood demographics offers a new lens through which to examine the (un)intended effects of school closures on students, communities, and development. Using Pennsylvania as a case study, we use a geographic information system (GIS) to evaluate the broader reverberations of school choice policies and determine who, demographically, has access to high-quality schools. In light of this research, we also propose an innovative analytic and methodology that describes the educational inequity which is caused by spatial relationships between students’ homes and high-quality schooling. Through the concept of a school desert we explore the (un)intended spatial implications of school closures. School deserts occur as a result of school choice policies that justify school closures. Closures and the location of good schools are geographically uneven, tempered by the federal and local policies that ensure income and racial segregation in US housing. Our analysis of Pennsylvania reveals the uneven distribution of access to good schools in the same way that mapping food deserts displays how market forces have failed to evenly distribute quality food. We find that areas with high-quality schools are significantly wealthier and whiter than school deserts, a conclusion which mirrors those concerning other low-quality neighborhood assets. School deserts as a methodology demonstrate that if students do not have geographic access to good schools, then school choice policies do not, in fact, offer choice.
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White, Christine D., Rebecca Storey, Fred J. Longstaffe, and Michael W. Spence. "Immigration, Assimilation, and Status in the Ancient City of Teotihuacan: Stable Isotopic Evidence from Tlajinga 33." Latin American Antiquity 15, no. 2 (June 2004): 176–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4141553.
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AbstractStable carbon isotope ratios in bone collagen and oxygen isotope ratios in bone and enamel phosphate from 25 individuals from the residential compound of Tlajinga 33 were used to examine the possibility that the inhabitants, who were craft producers, may have accepted immigrants to maintain either their ability to reproduce themselves as a social group or their level of economic productivity. Bone δ18O and δ13C values provide a long-term picture of geographic identity and diet, and enamel δ18O values provide a snapshot of geographic location during particular tooth development. A considerable proportion (29 percent) of the Tlajinga 33 inhabitants grew up elsewhere, but the majority of these immigrants had dwelt in Teotihuacan for many years before their death. Neither geographical relocation nor dietary differences are significantly associated with gender. The social position of foreigners appears to have been generally high. For example, the occupants of Tomb 50 appear to have come from elsewhere, possibly West Mexico, but foreigners were also found in lower status contexts such as middens. The stable isotope ratios reflecting long-term dwelling at Teotihuacan suggest that social status was achieved, which supports current archaeological evidence. Furthermore, the lack of dietary differences between immigrants and native Teotihuacanos may also imply political and/or ethnic assimilation.
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Zhou, Zhao, Qun Sun, and Xiaohua Lyu. "Research on Event-based Geospatial Data Updating." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-437-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> How to update the geospatial data timely and accurately has become the focus of surveying and mapping. However, an efficient updating system has not been set up so far. Still the updating operations depend on human-computer interaction, which is less efficient, labour-consuming and prone to error. Accordingly, this paper proposes a new event-based updating method of geospatial data in order to improve the automation and intelligence of data updating. The main contents of the paper are as follows:</p><p>On the basis of the five classical categories of spatio-temporal change typology, the paper proposes a new classification which includes create, transform, death, disappear, reappear, split，divide，combine，merge and so on. The above new classification of spatio-temporal change type is more compatible with geospatial data updating.</p><p>The paper proposes a new conception about the life cycle of geospatial features which simulates spatio-temporal changing process of the geospatial entity on the world. The life cycle of geospatial features is composed of three stages: emergence, existence and death. The rules of the above life cycle of geospatial features are also set up.</p><p>The paper gives a definition of geographical events and also sets up the conceptual model of geographical eventswhich is composed of time, location, geospatial feature, geographical event type and procedure. To better meet the demand of geospatial data updating, the geographical events are also reclassified into create event, transform event,death event, disappear event, reappear event, evolution event, split event, divide event, combine event and merge event.</p><p>The paper suggests that homologous geographical feature matching and change detecting should be used to deduce spatio-temporal change type and extract geographical events. The thesis intends to set up an up-to-down matching pattern with four layers so as to improve the efficiency and accuracy of matching. Buffer area matching and attribute matching are used to match the point features of the same names. Both the minimum bounding rectangle overlap area and discrete Fréchet distance are used to match the line features of the same names. As for area features, feature overlapping area and Hausdorff distance are employed in matching. In addition, the thesis proposes to use XML to organize and store dynamic updating operation.</p><p>Under the guidance of event-based geospatial data updating method, the related prototype system has been established and tested in the updating experiments of residence community and roads.</p>
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Ben-Menachem, Elinor. "Sudden Death and Epilepsy." Epilepsy Currents 5, no. 6 (November 2005): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-7511.2005.00070.x.
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Case–control Study of SUDEP Langan Y, Nashef L, Sander JW Neurology 2005;64:1131–1133 Purpose To examine the influence of various factors on the risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Methods The authors investigated 154 cases in which a postmortem examination was performed. Each case had four controls with epilepsy from the community, matched for age and geographic location. Backward stepwise conditional logistic regression analysis was performed, and odds ratios for risk and protection were determined. Results The risk of SUDEP was increased with a history of generalized tonic–clonic seizures in the previous 3 months (odds ratio [OR]: 13.8; 95% CI: 6.6 to 29.1). The presence of supervision at night was found to be protective (OR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2 to 0.8) when a supervising individual shared the same bedroom or when special precautions such as a listening device were used (OR: 0.1; 95% CI: 0.0 to 0.3). Conclusions This work lends support to the view that SUDEP is a seizure-related phenomenon and that control of tonic–clonic seizures is important in its prevention. Nocturnal supervision seems to protect against SUDEP.
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Cornwell, Brendan H., and Luis Hernández. "Genetic structure in the endosymbiont Breviolum ‘muscatinei’ is correlated with geographical location, environment and host species." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1946 (March 10, 2021): 20202896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2896.
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Corals and cnidarians form symbioses with dinoflagellates across a wide range of habitats from the tropics to temperate zones. Notably, these partnerships create the foundation of coral reef ecosystems and are at risk of breaking down due to climate change. This symbiosis couples the fitness of the partners, where adaptations in one species can benefit the holobiont. However, the scales over which each partner can match their current—and future—environment are largely unknown. We investigated population genetic patterns of temperate anemones ( Anthopleura spp.) and their endosymbiont Breviolum ‘muscatinei’ , across an extensive geographical range to identify the spatial scales over which local adaptation is possible. Similar to previously published results, two solitary host species exhibited isolation by distance across hundreds of kilometres. However, symbionts exhibited genetic structure across multiple spatial scales, from geographical location to depth in the intertidal zone, and host species, suggesting that symbiont populations are more likely than their hosts to adaptively mitigate the impact of increasing temperatures.
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Li, B. S., and Y. H. Xie. "REAL-TIME ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS METHOD AND SYSTEM OF SECURITY HIDDEN DANGER INFORMATION IN INTELLIGENT SCENIC SPOTS UNDER THE ENVIRONMENT OF INTERNET OF THINGS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W10 (February 7, 2020): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w10-437-2020.
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Abstract. Aiming at the problem that the existing methods of collecting and processing information of potential location safety hazards in scenic spots can not identify and analyze real-time potential hazards quickly and accurately, a real-time method and system of collecting and analyzing information of potential location safety hazards for tourists in intelligent scenic spots under the environment of Internet of Things is proposed.The set of method and system includes: collecting geographical coordinate information of potential safety hazards threatening visitor through the handheld terminal, and connecting the collected data and the spatial analysis request to the GIS spatial analysis server through the Web server in real time, so as to realize the buffer analysis considering the gradient; based on the knowledge base of secure locations in scenic spots and internet of things equipment, such as rainfall-sensor and water depth sensors, the radius of hidden danger buffer and parameter information of warning level are calculated in real time, and the knowledge formed in the analysis process is saved. By comparing and analyzing the historical information of Location Safety Knowledge Base, the temporal and spatial variation rules of newly added hidden danger features are discovered to determine the optimal value of hidden danger parameters. Then, through the geographic information system network service software, the new hidden danger buffer element layer is sent to the handheld terminal in real time, so as to avoid the impact of unsafe tourist caused by the untimely updating of hidden danger information in scenic spots, and improve the efficiency of safe production in scenic spots.
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Shabazian, Ani N. "Voices That Matter: Chief Administrative Officers’ Role in the Student Discipline Gap." Urban Education 55, no. 1 (June 5, 2016): 66–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085916651319.
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This study explores how community socioeconomic status (SES), geographical location, and administrator perspectives influence the implementation of exclusionary disciplinary policies. Using Geographical Information Systems mapping technology, in-depth interviewing, and document analysis, this study finds that schools located in high SES sectors have higher rates of exclusionary disciplinary practices, whereas schools located in low SES sectors have lower levels. The findings also indicate five normative values that influence leadership’s decisions to exclude students more frequently. These guiding belief systems include productive efficiency, equality versus equity, the potential of legal liability, prescribing to a cultural deficit ideology, and the notion of strict surveillance.
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V, Minutha. "Accessibility of Public Healthcare Services in Mysore City- A GIS Approach." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 11, no. 5 (May 21, 2021): 290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20210546.
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The main theme of healthcare is to provide complete health facilities, to protect every one for physical, social, and mental health, to decrease the death rate, to increase the life expectancy of human being. The accessibility of healthcare centers is one of the most important indicators for measuring the efficiency of a healthcare system. Accessibility is a complex indicator that reflects the number of health care institutions, their geographical distribution and the impact of different types of barriers social, Economic and culture [1]. Geographers are mainly concerned with geographical accessibility for the calculation. GIS is a technique which provide a set of tools for describing and understanding the spatial distribution of healthcare facilities, evaluating accessibility and barriers to health care delivery of health facilities and Creating a map of health infrastructure. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyze the functioning of health care services and its infrastructure facilities in Mysore city using GIS techniques. To identify the gap between the availability and the accessibility of health infrastructure services in terms of prescribed norms. The present study is based on both Primary and Secondary Data. The Base Map of Study area has been Geo-referenced and digitized using GIS Software. Location of healthcare centres will be mapped with the help of Global Position System (GPS). Data is analyzed though simple quantitative techniques and the spatial disparity of health centers were measured by applying location quotient. Various Maps have been generated to show the health care services in the study area. The results show that the availability of healthcare center is unequally distributed and there is scarcity in the availability of infrastructure and workforce among the study area. Key words: Healthcare, Accessibility, Location quotient, GIS, GPS.
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Hernández, Andrés, Minxuan Lan, Neil J. MacKinnon, Adam J. Branscum, and Diego F. Cuadros. "“Know your epidemic, know your response”: Epidemiological assessment of the substance use disorder crisis in the United States." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 26, 2021): e0251502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251502.
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The United States (U.S.) is currently experiencing a substance use disorders (SUD) crisis with an unprecedented magnitude. The objective of this study was to recognize and characterize the most vulnerable populations at high risk of SUD mortality in the U.S., and to identify the locations where these vulnerable population are located. We obtained the most recent available mortality data for the U.S. population aged 15–84 (2005–2017) from the Centers for Diseases and Prevention (CDC). Our analysis focused on the unintentional substance poisoning to estimate SUD mortality. We computed health-related comorbidities and socioeconomic association with the SUD distribution. We identified the most affected populations and conducted a geographical clustering analysis to identify places with increased concentration of SUD related deaths. From 2005–2017, 463,717 SUD-related deaths occurred in the United States. White population was identified with the highest SUD death proportions. However, there was a surge of the SUD epidemic in the Black male population, with a sharp increase in the SUD-related death rate since 2014. We also found that an additional average day of mental distress might increase the relative risk of SUD-related mortality by 39%. The geographical distribution of the epidemic showed clustering in the West and Mid-west regions of the U.S. In conclusion, we found that the SUD epidemic in the U.S. is characterized by the emergence of several micro-epidemics of different intensities across demographic groups and locations within the country. The comprehensive description of the epidemic presented in this study could assist in the design and implementation of targeted policy interventions for addiction mitigation campaigns.
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Linares, Matheus Ferreira, Silvia Maria Paparotto Lopes, Adriana Eliza Brasil Moreira, Pablo Agustin Vargas, Alan Roger dos Santos Silva, and Márcio Ajudarte Lopes. "Causes of death in Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 19 (December 7, 2020): e200266. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v19i0.8660266.
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Aim: In this study we described the causes of mortality in Brazil, its 5 geographic regions, and in the most populated cities of Sao Paulo State in order to contribute for development of prevention and intervention strategies. Methods: Data on causes of death and age distribution of the populations were collected from online public databases and then submitted to the 2001 World Health Organization age standardization of rates for better assessment. Results: Data showed that the main causes of death in Brazil and in all 5 geographic regions were diseases of the circulatory system. Neoplasms were the second most frequent cause of death in Brazil and in 3 regions (South, Southeast and Midwest). However, in the other 2 regions (North and Northeast) the second most common was associated to external causes, being neoplasms the third most often. Additionally, in the South and Southeast the third cause of deaths were from diseases of the respiratory system and from the external causes occupied the fourth position. Analyzing the most populated cities of Sao Paulo State it was observed that all of them have the same profile of the country. On the other hand, as speculated previously, in Piracicaba city, the most common cause of mortality was neoplasm. Conclusions: These findings showed that Brazil has a large spectrum of causes of death and methods to decrease the mortality rates should be implemented in a local scenario rather than a nation-wide approach, where each location has to focus on its most urging problem.
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Gao, Wei, Sumaya Huque, Myfanwy Morgan, and Irene Higginson. "A Population-Based Conceptual Framework for Evaluating the Role of Healthcare Services in Place of Death." Healthcare 6, no. 3 (August 30, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6030107.
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Background: There is a significant geographical disparity in place of death. Socio-demographic and disease-related variables only explain less than a quarter of the variation. Healthcare service factors may account for some (or much) of the remaining variation but their effects have never been systematically evaluated, partly due to the lack of a conceptual framework. This study aims to propose a population-based framework to guide the evaluation of the role of the healthcare service factors in place of death. Methods: Review and synthesis of health service models that include the impact of a service component on either place of death/end of life care outcomes or service access/utilization. Results: The framework conceptualizes the impact of healthcare services on the place of death as starting from the end of life care policies that in turn influence service commissioning and shape healthcare service characteristics, including service type, service capacity—facilities, service location, and workforce, through which service utilization and ultimately place of death are affected. Patient socio-demographics, disease-related variables, family and community support and social care also influence place of death, but they are not the focus of this framework and therefore are grouped as needs and other environmental factors. Information on service utilization, together with the place of death, creates loop feedback to inform policy and service commission. Conclusions: The framework provides guidance for analysis aiming to understand the role of healthcare services in place of death. It aids the interpretation of results in the light of existing knowledge and potentially identifies service factors that can be addressed to improve end of life care.
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García-Carrasco, José-María, Antonio-Román Muñoz, Jesús Olivero, Marina Segura, and Raimundo Real. "Predicting the spatio-temporal spread of West Nile virus in Europe." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): e0009022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009022.
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West Nile virus is a widely spread arthropod-born virus, which has mosquitoes as vectors and birds as reservoirs. Humans, as dead-end hosts of the virus, may suffer West Nile Fever (WNF), which sometimes leads to death. In Europe, the first large-scale epidemic of WNF occurred in 1996 in Romania. Since then, human cases have increased in the continent, where the highest number of cases occurred in 2018. Using the location of WNF cases in 2017 and favorability models, we developed two risk models, one environmental and the other spatio-environmental, and tested their capacity to predict in 2018: 1) the location of WNF; 2) the intensity of the outbreaks (i.e. the number of confirmed human cases); and 3) the imminence of the cases (i.e. the Julian week in which the first case occurred). We found that climatic variables (the maximum temperature of the warmest month and the annual temperature range), human-related variables (rain-fed agriculture, the density of poultry and horses), and topo-hydrographic variables (the presence of rivers and altitude) were the best environmental predictors of WNF outbreaks in Europe. The spatio-environmental model was the most useful in predicting the location of WNF outbreaks, which suggests that a spatial structure, probably related to bird migration routes, has a role in the geographical pattern of WNF in Europe. Both the intensity of cases and their imminence were best predicted using the environmental model, suggesting that these features of the disease are linked to the environmental characteristics of the areas. We highlight the relevance of river basins in the propagation dynamics of the disease, as outbreaks started in the lower parts of the river basins, from where WNF spread towards the upper parts. Therefore, river basins should be considered as operational geographic units for the public health management of the disease.
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Sánchez-Díaz, Escobar, Villaverde-Hueso, de la Paz, and Alonso-Ferreira. "Temporal and Cartographic Analyses of the Distribution within Spain of Mortality Due to Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (1984–2016)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8 (April 17, 2019): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081388.
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The aim is to conduct a descriptive, population-based study in order to assess temporal and spatial changes in mortality due to granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) in Spain from 1984 to 2016. Mortality data were obtained from the Spanish Annual Death Registry. Deaths in which GPA was the underlying cause were selected using the 446.4 and M31.3 codes from the International Classification of Diseases, 9th and 10th revision. Annual average age at death and age-adjusted mortality rates were calculated. Geographic analysis was performed at municipality and district level. Variations in mortality according to the type of municipality (urban, agro-urban or rural), district and geographic location (degrees of latitude) were assessed using standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and smoothed-SMRs. Over the whole period, 620 deaths due to GPA were identified. Age at death increased at an average annual rate of 0.78% over the period 1987–2016 (p < 0.05). Age-adjusted mortality rates increased by an annual average of 20.58% from 1984 to 1992, after which they fell by 1.91% a year (p < 0.05). The agro-urban category had the highest percentage (4.57%) of municipalities with a significantly higher GPA mortality rate than expected. Geographic analysis revealed four districts with a higher risk of death due to GPA, two in the North of Spain and two in the South. This population-based study revealed an increase in the age at death attributed to GPA. Age-adjusted mortality rates went up sharply until 1992, after which they started to decline until the end of the study period. Geographic differences in mortality risk were identified but further studies will be necessary to ascertain the reasons for the distribution of GPA disease.
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Yang, Dong, Hongxing Xia, Erfei Xu, Dongliang Jing, and Hailin Zhang. "An Energy-Balanced Geographic Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks." Energies 11, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 2219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092219.
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To mitigate the frequent link breakage and node death caused by node mobility and energy constraints in mobile ad-hoc networks, we propose an energy-balanced routing algorithm for energy and mobility greedy perimeter stateless routing (EM-GPSR) based on geographical location. In the proposed algorithm, the forward region is divided into four sub-regions. Then, according to the remaining lifetime of each node and the distance between the source node and the destination node, we select the next-hop node in the candidate sub-regions. Since the energy consumption rate of the node is taken into account, the next-hop selection favors the nodes with longer remaining lifetimes. Simulation results show that compared with conventional greedy perimeter stateless routing (GPSR) and speed up-greedy perimeter stateless routing (SU-GPSR) routing algorithms, the proposed algorithm can lead to a lower end-to-end delay, longer service time, and higher transmission efficiency for the network.
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Bhutiani, Neal, Keith R. Miller, Matthew V. Benns, Nicholas A. Nash, Glen A. Franklin, Jason W. Smith, Brian G. Harbrecht, and Matthew C. Bozeman. "Correlating Geographic Location with Incidence of Motor Vehicle–Induced Pedestrian Injury." American Surgeon 84, no. 6 (June 2018): 1049–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481808400664.
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To date, no studies have examined the relationship between geographic and socioeconomic factors and the frequency of pedestrians sustaining traumatic injuries from a motor vehicle. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of location on the frequency of pedestrian injury by motor vehicle. The University of Louisville Trauma Registry was queried for patients who had been struck by a motor vehicle from 2010 to 2015. Demographic and injury information as well as outcome measures were evaluated to identify those impacting risk of pedestrian versus motor vehicle accidents. Number of incidents was correlated with lower median household income. There was also a moderate correlation between the number of incidents and population density. Multivariable analysis demonstrated a significant association between increased median household income and distance from downtown Louisville and decreased risk of death following pedestrian versus motor vehicle accident. Incidence of pedestrian injury by motor vehicles is influenced by regional socioeconomic status. Efforts to decrease the frequency of these events should include further investigation into the mechanisms underpinning this relationship.
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Bhutiani, Neal, Keith R. Miller, Matthew V. Benns, Nicholas A. Nash, Glen A. Franklin, Jason W. Smith, Brian G. Harbrecht, and Matthew C. Bozeman. "Correlating Geographic Location with Incidence of Motor Vehicle–Induced Pedestrian Injury." American Surgeon 84, no. 8 (August 2018): 1376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481808400855.
Full textAbstract:
To date, no studies have examined the relationship between geographic and socioeconomic factors and the frequency of pedestrians sustaining traumatic injuries from a motor vehicle. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of location on the frequency of pedestrian injury by motor vehicle. The University of Louisville Trauma Registry was queried for patients who had been struck by a motor vehicle from 2010 to 2015. Demographic and injury information as well as outcome measures were evaluated to identify those impacting risk of pedestrian versus motor vehicle accidents. Number of incidents was correlated with lower median household income. There was also a moderate correlation between number of incidents and population density. Multivariable analysis demonstrated a significant association between increased median household income and distance from downtown Louisville and decreased risk of death after pedestrian versus motor vehicle accident. Incidence of pedestrian injury by motor vehicles is influenced by regional socioeconomic status. Efforts to decrease the frequency of these events should include further investigation into the mechanisms underpinning this relationship.
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Morris, Colin. "Bringing the Holy Sepulchre to the west: S. Stefano, Bologna, from the fifth to the twentieth century." Studies in Church History 33 (1997): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400013176.
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By virtue of its basic pattern of belief, the Church is committed to looking back as well as forward. In his introductory letter for the Conference which has produced this volume, Andrew Martindale reminded us that ‘doctrine, dogma, and revelation are all pinned to time and place’. Most of all are they rooted in Golgotha and the Holy Sepulchre, the site of the death and Resurrection of the Lord. It is true that, in particular since the Reformation, the theology of the Passion and Resurrection have often been discussed without reference to their historical location. Other Christians in other times, confident that the Holy Sepulchre discovered under Constantine was indeed the authentic place of Christ’s Resurrection, desired to reach out to and to grasp its historical and geographical reality, for these embody the very time and place of their redemption.
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Swe, Myo Maung Maung, Mo Mo Win, Joshua Cohen, Aung Pyae Phyo, Htet Naing Lin, Kyaw Soe, Premjit Amorncha, et al. "Geographical distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil in Myanmar." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 5 (May 24, 2021): e0009372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009372.
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Background Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative bacterium found in soil and water in many tropical countries. It causes melioidosis, a potentially fatal infection first described in 1911 in Myanmar. Melioidosis is a common cause of sepsis and death in South and South-east Asia, but it is rarely diagnosed in Myanmar. We conducted a nationwide soil study to identify areas where B. pseudomallei is present. Methodology/Principal findings We collected soil samples from 387 locations in all 15 states and regions of Myanmar between September 2017 and June 2019. At each site, three samples were taken at each of three different depths (30, 60 and 90 cm) and were cultured for B. pseudomallei separately, along with a pooled sample from each site (i.e. 10 cultures per site). We used a negative binomial regression model to assess associations between isolation of B. pseudomallei and environmental factors (season, soil depth, soil type, land use and climate zones). B. pseudomallei was isolated in 7 of 15 states and regions. Of the 387 sites, 31 (8%) had one or more positive samples and of the 3,870 samples cultured, 103 (2.7%) tested positive for B. pseudomallei. B. pseudomallei was isolated more frequently during the monsoon season [RR-2.28 (95% CI: 0.70–7.38)] and less in the hot dry season [RR-0.70 (95% CI: 0.19–2.56)] compared to the cool dry season, and in the tropical monsoon climate zone [RR-2.26; 95% CI (0.21–6.21)] compared to the tropical dry winter climate zone. However, these associations were not statistically significant. B. pseudomallei was detected at all three depths and from various soil types (clay, silt and sand). Isolation was higher in agricultural land (2.2%), pasture land (8.5%) and disused land (5.8%) than in residential land (0.4%), but these differences were also not significant. Conclusion/Significance This study confirms a widespread distribution of B. pseudomallei in Myanmar. Clinical studies should follow to obtain a better picture of the burden of melioidosis in Myanmar.
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Asuncion, Zayda S., and Marilu Rañosa-Madrunio, Ph.D. "Language Attitudes of the Gaddang Speakers towards Gaddang, Ilocano, Tagalog and English." Studies in English Language Teaching 5, no. 4 (November 15, 2017): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v5n4p720.
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<p><em>Language attitudes have been the focus of interest in sociolinguistics for the past decades. In the Philippines, there is a dearth of literature on sociolinguistic studies that focus on indigenous languages and their speakers. To contribute to the literature, this study endeavoured to investigate the attitudes of Gaddang speakers in the northern part of the country towards Gaddang, their native language; Ilocano, the lingua franca of the province; Tagalog/Filipino, the national language; and English, one of the official languages. It also explored possible differences in the language attitudes of the Gaddangs in terms of geographical location, age, gender, socio-economic status, and educational attainment. Using survey questionnaire and semi-structured interview, the study involved 568 respondents. Results revealed that Gaddang speakers manifest positive attitudes towards Tagalog, Gaddang, Ilocano, and English respectively. The study also yielded significant differences in their attitudes with respect to geographical location, age, socio-economic status, and educational attainment except gender. The results have significant implications on the maintenance or gradual loss of their native language.</em></p>
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Earp, S., A. Curtis, X. Zhang, and F. Hansteen. "Probabilistic neural network tomography across Grane field (North Sea) from surface wave dispersion data." Geophysical Journal International 223, no. 3 (August 8, 2020): 1741–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa328.
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SUMMARY Surface wave tomography uses measured dispersion properties of surface waves to infer the spatial distribution of subsurface properties such as shear wave velocities. These properties can be estimated vertically below any geographical location at which surface wave dispersion data are available. As the inversion is significantly non-linear, Monte Carlo methods are often used to invert dispersion curves for shear wave velocity profiles with depth to give a probabilistic solution. Such methods provide uncertainty information but are computationally expensive. Neural network (NN) based inversion provides a more efficient way to obtain probabilistic solutions when those solutions are required beneath many geographical locations. Unlike Monte Carlo methods, once a network has been trained it can be applied rapidly to perform any number of inversions. We train a class of NNs called mixture density networks (MDNs), to invert dispersion curves for shear wave velocity models and their non-linearized uncertainty. MDNs are able to produce fully probabilistic solutions in the form of weighted sums of multivariate analytic kernels such as Gaussians, and we show that including data uncertainties as additional inputs to the MDN gives substantially more reliable velocity estimates when data contains significant noise. The networks were applied to data from the Grane field in the Norwegian North sea to produce shear wave velocity maps at several depth levels. Post-training we obtained probabilistic velocity profiles with depth beneath 26 772 locations to produce a 3-D velocity model in 21 s on a standard desktop computer. This method is therefore ideally suited for rapid, repeated 3-D subsurface imaging and monitoring.
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Rambu Ngana, Frederika, and A. A. I. N. Eka Karyawati. "Scenario modelling as planning evidence to improve access to emergency obstetric care in eastern Indonesia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): e0251869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251869.
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The rate of maternal deaths in remote areas in eastern Indonesia–where geographic conditions are difficult and the standard of infrastructure is poor–is high. Long travel times needed to reach emergency obstetric care (EMOC) is one cause of maternal death. District governments in eastern Indonesia need effective planning to improve access to EMOC. The aim of this study was to develop a scenario modelling tool to be used in planning to improve access to EMOC in eastern Indonesia. The scenario model was developed using the geographic information system tool in NetLogo. This model has two inputs: the location of the EMOC facility (PONED) and the travel cost of moving across geographical features in the rainy and dry seasons. We added a cost-benefit analysis to the model: cost is the budget for building the infrastructure; benefit is the number of people who can travel to the EMOC in less than 1 hour if the planned infrastructure is built. We introduced the tool to representative midwives from all districts of Nusa Tenggara Timur province and to staff of Kupang district planning agency. We found that the tool can model accessibility to EMOC based on weather conditions; compare alternative infrastructure planning scenarios based on cost-benefit analysis; enable users to identify and mark poor infrastructure; and model travel across the ocean. Lay people can easily use the tool through interactive scenario modelling: midwives can use it for evidence to support planning proposals to improve access to EMOC in their district; district planning agencies can use it to choose the best plan to improve access to EMOC. Scenario modelling has potential for use in evidence-based planning to improve access to EMOC in low-income and lower-middle-income countries with poor infrastructure, difficult geography conditions, limited budgets and lack of trained personnel.
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Ailawadhi, Sikander, Michael Keng, Ann Mohrbacher, Eddie Thara, Dongyun Yang, Taimur Sher, Mehul P. Patel, Kena C. Miller, Susan Groshen, and Asher A. Chanan-Khan. "Geographical Variation Shows Differences in Disease Characteristics Among Patients with Multiple Myeloma." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 4895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.4895.4895.
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Abstract Abstract 4895 Background Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable cancer. Several biological and environmental factors have been considered to contribute to its pathogenesis, but so far no clear etiology is known. It remains undetermined if geographical differences and variability in environmental factors influences biological behavior and clinical presentation of MM patients. In depth research into the regional and demographic variation of these characteristics has not yet been done. To evaluate the impact of environmental influences we compared MM disease characteristics in two distinct geographical regions. Methods Patients with plasma cell disorders seen in the malignant hematology clinics of the University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA and the Multiple Myeloma Program Clinic at the Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), Buffalo, NY were included in this analysis. Demographic and disease-related clinical characteristics at the time of diagnosis of active MM were evaluated. Chi-square test or Mann-Whitney U test were used where appropriate. A 0.05 nominal significance level was used in all hypothesis testing. Results One hundred and sixty patients at USC and 170 patients at RPCI were studied. Among these, 140 and 144 had active MM at the time of diagnosis, respectively. The median age at diagnosis was 58 years (range 20-85) and 60 years (range 35-83), and males represented 48% and 52 % of the patients, respectively in the two geographic locations. Predominant patient race was Hispanic at USC (54%) and Caucasian at RPCI (92%). Advanced stage disease (>stage 1) was present in 87% and 85% patients, respectively as per the Durie Salmon (DS) staging and 53% and 48%, respectively as per the International Staging System (ISS). IgG MM was the most common subtype in both locations, but there were a higher number of patients on the West coast with LCO disease (22% vs. 10%). Lytic lesions were noted at the time of diagnosis in 59% of the patients at USC and 78% of the patients at RPCI while non-secretory MM was noted in 9% and 10% of the patients, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the patient populations in the two geographical regions with respect to median age at diagnosis (p=0.048), patient race (p<0.001), disease subtype (p=0.018), and presence of lytic bone disease at diagnosis (p<0.001). The difference in median age at diagnosis remained statistically significant even when patients were divided into age cohorts of <50 yrs, <60 yrs, <70 yrs and ≥70 yrs (p=0.03). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups of patients for gender (p=0.48), DS stage (p=0.22), renal dysfunction (p=0.77), ISS stage (p=0.62), light chain subtype (p=0.72), or secretor status (p=0.75). To ensure that these variations were not just due to ethnic differences, the Caucasian population at USC (n=30) was compared with the Caucasian population at RPCI (n=133). Disease subtype and presence of lytic bone lesions were still significantly different between these groups (p=0.04, and p=0.02, respectively). Conclusions Despite widespread heterogeneity amongst MM patients, variations in disease characteristics amongst geographically distinct regions have not been studied systematically. Our investigation represents the first attempt to compare patient characteristics from the West and East coasts of USA. We observe several demographic and clinical characteristics that were significantly different between the two populations that could not be explained based on ethnic influences of the study population. These differences in clinical characteristics may represent undefined environmental influences that are unique to geographic location of the patient(s) and can potentially influence disease biology. Our pilot observation will need validation in a larger patient population to better understand the influences mediated by environmental factors and geographic diversity on clinical and biological behavior of the disease. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Lestari, Nina Dwi, Arif Wahyu Setyo Budi, and Al Afik. "Pemberdayaan Lintas Sektoral dalam upaya Mewujudkan Masyarakat Peduli Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Berkendara." Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat 4, no. 4 (December 16, 2019): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30653/002.201944.220.
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CROSS SECTORAL EMPOWERMENT IN AN EFFORT TO REALIZE A COMMUNITY THAT CARES ABOUT HEALTH AND SAFETY DRIVING. Traffic accidents are a global phenomenon with increasing events that can result in losses and deaths. The most dominant human factor is related to traffic accident between vehicle and physical environment. WHO reports that around 1.2 million people die each year from road accidents and are a leading cause of death among young people aged 15-29 years. Partners in this program are residents of Rt 24, RW 12, Tegowanu, Kaliagung, Sentolo, Kulon Progo. The problems faced by partners are the high driving accidents in the partner area, due to geographical conditions of the road, vehicles that pass at high speeds from both directions, and poor driving behavior. The methods used in this program are community education, demonstrations, case simulations and family counseling. The result of this program are that there is an increase in partner’s knowledge related to driving health and safety, as much as 80% of participants are able to re-evacuate the techniques of evacuation, transportation and first aid in an accident at the location. It requires the efforts of the relevant parties to continue to accustom the culture of healthy and safety driving.
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Estol, Conrado J. "Is breathing our polluted air a risk factor for stroke?" International Journal of Stroke 14, no. 4 (April 3, 2019): 340–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747493019832999.
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The conference “Climate change, air pollution and health” was held at the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. The data presented highlighted that air pollution is a major, under-recognized and modifiable risk factor for stroke and heart disease. Air pollution causes 7.6% of all deaths making it the fifth cause of death globally, and this figure is expected to increase by 50% by 2050. Particulate matter causes endothelial dysfunction and induces thrombosis by altering reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, insulin resistance, and lipid levels. Thirty-three articles published since 2002 were reviewed to assess the relation between air pollution and stroke with age, geographical location, particulate and gaseous matter type, duration of exposure, previous stroke, and comorbidities. It remains to be defined if air pollution has pathophysiological effects that preferentially predispose individuals to ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. There is ample evidence showing an association between acute and chronic exposure to PM2.5 or gaseous pollutants with stroke. This potentially avoidable scenario and its dramatic consequences are heavily under-recognized by health professionals and the wider public. Preventive measures in people at high vascular risk are warranted. Procrastination in implementing efforts to stop the current worldwide course of worsening air pollution is the seed of a potential global health catastrophe.
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Hillier, Sean, and Hamza Al-Shammaa. "Indigenous Peoples Experiences with Aging." Canadian Journal of Disability Studies 9, no. 4 (November 10, 2020): 146–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cjds.v9i4.674.
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Indigenous Peoples in Canada are a non-homogenous group consisting of First Nations, Metis, and Inuit Peoples representing the original settlers of a given land or a geographical area (Parrott, 2018). Based on geographical location, there are unique names used to describe a given subset or group of Indigenous Peoples around the world. Despite their proximity, they originate from different nations, tribes, and communities and remain distinct in their spoken language, history, and way of life. Although there has been a notable growth in the literature on Indigenous Peoples, relatively little is published about their understanding of healthy aging. Similarly, there is a dearth of literature about the specific needs and wishes of Indigenous Peoples in Canada to facilitate a healthy aging process.
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Witkowski, Karol, Szymon Kowalik, Barbara Czerwińska, Aleksandra Kędzior, Agnieszka Obermajer, Jakub Pałucki, and Weronika Sikorska. "Cultural heritage of Poland in the urban space of Vienna." Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo 9, no. 3 (2021): 17–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.46284/mkd.2021.9.3.2.
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The aim of the research was to define the cultural heritage of Poland as represented in the urban space of Vienna by Polonica. Structures commemorating Poles or events they took part in, as well as places related to Poland and Polish people such as Nazi death camps, or geographical objects, were included. Polonica were grouped and analysed in terms of the time of creation, location in the city space, founders, inscriptions and building materials (if they came from Poland). On the basis of the results and discussion, it was found that, as a group of objects, Polonica represent the cultural heritage of Poland from various periods. These objects show both the history of the people and events commemorated, as well as events in the history of Poland over the last 400 years. Moreover, it was argued that some Polonica constitute the cultural heritage of both Poland and Austria. Some objects may be perceived and interpreted differently, which may be related to international political disputes.
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Ali, Syed Masroor. "War for Peace in Pakistan." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2013): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol1.iss2.106.
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Pakistan because of its geographical location became a front line state in the war against terror since the attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11, 2001. Pakistan decided to align with USA to combat the fundamentalist. It’s a war whose main purpose is to save people from terrorism but now lives of Pakistan own citizens are at stake. Innocent citizens have become the targets of deadly attacks. It has resulted in much more loss of lives than 9/11 attack. One obvious and tragic price of this open war is the toll of death and destruction. But there is an additional cost, a psychological cost borne by the survivors of war. The civilian population, and the children who have lost their parents in this war are the real casualties we need to take into consideration. This article will highlight the psycho-social aspects of war which could not achieve peace yet.
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White, Christine D., Michael W. Spence, Fred J. Longstaffe, Hilary Stuart-Williams, and Kimberley R. Law. "Geographic Identities of the Sacrificial Victims from the Feathered Serpent Pyramid, Teotihuacan: Implications for the Nature of State Power." Latin American Antiquity 13, no. 2 (June 2002): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971915.
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This study addresses the political and military structure of early Teotihuacan through the analysis of oxygen-isotope ratios in skeletal phosphate from 41 victims of a sacrifice associated with the Feathered Serpent Pyramid. Oxygen-isotope ratios are markers of geographic identity. A comparison of bone and enamel values, which provides a contrast between environments experienced during growth and those of adulthood, illustrates that at least four different regions are represented in this sample. Those identified as soldiers had either lived locally since childhood or had moved to Teotihuacan from several foreign locations. Most had lived in Teotihuacan for a prolonged period before their death. This pattern suggests foreign “recruitment” or mercenary behavior. The women had either lived all their lives in Teotihuacan or had moved from there to a foreign location. Most of the individuals in the center of the pyramid (burial 14) did not come from Teotihuacan, nor had they lived in the city long before their deaths. We suggest that the choice of victims was meant to demonstrate Teotihuacan's powerful ideology to the rest of the Mesoamerican world. Notably, this isotopic evidence of physical interaction between Teotihuacan and foreign regions considerably predates the currently existing archaeological evidence.
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Maier, Harry O. "The Father, the Son, and John on Location in the Farewell Discourse." Journal of the Bible and its Reception 7, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbr-2019-0018.
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AbstractUsing the tools of social geography, specifically those developed by Edward Soja, Henri Lefebvre, and Oliver Sacks, this article explores the Gospel of John’s spatial reference to place as it appears in Jesus’ Farewell Discourse (John 14–17) and the ways it uses narrative to create places for the practices and conceiving of religious identity. Although application of spatial study to John’s gospel is relatively rare in Johannine studies, it promises a great deal of insight, especially because John’s gospel is filled with numerous references to place and a rich variety of prepositional phrases. Through narrative, John offers a spatial temporalization (following Soja, a ‘thirdspace’) for audiences to inhabit and interpret the world around them. John’s Father-Son-Paraclete language of unity (which the Christian tradition has interpreted metaphysically and soteriologically without reference to time and space) creates a place for Johannine discipleship in which listeners reenact the dynamic relationship of its three divine actors. John establishes a particular mode of spatial identity by presenting Father, Son, and Paraclete, together with the narrative’s antagonists and protagonists in particular spaces with a set of behaviors associated with each location. The Johannine reference to Jesus going to prepare a place for his disciples after his death (John 13:36), and the reference to a mansion with many room (John 14:2–4) is traditionally interpreted as a reference to the afterlife or a heavenly domain. Scholars have debated whether this represents a futurist or a realized eschatological teaching. A spatial application offers new insights by viewing it from a social geographical perspective as a spatial location “in the world,” lived out locationally “in” the Paraclete, in rejection by the “world.” Metaphysical unity language refers to a narrative of rejection and suffering, which reveals the identity of Johannine believers “in but not of the world.” In this regard, John reflects sapiential themes found in the Hebrew Bible and the intertestamental period that tell of wisdom dwelling on earth and also being rejected.
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Gao, Wei, Emeka Chukwusa, Julia Verne, Peihan Yu, Giovanna Polato, and Irene J. Higginson. "The role of service factors on variations in place of death: an observational study." Health Services and Delivery Research 7, no. 8 (February 2019): 1–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hsdr07080.
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Background Previous studies have revealed that there is significant geographical variation in place of death in (PoD) England, with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics explaining ≤ 25% of this variation. Service factors, mostly modifiable, may account for some of the unexplained variation, but their role had never been evaluated systematically. Methods A national population-based observational study in England, using National Death Registration Database (2014) linked to area-level service data from public domains, categorised by commissioning, type and capacity, location and workforce of the services, and the service use. The relationship between the service variables and PoD was evaluated using beta regression at the area level and using generalised linear mixed models at the patient level. The relative contribution of service factors at the area level was assessed using the per cent of variance explained, measured by R2. The total impact of service factors was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The independent effect of service variables was measured at the individual level by odds ratios (ORs). Results Among the 431,735 adult deaths, hospitals were the most common PoD (47.3%), followed by care homes (23.1%), homes (22.5%) and hospices (6.1%). One-third (30.3%) of the deaths were due to cancer and two-thirds (69.7%) were due to non-cancer causes. Almost all service categories studied were associated with some of the area-level variation in PoD. Service type and capacity had the strongest link among all service categories, explaining 14.2–73.8% of the variation; service location explained 10.8–34.1% of the variation. The contribution of other service categories to PoD was inconsistent. At the individual level, service variables appeared to be more useful in predicting death in hospice than in hospital or care home, with most AUCs in the fair performance range (0.603–0.691). The independent effect of service variables on PoD was small overall, but consistent. Distance to the nearest care facility was negatively associated with death in that facility. At the Clinical Commissioning Group level, the number of hospices per 10,000 adults was associated with a higher chance of hospice death in non-cancer causes (OR 30.88, 99% confidence interval 3.46 to 275.44), but a lower chance of hospice death in cancer causes. There was evidence for an interaction effect between the service variables and sociodemographic variables on PoD. Limitations This study was limited by data availability, particularly those specific to palliative and end-of-life care; therefore, the findings should be interpreted with caution. Data limitations were partly due to the lack of attention and investment in this area. Conclusion A link was found between service factors and PoD. Hospice capacity was associated with hospice death in non-cancer cases. Distance to the nearest care facility was negatively correlated with the probability of a patient dying there. Effect size of the service factors was overall small, but the interactive effect between service factors and sociodemographic variables suggests that high-quality end-of-life care needs to be built on service-level configuration tailored to individuals’ circumstances. Future work A large data gap was identified and data collection is required nationally on services relevant to palliative and end-of-life care. Future research is needed to verify the identified links between service factors and PoD. Funding The National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.
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Tomintz, Melanie N., Graham P. Clarke, and Janette E. Rigby. "Planning the Location of Stop Smoking Services at the Local Level: A Geographic Analysis." Journal of Smoking Cessation 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2009): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jsc.4.2.61.
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AbstractSmoking is one of the major causes of premature death and its negative effects on a person's health are a global issue. Therefore, the United Kingdom has introduced new policies aimed at reducing the proportion of smokers from 26% in 2005 down to 21% by 2010. One mechanism to meet this policy target is the provision of stop smoking services. This article aims to estimate the Leeds smoking population at the small area level and especially to highlight the distribution of hard-to-reach groups such as heavy smokers (> 20 cigarettes/day) and pregnant women who smoke. Then optimal location strategies are discussed in relation to stop smoking services. The findings show the importance of adding a spatial component to find out where the smoking population or specific subgroups of smokers are to support policymakers or healthcare planners who are responsible for the planning process of the services.
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Doubeni, Chyke A., Douglas A. Corley, Virginia P. Quinn, Christopher D. Jensen, Ann G. Zauber, Michael Goodman, Jill R. Johnson, et al. "Effectiveness of screening colonoscopy in reducing the risk of death from right and left colon cancer: a large community-based study." Gut 67, no. 2 (October 12, 2016): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312712.
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ObjectiveScreening colonoscopy's effectiveness in reducing colorectal cancer mortality risk in community populations is unclear, particularly for right-colon cancers, leading to recommendations against its use for screening in some countries. This study aimed to determine whether, among average-risk people, receipt of screening colonoscopy reduces the risk of dying from both right-colon and left-colon/rectal cancers.DesignWe conducted a nested case–control study with incidence-density matching in screening-eligible Kaiser Permanente members. Patients who were 55–90 years old on their colorectal cancer death date during 2006–2012 were matched on diagnosis (reference) date to controls on age, sex, health plan enrolment duration and geographical region. We excluded patients at increased colorectal cancer risk, or with prior colorectal cancer diagnosis or colectomy. The association between screening colonoscopy receipt in the 10-year period before the reference date and colorectal cancer death risk was evaluated while accounting for other screening exposures.ResultsWe analysed 1747 patients who died from colorectal cancer and 3460 colorectal cancer-free controls. Compared with no endoscopic screening, receipt of a screening colonoscopy was associated with a 67% reduction in the risk of death from any colorectal cancer (adjusted OR (aOR)=0.33, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.52). By cancer location, screening colonoscopy was associated with a 65% reduction in risk of death for right-colon cancers (aOR=0.35, CI 0.18 to 0.65) and a 75% reduction for left-colon/rectal cancers (aOR=0.25, CI 0.12 to 0.53).ConclusionsScreening colonoscopy was associated with a substantial and comparably decreased mortality risk for both right-sided and left-sided cancers within a large community-based population.
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Negrete, Javier, Esteban Soibelzon, Eduardo P. Tonni, Alejandro Carlini, Leopoldo H. Soibelzon, Sebastián Poljak, Roberto A. Huarte, and Jorge E. Carbonari. "Antarctic Radiocarbon Reservoir: The Case of the Mummified Crabeater Seals (Lobodon Carcinophaga) in Bodman Cape, Seymour Island, Antarctica." Radiocarbon 53, no. 1 (2011): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200034433.
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At least 50% of the world's seal population is distributed in the pack-ice region surrounding Antarctica. Among the Antarctic seals, Lobodon carcinophaga (commonly known as “crabeater seals”) are the most abundant. This is a krill-feeding species, subsisting primarily on Euphausia superba. The occurrence of mummified seals has been documented since 1900 in several Antarctic regions, and different hypotheses about age and what happened to them have been proposed. Taking into account the depletion of 14C concentration in marine waters, we dated a recently deceased and a mummified L. carcinophaga along with a mollusk (Nacella concinna) collected alive from different locations around Antarctica. We discuss their relationship in light of the 14C reservoir. The age obtained for the recently deceased crabeater seals suggests a reservoir age of around 1300 yr for these waters, which is in agreement with the correction value for reservoir age obtained for the same species in the area. We applied this reservoir correction value to the conventional age of 1180 14C yr BP obtained for the mummified seal. The results indicate that the death event probably occurred within the last 100 yr. The age obtained for the mollusk specimen confirms that the correction values of the reservoir effect for the Antarctic continent vary according to geographical location and to the type of sample dated.
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Napitupulu, Ria Bintan, Andrea Putri, Fitri Fitri, and Kendy Setiawan Hartono. "Analysis of Income Income in Batam City Through the Tourism Industry." Eduvest - Journal Of Universal Studies 1, no. 6 (June 20, 2021): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/edv.v1i6.83.
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Batam Islands has a strategic geographical location between various foreign countries such as Vietnam, Cambodia, Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Singapore. Therefore, competition in the Riau Islands is not centered on national competition, even in the international field, because of the geographical location of the Riau Islands which is closer to various foreign countries than the capital city of Indonesia and is also the third tourism destination after Bali and Jakarta. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. Primary data was obtained by conducting (a) in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders in Batam City Regency. While secondary data comes from various trusted publications, such as BPS, Bappeda Belitung Regency, journals, newspapers, magazines, official documents, and other articles sourced from the internet. All the data is then compiled and adjusted to the focus of this study and then analyzed and drawn conclusions. The results of this study concluded that the economic decline in the Batam tourism sector was caused by these factors. (1) The rapid spread of covid-19 made Indonesia decide to close itself off from other countries. (2) the lack of foreign tourists who travel in Batam. (3) Batam has no plans to stabilize the economy when there are no foreign tourists.
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Cotton, Allison. "Is there a Relationship between Death Anxiety and Engagement in Lethal Behaviors among African-American Students?" OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 34, no. 3 (January 1, 1996): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/jn65-gfuj-pv0d-kllr.
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Two hundred and fifty-four African-American students volunteered to examine the relationship between death anxiety and engagement in lethal behavior. A three-part questionnaire was administered: Parts I and II of the questionnaire consisted of the Revised Death Anxiety Scale (RDAS) and the Lethal Behaviors Scale (LBS). Part III of the questionnaire consisted of questions about demography. The research was designed to assess the effect of gender, age, income, and geographic location on the relationship between death anxiety and lethal behavior. Chi square, ANOVA, and Multiple Regression analyses were employed to calculate the results. Findings include: 1) an inverse relationship exists between death anxiety and engagement in lethal behaviors, 2) females scored higher than males on the RDAS, 3) males scored higher than females on the LBS, and 4) income significantly effected Lethal Behavior Scale scores.
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Korres, Nicholas E., Jason K. Norsworthy, Bryan G. Young, Daniel B. Reynolds, William G. Johnson, Shawn P. Conley, Reid J. Smeda, et al. "Seedbank Persistence of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) across Diverse Geographical Regions in the United States." Weed Science 66, no. 4 (July 2018): 446–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2018.27.
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AbstractKnowledge of the effects of burial depth and burial duration on seed viability and, consequently, seedbank persistence of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Watson) and waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus(Moq.) J. D. Sauer] ecotypes can be used for the development of efficient weed management programs. This is of particular interest, given the great fecundity of both species and, consequently, their high seedbank replenishment potential. Seeds of both species collected from five different locations across the United States were investigated in seven states (sites) with different soil and climatic conditions. Seeds were placed at two depths (0 and 15 cm) for 3 yr. Each year, seeds were retrieved, and seed damage (shrunken, malformed, or broken) plus losses (deteriorated and futile germination) and viability were evaluated. Greater seed damage plus loss averaged across seed origin, burial depth, and year was recorded for lots tested at Illinois (51.3% and 51.8%) followed by Tennessee (40.5% and 45.1%) and Missouri (39.2% and 42%) forA. palmeriandA. tuberculatus, respectively. The site differences for seed persistence were probably due to higher volumetric water content at these sites. Rates of seed demise were directly proportional to burial depth (α=0.001), whereas the percentage of viable seeds recovered after 36 mo on the soil surface ranged from 4.1% to 4.3% compared with 5% to 5.3% at the 15-cm depth forA. palmeriandA. tuberculatus, respectively. Seed viability loss was greater in the seeds placed on the soil surface compared with the buried seeds. The greatest influences on seed viability were burial conditions and time and site-specific soil conditions, more so than geographical location. Thus, management of these weed species should focus on reducing seed shattering, enhancing seed removal from the soil surface, or adjusting tillage systems.
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Bidoli, Ettore, Silvia Franceschi, and Maurizio Montella. "Cancer Mortality by Urbanization and Proximity to the Sea Coast in Campania Region, Southern Italy." Tumori Journal 84, no. 4 (July 1998): 460–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169808400405.
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Aims and background The risk for several cancers is higher in urban than in rural areas. The gradient has seldom been studied in southern Europe. Patients and methods The geographical pattern of mortality for different cancers and all causes was studied in the Campania Region (about 5.6 million inhabitants), whose largest town is Naples. The key variables were residence in urban/rural and coastal/inland municipalities. Relative risks of death and corresponding 95% confidence intervals by residence were evaluated by means of Poisson log-linear regression models. Results Significantly increased mortality rates in urban compared to rural municipalities were found for several cancer causes of death. In particular, in both sexes, excesses in the order of 30-50% were observed for tobacco-related neoplasms (i.e., larynx, lung, and bladder) and cancers of the intestine, liver, brain, multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, in addition to all-cancer, and all-cause mortality. In females, specific excesses were also noticed for cancer of the gallbladder, pancreas, breast and uterus (corpus and cervix). Conversely, significantly decreased mortality rates in urban with respect to rural municipalities were observed for cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx in males. Coastal location and degree of urbanization were strongly correlated, thus showing similar associations with most causes of death. However, a significant excess of cancer of the pleura in males was restricted to coastal municipalities. Conclusions Anti-smoking campaigns, sanitation improvements, hepatitis B vaccination, and a decrease in obesity emerge as high priorities with respect to cancer control strategies in the Campania Region, particularly in overpopu-lated, underprivileged urban areas.
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Li, Kevin, Kajal Mehta, Ada Wright, Joohee Lee, Tam N. Pham, Kiran K. Nakarmi, and Barclay T. Stewart. "75 Geographic Location-Allocation Modeling to Optimize National Burn Care Delivery and Disaster Planning." Journal of Burn Care & Research 42, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2021): S52—S53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irab032.079.
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Abstract Introduction The study country has a disproportionally high burn incidence rate compared to other low- and middle-income countries. Preventable death and disability are common due to poor population-level spatial access to organized burn care, including no organized system of ground or aeromedical transport. Currently, severe burns are referred to a single facility nationwide, often with suboptimal stabilization and/or significant care delay. Therefore, we aimed to identify existing candidate hospitals that would optimize population-level access to acute burn care if burn stabilization capabilities were strengthened in each hospital. Methods The 175 general hospitals that referred patients to the single national burn referral center between 2016–2020 were designated as candidate hospitals. Demand points for location-allocation modelling were derived from a 2020 estimated population density grid for the country (total population 30,184,338). Road network and national speed limit data were extracted from publicly available geodata to inform travel distance and time. Six models were developed (Models A-F) using cost-distance and network analyses to identify the 3 vs 5 candidate hospitals that would optimize population-level spatial access if their initial burn stabilization capabilities were strengthened. Three travel time thresholds (≤2, 6, and 12 hours) were used for both sets of models. Results Currently, 6,151,298 people (20.3% of the national population) have access to organized burn care within 2 hours of travel, 11,240,957 (37.2%) within 6 hours and 21,925,928 (72.6%) within 12 hours [Table 1]. If acute burn stabilization capabilities were strengthened, Models A-C of 3 chosen hospitals would increase population-level burn care access to 45.2%, 89.4%, and 99.8% of the national population at ≤2, 6, and 12 travel-hours, respectively. Models D-F demonstrated that 5 chosen hospitals would increase population-level burn care access to 53.4%, 95.0%, and 99.9% of national the population at ≤2, 6, and 12 travel-hours, respectively. Conclusions This exercise demonstrates two sets of models for increasing population-level access to acute burn stabilization in the study country. If acute burn stabilization capabilities were strengthened in the identified hospitals, approximately 90% of the national population would have access to burn care within 6 travel-hours in both the 3 and 5 hospital scenarios. Although the models with 5 strengthened hospitals reduce mean travel time, the percent of population with improved travel time access is only marginally higher. Strategic, organized efforts to increase burn stabilization capabilities might reduce the rates of preventable burn-related death and disability country-wide by reducing delays.
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Horrill, Tara, Josee Lavoie, Donna Martin, and Annette Schultz. "Places & Spaces: A Critical Analysis of Cancer Disparities and Access to Cancer Care Among First Nations Peoples in Canada." Witness: The Canadian Journal of Critical Nursing Discourse 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 104–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2291-5796.62.
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Despite advancements in research and medicine, health inequities and disparities among First Nations peoples (FN) in Canada are well documented and continue to grow. Once virtually unheard of, cancer now is a leading cause of death among FN. Many factors contribute to cancer disparities, but FN face unique challenges in accessing healthcare. In this critical review and analysis, we explore potential links between cancer disparities and poor access to cancer care among FN. Research suggests FN experience difficulty accessing cancer services in several ‘places’ of care, including screening, diagnosis, treatment, survivorship and palliative care. Furthermore, there are notable ‘spaces’ or gaps both within and between these ‘places’ of care likely contributing to cancer disparities among First Nations. Gaps in care result from jurisdictional ambiguities, geographical location, unsafe social spaces, and marginalization of FN ways of knowing, and can be linked to colonial and neocolonial policies and ideologies. By drawing attention to these broader structural influences on health, we aim to challenge discourses that attribute growing cancer disparities among FN in Canada solely to increases in ‘risk factors’.
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Kozlov, D. N. "The largest lakes of the Kuril Islands: morphometry and geographical distribution (materials for the database)." Geosystems of Transition Zones 4, no. 4 (2020): 506–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30730/gtrz.2020.4.4.506-513.
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The work presents modern data on the location, morphometry, and genesis of the largest lakes basins of the Kuril Islands obtained in the volcanological expeditions of the IMGG FEB RAS during 2005– 2018 and using open geographic information resources. 1099 lakes were sampled according to the criterion S ≥ 1 km², the list of studied objects included 20 reservoirs, represented by 7 volcanic and 13 lagoon lakes. The considered lakes are clearly divided according to their origin, area and height of the mirror, and maximum depth. The most part of large lakes falls on the Southern Kurils, and the largest water body – the volcanic lake Koltsevoe – is located on Onekotan Island, which is a part of the group of the Northern Kurils. Volcanic lakes occupy an area of 48.26 km² (60 % of the total area of 20 lakes), the depth varies in the range from several tens to several hundred meters. This category of lakes is characterized by relatively high levels of the mirror, which range from 50 to 648 m above sea level. Lagoon lakes occupy an area of 32.15 km² (40 % of the total area of 20 lakes), the depth of water bodies is small – from 1 to 23 m, the absolute height of the lake mirror is from 1–5 to 8–9 m.
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Björklund, Niklas, and B. Staffan Lindgren. "Diameter of lodgepole pine and mortality caused by the mountain pine beetle: factors that influence their relationship and applicability for susceptibility rating." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 5 (May 2009): 908–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-020.
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During outbreaks the mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) kills large lodgepole pine trees ( Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) more frequently than smaller ones. There is, however, considerable variation in the relation of diameter to incidence of attack. In a meta-analysis of published data we found that the relationship was primarily determined by geographic location (elevation, latitude, and longitude). We propose a new tree mortality measure, the probability of death index, defined as the average percentage of mortality for trees >23 cm. The index may improve the precision in predictive modeling of tree mortality, as it provides a biologically relevant measure of mortality, since it only includes trees that contribute to the growth of an epidemic and is not influenced by the number of trees within a diameter class. To be useful to forest managers, it must be possible to predict the index from stand parameters that are easily measured. The usefulness of the index was supported by a meta-analysis, which showed that 53% of the variation in the mortality index was explained by geographic location. Tree density did not explain any additional variation. Future research is needed to evaluate the performance of the probability of death index compared with that of other mortality measures.