Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Geographic mobility'
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Thomas, Reuben Jasper. "Geographic mobility and homophily /." May be available electronically:, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Boman, Anders. "Geographic labour mobility causes and consequences /." Göteborg : Dept. of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg, 2008. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/319214599.html.
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Giua, Ludovica. "On immigration, geographic and labour market mobility." Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/19538/.
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This thesis consists of three chapters. The first one is an empirical assessment of the consequences of post-2004 temporary restrictions to welfare access for some European immigrants in the UK in terms of their benefits take-up and their labour supply. I provide evidence that when access to benefits is restricted, immigrants compensate for the foregone income by working more. This is particularly true for females. Nevertheless, even in the absence of any restrictions, immigrants are less reliant on welfare and work more than their native counterparts. The second chapter focuses on the determinants of geographical mobility of British labour market entrants over the period 1991-2008, with an emphasis on the role of education. Given the absence of an appropriate index for mobility in the data, I compute a continuous measure of distance that is then matched to the individual information. Results suggest that having a degree has a positive impact on the mobility of young adults and, hence, on their labour market opportunities. Moreover, an important role is played by previous mobility experience and some other environmental factors. In the third chapter of this dissertation I evaluate the long-term effects of undergoing job turnover during a woman’s early career on her demand for children. In doing so, I make a distinction between voluntary and involuntary job separations. The empirical analysis is made on a sample of British women who have left education in the years 1959-1986, for which I construct job experience and family formation variables on the basis of retrospective information. The findings imply that women with stronger preferences for children might self-select into more rewarding career paths, possibly in pursuance of better labour market conditions that can guarantee a more adequate child rearing.
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Branco, Luciana Azevedo de Sá Rio. "Isotope analysis of dental enamel for assessing geographic origin and geographic mobility in humans: a pilot study." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/63772.
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Branco, Luciana Azevedo de Sá Rio. "Isotope analysis of dental enamel for assessing geographic origin and geographic mobility in humans: a pilot study." Dissertação, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/63772.
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Jensen, Laura Lippert Lamke Leanne K. "The relationship between geographic mobility and feelings of mastery during adolescence." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Fall/Thesis/JENSEN_LAURA_49.pdf.
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Lee, Jinhyung. "Building Ladders of Opportunity: Understanding the Impacts of New Mobility Services on Space-time Accessibility." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1589496154927058.
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Koschmider, Susan M. Smith. "Transience and education, academic and psychosocial effects of geographic mobility on children." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0013/MQ29160.pdf.
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Körner, Christine [Verfasser]. "Modeling Visit Potential of Geographic Locations Based on Mobility Data / Christine Körner." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2012. http://d-nb.info/104391109X/34.
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Baburam, Arun. "Adaptive mobility based clustering and hybrid geographic routing for mobile ad hoc networks." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436822.
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Machovina, Brett John. "Modeling of Pedestrian Mobility Across a Natural Landscape Using a Geographic Information System." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392809617.
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Kim, Hyeyoung. "The Role of Pastoralist Mobility in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Transmission in The Far North Region of Cameroon." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1469174270.
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Ivanovic, Stefan. "Quality based approach for updating geographic authoritative datasets from crowdsourced GPS traces." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1068/document.
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Ces dernières années, le besoin de données géographiques de référence a significativement augmenté. Pour y répondre, il est nécessaire de mettre jour continuellement les données de référence existantes. Cette tâche est coûteuse tant financièrement que techniquement. Pour ce qui concerne les réseaux routiers, trois types de voies sont particulièrement complexes à mettre à jour en continu : les chemins piétonniers, les chemins agricoles et les pistes cyclables. Cette complexité est due à leur nature intermittente (elles disparaissent et réapparaissent régulièrement) et à l’hétérogénéité des terrains sur lesquels elles se situent (forêts, haute montagne, littoral, etc.).En parallèle, le volume de données GPS produites par crowdsourcing et disponibles librement augmente fortement. Le nombre de gens enregistrant leurs positions, notamment leurs traces GPS, est en augmentation, particulièrement dans le contexte d’activités sportives. Ces traces sont rendues accessibles sur les réseaux sociaux, les blogs ou les sites d’associations touristiques. Cependant, leur usage actuel est limité à des mesures et analyses simples telles que la durée totale d’une trace, la vitesse ou l’élévation moyenne, etc. Les raisons principales de ceci sont la forte variabilité de la précision planimétrique des points GPS ainsi que le manque de protocoles et de métadonnées (par ex. la précision du récepteur GPS).Le contexte de ce travail est l’utilisation de traces GPS de randonnées pédestres ou à vélo, collectées par des volontaires, pour détecter des mises à jours potentielles de chemins piétonniers, de voies agricoles et de pistes cyclables dans des données de référence. Une attention particulière est portée aux voies existantes mais absentes du référentiel. L’approche proposée se compose de trois étapes : La première consiste à évaluer et augmenter la qualité des traces GPS acquises par la communauté. Cette qualité a été augmentée en filtrant (1) les points extrêmes à l’aide d’un approche d’apprentissage automatique et (2) les points GPS qui résultent d’une activité humaine secondaire (en dehors de l’itinéraire principal). Les points restants sont ensuite évalués en termes de précision planimétrique par classification automatique. La seconde étape permet de détecter de potentielles mises à jour. Pour cela, nous proposons une solution d’appariement par distance tampon croissante. Cette distance est adaptée à la précision planimétrique des points GPS classifiés pour prendre en compte la forte hétérogénéité de la précision des traces GPS. Nous obtenons ainsi les parties des traces n’ayant pas été appariées au réseau de voies des données de référence. Ces parties sont alors considérées comme de potentielles voies manquantes dans les données de référence. Finalement nous proposons dans la troisième étape une méthode de décision multicritère visant à accepter ou rejeter ces mises à jour possibles. Cette méthode attribue un degré de confiance à chaque potentielle voie manquante. L’approche proposée dans ce travail a été évaluée sur un ensemble de trace GPS multi-sources acquises par crowdsourcing dans le massif des Vosges. Les voies manquantes dans les données de références IGN BDTOPO® ont été détectées avec succès et proposées comme mises à jour potentiellesNowadays, the need for very up to date authoritative spatial data has significantly increased. Thus, to fulfill this need, a continuous update of authoritative spatial datasets is a necessity. This task has become highly demanding in both its technical and financial aspects. In terms of road network, there are three types of roads in particular which are particularly challenging for continuous update: footpath, tractor and bicycle road. They are challenging due to their intermittent nature (e.g. they appear and disappear very often) and various landscapes (e.g. forest, high mountains, seashore, etc.).Simultaneously, GPS data voluntarily collected by the crowd is widely available in a large quantity. The number of people recording GPS data, such as GPS traces, has been steadily increasing, especially during sport and spare time activities. The traces are made openly available and popularized on social networks, blogs, sport and touristic associations' websites. However, their current use is limited to very basic metric analysis like total time of a trace, average speed, average elevation, etc. The main reasons for that are a high variation of spatial quality from a point to a point composing a trace as well as lack of protocols and metadata (e.g. precision of GPS device used).The global context of our work is the use of GPS hiking and mountain bike traces collected by volunteers (VGI traces), to detect potential updates of footpaths, tractor and bicycle roads in authoritative datasets. Particular attention is paid on roads that exist in reality but are not represented in authoritative datasets (missing roads). The approach we propose consists of three phases. The first phase consists of evaluation and improvement of VGI traces quality. The quality of traces was improved by filtering outlying points (machine learning based approach) and points that are a result of secondary human behaviour (activities out of main itinerary). Remained points are then evaluated in terms of their accuracy by classifying into low or high accurate (accuracy) points using rule based machine learning classification. The second phase deals with detection of potential updates. For that purpose, a growing buffer data matching solution is proposed. The size of buffers is adapted to the results of GPS point’s accuracy classification in order to handle the huge variations in VGI traces accuracy. As a result, parts of traces unmatched to authoritative road network are obtained and considered as candidates for missing roads. Finally, in the third phase we propose a decision method where the “missing road” candidates should be accepted as updates or not. This decision method was made in multi-criteria process where potential missing roads are qualified according to their degree of confidence. The approach was tested on multi-sourced VGI GPS traces from Vosges area. Missing roads in IGN authoritative database BDTopo® were successfully detected and proposed as potential updates
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Labossière, Wilsonn. "Analyse des effets d'appartenance ethnique sur l'usage et la représentation pour les services de télécommunication à l'international en France et ses implications marketing." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EVRY0011.
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La téléphonie ethnique (mobile) est un secteur d'activité qui facilite la communication et la consolidation des liens interpersonnels entre les membres d'une famille ou d'une communauté dispersés géographiquement. Malgré son importance dans le quotidien des personnes en mobilité géographique, il existe peu de travaux sur la consommation des services téléphoniques mobiles par les populations d'origine étrangère vivant en France. Dans notre recherche, nous nous sommes donnés pour but d'étudier les antécédents liés à l'usage et à la représentation associés à la consommation des services téléphoniques par les personnes d'origine immigrée ou étrangère vivant en France - pour dans un second temps en évaluer les implications marketing.Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons mobilisé certaines théories relatives aux systèmes d'information et des théories relatives aux phénomènes migratoires (ethnicité, identité, culture...) afin d'arriver à un modèle de recherche tenant compte de la réalité du phénomène étudié. Ce modèle met en perspective le concept de la "consommation ethnotélécom". Une collecte de données a été réalisée par internet auprès d'un échantillon de 477 répondants. Les résultats issus du traitement des données montrent à quel point la consommation peut varier en fonction de l'offreEthnic mobile telephony is a business that facilitates communication and strengthens interpersonal ties between members of a family or a community with dispersed geography. In spite of its importance to people in geographic mobility, there are few studies on utilization
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Liu, Qingsong. "The Role of Mobility in the Socio-spatial Segregation Assessment with Social Media Data." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1618913543377221.
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Cashen, Marguerite. "POPULATION CHURN: THE MIGRATION FLOW OF FLORIDA." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4203.
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Recent research has focused attention on the concerns of migration in and out of Florida and within the counties themselves. In 1949, Cape Canaveral was established and the boom was on. The character of the state dramatically transformed after 1965, when plans were announced to convert twenty-seven thousand acres of swampland into Walt Disney World. Since then, Orlando's evolution is divided into two eras: before and after Walt Disney World. Orlando has changed from a quiet town whose function was to service the surrounding citrus growing regions in a sparsely populated Orange County to a booming metropolis. Has the growth been for the best? While geographical mobility is frequently analyzed in terms of in-migration, out-migration, and net migration, this thesis will examine the population churn, the sum of in- and out-migration divided by population size. The simple descriptive questions in this thesis are, first, how do Orange County and the Orlando metro area "stack up" against other Florida cities, counties, and metro areas such as: Tampa, Jacksonville, and Miami. Secondly, across 67 Florida counties, what county level characteristics predict the rate of churn? The sample will consist of intra-migration and intermigration movers from a dataset drawn from the 2000 U. S. Census, IRS data, and local data by county, such as, F Cat, Index Crime Rate, and Domestic Violence Rate. The U.S. Census data are compiled from the Census of 2000; most estimates come from data collected by the CPS (Current Population Survey), which the U.S. Census conducts. The Internal Revenue Service migration flow data shows migration patterns by county based on changes in the addresses entered on individual tax returns. Correlation analysis is used to show the strength of association between population churn and the other variables.M.A.
Department of Sociology and Anthropology
Arts and Sciences
Applied Sociology
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al-Sirour, Mamdouh. "Changing geographic patterns of pastoralists' mobility : a study of the Bedu in north-east Jordan." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298910.
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McPherson, Rachel. "Walking with Lucy| Modeling Mobility Patterns of Australopithecus afarensis Using GIS." Thesis, University of Colorado at Denver, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10750014.
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Behavior is perhaps the most challenging component of an extinct organism to reconstruct and understand. Often in paleoanthropology, researchers primarily have fossils and paleoecological data; however, combining these into models of hominin behavior is difficult in practice. Yet for years archaeologists and wildlife biologists have been using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to model the mobility behavior of humans and other animals. This research seeks to integrate the methodology of cost-distance modeling in GIS into paleoanthropology to understand hominin mobility, specifically investigating if the potential mobility pattern of Australopithecus afarensis can be modeled to understand how they got across Eastern Africa to their known sites. The models created for Au. afarensis, humans, and chimpanzees brought together walking time as a cost factor and modern slope as an impediment to movement. These values were input into the Cost Distance tool in ArcGIS with Laetoli as the source and tested on two study areas, Laetoli and Eastern Africa. Known Au. afarensis sites matched areas of least cost for each potential mobility pattern, which indicated that 1) none of the models could be ruled as the best potential mobility pattern for Au. afarensis, 2) Au. afarensis likely avoided steeper gradients, and 3) modern gradient data were not incompatible with the models. Despite limitations to this study, these models provide a foundation for research into hominin mobility patterns using GIS.
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Labossière, Wilsonn. "Analyse des effets d'appartenance ethnique sur l'usage et la représentation pour les services de télécommunication à l'international en France et ses implications marketing." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EVRY0011.
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La téléphonie ethnique (mobile) est un secteur d'activité qui facilite la communication et la consolidation des liens interpersonnels entre les membres d'une famille ou d'une communauté dispersés géographiquement. Malgré son importance dans le quotidien des personnes en mobilité géographique, il existe peu de travaux sur la consommation des services téléphoniques mobiles par les populations d'origine étrangère vivant en France. Dans notre recherche, nous nous sommes donnés pour but d'étudier les antécédents liés à l'usage et à la représentation associés à la consommation des services téléphoniques par les personnes d'origine immigrée ou étrangère vivant en France - pour dans un second temps en évaluer les implications marketing.Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons mobilisé certaines théories relatives aux systèmes d'information et des théories relatives aux phénomènes migratoires (ethnicité, identité, culture...) afin d'arriver à un modèle de recherche tenant compte de la réalité du phénomène étudié. Ce modèle met en perspective le concept de la "consommation ethnotélécom". Une collecte de données a été réalisée par internet auprès d'un échantillon de 477 répondants. Les résultats issus du traitement des données montrent à quel point la consommation peut varier en fonction de l'offreEthnic mobile telephony is a business that facilitates communication and strengthens interpersonal ties between members of a family or a community with dispersed geography. In spite of its importance to people in geographic mobility, there are few studies on utilization
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Moody, Kimberly S. "Tramps, trade union travellers, and wandering workers : how geographic mobility undermined organized labour in Gilded Age America." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31007/.
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This thesis will argue that high levels of internal migration in Gilded Age America undermined the stability and growth of trade unions and labour-based parties. Most of the traditional ‘American Exceptionalist’ arguments which asserted a lack of class consciousness will be challenged. Significant weight will be given to the racial, ethnic, and gender divisions within the American working class as a source of relative organizational weakness. As archival sources reveal, however, despite their divisions, workers of all ethnic and racial groups drawn into wage-labour in the Gilded Age often displayed high levels of class consciousness and political radicalism through their actions, organizations, and hundreds of weekly labour papers. They also showed an awareness of the problems of frequent migration or ‘tramping’ in building stable organizations. Driven by the tumultuous conditions of uneven industrialization, millions of people migrated from state-to-state, country-to-city, and city-to-city at rates far higher than in Europe. A detailed analysis of the statistics on migration, work-related travelling, and union membership trends shows that this created a high level of membership turnover in the major organizations of the day—the American Federation of Labour and the Knights of Labour. Confronted in the 1880s with the highest level of migration in the period, the Knights of Labour saw rapid growth turn into continuous decline. The more stable craft unions also saw significant membership loss to migration through an ineffective travelling card system. The organizational weakness that resulted undermined efforts by American workers to build independent labour-based parties in the 1880s and 1890s. ‘Pure-and-simple’ unionism would triumph by the end of the century despite the existence of a significant socialist minority in organized labour.
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Girardin, Fabien. "Aspects of implicit and explicit human interactions with ubiquitous geographic information." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7561.
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El uso creciente de dispositivos móviles, infraestructuras inalámbricas e Internet está cambiando nuestra vida diaria, no solo la manera en que nos comunicamos o compartimos información, sino también cómo nos relacionamos con el entorno. A través de nuestras interacciones con estas tecnologías, accedemos y generamos una membrana de información que se cierne sobre los espacios donde vivimos y que visitamos. Sin embargo, esta capa de información solo modela de manera imperfecta la realidad debido a una digitalización tosca y a limitaciones tecnológicas, que hacen peligrar la interacción humana. Por otro lado, la presencia de esta información geográfica ubicua generada por los usuarios abre nuevas perspectivas para la comprensión de las actividades humanas en el espacio y el tiempo. Esta tesis acepta el reto de investigar estos aspectos de las interacciones humanas con la información geográfica ubicua. Con un enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo, discernimos las implicaciones de la integración de información geográfica ubicua y las resultantes estrategias de los usuarios para hacer frente a la incertidumbre espacial. Entonces, explotamos esta contribución para analizar enfoques novedosos con el objetivo de inferir actividades espacio-temporales de individuos y grupos respetando su privacidad. Demostramos la aplicabilidad de nuestras soluciones en los ámbitos de la investigación de mercados y el urbanismo.The increasing use of mobile devices, wireless infrastructures, and the Internet is changing our daily lives, not only in the way we communicate with each other or share information but also how we relate to the environment. Through our interactions with these technologies we access and generate an informational membrane, hovering over the spaces we live in and visit. However, this information layer only imperfectly models the reality due to coarse digitization and technological limitations, challenging the human interaction. On the other hand, the presence of this user-generated ubiquitous geographic information opens novel perspectives in understanding human activities over space and time. This thesis takes on the challenge of exploring these aspects of human interactions with ubiquitous geographic information. Through qualitative lenses, we discern the implications of the integration of ubiquitous geographic information and the resulting users strategies to cope with spatial uncertainty. Then, we exploit this contribution to explore novel approaches to infer individuals and groups time-space activities with respect to their privacy. We demonstrate the applicability of our solutions in the domains of market research and urbanism.
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Jia, Tao. "Geospatial Knowledge Discovery using Volunteered Geographic Information : a Complex System Perspective." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Geodesi och geoinformatik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-104783.
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The continuous progression of urbanization has resulted in an increasing number of people living in cities or towns. In parallel, advancements in technologies, such as the Internet, telecommunications, and transportation, have allowed for better connectivity among people. This has engendered drastic changes in urban systems during the recent decades. From a social geographic perspective, the changes in urban systems are primarily characterized by intensive contacts among people and their interactions with the surrounding urban environment, which further leads to subsequent challenging problems such as traffic jams, environmental pollution, urban sprawl, etc. These problems have been reported to be heterogeneous and non-deterministic. Hence, to cope with them, massive amounts of geographic data are required to create new knowledge on urban systems. Due to the thriving of Volunteer Geographic Information (VGI) in recent years, this thesis presents knowledge on urban systems based on extensive VGI datasets from three sources: highway dataset from the OpenStreetMap (OSM) project, photo location dataset from the Flickr website, and GPS tracking datasets from volunteers, taxicabs, and air flights. The knowledge primarily relates to two issues of urban systems: the urban space and the corresponding human dynamics. In accordance, on one hand, urban space acts as a carrier for associated geographic activities and knowledge of it benefits our understanding of current social and economic problems in urban systems. On the other hand, human dynamics reflect human behavior in urban space, which leads to complex mobility or activity patterns. Its investigation allows a derivation of the underlying driving force that is very instructive to urban planning, traffic management, and infectious disease control. Therefore, to fully understand the two issues, this thesis conducts a thorough investigation from multiple aspects. The first issue is investigated from four aspects. First, at the city level, the controversial topic of city size regularity is investigated in terms of natural cities, and the conclusion is that Zipf’s law holds stably for all US cities. Second, at the sub-city level, the size distribution of spatial units within different cities in terms of the clusters formed by street nodes, photo locations, and taxi static points are explored, and the result shows a remarkable scaling property of these spatial units. Third, enlightened by the scaling property of the urban space at the city or sub-city level, this thesis devises a novel tool that can demarcate the cities into three categories: compact cities, normal cities, and sprawling cities. The tool is then applied to cities in both the US and three European countries. In the last, another representation of urban space is taken into account, namely the transportation network. The findings report that the US airport network displays the properties of scale-free, small-world, and disassortative mixing and that the individual natural airports show heterogeneous patterns that are probably subject to geographic constraints and socioeconomic factors. The second issue is examined from four perspectives. First, at the city level, the movement flow contributed by agents using two types of behavior is investigated through an agent-based simulation, and the result conjectures that the human mobility behavior is mainly shaped by the underlying street network. Second, at the country level, this thesis reports that the human travel length by air can be approximated well by an exponential distribution, and subsequent simulations indicate that human mobility behavior is largely constrained by the underlying airport network. Third, at the regional level, the length that humans travel by car is demonstrated to agree well with a power law with exponential cutoff distribution, and subsequent simulation further reproduces this levy flight characteristic. Based on the simulation, human mobility behavior is again revealed to be primarily shaped by the underlying hierarchical spatial structure. Finally, taxicab static points are adopted to explore human activity patterns, which can be characterized as the regularities in space and time, the heterogeneity and predictability in space. From a complex system perspective, this thesis presents the knowledge discovered in urban systems using massive volumes of geographic data. Together with new knowledge from empirical findings, the development of methods, and the design of theoretic models, this thesis also shares the research community with geographic data generated from extensive VGI datasets and the corresponding source codes. Moreover, this study is aligned with a paradigm shift in that it analyzes large-size datasets using high processing power as opposed to analyzing small-size datasets with low processing power.QC 20121113
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Gssime, Nadia. "La mobilité géographique du salarié." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010294.
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La mobilité géographique du salarié, entendue ici comme le(s) changement(s) de lieu de travail du salarié au sein du territoire national, est un élément central de la relation de travail, tant pour le salarié que pour l'employeur. Le régime juridique applicable n'a été précisément défini qu'à compter des années 2000. Il a aujourd'hui atteint une certaine maturité qui justifie son réexamen et son étude approfondie, afin de déterminer quels sont les principes finalement retenus, leurs modalités d'application, l'articulation des différentes notions et les évolutions prévisibles ou attendues. Le droit de la mobilité géographique a été construit autour du postulat suivant : la notion de lieu de travail est relative, le salarié est tenu à une certaine mobilité. Cet axiome est à l'origine du concept de secteur géographique, de la distinction clause informative et clause de sédentarité, du régime de l'affectation occasionnelle du salarié, de la clause de réversibilité, de l'accord de mobilité interne, plus simplement de l'ensemble du régime de la mobilité géographique du salarié. Essentiellement forgé par le juge, il est également le fruit de la négociation des parties aux contrats de travail et dans une moindre mesure des partenaires sociaux. Quant au législateur, il n'est intervenu que très récemment, non pas pour modifier ou consacrer les principes dégagés par le juge mais pour mettre en place deux dispositifs créés par un accord national interprofessionnelThe employees' geographic mobility-which, in this case, means the change(s) of the employees' workplace within the domestic territory -is a core issue of working relationships, both for the employees and for the employers. Despite the antiquity of such a concem, the applicable legal system has only be specifically defined from the 2000s. Nowadays, it has reached a certain level of maturity, which justifies its reconsideration and a thorough analysis, in order to pinpoint the principles that are eventually retained, their conditions of application, as well as the articulation between the various notions, and the predictable or expected evolutions. Geographic mobility law has been structured around the following assumption: the notion of workplace is relative, as employees are compelled to accept travelling from time to time. This axiom is the source of the concept of geographic area, of the difference between informative clause and sedentariness clause, of the employees' casual assignment system, of the reversibility clause, of the restrictions on the mobility clause, and -more simply -of the whole employees' geographic mobility system. Mainly issued by judges, it also originates from the negotiation between the parties to employment contracts, and -to a lesser extent -between the social partners. As for legislators, they only very recently have taken action, not to change or sanction the principles drawn by judges, but to implement two new systems created by a national interprofessional agreement
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Rencher, William C. "The Association between Mobility and HIV Risk: an Analysis of Ten High Prevalence ZIP Codes of Atlanta, Georgia." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/206.
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Studies from developing countries disagree on whether mobility is a risk factor or a protective factor for HIV risk. The difference is often determined by gender. Few studies exist, however, examining the relationship among high risk populations in developed nations. This study seeks to examine that relationship in 10 high risk ZIP codes of Atlanta, Georgia using data gathered from the Geography Project by Rothenberg and colleagues. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between HIV risk and five independent variables of mobility. Results were stratified by gender. After controlling for demographic and behavioral variables, use of public transportation by men was significantly protective of HIV risk. Significant associations were also observed with ever injection drug use and recent condom use, indicating that high risk behaviors may be the real driver of the epidemic in these neighborhoods.
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Sales, Fonteles André. "A generic architecture and a recommendation strategy for spatial crowdsourcing platforms." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAM072.
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Les plateformes de crowdsourcing spatial (PCS) sont des systèmes qui permettent à des personnes, appelées commanditaires, de publier des tâches spatiales afin de trouver la main-d’œuvre pour les exécuter. Ces tâches spatiales exigent que leurs exécutants soient à un endroit donné, souvent dans une fenêtre de temps donnée, pour être accomplies. Quelques exemples de PCS sont Uber et TaskRabbit. Les PCS suscitent beaucoup d’intérêt dans la recherche, mais des pistes de recherche sont encore à explorer.Doan et al. [2011] a soutenu que l’objectif réside maintenant dans “la construction de plateformes générales de crowdsourcing qui peuvent être utilisées pour développer rapidement ces systèmes”. Depuis, peu de travaux ont porté sur la conception technique des PCS. En outre, il existe un écart entre ce qui est mis en oeuvre par les PCS de l’industrie et les propositions que l’on trouve dans la littérature scientifique. Nous proposons GENIUS-C, une architecture générique pour les PCS. Nous fournissons une implémentation de référence (IR) pour GENIUS-C, fonctionnant comme un cadre pour le développement de PCS. GENIUS-C et son IR sont destinés à combler les écarts entre le monde académique et industriel, et faciliter la compréhension et le développement rapide de PCS.Nous étudions également l’important problème de l’appariement des exécutants et des tâches d’un PCS. Comment peut-on trouver une ou plusieurs tâches adaptées à un exécutant (et vice versa)? Certains utilisent des techniques de système de recommandation, d’autres des approches d’optimisation. La plupart d’entre eux ne tiennent pas compte des dimensions spatio-temporelles des tâches et des exécutants. Ceux qui en tiennent compte ignorent les préférences des exécutants, des commanditaires ou du système lui-même. Dans ce contexte, nous identifions et modélisons le problème réel et récurrent suivant: une fois que l’exécutant est prêt à accomplir des tâches, quelle est la meilleure séquence de tâches à suivre en respectant ses contraintes spatio-temporelles? Comment cette séquence peut-elle être obtenue en tenant compte des préférences de l’exécutant, des commanditaires, du système lui-même ou d’une combinaison de ceux-ci? Nous nommons cette situation le Problème de la Recommandation de Trajectoire, auquel nous proposons une solution optimale, et étudions des heuristiques d’approximation pour le résoudreSpatial Crowdsourcing Platforms (SCP) are systems that allow people, called requesters, to publish spatial tasks in order to find suitable workforce to perform it. These spatial tasks require workers to be at a given location, usually within a given time window, to be accomplished. Some examples of SCPs are: Uber, BlaBlaCar and TaskRabbit. SCPs are source of much interest for academy, however several research opportunities remain.Doan et al. [2011] argued that the race is now on “toward building general crowdsourcing platforms that can be used to develop such systems quickly". Since then, little has been done to investigate the technical design of SCPs precisely. Also, there is a gap between what is done in commercial platform and in scientific literature. We propose GENIUS-C, a generic architecture for SPCs. We provide a reference implementation (RI) for GENIUS-C, that works as a framework for the development of SCPs. GENIUS-C and its RI are meant to fill the gap between the academic and industry world, and facilitate the understanding and the quick development of new SCPs.We also study the important problem of matching workers and tasks. How can we find one or more tasks suitable for a worker (and vice versa)? Some tackle this issue using recommender system techniques, others optimization approaches. Most of them do not take into account the spatiotemporal dimensions of tasks and workers. Others take it into account, but to ignore the preferences of either workers, requesters or the system itself. In this context, we identify and model the following common real-life problem: once a worker is willing to spend sometime accomplishing tasks, what is the best sequence of tasks to be followed respecting their spatiotemporal constraints? How can this sequence be obtained taking into account the preferences of the worker, the requesters, the system itself, or a combination of them? We name this situation the Trajectory Recommendation Problem (TRP), propose a feasible exact solution and study approximation heuristics for it
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Misich, Courtney Misich. "Social and Spatial Mobility in the British Empire: Reading and Mapping Lower Class Travel Accounts of the 1790's." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1505864270348148.
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Schuch, Laura M. "Geospatial Approaches to Identify Neighborhood Risks to a Pediatric Population." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1531694688693131.
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Aryee, Frank. "A Spatial Assessment of the GO bg Transit Services in Bowling Green, Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2014. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1344.
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The decision to live in a particular place, accept a job at a distant location, where to go shopping or purchase groceries, and many other similar decisions are all largely influenced by the availability of transportation. As such, it is important that everyone who requires transportation can have access. However, certain population segments, such as low income earners, are less likely to own cars due to the cost involved. There are others who may be impaired physically or have other difficulties that may prevent them from driving. Access to transportation is essential for people of all backgrounds and social statuses. Public transportation is therefore put in place by some cities to enhance the mobility and accessibility of commuters. This study assesses the services of the GO bg public transit service in Bowling Green, Kentucky, to determine how well its services meet the transportation needs of some population sub-groups in the city. A number of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques, including service area analysis, intersect, areal proportion, and demand mapping, were employed in assessing the existing transit routes and stops, and the extent to which certain demographic groups, such as African Americans, Hispanics, seniors aged 65 and older, and low-income households, were served. The study also used spatial proximity to determine accessibility options from transit stops for transit riders. In this study, accessibility was determined based on the available destinations of some basic consumer necessities in the study area such as health, education, shopping, and recreation. The results of this study suggest that the GO bg transit service on the whole has a reasonable level of coverage, particularly within five-minute and seven-minute walking distances. It also provides acceptable accessibility to major activity centers such as health centers, higher educational institutions, grocery stores, and other places of basic needs, and most of these centers are within five-minute walking distance from the current bus stops. Findings from this study should help the management of public transit services in the study area and improve the provision of transit services to meet the transportation needs of vulnerable members of the community, such as transit dependent individuals. In addition, it could also contribute to the rather limited literature on studies of public transportation in small U.S. cities.
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McLeod, Christine. "Changing places- Resilience in children who move." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1844.
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Figures from the Australian Bureau of Statistics show that over 40% of all Australian children moved at least one time in the census period from 1996 to 2001 (ABS, 2001). The literature varies in the impact that this has on children. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between residential relocation, resilience and the emotional, behavioural and academic adjustment of children 8-12 years of age who had moved. Risk factors as identified in the literature as well as the relative impact of resilience were examined. By studying how adjustment occurs in the context of resilience, possible areas for prevention and intervention may be developed for the large numbers of children who move. Results showed that the sample population was in the normal range in academic and behavioural terms. The sample was found to have repeated more grades than average; however the children did not exhibit significant behavioural or emotional consequences. A number of demographic factors have been indicated in the literature as affecting adjustment after residential relocations, yet these were generally not found to be significantly associated with adjustment for this study population. Socioeconomic status was the only factor other than resilience to have been significantly associated with adjustment. Possibly due to the developmental stage of the participants, only the resilience subscales of interpersonal strength and school functioning were found to be significant in their positive association with adjustment, leading to fewer behavioural and academic problems. While the children in this study have all had the potential stress of moving house, the demographic characteristics of this sample would suggest that they might not have had to encounter multiple life challenges or adversities. This conclusion may help explain the lack of significant effects of demographic factors on the adjustment of the children in this sample. Results highlight the importance of good schooling and that the core business of schools in building and enhancing the intellectual functioning of children, is a vital component in the development of resilience. These findings suggest that different aspects of resilience may be important for different developmental stages and different life stressors. The distinction between cause and effect when examining resilience factors is discussed and it is suggested that outcomes in one context may be treated as influences upon outcomes in another context.
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McLeod, Christine. "Changing places resilience in children who move /." University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1844.
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Master of Science/Doctor of Clinical PsychologyFigures from the Australian Bureau of Statistics show that over 40% of all Australian children moved at least one time in the census period from 1996 to 2001 (ABS, 2001). The literature varies in the impact that this has on children. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between residential relocation, resilience and the emotional, behavioural and academic adjustment of children 8-12 years of age who had moved. Risk factors as identified in the literature as well as the relative impact of resilience were examined. By studying how adjustment occurs in the context of resilience, possible areas for prevention and intervention may be developed for the large numbers of children who move. Results showed that the sample population was in the normal range in academic and behavioural terms. The sample was found to have repeated more grades than average; however the children did not exhibit significant behavioural or emotional consequences. A number of demographic factors have been indicated in the literature as affecting adjustment after residential relocations, yet these were generally not found to be significantly associated with adjustment for this study population. Socioeconomic status was the only factor other than resilience to have been significantly associated with adjustment. Possibly due to the developmental stage of the participants, only the resilience subscales of interpersonal strength and school functioning were found to be significant in their positive association with adjustment, leading to fewer behavioural and academic problems. While the children in this study have all had the potential stress of moving house, the demographic characteristics of this sample would suggest that they might not have had to encounter multiple life challenges or adversities. This conclusion may help explain the lack of significant effects of demographic factors on the adjustment of the children in this sample. Results highlight the importance of good schooling and that the core business of schools in building and enhancing the intellectual functioning of children, is a vital component in the development of resilience. These findings suggest that different aspects of resilience may be important for different developmental stages and different life stressors. The distinction between cause and effect when examining resilience factors is discussed and it is suggested that outcomes in one context may be treated as influences upon outcomes in another context.
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Tommasi, Greta. "Vivre (dans) des campagnes plurielles : Mobilités et territoires dans les espaces ruraux. : L'exemple de la Sierra de Albarracín et du Limousin." Thesis, Limoges, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIMO0026/document.
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Depuis la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle, un renouveau des fonctions et des représentations s'impose dans les campagnes européennes. Malgré la pluralité des dynamiques territoriales, elles sont devenues des espaces attractifs et accueillent de nouvelles populations aux profils hétérogènes. Ces installations s'insèrent dans un contexte sociétal de mobilité et peuvent être motivées par la recherche d'aménités environnementales, mais aussi suivre des logiques économiques. Elles recomposent les espaces ruraux et introduisent de nouveaux modes de vivre les campagnes. Par la comparaison de deux territoires ruraux, l'un en Limousin, à proximité de la Montagne limousine, l'autre dans le sud de l'Aragon, dans la Sierra de Albarracín, ce travail analyse les rapports spatiaux qui se développent dans des espaces ruraux investis par des flux migratoires. L'accent est mis sur les modalités de cohabitation et les relations au territoire qui structurent un espace partagé par des groupes sociaux qui l'habitent, le pratiquent, y tissent des liens de manière différente, laissant apparaître des clivages. Cette hétérogénéité ressort par l'analyse des mobilités spatiales, qui influencent les représentations territoriales et est source de nouvelles formes d'inégalités. Dans un contexte où la mobilité redéfinit les relations aux territoires, les ancrages deviennent réversibles, mais de nouvelles formes d'investissement apparaissent et permettent de construire et légitimer l'« être d'ici ». Ces évolutions représentent un enjeu croissant pour les territoires ruraux et pour les politiques d'accueil, qui font face à de nouvelles formes d'inégalités et de stratification socialeSince the second half of the 20th C. rural zones in European countries have undergone a revival insofar as concerns their function and designation. Despite the diversity of their territorial dynamics these rural areas have attracted new populations of a very mixed profile. These newcomers insert themselves into a socially mobile context, the motivation for which can be the pursuit of environmental amenities but can also follow an economic logic. They reconstruct these rural areas and introduce a new way of life into the countryside. Comparing two rural territories, the one in the Limousin region next to the Limousin Mountains, and the other in southern Aragon, in the Sierra de Albarracín, this work analyses the spatial relationships which develop in rural areas having experienced migratory influx. The accent is placed on the means of cohabitating and relating to the territory which creates a space shared by the different social groups which inhabit it, live it, and weave attachments to it in different ways, opening the way for breaches to appear. This heterogeneity comes to light through the analysis of spatial mobility which affects the territorial designation and becomes a source of new forms of inequality. In the context where mobility redefines the relationship with the territory, foundations become reversible with new forms of commitments appearing, permitting the reconstruction and legitimization of who can say “I belong here”. These developments create new stakes for the rural territories and their politics concerning newcomers, faced with new forms of inequalities and social stratification
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Warham, Joseph O. "Mapping biosphere strontium isotope ratios across major lithological boundaries. A systematic investigation of the major influences on geographic variation in the 87Sr/86Sr composition of bioavailable strontium above the Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks of England." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5500.
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Strontium isotope analysis has provided archaeologists with an unprecedented opportunity to study the mobility of humans and animals in the past. However, a lack of systematic environmental baseline data has seriously restricted the full potential of the analytical technique; there is little biosphere data available against which to compare measured skeletal data.
This thesis examines the extent to which geographic variation in biosphere 87Sr/86Sr composition can be spatially resolved within the lowland terrain of England, in a geographically and geologically coherent study area. Systematically collected samples of vegetation, stream water and surface soils, including new and archived material have been used. The potential of these sample media to provide reliable estimates of the 87Sr/86Sr composition of bioavailable strontium are evaluated under both high-density and low-density sampling regimes, and against new analyses of local archaeological material.
Areas lying south of the Anglian glacial limit, display a pattern of geographic 87Sr/86Sr biosphere variation (0.7080¿0.7105) controlled by solid geology, as demonstrated by high-density biosphere mapping. Data collected at a wider geographic scale, including above superficial deposits, indicate the dominant influence of re-worked local rocks on the biosphere. These methods have enabled a reclassification of the archaeologically important Cretaceous Chalk domain. Analysis of rainwater and other indicators of atmospheric deposition show that, in this setting, local biosphere variation is not significantly perturbed by atmospheric inputs.
Time-related data from archaeological cattle and sheep/goat tooth enamel suggest that the modern biosphere data can be used to understand livestock management regimes and that these are more powerful than using an average value from the enamel. A more complete understanding of possible patterns of mobility in a group of humans has been achieved through analysis of material from Winchester and comparison with the Chalk biosphere domain.British Geological Survey¿s British University Funding Initiative (BUFI) and the School of Life Sciences at the University of Bradford joint funding.
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Warham, Joseph Olav. "Mapping biosphere strontium isotope ratios across major lithological boundaries : a systematic investigation of the major influences on geographic variation in the 87Sr/86Sr composition of bioavailable strontium above the Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks of England." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5500.
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Strontium isotope analysis has provided archaeologists with an unprecedented opportunity to study the mobility of humans and animals in the past. However, a lack of systematic environmental baseline data has seriously restricted the full potential of the analytical technique; there is little biosphere data available against which to compare measured skeletal data. This thesis examines the extent to which geographic variation in biosphere 87Sr/86Sr composition can be spatially resolved within the lowland terrain of England, in a geographically and geologically coherent study area. Systematically collected samples of vegetation, stream water and surface soils, including new and archived material have been used. The potential of these sample media to provide reliable estimates of the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr composition of bioavailable strontium are evaluated under both high-density and low-density sampling regimes, and against new analyses of local archaeological material. Areas lying south of the Anglian glacial limit, display a pattern of geographic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr biosphere variation (0.7080-0.7105) controlled by solid geology, as demonstrated by high-density biosphere mapping. Data collected at a wider geographic scale, including above superficial deposits, indicate the dominant influence of re-worked local rocks on the biosphere. These methods have enabled a reclassification of the archaeologically important Cretaceous Chalk domain. Analysis of rainwater and other indicators of atmospheric deposition show that, in this setting, local biosphere variation is not significantly perturbed by atmospheric inputs. Time-related data from archaeological cattle and sheep/goat tooth enamel suggest that the modern biosphere data can be used to understand livestock management regimes and that these are more powerful than using an average value from the enamel. A more complete understanding of possible patterns of mobility in a group of humans has been achieved through analysis of material from Winchester and comparison with the Chalk biosphere domain.
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Chen, Yulu. "Spatial Temporal Analysis of Traffic Patterns during the COVID-19 Epidemic by Vehicle Detection using Planet Remote Sensing Satellite Images." The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1609843145639886.
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Heidrich, Stefanie. "Essays on intergenerational income mobility, geographical mobility, and education." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-120718.
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This thesis consists of an introductory part and the following four self-contained papers: In Paper [I] we analyze the implications of social identity and self-categorization for optimal redistributive income taxation. A two-type model is supplemented by an assumption that individuals select themselves into social categories, in which norms are formed and education effort choices partly depend on these norms. The results show, among other things, that externality correction by a welfarist government leads to an element of tax progression that serves to reduce the discrepancy between the effort norm and the actual effort chosen by low-productivity individuals in the high-effort group. Furthermore, if the preference for social identity is sufficiently strong, increased wage-inequality leads to higher social welfare through a relaxation of the selection constraint. It may thus be desirable to use publicly provided education to induce more wage-inequality, even if higher wage-inequality increases the intrinsic utility of a potential mimicker. In Paper [II] I employ high quality register data to present new facts about income mobility in Sweden. The focus of the paper is regional differences in mobility, using a novel approach based on a multilevel model. This method is well-suited when regions differ greatly in population size as is the case in Sweden. The maximum likelihood estimates are substantially more precise than those obtained by running separate OLS regressions. I find small regional differences in income mobility when measured in relative terms. Regional differences are large when adopting an absolute measure and focusing on children with below-median parent income. On the national level I find that the association between parent and child income ranks has decreased over time, implying increased mobility. In Paper [III] I study the long term effects of inter-municipal moving during childhood on income using Swedish register data. Due to the richness of the data I am able to control for important sources of selection into moving, such as parent separation, parents' unemployment, education, long run income, and immigration background. I find that children's long run incomes are significantly negatively affected by moving during childhood, and the effect is larger for those who move more often. For children who move once, I also estimate the effect of the timing and the quality of the move. I measure the quality of each neighborhood based on the adult outcomes for individuals who never move. The quality of a move is defined as the difference in quality between the origin and the destination. Given that a family moves, I find that the negative effect of childhood moving on adult income is increasing in age at move. Children benefit economically from the quality of the region they move to only if they move before age 12 (sons) and age 16 (daughters). In Paper [IV] I study the bias of IGE estimates for different missing-data scenarios based on simulated income processes. Using an income process from the income dynamics and risks literature to generate two linked generations’ complete income histories, I use Monte Carlo methods to study the relationship between available data patterns and the bias of the IGE. I find that the traditional approach using the average of the typically available log income observations leads to IGE estimates that are around 40 percent too small. Moreover, I show that the attenuation bias is not reduced by averaging over many father income observations. Using just one income observation for each generation at the optimal age (as discussed in the paper) or using weighted instead of unweighted averages can reduce the bias. In addition, the rank-rank slope is found to be clearly less sensitive to missing data.
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Ratcliffe, Phillip. "Geographical mobility and career progress in nursing." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389941.
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Harland, Kirk. "Journey to learn : geographical mobility and education provision." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494590.
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School education is commonly seen in national news headlines as one of the major political debating topics. Changes in policy since the introduction of the 1988 Education Reform Act have created a quasi-competitive market within which schools now operate. The 1988 EducationRefonn Act also devolved much responsibility away from Local Authorities to individual schools. More recently, the 2007 School Admissions Code incorporated mandatory provisions |fie first time, ensuring that school oversubscription policies are implemented in", so as to not disadvantage particular sections of society. This has produced an environment where Local Authorities have less direct control over schools but more responsibility to ensure that education provision is commensurate with demand in their areas, in the face of a changing pupil population. rhis PhD thesis uses advanced spatial analysis techniques to examine the Pupil Level Annual School Census data for the Leeds study area in conjunction with pupil preference data supplied by Education Leeds.
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Gorin, Clément. "Skilled mobility, networks and the geography of innovation." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSES030/document.
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Le fait que les activités d'innovation soient très concentrées dans l'espace, et en particulier dans les villes, a motivé un effort de recherche important pour comprendre les dynamiques spatiales de l'innovation. Si les flux de connaissances sont largement reconnus comme un facteur déterminant de la géographie de l’innovation, les mécanismes par lesquels ils se diffusent dans l'espace demeurent méconnus. En particulier, la littérature souligne l'importance de la mobilité des travailleurs qualifiés et des réseaux de collaboration scientifique. Cette thèse examine le rôle de la mobilité qualifiée dans la diffusion des connaissances, ainsi que la distribution spatiale des activités d’innovation qui en résulte. Pour répondre à cette question, cette thèse procède en trois étapes. Le premier chapitre fournit un cadre conceptuel articulant trois courants de littérature dont la nouvelle économie géographique, les modèles de croissance endogène, ainsi que les contributions empiriques sur la géographie de l’innovation. Une des conclusions principales de ce chapitre est que les modèles alliant économie géographique et croissance endogène fournissent un cadre théorique pertinent, puisqu’ils reconnaissent le rôle de la mobilité qualifiée et des externalités de connaissances dans la répartition des activités d’innovation. Cependant, leurs conclusions demeurent incomplètes pour au moins deux raisons.Premièrement, les dynamiques de migration sont très simplistes, et l’introduction de travailleurs avec des caractéristiques et des préférences de localisation hétérogènes altère le mécanisme cumulatif à la base de l’agglomération. Le second chapitre analyse les trajectoires de mobilité des inventeurs entre les villes Européennes, ainsi que leur dimension spatiale. En utilisant ces résultats, un modèle de gravité avec filtres spatiaux est utilisé pour estimer formellement comment le marché du travail, les réseaux de collaborations ainsi que les aménités, influencent les flux de mobilité des inventeurs.Deuxièmement, ces modèles ne considèrent pas la mobilité qualifiées comme un mécanisme de diffusion des connaissances. La littérature empirique a établi que les individus qualifiés influencent les flux de connaissances par leur mobilité professionnelle, ainsi que par les réseaux de collaboration et la capacité d’absorption qui en résulte. Le troisième chapitre estime un modèle spatial de Durbin pour étudier ces trois mécanismes dans un cadre unifié. L'hypothèse sous-jacente est que la mobilité et les réseaux donnent accès aux connaissances externes, mais la proportion de ces connaissances utilisée pour l'innovation dépend de la capacité d'absorption.Ces résultats ont de nombreuses implications pour la géographie de l'innovation. Alors que la mobilité de long terme devrait constituer une force d'agglomération importante, le développement des mobilités de court terme ou circulaires constituent une force de dispersion. L'importance relative de ces deux effets demeure incertaine, car les choix de localisation sont hétérogènes, de sorte que les trajectoires de mobilité varient considérablement. Ces éléments pourraient fournir une explication partielle aux écarts de croissance entre les zones urbaines, et dans une perspective plus dynamique, si cette différence tend à s’accroître ou à se résorber au cours du tempsThe fact that innovative activity is remarkably concentrated in space, and in particular in cities, has motivated an important research effort to understand the spatial dimension of innovation, and the underlying mechanisms at work. While the literature has established the importance knowledge flows for location of innovation, the mechanisms through which they diffuse in space remain largely understudied. In particular, studies have insisted on the importance of skilled workers' mobility and the networked nature of knowledge production for innovation. Building on these considerations, this thesis investigates the role of skilled mobility in the diffusion of knowledge, and the resulting distribution of innovative activity. To answer this question, the thesis proceeds in three steps. The first chapter sets the conceptual framework and surveys the related literature. One of the main conclusion of this review is that some new economic geography and growth models provide a useful theoretical framework, because they recognize the importance of skilled mobility and knowledge externalities for the distribution of innovation. However, they fail to provide a reasonable answer to our research question for at least two reasons. First, the migration dynamics are very simplistic, and introducing heterogeneity in workers' characteristics and location preferences alters the cumulative mechanism of agglomeration. The second chapter provides a descriptive analysis on the patterns of inventors' mobility across urban areas, and their spatial dimension. Using these results, a spatial filtering gravity model is used to analyse formally how employment opportunities, professional networks and urban amenities, influence inventors' mobility flows. Second, these models do not consider workers' role in the diffusion of knowledge. The literature has established that skilled individuals influence the diffusion of knowledge by moving across organisation, creating network relationships and building absorptive capacities. The third chapter implements a spatial Durbin model to study these three mechanisms in an integrated framework. It is assumed that that mobility and networks provide access to knowledge, but the proportion of accessible knowledge used for innovation depends on absorptive capacity. These results have implications for the geography of innovation. While long-term mobility acts as a strong agglomeration force, the development of short-term, circular patterns of mobility should give rise to dispersion. The relative importance of these two effects is uncertain, because workers have different propensities and motivation to move, so that mobility patterns differ considerably. This should help explaining the persistence of long-run growth differentials among urban areas, and in a more dynamic setting, whether these gaps tend to widen or fall over time
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Mattsson, Cecilia, and Ida Hermanseter. "Att ratta eller rata bilen? : En fallstudie på Östra Torggatan i Karlstad med fokus på mobility management." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för geografi, medier och kommunikation, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-56637.
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Bilens plats har det senaste århundradet förändrat hela samhället med sin betydelse för utvecklingen (Nayak & Jeffrey 2011) och det verkar finnas en enighet bland politiker, planerare och forskare att en blandad och tät stad är mer hållbar än den glesa och transportberoende bebyggelsen som präglade planeringen från 1950-talet och framåt (Stadsliv AB 2015). Därför syftar denna uppsats till att belysa och förstå hur det planeras för, eller emot, bilen kontra fotgängare, cyklister och kollektivtrafik i staden. I denna uppsats är det just Karlstads kommun, med en fördjupning till Östra Torggatan som varit grund för fallstudien. Uppsatsen frågeställningar lyder: - Vilka visioner har kommunen för Östra Torggatan? - På vilket sätt använder sig kommunen av mobility management för att påverka människors färdmedelsval? - Hur uppfattar företagarna längs med Östra Torggatan en eventuell trafikomvandling? Den teoretiska grund uppsatsen vilar på utgår från teorier från postmodernismen, teorier kring tid och rum samt tidigare forskning kring rörelse, bilens utveckling och den påverkan den haft på samhället och den enskilda människan. Som en avslutning av kapitel två redovisas en grund till begreppet mobility management. Metodvalet för denna studie har varit kvalitativ. Detta för att syftet med uppsatsen inte var att få fram ett generellt svar utan att se på det specifika fallet och hur visionerna påverkar den platsen. De intervjuer som genomfördes var semistrukturerade för att på så vis lättare föra en diskussion med respondenter snarare än att låta det vara en utfrågning som det lättare kan bli om intervjun är strukturerad. Empirin består av textdokument skapade av Karlstads kommun. Dessa var Stadsdelsvisionen för Tingvallastaden, trafikplan för Karlstads kommun samt cykelplan för Karlstads kommun. Empirin grundas också i intervjuer med respondenter från kommunen och utvalda företagare längs med Östra Torggatan. Tre intervjuer hölls med kommunrepresentanter och tre intervjuer med utvalda företagare längs Östra Torggatan. Vår slutsats är att relationen mellan bilen och människan måste bejakas i planeringen för bilfria stadskärnor. Kommunikation och information måste ligga till grund för de förändringar som måste ske för att människor ska förändra sitt färdmedelsval.
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Eliasson, Kent. "University enrollment and geographical mobility : the case of Sweden /." Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2001. http://signum.kb.se/getcode1.asp.
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Hallaire, Juliette. "Constructing maritime geographies : the pragmatic mobility of Senegalese fishermen." Thesis, Keele University, 2015. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/2986/.
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Senegalese fishermen have significantly expanded their mobility into the eastern Atlantic Ocean since the early 1980s. Fishermen have been crossing international maritime borders and organising long sea journeys, in part as a response to the decrease in fishing resources in Senegalese waters. From the early 2000s, they began carrying West African migrants on the maritime routes from Senegal to Spain, diversifying into irregular maritime migration or ‘people smuggling’. Fishermen’s fishing techniques and the migration flows they have facilitated are well documented. We have a good understanding, too, of the push-and-pull factors shaping these maritime migration patterns. Thus far, the social and political meanings of fishermen’s maritime mobility and cross-border movements have been comparatively neglected. This thesis argues that these mobility patterns are connected, revealing links between regional fisheries and mobilities and international migration flows that create distinctive maritime geographies. Drawing on participant observations and narratives collected in 69 in-depth interviews, my analysis explores the ways in which power and knowledge shape the at-sea experiences of Senegalese fishermen. For them, mobility is more than a response to the decrease in fish resources. By deploying their mobility, fishermen seek to recover control over their maritime and social environments. To map the maritime geographies this mobility co-creates, I examine three spaces. First, I chart the social and political mechanisms of fishermen’s mobility in Senegal, examining the gendered and local meanings of their movements. Second, I examine these mechanisms at the regional level – at the Senegal–Mauritania border and in the waters off Guinea and Guinea-Bissau. Finally, I track fishermen’s routes to the Canary Islands. By attending to fishermen’s accounts, I demonstrate the many ways in which they appropriate the ocean space, shape the geographies of maritime borderlands and rationalise their navigation. I reveal how their maritime mobility opens up multiple opportunities for fishermen to negotiate with – and reshape – the power relations that structure their social, political and natural environments.
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Junior, Archimedes Azevedo Raia. "Acessibilidade e mobilidade na estimativa de um índice de potencial de viagens utilizando redes neurais artificiais e sistemas de informações geográficas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18137/tde-10112001-160812/.
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De maneira geral, o processo de planejamento de transportes não tem apresentado a sensibilidade suficiente para resolver ou ao menos atenuar o conflito entre o que é planejado e a necessidade real dos cidadãos urbanos, principalmente os de menor renda. Além disso, embora seja freqüente que as análises levem em conta aspectos ligados à acessibilidade, ou os ligados à mobilidade, isto em geral é feito de forma não associada. Como resposta a esta deficiência, o objetivo principal desta tese é propor, visando o planejamento estratégico, um processo de modelagem destinado a estimar potenciais de viagens integrando ambos os aspectos. Após uma abrangente revisão bibliográfica, foi proposta uma metodologia que prevê, inicialmente, a incorporação de dados espaciais a uma pesquisa origem-destino (O-D) com o uso de Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG). Assim, à variáveis de entrada relacionadas com aspectos de mobilidade, como renda, por exemplo, é anexada a acessibilidade dos domicílios, calculada através de um indicador adequado. As variáveis de saída, viagens realizadas (p.ex., número e extensão), devem ser extraídas da pesquisa O-D e calculadas com o uso de um SIG suas características principais. Em seguida, faz-se uso de Redes Neurais Artificiais para construir modelos preliminares para avaliação de desempenho de variáveis de entrada e saída, o que permite posterior reformulação dos mesmos a partir das variáveis de melhor desempenho, na construção de um Índice Potencial de Viagens - IPV. Em uma aplicação para um estudo de caso em uma cidade de médio porte, de maneira geral, os resultados obtidos com o modelo de potencial de viagens revelaram uma certa superioridade em relação à medida convencional de acessibilidade adotada, quando usada isoladamente para fins de planejamento estratégico. A comparação entre a correlação que guardam os resultados do modelo proposto e os dados de viagens reais com a correlação existente entre os valores da medida de acessibilidade convencional adotada e os dados de viagens reais reforça este ponto. No primeiro caso, obteve-se um coeficiente de correlação (r) igual a 0,60 e, no segundo, 0,21. A constatação da relevância das variáveis de entrada usadas no modelo final (tamanho da família, acessibilidade e renda familiar) reforçou a tese de que aspectos de acessibilidade e mobilidade devem ser considerados conjuntamente nas abordagens de planejamento de transportes. Como conclusão, considerando o nível de planejamento estratégico de uma cidade, a metodologia aqui apregoada parece ser um avanço em relação aos modelos de acessibilidade convencionais e uma ferramenta útil para os tomadores de decisão em planejamento urbano e de transportes. A metodologia sinaliza que não basta apenas prover a população de acessibilidade física, mas é preciso propiciar a ela meios que possam garantir-lhe melhores índices de mobilidade.In general, the transportation planning process is not sensible enough to solve or at least to reduce the gap between what is planned and the real needs of urban citizens, specially those who belong to low income classes. Besides, although the analyses often take into account accessibility elements and mobility components they rarely do it in an integrated manner. As an answer to this deficiency, the objective of this work is develop a modeling approach for estimating potential trips that integrates both aspects for strategic planning purposes. Based on a comprehensive literature review, a new methodology is then proposed. It starts with the integration of origin-destination (O-D) survey data and spatial data obtained in a Geographical Information System (GIS) environment. Next, a mean separation accessibility index estimated for all households must be linked to their mobility variables, such as income, for example, in the same database. The output variables, i.e. trip characteristics (number and length), can be taken from the O-D survey or calculated in a GIS-environment. Next, exploratory models should be built with Artificial Neural Networks in order to evaluate the behavior of input and output variables. Only those variables selected as the most relevant in the evaluation phase are used thereafter to rebuild the models and to generate the Trip Potential Index - TPI. The proposed approach has been tested in a case study carried out in a Brazilian medium-sized city. For the most part, the results obtained with the trip potential model here developed suggest its superiority when compared to a conventional, selfstanding accessibility measure for strategic planning purposes. An analysis of two correlation coefficients, the first one got when the model estimates are compared with the real trip values (r = 0.60) and the second one got when the model estimates are compared with the accessibility values (r = 0.21), also strengthen the previous statement. Size and income of the household, which may be associated to mobility, and the accessibility indicator itself, were selected as the most relevant variables in the model. The selection of those variables stressed the assumption that accessibility and mobility should be examined together in transportation planning analyses. In conclusion, for the level of strategic planning, the methodology presented in this work seems to be a step forward in relation to traditional accessibility models and a useful tool for urban and transportation planners and decision-makers. The approach makes clear that urban citizens need not only physical accessibility, but also better mobility conditions.
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Eriksson, Rikard. "Labour mobility and plant performance : The influence of proximity, relatedness and agglomeration." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-27715.
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The purpose of this thesis is to shed new light on the theorizations discussing the economic benefits of geographical clustering in a space economy increasingly characterized by globalization processes. This is made possible through the employment of a plant-perspective and a focus on how the relative fixity and mobility of labour influence plant performance throughout the entire Swedish economy. By means of the longitudinal micro database ASTRID, connecting attributes of individuals to features of plants and localities for the whole Swedish economy, the empirical findings indicate that both localization and urbanization economies produce significant labour market externalities and that such inter-plant linkages positively affect plant performance as compared to the partial effects of relative regional specialization and diversification. Moreover, it is also demonstrated that it is necessary both to distinguish how well the external skills retrieved via labour mobility match the existing knowledge base of plants and to determine the geographical dimension of such flows to verify the relative effect of labour market-induced externalities. Finally, it is demonstrated that whereas general urbanization is beneficial within close distance to the plant, the composition of economic activities is more influential at greater distances. In such cases the geographical dimension influences whether plants benefit from being located in similar or different local settings. In conclusion, it is argued that the circulation of labour skills, created and reproduced through the place-specific industrial setup, is crucial for understanding the mechanisms creating geographical variations in plant performance as compared to other regional conditions often proxied as relative specialization or diversification. This is because the relative fixity of labour tends to create place- and sector-specific skills which by means of their mobility in space are likely to facilitate the recombination of local skills, make the acquirement of non-local skills possible and secure sufficient affinity between economic actors by strengthening other dimensions of proximity – all aspects regarded as crucial to facilitate interactive learning processes and contribute to sustained regional growth.
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Rohou, Hélène. "La mobilité interentreprises des salariés dans les ensembles économiques et sociaux." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTD042.
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Dans un contexte de fort développement des structures complexes, cette étude a pour objet de définir un cadre à une mobilité interentreprises, à la fois géographique et professionnelle, au sein des ensembles économiques et sociaux que constituent les groupes et les réseaux d'entreprises, dans un contexte de gestion courante de ces organisations. L'organisation d'une telle politique de mobilité nécessite de s'atteler à plusieurs chantiers afin de construire un véritable droit de la mobilité propre à ces ensembles. Cela amène à s'orienter vers une reconnaissance des ensembles économiques et sociaux comme de véritables organisations de travail légitimant la construction d'espaces de mobilité. Cette démarche nécessite de trouver un fondement à cette conception dans les dimensions économique, et donc structurelle, et sociale de ces ensembles. Cette analyse consiste ainsi à dépasser la vision binaire d'une mobilité soit interne soit externe à l'entreprise. La gestion d'une mobilité interentreprises interne aux ensembles économiques et sociaux se heurte à la rigidité de la relation contractuelle de travail. La mise en œuvre de la mobilité interentreprises passe par la recherche d'un cadre adapté à la relation d'emploi que crée l'expansion du lien contractuel. Cela nécessite également de définir des mécanismes visant à adapter la relation de travail contractuelle et binaire à la dimension organisationnelle, à la fois économique et sociale, propre à ces ensembles économiques et sociaux. La négociation collective se révèle alors en être un outil privilégiéIn a context of strong development of complex structures, this study aims to define a framework for inter-company mobility, both geographical and professional, within the economic and social groups constituted by groups and chains of networked companies, the general management practice of these organizations. The organization of such a mobility policy requires that we tackle several projects in order to build a real mobility right for these groups. This leads to a move towards recognition of economic and social groups as genuine working organizations that legitimate the construction of spaces for mobility. This approach requires finding a foundation for this conception in their economic, and thus structural, and social dimensions. This analysis consists in going beyond the binary vision of mobility, either internal or external to the company. The management of inter-company mobility within the economic and social groups is hampered by the rigidity of the contractual working relationship. The implementation of inter-company mobility requires finding a framework adapted to the employment relationship created by the expansion of the contractual relationship. This also requires defining mechanisms to adapt the contractual and binary working relationship to the dimension organization, both economic and social, specific to these economic and social groups. Collective bargaining is proving to be a privileged tool
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Thelander, Jesper. "Mobil utan bil? : En mobilitetsstudie med individens perspektiv i fokus." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-387642.
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Bilen har länge varit central i samhället. Användandet av personbilar står för stora mängder utsläpp som hotar kommande generationers livskvalitet. Denna studie syftar att studera resvanor och attityder gentemot bilanvändning och kollektivtrafik. Undersökningsområdet är Barkarbystaden beläget nordväst om Stockholm. I området pågår en stadsomvandling med tillhörande utbyggnad av den blå tunnelbanelinjen. I dagsläget bor det 5000 personer i Barkarbystaden vilket prognostiseras att öka med 25 000 ytterligare personer till år 2032. Denna expansion betyder att många fler resor kommer att göras både inom samt till och från stadsdelen vilket innebär att det redan nu är nödvändigt att studera mobilitet med individen i fokus. Informationen i denna studie kan användas som underlag vid planering av trafik i de kommande delarna av Barkarbystaden. Med hjälp av litteraturstudier erbjuder uppsatsen en insikt i vad Mobility Management är och hur det kan användas för att påverka invånarnas resa innan den påbörjas. De metoder som används för att ta reda på vad invånarna i Barkarbystaden tycker om att resa med bil och kollektivtrafik är en enkätundersökning, observationer och dialoger. De negativa effekterna från personbilar gör att antalet resor behöver minska för att värna om klimatet. För att få individer att göra färre resor med bilen behövs kunskap om vilka åtgärder kan åstadkomma detta. Det är därför viktigt att studera individens åsikter om det befintliga transportnätet.Studien visar en jämn fördelning av individer med bil eller kollektivtrafik som primärt transportsätt och att individer i Barkarbystaden är väl medvetna om att kollektivtrafiken är viktig för att minska de utsläpp som försämrar klimatet. Däremot är det tydligt att stora delar av respondenterna har en negativ attityd till att använda kollektivtrafiken i praktiken. Resultatet av enkäterna pekar på att kollektivtrafikens brister gör att många använder sig av bilen som primärt transportsätt istället. För att få fler att resa med kollektivtrafiken krävs nya åtgärder. Sammanfattat beskriver respondenterna att hårda åtgärder så som att bygga nytt och bygga om är viktiga för att de ska välja kollektivtrafiken istället för bilen. Trots att respondenterna primärt belyser hårda åtgärder beskrivs några Mobility Management-åtgärder som anses effektiva för att få fler att välja kollektivtrafik framför bil. Dessa metoder var exempelvis gratisresor, bättre skyltning och informationskampanjer om kollektivtrafikens positiva sida.
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Haugen, Katarina. "The accessibility paradox : Everyday geographies of proximity, distance and mobility." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-50710.
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This thesis aims to explore the importance of proximity and mobility, respectively, for individuals’ accessibility, as well as the relationship between these two key spatial dimensions of accessibility in the context of everyday life. The thesis is based upon three empirical research papers which focus on accessibility-related preferences, actual accessibility conditions, and travel patterns. Focus is directed towards the spatial relationships between individuals’ residential location vis-à-vis the location of a selection of different amenities including work, education, service and leisure functions as well as social relations. The analyses are based on a wide range of quantitative data, including questionnaire surveys as well as official register data for the Swedish population. The first paper shows that residential proximity to amenities was most valued by individuals in the case of social relations and basic daily activities. The level of satisfaction with current accessibility conditions was generally high, with the exception of social relations where the findings suggest the existence of a ‘proximity deficit’. The second paper shows that observed average distances to most amenities have decreased over time (1995–2005). Concerning service amenities, the increases in proximity over the period were primarily due to a restructuring of the localization patterns within the service sector. A comparison of potential accessibility conditions and actual travel patterns revealed that people tend to travel farther than to the nearest amenity options, presumably to a large extent because of selective individual preferences, which may downplay the importance of distance in destination choice. The third paper shows that although the numerical supply of amenities within different spatial ranges has a significant influence on how far individuals travel for service errands, supply size alone is not sufficient for explaining travel length. The findings also suggest that although people tend to utilize the supply of amenities available locally, they are also willing to extend their travel distance in order to reach the amenity supply available within the region. Thus, even when there is a local supply, a rich regional supply may induce longer trips. A juxtaposition of the findings of the three empirical studies suggests the existence of an ‘accessibility paradox’ with several facets. First, although people express an affinity for residential proximity to many amenities, this is not necessarily reflected in actual destination choices, since minimization of travel distance is apparently not always a key criterion. This is also suggested by the conclusion that the spatial structure of the amenity supply alone accounts for only a relatively small part of the explanation of travel length, which is influenced by many other factors. In addition, actual travel distances show an increasing trend over time despite the concurrent reductions in potential distances. Second, the development over time indicates that the proximity deficit regarding social relations may be increasing in the sense that average distances have increased to many of the amenities considered important to have nearby, for instance adult children, but have decreased to those where proximity is not considered particularly important. Third, there is a discrepancy between the observed trend towards increased proximity to many amenities and much of the general discourse on accessibility, which tends to emphasize deteriorating conditions.
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Matson, Jöran. "Towards Agenda 2030: Use of GIS in visualizing emissions from personal automobiles for evidence-based policy and planning." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-398218.
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Many countries have committed to goals of emission reductions outlined by the Paris Agreement. The actions and results seen thus far from national governments have been lackluster notwithstanding their good faith pledges. City governments have taken it upon themselves to pick up where their national governments have failed. A large portion of emissions are due to transportation. Individuals’ daily travel patterns are typically limited to within a relatively local area. As mobility patterns differ between cities, municipalities have a unique role in transitioning to a sustainable society that blanket policies by national governments cannot achieve. This results in a bottom-up approach in achieving national commitments to the Paris Agreement. In order to make effective policies and plans, municipalities should make decisions based on known information. Before reducing emissions, it must be known where and by whom the emissions are being produced. This report uses Uppsala as a case study to explore how GIS can be used to communicate and create an understanding between data scientists and politicians so that mitigation efforts can be evidencebased. The report results in several methods for visualizing personal automobile emissions based on registration data. The report continues in discussing some potential actions that can be taken to addressing the emissions from neighborhoods indicated as large contributors by the visualizations.
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Al, Khalidi Abdullah S. M. S. "Riyadh : growth, reality, perception, and mobility." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315695.
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Wenning, Mary Vella. "Rethinking the link : residential mobility, housing and the life cycle." Connect to resource, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1261581047.
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Graham, Mark. "Understanding Perceptions of Accessibility and Mobility Through Structuration Theory." TopSCHOLAR®, 2004. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/525.
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Structuration theory in geography states that social systems are reproduced through the relationships between systems, structures, actors and their perceptions. Therefore, understanding the modes through which social systems are reproduced will allow for a clearer understanding of the nature of society. However, much of the relevant social theory has not been empirically tested. Thus, by empirically examining general perceptual differences between different built environments, on a macro and a micro level, it is hoped that the links between perceptions, social structures, and the built environment can be more fully understood. A better understanding of these links will, in turn, allow the relevant social theory (in this case, structuration theory) in geography to be advanced from a theoretical to an empirical stage. A clearer understanding of the links between perceptions, the built environment, and the reproduction of social systems will not only advance the field of geography, but will also have ramifications in the fields of psychology, sociology, economics, marketing, and urban planning. The purpose of this study is to examine how structural differences between locations may result in differences in people's perceptions about and interactions with the landscape. I hypothesize that there are fundamental differences in the way people perceive and interact with landscapes in Bowling Green, Kentucky, and Penzance, England, in part because of the broader structural and environmental differences between these settings. Specifically, I hypothesize that perceptions about preferred forms of transportation to leisure and retail activities will be significantly different between residents of locations that have a significant difference in the modes of transportation to such leisure and retail activities. Bowling Green and Penzance have been chosen as study sites because great differences exist between these cities in how transportation systems to leisure and retail activities are structured.