Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Géochimie des isotopes stables'
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Fleurent, Léonora. "Mécanismes d’enregistrement géochimique liés à des processus cinétiques au moment de la précipitation des travertins." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS204/document.
Full textThe response of continental groundwater systems to recent climate fluctuations can be reconstructed via the continuous measurement of groundwater level, spring flow and climatic chronicles. When any data exist, recent reconstructions of groundwater dynamics may be reached through various recorders of environmental and hydrological conditions such as travertine. Although the relationship between geochemical records in travertine and environmental parameters seems to be accepted, the details of processes and their respective weight in the paleo-information are not clearly established.Rate of CO2 degassing in CO2-rich spring likely influences calcite precipitation rate and the related δ18O and δ13C composition. Isotopic equilibrium is rarely maintained during travertine deposition and the degassing rate is the main controlling factor of the disequilibrium. Due to the lack of knowledge, fractionation processes, either kinetic or equilibrium, occurring between CO2-rich water, gas and travertine required specific pH and temperature-controlled laboratory tests. These tests were conducted on synthetic water at different pH to focus only on the degassing processes. Other tests were conducted on trace elements partitioning during calcite precipitation, to identify the origin of isotopic signature variability, and to constraint the way of recording past conditions.All these tests confirmed that during a degassing leading to travertine precipitation, the speciation of dissolved inorganic carbon species is a major parameter to be tackled since a linear relationship between εDIC-CO2(g) and pH is observed. Indeed, we highlighted that for a high degassing rate, the isotopic equilibrium is not reached because the reaction greater involves light isotopes than heavy ones. There is thus different reaction rate between the species of dissolved inorganic carbon, the reactions occurring faster in the water than the one between water and gas, the latter being controlled by diffusion
Guzman, Guerra Nury. "Validation d'une approche scléroclimatique sur la côte du Chili et du Pérou par l'analyse microstructurale et biogéochimique des coquilles du gastéropode Concholepas concholepas [Bruguière, 1789]." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112077.
Full textThe structure and composition of carbonate tests built by marine organisms may reflect environmental variations. The microstructural and geochemical study of Concholepas concholepas shells (gastropod living on the coasts of Chile and Peru) was undertaken with the aim to document the reconstruction of paleoceanographic and paleoenvironmental conditions during the Holocene. This requires, primarily, the calibration of a geochemical marker ("proxy") with a given physicochemical parameter of the environment. The understanding of the growth modalities of C. Concholepas and the establishment of the basis of a sclerochronology for this species were based upon marking experiments with fluorochroms. These experiments of weekly markings further provided an adequate chronological framework for the geochemical study of shells. Measurements by laser ablation ICP-MS, electronic microprobe and SIMS thus allowed us to obtain elementary and isotopic profiles in the calcite of C concholepas shells at a very high resolution (few hours) time-scale. The geochemical measurements within the calcite of C. Concholepas indicate that Mg abundance and delta 18O contents grossly covary with the recorded temperature. However, these relations are not completely linear. Factors probably related to metabolic activity of the organisms interfere at several levels in the incorporation of minor and trace elements and in the isotopic fractionation phenomena during the biomineralisation processes
Belmecheri, Soumaya. "Reconstitution du dernier cycle climatique dans le sud des Balkans : géochimie des ostracodes lacustres (Ohrid)." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112302.
Full textBenetti, Marion. "Les isotopes stables de l'eau en Atlantique Nord." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066022.pdf.
Full textThis thesis focuses on two regions of the North Atlantic: the subtropical gyre and the subpolar gyre. This large coverage allows an investigation of the water cycle in different hydrological regimes, where various processes take place such as sea ice seasonal cycle, rivers runoff, continental ice melt and advection of air and water masses. In the subtropical region, the variability of the isotopic composition of the water vapor is studied to understand the role of evaporation and mixing with free troposphere in humidity and isotopic compositions at the ocean surface. In particular, new data collected during summer 2012 (STRASSE cruise) gave the opportunity to explore kinetic fractionation processes during oceanic evaporation and air renewal in the atmospheric boundary layer. In the subpolar region, the surface circulation is cyclonic and transfers cold and fresh water from the arctic region to the interior of the subpolar gyre. For this thesis, data were collected between 2010 and 2014 from oceanographic cruises and commercial vessels to study the gyre interior and the main coastal currents carrying water from the arctic to lower latitudes. The study is mainly focused on the Labrador Current. There, isotopic measurements are used to identify the freshwater sources and to consider the following questions: How is the salinity of fresh currents affected by the sea ice formation and melting? How is the contribution of meteoric waters changing in a context of an acceleration of the melting of continental glaciers?
Thomazo, Christophe. "Métabolismes à 2, 7 Ga dans leurs environnements." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077182.
Full textSecular variations of δ13Corg, δ34S, Δ33S et du δ15N through geological times show large shifts around 2,7 Ga. These shifts were mostly reported from independent sediment sections. In this study, we measured isotopic ratios and elemental contents of C, S and N in the same samples from a pristine drill core retrieved from the Tumbiana Formation (2,73 Ga). Organic δ 13C values vary from -43 to -34%o, reflecting variable contribution of 13C-depleted methanotrophic biomass. Sulfide δ 34S show small variation from -5,8 to 2,7%o, suggesting that the 2,73 Ga environment of the Tumbiana Formation was sulfate-limited. Mass-Independent-Fractionation of S isotopes show anomalies ranging between -0. 24 and 1. 64%o, indicating anoxic environmental conditions. A positive correlation between the 12C-enrichment of organic matter and increasing MIF-S was observed, maybe due to the decrease in atmospheric methane concentration as a result of biotic methane assimilation. Sedimentary N show strong 15N enrichment with 815N values ranging between 8,6 and 50,4%o. I propose here a process of the oxidation of ammonium to nitrite to explain these high 515N values. This thesis reports, for the first time, integrated C, N and S isotopes measurements in the same sedimentary formation at 2,73 Ga. It shows that δ 15N and δ 13C strong excursions are synchronous with the onset of Δ 33S increase while δ 34S variations remain minor. These integrated isotopes approach facilitate to identify different types of metabolisms with respect to environmental conditions. Our results suggest that a stepwise increase in the oceanic oxidation degree could exist 400 Ma before the Great Oxidation Event
Rouxel, Olivier. "Géochimie isotopique des métaux (Fe, Cu, Sb) et des metalloides (S, Se) dans la croûte océanique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPLA43N.
Full textHamelin, Cédric. "Géochimie isotopique du lithium dans les basaltes - Géochimie des MORBs du Pacifique Sud." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00344949.
Full textBenetti, Marion. "Les isotopes stables de l'eau en Atlantique Nord." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066022/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on two regions of the North Atlantic: the subtropical gyre and the subpolar gyre. This large coverage allows an investigation of the water cycle in different hydrological regimes, where various processes take place such as sea ice seasonal cycle, rivers runoff, continental ice melt and advection of air and water masses. In the subtropical region, the variability of the isotopic composition of the water vapor is studied to understand the role of evaporation and mixing with free troposphere in humidity and isotopic compositions at the ocean surface. In particular, new data collected during summer 2012 (STRASSE cruise) gave the opportunity to explore kinetic fractionation processes during oceanic evaporation and air renewal in the atmospheric boundary layer. In the subpolar region, the surface circulation is cyclonic and transfers cold and fresh water from the arctic region to the interior of the subpolar gyre. For this thesis, data were collected between 2010 and 2014 from oceanographic cruises and commercial vessels to study the gyre interior and the main coastal currents carrying water from the arctic to lower latitudes. The study is mainly focused on the Labrador Current. There, isotopic measurements are used to identify the freshwater sources and to consider the following questions: How is the salinity of fresh currents affected by the sea ice formation and melting? How is the contribution of meteoric waters changing in a context of an acceleration of the melting of continental glaciers?
Simon, Laurent. "Quelques exemples de modélisations géochimiques des interactions entre les enveloppes terrestres." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSL0257.
Full textGuéguen, Bleuenn. "Apport de la géochimie isotopique du Nickel à l'étude des dépôts métallifères océaniques." Thesis, Brest, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BRES0089/document.
Full textScientific explorations implemented for around forty years allow to identifying the diversity and the complexity of geological and geochemical processes conducting to metals concentration on the deep seafloor. Fe- and Mn-rich metalliferous deposits such as hydrogenetic and hydrothermal ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts and polymetallic nodules, present various enrichment in elements of economic interests like Ni, Cu, Co, Te, Pt and Rare Earth Elements. Although the mineralogy and geochemistry of these deposits have been largely studied in the literature, metal sources remain poorly determined. Accordingly, understanding the geochemistry of these deposits implies to know which processes are involved in their formation but also to have a better knowledge of the sources (e.g. the continental and hydrothermal fluxes) and their importance in the global oceanic metal biogeochemical cycles. In order to fill this gap, our approach consisted in using metal stable isotope compositions as biogeochemical tracers. This project is organized around two hypotheses, (1) development and utilization of a new geochemical tool, namely Ni isotopes, for tracing metal enrichment sources and processes in oceanic metalliferous deposits; (2) combination of several isotope systematics such as Fe, Pb, Cu, Zn (and Ni) in Fe-Mn crusts as proxies of the deep seawater isotope composition. Upon developing an analytical method for measuring Ni isotopes by MC-ICP-MS and estimating the Ni isotopes variability in natural systems through the characterization of terrestrial reservoirs, we experimentally evaluated Ni isotope fractionation during adsorption on Fe- and Mn-oxyhydroxides since similar processes may potentially occur in natural Fe-Mn deposits. Results indicate that after Ni adsorption, the solid phase is enriched in light Ni isotopes relatively to the solution with fractionation factors (Δ60/58Nimin/sol) varying from -1 ‰ for birnessite, -0.9 ‰ for goethite and -0.4 ‰ for ferrihydrite. These results, and other recent studies, strengthen our hypothesis according to which Ni isotopes variability in Fe- and Mn-rich metalliferous deposits can be explained by enrichment and formation processes during metal incorporation in Fe and Mn mineral phases rather than variations in the isotopic composition of the sources. Thus, hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts formed slowly from seawater dissolved metals do not show significant Ni isotope fractionation, whereas hydrothermal deposits formed by relatively rapid processes as a result of hydrothermal inputs exhibit important Ni isotope fractionation
Pons, Marie-Laure. "La Terre à l'Archéen. Apport des isotopes de métaux de transition (Zn, Fe)." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00682665.
Full textFaure-Brac, Mathieu. "Effects of thermophysiology on the evolution of Pseudosuchia (Archosauria) : contributions of paleohistology and isotopic geochemistry using phylogenetic comparative methods." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS233.
Full textIt is today well established that archosaurs are ancestrally endotherms, i.e., they present mechanisms of non shivering thermogenesis. Among archosaurs, extant crocodilians are ectothermic but present particular anatomical and molecular features traditionally associated with endothermy: a fourc hambered heart; several acquisitions linked to an efficient breath such as a diaphragmatic muscle and unidirectional airflow; the deposition of high growth rate bone tissues; a high mitochondrial rate of evolution. Studies on extinct pseudosuchians suggested that most of the Triassic species were endothermic, but the timing of the loss o fendothermy in Pseudosuchia still has to be constrained both temporally and phylogenetically.In this thesis, I use stable isotopic geochemistry and quantitative osteohistology to infer the body temperature and the resting metabolic rate, to proxies to infer endothermy, of several metasuchians. I concluded that metasuchians are primitively ectothermic, and inferred the loss of endothermy at the node Crocodylomorpha using ancestral state reconstruction. I hypothesize pseudosuchian’s endothermy was in a more primitive state than dinosaurs’ and that they were not able to survive the end Triassic mass extinction. The only surviving pseudosuchians were then ectothermic crocodylomorphs, leading to extant species
Alleman, Laurent. "Apport des isotopes stables du plomb au suivi des traces métalliques en Méditerranée et en Atlantique du Nord." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30026.
Full textSivry, Yann. "Utilisation des isotopes stables de Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni et Pb pour quantifier le compartiment échangeable des éléments trace métalliques et de delta66Zn pour tracer les pollutions polymétalliques." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/471/.
Full textA multi-elementary spiking method has been is developpeddeveloped in order to simultaneously quantify and caracterizecharacterize simultaneously the labile pools fraction of Cd, Zn, Ni, Cu and Pb in contaminated soils. This method is has been validated by comparison with 1) radioactive Cd spiking data,g Cd and of2) chemical extractions results. In additionFurthermore, an integrated study of Zn isotopic signatures (d66Zn) in various compartments pools of two contaminated ecosystems (zinc smelting sites of Viviez-Decazeville, S. -W. Of France and of Kempen, N. -E of Belgium) has been performed allowing the identification of various allows to assume a coherent scheme of Zn isotopic fractionations during associated to the metallurgical processes. The differents d66Zn ratio observed in between "enriched" and "residual" zinc would be a powerfull tool to identify the metallurgical contaminations origins. These results demonstrate the efficiency of stable isotopes as tracers for contamination processes and sourcescontaminations tracers
Minoletti, Fabrice. "Mise au point d'un protocole de séparation des assemblages de nannofossiles calcaires : apport à la micropaléontologie et à la géochimie des producteurs carbonates pélagiques : application à la crise Crétacé-Tertiaire." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066441.
Full textGal, Frédérick. "ETUDE GEOCHIMIQUE ET ISOTOPIQUE DES EAUX SUPERFICIELLES DU BASSIN VERSANT DU FURAN ET DES EAUX MINERALES DU GRABEN DU FOREZ, EST DU MASSIF CENTRAL FRANÇAIS." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011941.
Full textLa première partie repose sur l'étude en isotopes stables (18O, 2H) des précipitations locales (3 points de mesures ; prélèvements journaliers sur 1 à 3 ans), dont les contenus en tritium permettent de déterminer le bruit de fond atmosphérique actuel. Les mesures 18O, 2H ont permis de construire une droite locale des eaux météoriques et de quantifier les gradients d'appauvrissement des rapports isotopiques en fonction de l'altitude. Ceci permet aussi de déterminer les temps de transit de l'eau dans les aquifères superficiels et de détecter la présence d'eaux récentes dans des eaux plus minéralisées. De plus, une évaluation des quantités d'eau réellement disponibles à l'infiltration (et de leur signature isotopique) a été entreprise en se basant sur différentes méthodes de calcul de l'évapotranspiration.
La seconde partie consiste en l'étude de rivières et d'aquifères peu profonds, majoritairement situés en zone d'arène granitique et connaissant des variations de débit marquées. La détermination des contenus en éléments majeurs cations et anions donne des gammes de Solides Totaux Dissous variant de 30 à 500 mg/l pour les sources, de pH acide à neutre et de faciès Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3. Les calculs d'indice de saturation, incluant les phases minérales des sols locaux, montrent une interaction limitée avec les produits d'altération d'une matrice rocheuse granitique. Les rapports isotopiques en carbone 13 indiquent une forte proportion de matière organique dissoute. La détermination des d18O et dD permet d'envisager une recharge préférentielle en hiver ainsi que des gradients d'altitude proches de ceux enregistrés par les pluies. L'utilisation de modèles de transit souterrain de type « dispersion » permet d'estimer des temps de transit moyens de 10 à 15 mois en oxygène et 8 à 13 mois en hydrogène.
Enfin, 7 sources minérales, en contexte granitique faillé ou sédimentaire, ont également fait l'objet de prélèvements réguliers. Six d'entre elles sont carbogazeuses, deux ont un caractère thermal. Trois faciès chimiques, marquant une augmentation de la minéralisation, sont représentés : Ca-Mg-HCO3, Na-HCO3-Cl et Na-HCO3. Les indices de saturation indiquent une nouvelle fois une nette interaction avec le socle. Or, les précipitations/dissolutions d'espèces minérales modifient les concentrations en cations. Dès lors, les estimations de température profonde des réservoirs (géothermomètres à cations) donnent une gamme de variation de 150 à 240°C. Les rapports isotopiques en oxygène et hydrogène sont beaucoup plus stables que ceux des eaux de surface, les eaux Na-HCO3 ayant des deltas appauvris par rapport à leurs altitudes d'émergence. La détermination des altitudes des aires de recharge, en utilisant les gradients déterminés sur les pluies, donne des altitudes compatibles avec celles des reliefs locaux. Les signatures en carbone 13 sont influencées par la signature du CO2 profond pour les sources carbogazeuses. Une source thermale (faciès Na-Cl-HCO3) a des valeurs très différentes. Certaines sources du faciès Ca-Mg-HCO3, par leur contenu en tritium, attestent de mélanges avec des eaux de surface, de faible importance cependant (13C, 14C). Pour l'ensemble des sources minérales, les durées maximales de temps de transit obtenues par le carbone 14 sont de l'ordre de 20000 à 25000 ans, alors que cette durée est de 8000 ans pour la source thermale précédemment mentionnée.
Bongiolo, Everton Marques. "Intégration de données minéralogiques, isotopes stables (O, H) et porosité de roche (14C-PMMA) dans la reconnaissance de l'évolution de l'altération dans le système hydrothermal de Lavras do Sul-RS, Brésil." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2334.
Full textValdes, Maria. "Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry of Calcium Stable Isotopes." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/276866.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Baneschi, Ilaria. "GEOCHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF A COASTAL ECOSYSTEM: MASSACIUCCOLI LAKE (NORTHERN TUSCANY, ITALY)." Phd thesis, Paris 11, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00400140.
Full textDans cette zone palustre, on retrouve de vieilles carrières (profondeur maximum : 30 m., superficie totale : 2,5 km2 ), témoignage d'une ancienne activité d'extraction de sable siliceux. Les principales sources polluantes sont représentées par les déchets urbains et industriels et par les eaux de drainage agricole ; au sein du bassin, il y a en effet 2 décharges et plusieurs entreprises agricoles.
Ce projet de recherche se propose d'étudier : 1) l'impact anthropique sur la chimie des eaux du bassin du lac de Massaciuccoli ; 2) l'apport de l'eau de mer, l'infiltration des eaux souterraines et le taux d'évaporation du lac ; 3) le rôle exercé par les anciennes carrières, et 4) le rôle des processus biologiques.
Les résultats ont été obtenus en appliquant des techniques géochimiques et en utilisant des traceurs chimiques (Br, B, Cl et des éléments nutritifs) et isotopiques (δ18O, δ11B, δ2H, δ13C, δ34SSO4 et δ18OSO4).
L'étude a mis en évidence des aspects méthodologiques importants, concernant :
1. l'influence des processus biologiques sur le contenu des composés chimiques dissous dans les eaux
2. l'application des techniques isotopiques qui, non seulement, a permis de suivre les processus chimiques et physiques qui se développent à l'interface entre les différents compartiments, mais qui a permis aussi d'établir l'origine des divers éléments et d'effectuer des datations.
Notamment, on a mis en évidence les points suivants:
a. la distribution des éléments dans le système étudié est fonction de la présence et de l'intensité de l'activité biologique
b. la géochimie est importante pour tracer l'origine des eaux et des processus chimiques et physiques.
c. Les datations effectuées sur la matière organique des sédiments avec le 14C mettent en évidence la présence d'un pic de l'activité radioactive, qui correspond aux essais atomiques effectués dans les années '60. La profondeur, à laquelle on peut trouver ces évidences, varie selon les différents sites échantillonnés.
En conclusion, ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence l'influence de l'activité agricole sur la composition chimique de l'eau du lac, sur l'équilibre hydrodynamique et sur la composition du sédiment superficiel. En outre, les carrières, en relation à leur extension et profondeur, représentent une barrière hydraulique à l'intrusion de l'eau marine dans le lac ; la disparition de la stratification des eaux des carrières ou un éventuel remplissage de ces dernières pourrait devenir un problème très sérieux pour l'équilibre de l'écosystème palustre.
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Lambert, Thibault. "Sources, production et transfert du carbone organique dissous dans les bassins versants élémentaires sur socle : apports des isotopes stables du carbone." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00857422.
Full textNonell, Anthony. "Géochimie élémentaire et isotopique du Zn, du Sr et du Pb dans les gaz volcaniques : méthodologies d'échantillonnage et apports à la compréhension des interactions fluides/solides." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011689.
Full textTarantola, Alexandre. "Les mécanismes rédox contrôlant la chimie du carbone dans les fluides de l'anchi-métamorphisme : composition des paléofluides, géochimie isotopique, cristallochimie des minéraux phylliteux dans la partie externe des alpes centrales (Suisse)." Nancy 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NAN10163.
Full textThis works characterizes the mechanisms at which occurs the transition between CH4- and H2O- dominated fluid zone in the anchi-metamorphic rocks of the External part of Central Alps, Switzerland. Fluid inclusion trapped in fibre quartz during crack-and-seal mechanism record increasing metamorphic conditions during Alpine orogene. The end of the CH4-zone is characterized by a marked increase of CO2 at 270 ± 5°C. The decrease of CH4 and CO2 in the H2O-zone is contemporaneous with presence of calcite, totally filling Alpine fissures. Isotopic fractionation (delta13C) between methane and calcite is in agreement with homogenisation temperatures of fluid inclusion. DeltaD(H2O) and delta13C(CO2) values of fluid inclusions at the end of the CH4-zone characterise methane oxidation. In agreement with Mössbauer spectroscopy and EELS analyses, neoformation of chlorite and muscovite from detrital biotite is considered as the Fe-reduction driving force of the oxidation of fluid
Brazier, Jean-Michel. "Rôle des phases minérales des sols en tant que réservoirs de nutriments : approche expérimentale (abiotique), en milieu naturel et multi-isotopique (isotopes stables Ca-Sr)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAH005/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis examined the mechanisms of storage and release, from and elementary and isotopically point of view, of calcium (Ca) and strontium (Sr) onto or into mineral phases commonly encountered within soils (primary minerals, clay minerals, oxy-hydroxides, pedogenic carbonate). A robust δ88Sr measurements method had to be developed in the laboratory and validated by the measurement of international reference materials, mostly never measured in the literature. The results of this work show that Ca adsorption onto phyllosilicate minerals generates a quantifiable isotopic fractionation by preferential uptake of the light isotope (40Ca) under our experimental conditions when the minerals have a significant structural charge and specific surface area and/or an interlayer space open to hydrated cations adsorption. A study on rhizoliths in natural environment has also highlighted that the combination of Ca and Sr isotopes allows an effective tracing of sources and mechanisms in the problematic related to the storage of these two elements within soils
Maréchal, Chloé. "Géochimie des isotopes du cuivre et du zinc : Méthode, variabilité naturelle et application océanographique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10178.
Full textThébault, Julien. "La coquille de Comptopallium radula (Bivalvia; Pectinidae), archive eulérienne haute-fréquence de la variabilité de l'environnement côtier tropical (Océan Pacifique)." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012033.
Full textCe travail de thèse porte sur l'utilisation de la coquille de Comptopallium radula, un mollusque bivalve tropical de la famille des Pectinidae, pour reconstruire la variabilité de l'environnement dans le lagon sud-ouest de Nouvelle-Calédonie, un écosystème sous l'influence de diverses perturbations (réchauffement climatique, urbanisation, exploitation minière). Cette étude repose sur la comparaison de données géochimiques archivées dans la coquille de ce pectinidé au cours de sa vie, avec plusieurs variables physiques, chimiques et biologiques mesurées dans le lagon (suivi environnemental hebdomadaire). L'objectif de cette approche est de calibrer et de mettre en œuvre différents proxies climatiques et environnementaux.
Des marquages à la calcéine, effectués in situ sur des individus juvéniles, ont tout d'abord permis de démontrer que les stries de croissance présentes à la surface externe de la coquille de C. radula se forment avec une périodicité de 2 jours.
Des analyses isotopiques (δ18O et δ13C) ont ensuite été effectuées à partir de micro-échantillons de calcite prélevés le long de l'axe de croissance maximale de 6 coquilles juvéniles. Connaissant la périodicité de formation des stries, une date calendaire a pu être attribuée avec précision à chacun de ces prélèvements (résolution hebdomadaire). Nos résultats démontrent que les variations ontogéniques du δ18Ocalcite permettent de reconstruire les variations de la température de l'eau avec une précision de 1 °C. Quant à la composition isotopique du carbone (δ13Ccalcite), elle ne peut pas être utilisée comme proxy de la production primaire pélagique. Ses variations sont vraisemblablement contrôlées par le métabolisme benthique (sédiment et coraux).
Suite à ces analyses isotopiques, des analyses élémentaires ont été effectuées sur les mêmes coquilles à l'aide d'un système d'ablation laser couplé à un spectromètre de masse à plasma induit (LA-ICP-MS). Nos résultats démontrent que C. radula, au travers des concentrations en métaux dans sa coquille, ne peut être utilisé comme outil de bio-surveillance des apports en métaux dans le lagon : les variations ontogéniques de ces concentrations reflètent probablement les variations temporelles haute-fréquence des flux de métaux à l'interface eau-sédiment. Quant au baryum et au molybdène, leurs concentrations coquillières pourraient être utilisées comme proxies des biomasses de diatomées et de diazotrophes, respectivement.
Cette étude démontre donc le potentiel considérable de la coquille de C. radula comme archive eulérienne haute-fréquence de la variabilité climatique et environnementale dans le lagon sud-ouest de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Elle met également en lumière l'importance des processus benthiques sur l'incorporation des signaux géochimiques dans la matrice calcitique de la coquille. Son utilisation en tant qu'outil paléocéanographique est désormais conditionnée par la découverte de gisements fossiles de l'espèce.
Babcsanyi, Izabella. "Copper transport and isotope fractionation in an agrosystem." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAH006/document.
Full textSince the end of the 19th century, the use of copper (Cu)-based fungicides has resulted in increased Cu concentrations in vineyard soils, but also in downstream aquatic ecosystems. The aim of the thesis was to better understand the fate of this Cu in an agrosystem based on assessing Cu isotope fractionation (65Cu/63Cu). The results have shown that the surface vineyard soils have become enriched in Cu from 9 to 28 times compared to the background level during 4 to 5 decades of vine-growing and that clay minerals were the major Cu sorbing phases in the soils. During rainfall, runoff mobilized ~1% of the applied Cu during the, mainly associated with clays. The stormwater wetland collecting the runoff retained in average 68% of the dissolved and more than 92% of particulate Cu. Cu isotope ratios measured in the wetland suggested dissolved Cu sorption to the sediments and in situ reduction of Cu(II) due to biogeochemical processes
Jaguin, Justine. "Datation et caractérisation de processus minéralisateurs à l’Archéen : application à l’Antimony Line, Ceinture de Roches Vertes de Murchison, Afrique du Sud." Rennes 1, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00819281.
Full textFluid flows through the crust result in the mobilization of elements that can, in turn, generate metal concentrations and the formation of ore bodies. The circulations of such fluids are mainly localized in zones affected by localized deformation, where they modify the chemical composition of the host lithologies. In the Archean Murchison Greenstone Belt (Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa), the Antimony Line is a brittle-ductile structure affected by the circulation of Sb-Au mineralizing fluids. In order to characterize the ore-forming processes, we combined a petro-geochemical study, that focused on stable isotopes and fluid inclusions in particular, with a multi-method dating (U-Th-Pb, Pb-Pb and Ar-Ar) of the ore bodies and their host rocks in and around the Antimony Line. Furthermore, our structural study emphasizes the distributed character of the belt deformation. The Murchison Greenstone Belt experienced a major episode of arc collision and related magmatism at ca 2. 97 Ga, contemporaneous with an Au(±Sb) mineralization that may be responsible for a pre-enrichment in Sb. The main Sb mineralization event must be related to the circulation of a metamorphic, H₂O-CO₂–dominated fluid at 2-3 kbar and 350-450°C. The albitization of the granitoids intrusive into the Antimony Line is dated at 2. 8 Ga and is genetically linked to this fluid flow, which took place during the late tectono-metamorphic history of the belt contemporaneously with the emplacement of leucogranites along the southern border of the belt. Therefore, this study further demonstrates that coupling petro-geochemistry and geochronology is a powerful tool in order to study and characterize a given metallogenic system
Gajurel, Ananta Prasad. "Etude sédimentologique et géochimique (isotopes stables) des bassins synorogéniques de l'Hymalaya du Népal (Siwaliks et bassin de Kathmandu)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10102.
Full textThe work deals with paleo-environmental study of the Siwalik foreland basin (upper Miocene) and the intermountain Kathmandu basin (Plio-Pleistocene). O and C composition of modern mollusks and waters of Ganga Plain and intermountain basins were realized as a reference for paleo-environmental study. The δ18O of rivers varies from -18‰ in north of Himalaya to -4‰ in the plain. The δ18Ocar of modern shell show an equilibrium fractionation with the river waters (20 to 25°C). Both carbonate and river water values are different according to catchment basin extension. The δ13CDIC of rivers are higher than δ13Ccar due to organic carbon incorporation in shell. In the Siwaliks, 18Ocar varies from -16. 4 to 0. 6‰. For the Late Miocene, the δ18Ocar values are lower than Pliocene and modern values. Therefore, rivers running through the Siwalik plain should show different geometry. The δ13C show a sharp increase up to 0‰ around 5 Ma, which seems to be linked to the contemporaneous evolution of C4 plant. The Kathmandu Basin (3-0 Ma) is a transported basin and characterized by fluvio-lacustrine sediments. The evolution of lake is controlled by tectonic, landslide and debris-flow. The δ18Ocar older than 1 Ma vary from -11 to -4‰ and are compatible with river water (-10. 1 to -7‰) as well as monsoon water (-18 to 2‰) in Kathmandu. In contrast δ18Ocar of Gokarna Formation (< 50 Ka) is extremely high (-2. 4 to 8‰) and is compatible to dry period meteoric water (-6. 5 to 7. 5‰). Such values are generally associated with diatomite. Two processes could be interacted for diatomite time: reduction in summer precipitation and strong evaporation; both phenomena tend to make a strong concentration in 18O
Gelly, Romain. "Potentiel des isotopes stables de Cu et Zn comme traceurs de l'origine et des redistributions des métaux dans les sols." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/190620_GELLY_768ohv852uofd165ssnfb371qq_TH.pdf.
Full textIn this work, we studied the origin and the fate of Cu, Pb and Zn brought to soils by atmospheric emissions from an active smelter and a historical one. To investigate the redistribution of these anthropogenic Cu, Zn and Pb in the surrounding soils and vegetation, we used stable metal isotopes of Zn, Cu and Pb associated with total and extracted metal concentrations, Zn speciation (by XAS measurements) and magnetic susceptibility.By coupling these techniques, we demonstrated the presence in soils of Pb and Zn originating from the smelters. Anthropogenic metals were concentrated in soil surface horizons and for Zn reached up to 15 and 35 times the geochemical background at resp. the active and historical metallurgical sites. We identified the presence of anthropogenic Pb and Cu in the deepest soil horizons which migrated either as solid (Pb) or solubilized (Cu) forms. Contribution of anthropogenic Pb to total Pb was estimated to be at least 72% at depth in the soils nearby the Escalette former smelter. Anthropogenic Zn was found, at both sites, to be immobilized in soil surface horizons due to its precipitation as Zn-LDH or bonding with Fe. We showed that anthropogenic Pb and Zn solubility was low and that it contrasted with Cu mobility. Therefore, anthropogenic metals appeared to be poorly or not bioavailable to the nearby vegetation. In addition, we highlighted the specific behavior of Mediterranean plants regarding Cu isotopes fractionation, as we measured isotopic enrichment (i.e. in 65Cu) in aerial parts, not observed, so far, in the literature
Semiani, Abdelkader. "Métallogénie de la zone de cisaillement aurifère est-ouzzalienne : Structure, pétrologie et 'géochimie des gisements d'or de TirekAmesmessa (Hoggar occidental, Algérie)." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00675813.
Full textFerrand, Jean-Luc. "Etude isotopique du cycle géochimique du plomb anthropique et naturel en milieux marin et côtier." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30027.
Full textLutringer-Paquet, Audrey. "Reconstruction de la variabilité des eaux intermédiaires par l'étude géochimique des coraux profonds." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00159102.
Full textréponses de l'océan aux changements rapides du climat. Cependant, la variabilité de ces masses d'eau
est encore peu documentée en raison du manque d'enregistrements fiables et pouvant être datés de
manière précise. C'est pour répondre à cette attente que cette étude à été proposée : il s'agissait de
développer l'utilisation des coraux profonds et en particulier de leur signal isotopique pour les
reconstitutions paléo-océanographiques.
Dans un premier temps, une méthode de calcul des températures à partir des données isotopiques (CO)
des coraux a été mise au point. Cette méthode a été testée sur 6 coraux prélevés vivants dans
différents sites où les conditions environnementales étaient connues (T-S). Une fois la méthode
établie, elle a été appliquée, dans un deuxième temps, à une carotte sédimentaire du chenal de Rockall
contenant des coraux. Le signal ainsi obtenu a permis de dégager la forte variabilité isotopique des
coraux sur l'Holocène. Ce signal a été interprété en terme de fluctuations de la contribution des eaux à
composante méditerranéennes par rapport aux eaux du Labrador selon des oscillations climatiques
propres à l'Atlantique Nord. En parallèle de ces études, un grand nombre de datations ont été
effectuées sur des coraux des différentes carottes de la marge irlandaise afin de définir le cadre
stratigraphique représenté par ces coraux. Aucun corail d'âge glaciaire n'a été identifié sur ce site,
dégageant ainsi la sensibilité de ce matériel aux variations paléo- environnementales. Un scénario de
développement et de mise en place des coraux selon les conditions hydrographiques a été proposé
pour expliquer la dynamique de croissance des monts carbonatés sur lesquels se développent les
coraux de l'Atlantique Nord-Est. Par ailleurs, les datations au 14C des foraminifères des carottes
montrent la complexité de l'enregistrement sédimentaire pour ces sites de haute énergie et soulignent
l'intérêt des coraux profonds pour reconstruire la variabilité rapide des eaux intermédiaires.
Noël, Julie. "Etude pétro-structurale et géochimique des processus de serpentinisation et de carbonatation des péridotites de l’ophiolite d’Oman." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG072/document.
Full textMantle rocks exposed in seafloor and/or directly in contact with atmosphere in ophiolite system are thermodynamically and chemically in disequilibrium. Mantle alteration is driven by serpentinization (ie, hydration and oxidation-reduction reactions) and carbonatization reactions. These reactions play an major role in the chemical exchanges between the deep mantle and the outer envelops, especially in the global mass budget of volatiles (C, H and O) via CO2 mineralization, hydrogen production and formation of hydrocarbons and prebiotic molecules. Oman ophiolite is an ideal "natural laboratory" for studying alteration reactions in mantle rocks from ocean hydrothermalism to modern continental weathering.This thesis presents the results of a multi-technical and multi-scale study on carbonate-hosted serpentinized peridotites in two sites, Wadi Dima and Batin (Wadi Tayin massif), considered representative of the alteration processes affecting the Oman ophiolite. This work combines (micro-) structural (EBSD, µ-tomography), petrographical (EPMA), mineralogical (Raman, Cathodoluminescence, (3D-)XANES), geochemical ((LA)-ICPMS) and isotopic studies (O, C in situ and micro-bulk).Studies in Wadi Dima harzburgites have highlighted successive episodes of serpentinization and carbonatization in Oman peridotites from oceanic lithosphere cooling to Oman Ophiolite emplacement. Serpentinization occurs in oceanic setting (REE depletion, negative Ce anomalies), probably during the onset of the oceanic lithosphere cooling and / or of the intra-oceanic detachment, at < 200-220°C, driven by the formation of lizardite veins constituting the mesh structure. Serpentinization continues at lower temperature with the formation of chrysotile in the center of the mesh structure, replacing olivine. The last stage of serpentinization is concurrent with early carbonatization and generates the complete peridotite alteration at < 100°C. In this rock-dominated system, fluid flow paths are controlled by nano-porosity (etch pits), by pore scale weakness and by local heterogeneity in permeability, generating local chemical heterogeneities (Ce anomalies variability and carbon isotope heterogeneity). Carbonatization continues at < 50°C during the transition in continental setting. Carbonate veins are formed during interaction with sediment-derived fluids during intra-oceanic detachment at the onset of obduction and with surface and sub-surface fluids during modern continental Ophiolite weathering. This process records the transition from oceanic diffuse-flow rock-dominated to cooler continental fluid-focused-flow fluid-dominated hydrothermal systems. Paradoxically, initial mantle structure controls orientation and distribution of carbonate veins.Batin site is distinguished by its complex structure with the presence of abundant gabbros and pyroxenites dikes, evidence of magmatic impregnation peridotites. Serpentinization is charcheterized by the formation of an uncommon texture in rings ("fingerprint") at the expense of olivine, marked by chemically variation in Fe-Mg and redox at microscale and by disequilibrium oxygen isotopic composition. These features are interpreted as resulting from local disequilibrium in the transport-nucleation-reaction processes that may be related to several parameters: high temperature gradient, redox, fluid composition, and permeability.This thesis brings new constraints on temporal and spatial relations between serpentinization and carbonatization reactions, on local chemical heterogeneities at micro-scale and on the global chemical budget of volatiles (C, H and O) in Oman peridotites. It has highlighted the possibility to store CO2 and producing H2 simultaneously during subseafloor alteration
Rigaudier, Thomas. "Analyse isotopique des inclusions fluides des matériaux de la croûte terrestre : caractérisation des sources des fluides et reconstitutions paléoclimatiques." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00733643.
Full textMasbou, Jérémy. "Étude des processus métaboliques, écologiques et biogéochimiques contrôlant le fractionnement isotopique du Hg chez les mammifères marins de l'Arctique." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3093/.
Full textSince the discovery of atmospheric Hg depletion events (AMDE) in the Arctic, the Polar Regions have become key in understanding the Hg global cycle. The impact of Hg on human health depends on both Hg concentration and chemical form. In particular, monomethylmercury (MMHg) is a potent neurotoxin. High MMHg concentrations are observed in Arctic top predators due to bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes in the food webs. Hence, the characterization of the transformations leading to the formation (methylation) and the degradation (demethylation) of MMHg is of great concern to assess its fate and impact in aquatic ecosystems. In this context, we present an environmental study on three Arctic bio-indicators: the ringed seal (Pusa hispida), the beluga whale (Delphinaperus leucas) and the polar bear (Ursus maritimus). Hg isotope analysis of the bio-indicator liver tissues show both mass dependent isotope fractionation (MDF, delta202Hg) and mass independent fractionation (MIF, delta199Hg). While the changes in d202Hg are widely linked to in vivo metabolic processes, the time trend (1988-2002, Pusa hispida) and the latitudinal gradient (60°N-71°N, Delphinaperus leucas) observed for ?199Hg signatures suggests the influence of sea ice cover on the Arctic biogeochemical Hg cycle. In a second part of this dissertation, we propose a novel and promising molecular approach with the first measurements of the isotopic compositions of Hg and carbon on the MMHg molecule in biological samples. These results are very promising for tracing MMHg origin in aquatic environments
Jaunat, Jessy. "Caractérisation des écoulements souterrains en milieu fissuré par approche couplée hydrologie-géochimie-hydrodynamisme : application au massif de l'Ursuya (Pays Basque, France)." Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00778427.
Full textNasr, Emna. "Signatures inorganiques et isotopiques combinées pour la discrimination de l'origine géographique de l'huile d'olive." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PAUU3004.
Full textThe globalization of the food industry has raised consumer interest in the geographical origin and the quality of food products. The global increase in food production and consumption, however, has led to fraudulent practices spreading. It threatens both the health of consumers and the economic balance of the food industry, which suffers huge financial loss every year. Olive oil is one of the most adulterated food products. As a result, a large array of analytical strategies was proposed for the geographical authentication of olive oil. The most reliable approaches that have demonstrated promising results for the geographical traceability of food products were based on the multi-elemental and isotopic fingerprinting. Nevertheless, trace elements, initially found at low to critically low concentrations in olive oil, are dissolved in a complex lipid matrix and thus the samples introduction in plasma-based instruments and the precise measurements of chemical components are challenging. This study presents a reliable analytical approach based on a three dimensional geographic information: (1) the mineral composition of the soil through the analysis of trace elements; (2) the geological background through the analysis of Sr isotopic composition; and (3) the pedo-climatic context through the determination of stable isotopes of carbon in olive oils. First, the trace elements were quantified in olive oils from Tunisia, Spain and France with high precision and accuracy by quadrupole ICP-MS following an optimized analytical procedure. The elemental concentrations combined with chemometrics allowed to classify olive oils according to their geographical provenance. Subsequently, an innovative method was developed and successfully applied for the quantitative extraction of Sr from olive oil matrix and accurate measurement of 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio by MC-ICP-MS. The conservation of 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios during the transfer of Sr from the soil to the plant and during olive oil extraction was demonstrated. The results were correlated with the geological characteristics of the bedrocks and thus highlighted that Sr isotopic composition of olive oil can be used as a reliable tool for fingerprinting olive oil geographic provenance. In last part of the manuscript, the stable isotopes of carbon were determined in olive oils by IRMS and allowed to trace the physiological processes of the olive tree to specific environmental characteristics. Each of the three studied single-parameter approaches provided reliable but limited geographic information. Therefore, they were combined together with chemometrics in order to establish an advanced geographical authentication tool able to overcome the most sophisticated fraudulent practices
Nlend, Bertil. "Processus hydrologiques dans une zone côtière hyper-humide sous forte influence anthropique (Douala, Cameroun). : Une étude géochimique de la dynamique de l'eau de l'atmosphère au sous-sol." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCD055.
Full textA multidisciplinary approach was carried out in Douala, a humid tropical coastal megacity (Cameroon, West Africa) which already experiences some environmental changes due to population growth, urbanization and industrialization. We aimed at identifying the hydrological processes involved in this peculiar site, which records approximately 4 m of rainfall/year and undergoes almost continuous rainfall during year. Moreover since it is well known that modifications in land uses may profoundly influence hydrology, we need to improve our understanding on key hydrological processes in such tropical humid. To answer this question, we focus on water fluxes across the critical zone (land–atmosphere-subsurface continuum) through isotopic and chemical data from water vapour, rainfall and groundwater.Concerning atmospheric fluxes, results highlight an influence of large scale meteorological conditions on precipitation stable isotope composition. Classical processes (thermo-dependency, amount effect, continental recycling) observed elsewhere cannot be applied in Douala region. The intensity of upstream convection and the size of convective system mostly impact monthly and daily rainfalls. We also put in evidence that extended clouds in altitude, due to strong convection, provoke depleted precipitation in heavy isotopes. Moreover, the isotopic signature in rainfall is similar to that of water vapour, thus meaning a lack of post-condensational effects.By coupling this isotopic signal of precipitation with that of groundwater, we show that the Mio-Pliocene aquifer in Douala is recharged locally by rainwater and that this recharge occurs preferentially from April to August and November. There is no fractionating process during the infiltration of rainwater. Stable isotopes in groundwater highlight the existence of different flow paths within this multi-layered aquifer. We identified a deep flow path that mays correspond to groundwater with long residence time compared to shallower ones. Information obtained by the isotopes is similar to that provided by hydro-meteorological and potentiometric data. The aquifer recharge varies between 892.6 mm and 933.6 mm/year. Rainwater infiltrates at high altitudes, then flows underground with a velocity estimated to 1.96 m/day, before reaching the estuary. Groundwater chemistry enforces these findings. Water mineralization clearly increases along a flow path conducting water from the recharge zone (high altitudes) to the discharge area (estuary). Concentrations in main ions are partly controlled by rainfall intensity through the dilution effect, water-rocks interactions processes and human activities.The impacts of these human activities on groundwater quantity and quality, but also, on a more general way on climatic changes within the region, have been then deeply investigated. The results show that there is a widespread degradation of groundwater quality due to anthropogenic activities, leading also to seawater intrusion in some coastal megacities of West Africa. Groundwater deterioration tends to be emphasized by climate change (through an increase in CO2, increase in air temperatures and slight increase in precipitation amount).Finally this thesis provides new insights for tropical hydrology and key management tools to Douala water resource managers.Keywords: Douala, Rainwater; Mio-Pliocene groundwater; stable isotopes; major ions; upstream convection; anthropogenic activities, critical zone
Buschaert, Stéphane. "Origine, âge et processus physico-chimiques des circulations de fluides dans les fractures : exemple de socle sous couverture (Vienne) et de formations riches en argiles (Gard, Est)." Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10233.
Full textThe study of minerals sealing the discontinuities and the cavities by past to recent fluid circulations is the only method to assess the paleo ?hydrological and -hydrogeochemical behavior of both sedimentary or granitic systems. Petrographic, mineralogic, isotopic and geochemical tools provide the opportunity to identify the source and the nature of sealing-forming waters and to precise the physical and chemical mechanisms occurring during fluid circulations. This study is focused on 3 sites selected in the framework of a survey managed by ANDRA for the feasibility of an underground laboratory (plutonites of Vienne, Cretaceous siltites of Marcoule, argillites in the Eastern part of the Paris basin). Our methodology, based on the combined use of C-O isotopic tracers, petrographic, mineralogical and thermal (fluid inclusion, organic matter, clay typology) studies, is a promising powerful tool to assess the paleo-hydrogeologic behavior in geological systems
Noack, Yves. "Differenciation entre altération météorique et altération hydrothermale : applications aux minéraux ubiquistes : talc, chlorites, serpentines; pétrologie, minéralogie, géochimie." Poitiers, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985POIT2021.
Full textCave, Tiffanie. "Fonctionnement hydrodynamique du bassin tertiaire du Bas-Dauphiné entre la Drôme et la Varèze (Drôme et Isère, Sud-Est de la France) : Etude géochimique et isotopique." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00818821.
Full textBouchet, Alain. "Minéralogie et géochimie des roches altérées du chapeau de fer de Rouez (Sarthe)." Poitiers, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987POIT2303.
Full textFeneyrol, Julien. "Pétrologie, géochimie et genèse des gisements de tsavorite associés aux gneiss et roches calco-silicatées graphiteux de Lemshuku et Namalulu, Tanzanie." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0348/document.
Full textTsavorite, a (V, Cr, Mn)-bearing green grossular, is hosted by graphitic gneisses or calc-silicates, often asssociated with dolomitic marbles, and belonging to the Metamorphic Neoproterozoic Mozambique Belt. Tsavorite is found either as nodules or in quartz veins (primary deposits), or in placers (secondary deposits). The mineralogical study of tsavorites suggests a new protocol to certificate their geographical origin, based on the V/Cr ratio, Mn content and delta18O. The study of the Lemshuku and Namalulu deposits in Tanzania has shown that the metamorphism of organic matter-rich and evaporites-rich sedimentary protoliths occurred at P = 7.0 ± 0.4 kbar and T = 677 ± 14°C, at 634 ± 22 Ma (U-Th-Pb dating on monazite). The metamorphic series cooled down at around 500 Ma (40Ar-39Ar dating on muscovite). Two metasomatic stages are linked to the formation of tsavorite : (i) diffusion metasomatism forming nodules at P = 5.0-7.4 kbar and T = 580-691°C; (ii) calcitic infiltration metasomatism forming quartz veins at P = 3.6-4.9 kbar and T = 505-587°C. These last have been dated in situ with Sm-Nd dating at 606 ± 36 Ma. Continental evaporites, deposited in a coastal marine sabkha with (Si, Ca)-bearing sediments, transformed into tsavorite in the case of the nodules, while the molten salts are associated with the formation of the quartz veins. The mineralisations are controlled by lithostratigraphy and structure
Durand, Cyril. "Circulations fluides, transferts de matière et évolution minéralogique entre deux réservoirs à géochimie contrastée. Les septa carbonatés dans les granites du Quérigut (Pyrénées, France)." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00134463.
Full textLes relations géométriques entre les septa carbonatés et les roches granitiques encaissantes ont été contraintes par une étude cartographique détaillée. Le contact est caractérisé par le développement d'un endoskarn et d'un exoskarn du côté granitique et carbonaté respectivement. L'endoskarn consiste en un assemblage à Kfs-Qtz-Cpx-Amp-Pl développé au dépend d'un assemblage à Pl-Amp-Bt-Qtz-Kfs. L'exoskarn montre une évolution minéralogique continue et complexe depuis un assemblage à Cal-Cpx-Amp-Qtz-An vers un assemblage à Grt-Wo/Czo-Cpx-Qtz.
Les résultats sur les isotopes stables (Δ18O et Δ13C) suggèrent que ce système se comporte comme un système fermé vis-à-vis des circulations de fluides externes et des arrivées de matière. Seuls des processus de diffusion apparaissent entre les deux réservoirs à géochimie contrastée avec une infiltration limitée de fluides magmatiques dans les métacarbonates proches du contact. Le métamorphisme de contact entre ces deux types de roche est également associé avec d'importants transferts de matière mais toujours sans échanges chimiques significatifs entre les granitoïdes et les carbonates. Dans les roches magmatiques, les transferts se restreignent à l'endoskarn avec un enrichissement significatif en K2O, Rb, Y, Ce, Nb et Ba. A l'opposé, les transferts de matière dans les septa carbonatés apparaissent sur une distance significativement plus épaisse que l'endoskarn. Une forte diminution des teneurs en CaO, Sr et CO2 (atteignant plus de 80 %) est corrélée à une chute des teneurs en calcite en direction du contact. Les autres éléments chimiques, initialement présents dans le carbonate, se comportent comme des éléments immobiles et sont alors concentrés passivement. La perte de calcite est expliquée par des réactions de décarbonatation et des phénomènes de pression-dissolution. Ces processus sont accompagnés par une forte perte de volume atteignant plus de 80% du volume initial en direction de la zone de contact.
La modélisation thermodynamique suggère des gammes de température entre 460°C et 600°C avec une diminution significative de la composition fluide XCO2 en direction du contact afin de stabiliser des assemblages Grt-Wo/Czo (XCO2 < 0,021). Les relations de phase établies en fonction de la composition chimique (Xcompo) et de la composition fluide (XCO2) sont en parfait accord avec les assemblages minéralogiques observés, confortant l'hypothèse d'une forte perte de calcite dans les septa carbonatés lors de l'épisode de métamorphisme de contact. De plus, ces résultats montrent que les diagrammes de phases XCO2 vs Xcompo établis à température et pression constantes sont des modèles prédictifs adéquats à l'étude de la formation des skarns.
Un modèle couplant les circulations fluides et les transferts de matière et contrôlé par des processus de diffusion et de perte de calcite est proposé pour expliquer les évolutions minéralogiques et géochimiques des septa carbonatés emprisonnés dans les roches granitiques du massif de Quérigut.
Séraphin, Pierre. "Contribution du traçage isotopique (δ 18O et δ D) à la compréhension et à la modélisation hydrogéologique de la nappe de la Crau." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4353.
Full textThe Crau plain (Southern France) contains an alluvial aquifer described as a regional "heritage resource". Started nearly 500 years ago by creating a network of canals, the cultivation of grasslands is even today performed using a traditional technique of irrigation by flooding. Derived from another watershed, irrigation water has a major impact on the recharge of the aquifer. Nevertheless, urbanization of the territory, increase of uptakes, and climate change threaten the existing balance of the Crau aquifer. The preservation of this resource therefore requires the production of an efficient management tool accounting for the whole hydro-system in its hydrological and geometric complexity. This thesis presents an original approach of hydrogeological modeling by independently estimating, for each step, the necessary variables and parameters, reducing a recurring problem of equifinality. Providing a reliable forecasting tool, this new model is implemented by realistic scenarios to observe the impacts of climate change, the evolution of the planned land-use, and occasional reductions of irrigation input in 2030. Under the combined effects of these recharge reductions (up to -19%) the water table could be subjected to local decreases up to 2 m, leading to the drying up of rare and protected wetlands
Agrinier, Pierre. "L'evolution de la croute oceanique vue par les rapports isotopiques de l'oxygene, du carbone et de l'hydrogene." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077176.
Full textScheffer, Christophe. "Réservoirs fluides et transferts en contexte d'exhumation orogénique : implications sur la position structurale des minéralisations Cu-Pb-Zn-Fe-Ag dans la région Lavrion-Eubée (Grèce)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0270/document.
Full textThis thesis is focused on the Attico-Cycladic orogenic wedge formed during the Alpine orogeny. From a multi-method and multi-scale approach using structural geology, petrography, mineral thermobarometry, element and isotope geochemistry, and PVTX data of associated fluid inclusions, this study deciphers the relationships between fluid circulation, fluid-rock interactions and mobilisation-transport-deposits of metals. Marbles and schists from the Evia Island and the Lavrion peninsula testify to a complex orogenic history marked by an Eocene burial phase followed by syn- and post-orogenic exhumation. Cu-Pb-Zn-Fe-Ag mineralisations from the Lavrion area are synchronous with the formation of the low-angle post-orogenic detachment and the emplacement of granodioritic magmas. The structural position of the deposits attests of an emplacement during ductile to brittle deformation conditions. Deposits associated with ductile to ductile-brittle deformation (skarn, carbonate replacement) are related to a marble decarbonation and magmatic fluid circulation. The progressive exhumation of the orogenic wedge allows the transition toward brittle conditions and opens the system to surficial meteoritic fluids. This meteoritic fluid circulation is responsible to remobilisation of metals from primary deposits allowing thus a second phase of deposition in a pure brittle deformation (epithermal veins)
Erbland, Joseph. "Contraintes isotopiques sur l'interprétation de l'enregistrement en nitrate dans la carotte de glace de Vostok." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00638761.
Full textHuneau, Frederic. "FONCTIONNEMENT HYDROGEOLOGIQUE ET ARCHIVES PALEOCLIMATIQUES D'UN AQUIFERE PROFOND MEDITERRANEEN Etude géochimique et isotopique du bassin miocène de Valréas (Sud-Est de la France)." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00323650.
Full textHouhou, Jamil. "Le réseau d'assainissement urbain : du collecteur au réacteur bio-physico-chimique." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL071N/document.
Full textThis work describes the sewer system as an integrated part of the wastewater treatment system. The main objectives of this study were: identification and quantification of water sources collected in sewer system, referring to isotopic signatures of water and dissolved sulfates; identification of the mineralogical nature of trace element carriers and determination of their geochemical evolution within the sewer by TEM and SEM coupled with EDSX ; Evidencing exchanges between sewage and biofilms, using CLSM and TEM, and investigating hydrodynamic conditions controlling this exchange in an experimental set-up (Couette-Poiseuille reactor). The results indicate that isotopic data may be used to study the tightness of sewer lines and to evaluate the evolution of element concentrations along sewer. Implication of the sewer system as a true biophysicochemical reactor is evidenced in our study by the evolution of the mineralogical nature of phosphate phases downstream of the sewer and by heavy metal precipitations in anaerobic conditions as neoformed sulfide phases. Sump pit deposits and biofilms represent the earlier stage of this neoformation. Organic matter biodegradation was revealed by TEM examination of SM whereas the exchange between biofilms and SM was shown by CLSM. Cellulose fibers from SM were found embedded in exopolymer biofilm matrices and detached fragments from biofilms were identified in sewage. The majority of these evolutions are located upstream of sewer system in which the contrast in physicochemical properties are the most significant. Finally, biofilm model investigations and image processing showed that hydrodynamic conditions are largely implicated in biofilm detachment