Academic literature on the topic 'Geo-Historical Profile'

Through considering a "Geo Archive" as a tool of history, this paper explores several conundrums concerning environmental migration in social sciences. It demonstrates how historical perspectives can problematize and unsettle various automatisms that are widely present in journalistic, public, and policy discourses. Through examples from the Geo Archive, the article illustrates how unavoidable historical dimensions can enrich our understandings on the interaction between environmental issues and migration flows. This paper engages with an open access "archive in-the-making". This Geo Archive includes case studies of migration flows and puts those flows in conversation with environmental transformations and climatic changes. The analysed collection presents high-profile stories which are representative samples of different approaches, temporalities, geographies, sources of information, narratives, and scales. This endeavour encompasses different disciplines and fields of expertise: environmental humanities, IT and communication experts, and political ecology. The archive places itself within the realms of public history, environmental history, and history of the present and aims to reach out to wider audiences. This digital humanities project stemmed from a support action funded by the EU initiative Horizon 2020 titled CLISEL whose overarching goal was to analyse and better inform institutional responses and policies addressing climate refugees and migrants.

The dynamic monitoring of home and workplace distribution is a fundamental building block for improving location-based service systems in fast-developing cities worldwide. Inferring these places is challenging; existing approaches rely on labor-intensive and untimely survey data or ad hoc heuristic assignment rules based on the frequency of appearance at given locations. Motivated by the regularities in human behavior, we propose a novel method to infer the home, workplace, and third place based on an individual’s spatial-temporal patterns inferred from Call Detail Records. To capture the individual regularity, our method develops, for each person-location, the probability distribution that the person will appear in that location at a specific time of day using geo-temporal travel patterns a panel of individuals. To reveal the collective regularity, we apply eigen-decomposition to the matrix of historical geo-temporal data. Unsupervised machine learning techniques are then used to extract commonalities across locations for different groups of travelers, making inferences, such as home and workplace. Testing the methodology on real-world data with known location labels shows that our method identifies home and workplace with significant accuracy, improving upon the best practices in the literature by 79% and 34%, respectively. The methodology proposed is computationally efficient and is highly scalable to other real-world applications with historical tracking data. It provides a basis to improve location-based services, such as mobile commerce, social events recommendations, and urban transit design.

Abstract Kunhar River hydrology and hydraulic design of a bridge on this river are being studied using HEC-Geo-RAS and Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System (HEC-RAS). The river flows in the northern part of Pakistan and is 170 km long. On both sides of the river, there are residential settlements. The river hydraulics is studied by using 30-metre remotely sensed shuttle radar topographic mission - digital elevation model (SRTM DEM) and Arc Map. 32 cross-sections are imported from Geographic Information System (GIS) to HEC-RAS. On historical peak flow results, the extreme value frequency distribution is applied, and a flood is determined for a 100-year return period, with a discharge estimated as 2223 cubic metres. Three steady flow profiles are adopted for HEC-RAS, the first is for the maximum historical peak data, the second is for the 100-year return period, and the third profile is for the latter 100-year period with a safety factor of 1.28. With remote sensing-based assessments, the proposed location for a bridge is determined and then verified with a field survey which was physically conducted. The maximum water height estimated in the river is about 4.26 m. This bridge will facilitate about 50 thousand population of Masahan and its surroundings. It will create a shortest link between Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Azad Kashmir and thus will enhance tourism and trade activities.

PurposeThe relations between China and Singapore were once exampled as good bilateral relations in the region: stable and promising. Albeit gradually increasing competition, bilateral economic cooperation remains to be a stabilizer. However, the ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and even more complicated Sino-US relations add up more uncertainties to bilateral relations. This paper aims to examine the fragility of bilateral relations against the overall backgrounds of the dynamic regional balance of power while analyzing the economic cooperation as the stabilizer and reviewing political mutual trust between China and Singapore.Design/methodology/approachThis paper will apply historical and documentary review and qualitative analysis.FindingsLed by its pragmatic foreign policy, Singapore hedges against China, even it seeks to deeply engaging China in all dimensions of bilateral ties, including economic, cultural and political. The grand strategy of the BRI signals the era of “keeping low profile”, leaving us far away. It will inevitably change the regional landscape geo-strategically. The USA clearly defines China as a strategic competitor, which represent Sino-US relations will not go back to the past. The traditional counterbalance strategy applied by Singapore works more difficultly when China intends to be stronger politically in the region. Economically and politically, there are no reasons for Singapore not to show positive support for the BRI. However, the BRI essentially provides a warning message that Singapore should explore a more practical and realistic strategy for not being constrained by China's geo-economic strategy. Singapore's picking side and its increasing military budget, China's assertiveness and the changing Sino-US relations imply the looming fragilities to bilateral relations.Originality/valueThe relations between China and Singapore were once exampled as good bilateral relations in the region: stable and promising. However, China and Singapore relations also ran into bumps from time to time over the years. We usually believe it is because of the peculiarity of Singapore's China policy. However, we should not neglect the dynamic regional balance of power and the changing Sino-US relations after the BRI was proposed. To fill this research gap, this paper will review the factors of stabilizers and the factors that bring fragility to bilateral relations between China and Singapore. The paper also argues that it is time for Beijing to make reflections on whether Beijing proposed BRI too early and whether Beijing over addressed on the magnificence and ambitions of the BRI.

This is an article on the phenomenon of strategic partnership, which is understood to be a special type of geopolitical and geo-economic cooperation, which, in the author’s opinion, might become a fundamental element of the current globalized world’s composition in the very near future. A general characteristic is given to the theoretical underpinnings of the issue, which brings us to the fact that there are no concrete definitions for the term “strategic partnership”, as well as no criteria that would allow for separating the scientific perception of the term from its purely decorative application in political discourse. The author insists that each and every specific strategic partnership is developed and sustained based on a unique combination of supporting factors, and as a result the study of such processes requires using the appropriate individualized (ideographical) methods. The article offers an example in the form of analyzing one of the most telling cases of this sort – the genesis and development of strategic partnership relations between Russia and India. This study examines the emergence of “special relations” between the two nations, which have deep historical roots, while analyzing the specific profile of this relationship during the time of British dominion, and looking into the process of establishing contacts between intellectual circles. Considerable focus is dedicated to these relations turning into bilateral political cooperation after India declaring its independence, and to the dynamic of said cooperation. Based on the experience of Russia and India, certain general conditions for building strategic partnerships are formulated. While analyzing the future prospects of the strategic partnership between the Russian Federation and India, the author considers the geopolitical significance of the “Moscow-Deli- Peking” triangle, as well as the potential it bears in terms of transforming Eurasia into a territorial entity tied together by large-scale infrastructural and environmental protection projects.

Nowadays, cultural monuments deserve increasing attention. A comprehensive study of archeological complexes enables us to more accurately reproduce the conditions of formation and evolution of ancient society. In recent decades, archaeological sites have been investigated using archeology and paleogeography methods to reconstruct the character of landscape changes in the study area. Among such historical and archeological complexes is the famous city of Baturin, which holds a special place for deep and comprehensive study. Less than half a century later, having traveled from a small outpost on the northeastern border of the Commonwealth to the hetman's capital, Baturin died in the flames of the Northern War in the same short period of time. Tragedy of 1708 made Baturin not only a national shrine, but also a reference archaeological monument of the Cossack era, a cultural layer whose level of saturation and informativeness is unmatched. The inter-river basin of the Desna and the Seimas, which is geographically included in the Baturin Family, is one of the most important watersheds of the Dnieper North Left Bank, and the Seim River itself is a kind of natural border between the forest-steppe and forest zones. The territory where Baturin originated had a number of significant advantages. Baturin is located on the edge of the high terrace of the Diet. It is the only such elevated area of the left bank terrace of the Diet in its lower stream, which allowed to control virtually all of its basin. ancient times, which, combined with the wide floodplain of the Seimas with its opportunities for the development of livestock, fishing, hunting, created optimal conditions for economic activity of the population. During paleopedological research it was established that in the territory of the study in the catenary of soils with artifacts of the Bronze Age developed soils of meadow and forest-meadow genesis with well-formed humus horizons close to meadow-sod and alluvial-sod zones of temperate, but temperate climate. In the clearing of the shaft, the findings of the early Iron Age are confined to the surface of the humus horizon of the sod of slightly podzolic soils, formed in the conditions of meadow-steppe landscapes of temperate climate, less humid than the modern (background) soil. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. In the Polissya conditions, meadow-forest landscapes became widespread. In the soils on the high grass meadows there were conditions for the accumulation of organic matter, which made it possible to form well-defined humus horizons and the processes of sod genesis were quite pronounced. Turf-slightly podzolic ash-sandy sandy loamy and sandy soils of the XVII-XVIII centuries had well-defined humus horizons, and often were deeply humus, which provided for their agricultural use with ease of machining. The proximity of a fairly powerful river, as well as the spread of forests (as timber for business purposes), increased the possibility of comfortable living conditions in this area. In the XVIII-XX centuries. Opportunities for cultivation of soils with fertilizers have emerged and soils of clearing № 5,7,8 are characterized by high and deep (almost all over the profile) humus. They are an example of human influence on the cultivation of land and landscapes. In the floodplains, alluvial-marsh silt soils, enriched with the content of Fe and Mn hydroxides, often formed the basis for the development of iron-smelting production in the territories close to Baturin. In the low and high floodplains of the Diet, the formation of sediments was associated with alluvial processes (floods, alluvial sands) and aerial ones (sands, dunes). Among modern Baturin soils (background), typical sod-medium- and highly podzolic, as opposed to the predominance of slightly podzolic sod, aszed alluvial-meadow and alluvial-sod soils are identified. The terraces are characterized by the development of sod, sod-alluvial and sod-swamp soils (the latter on floodplains).

In recent decades, geological modeling has significantly evolved, relying on the growing potential of hardware and software to manage and integrate vast datasets of 2D-3D geophysical underground data. Therefore, digitization and integration with other forms of data can often improve understanding of geological systems, even when using so-called vintage or historical data. Seismic reflection data have been extensively acquired mainly for hydrocarbon exploration since the 60s generating large volumes of data. Typically, these data have been for private commercial use and are relatively unavailable for research. However, with time, large volumes of vintage seismic reflection data in many countries worldwide are now becoming publicly available through time-based de-classification schemes. Such data have a great potential for modern-day geo-research, unleashing opportunities to improve geological understanding through re-interpretation with modern methods. However, a downside of these vintage data is that they are often only available in analog (paper, raster) format. The vectorization of these data then constitutes an essential step for unlocking their research potential. In 2018 INGV established the SISMOLAB-3D infrastructure, which is mainly devoted to analyzing digital subsurface data, such as seismic reflection profiles and well-logs, to build 2D-3D geological models, principally for seismotectonics, seismic hazard assessment, and geo-resources applications. In this contribution, we discuss the robustness of the WIGGLE2SEGY code, firstly published by Sopher in 2018, focusing on examples from different tectonic and geodynamic contexts within Italian territory. We applied the SEG-Y conversion method to onshore and offshore raster seismic profiles related to ceased exploration permits, comparing the results with other published archives of SEG-Y data obtained from the conversion of vintage data. Such an approach results in digital SEG-Y files with unprecedented quality and detail. The system- atic application of this method will allow the construction of a comprehensive dataset of digital SEG-Y seismic profiles across Italy, thereby expanding and sharing the INGV SISMOLAB-3D port- folio with the scientific community to foster innovative and advanced scientific analysis.

The level and pollution status of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu in sediment cores of Bagan Pasir estuary, Sungai Buloh estuary, and the coastline of Port Dickson was assessed. Based on the vertical profiles of metals concentrations, the order of metals’ concentration in decreasing manner was Zn>Pb>Cu>Cd at Bagan Pasir and Sungai Buloh stations, while Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd at Port Dickson station. Most of the analyzed metals were below the Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines and the effect range-low (ERL) at all sampling stations. The results of geo-accumulation index, contamination factor and pollution load index classified the sediments quality as unpolluted with studied metals with the exception of the element Pb at certain depths of the sediment cores as well as historical pollution at bottom sediment at Sungai Buloh station. Therefore, metal concentrations in the sediments of these stations were not at an alarming stage, however, requires regular monitoring from the authorities to maintain sustainable management of these areas especially at Sungai Buloh due to anthropogenic activities.

Olbia is one of the largest poleis, which was founded in the Northern Black Sea region at the delta of the Southern Bug River as a result of political, social and geographical processes in the middle of the 6th century BCE. According to the relief, this is the territory of the Black Sea Lowland, and polis and the surrounding territories are located on the shore of the Southern Bug estuary, which caused a certain lowering of the territory and its dismemberment. According to B. P. Alisov's climatic zoning of Ukraine, the climate of this territory belongs to the region of the coast of the seas, which in turn is part of the southern Atlantic-continental climatic region, and the main factor influencing the climate of this territory is the breeze circulation. The study of the settlement of specific territories (residential quarters, public places, necropoleis, communication routes, etc.) is one of the urgent issues in the paleogeographical and historical factors in the researches of urban structure in ancient times. All of these elements of the urbanization process contain various information about the life activities of the ancient society. This allows us to look at the source base of interdisciplinary studies in a new way. There is proposed to expand the traditional views on the study of archaeological objects of the ancient polis as a socio-political phenomenon in the ancient history of mankind in this paper. In particular, the indirect results of human activities, namely redeposited soils, were investigated. They contain conserved information that was preserved at the time of disruption of natural layers in a specific period of time. Among the archaeological sites of Olbia, which are used for such research, the necropolis occupies a priority place. After all, it was here that the disturbed soil remained in place and was used mainly for filling the burial structure. In addition, ancient necropoleis were traditionally arranged outside the city, which makes this area more interesting to study, because it has undergone minimal anthropogenic influence. The paper presents the results of paleosoil studies of the "Orient" section of the Olbian necropolis, namely two profiles within its area. A stratigraphic dissection of the section into genetic horizons was carried out and the boundary of the buried soil material of ancient times was established. A complex paleopedological method was used in this study, which included macro- and micromorphological analysis of sediments, as well as their granulometric characteristics. At the same time, the historiographic component of the study of this ancient Greek polis is presented, as well as some paleoclimatic conditions of its existence. From an archaeological point of view, the «Orient» section of the Olbian necropolis is characterized by diversity and a wide chronological range of burial objects (from the middle of the 6th century BCE to the beginning of the 3rd century CE). It was used during almost the ancient period of Olbia's existence (ancient Greek and Roman periods) for funerary and memorial purposes and practically does not contain traces of anthropogenic and agricultural influence. In this paper, the soil (as source base) and soil deposits were investigated in order to determine the paleogeographic features of the territory, in particular, during the Roman period of the necropolis' functioning (1st century BCE – 1st century CE). It is worth noting that at this time the most intensive use of this area for burial and memorial purposes was recorded, and the discovered archaeological objects date back to the 1st century BCE \ 1st century CE – 2nd century \ beginning of the 3rd century CE. According to the macro- and micromorphological characteristics of the soil in the cross-section, it is defined as southern chernozem, formed on the loess. This is also confirmed by micromorphological data. The mechanical composition of the soil illustrates that the profile at the beginning of the Holocene had a pedomorphological character of formation. In the future, the alluvial factor had a significant influence. During the functioning of the ancient polis and after its decline, the aeolian factor prevailed, which is consistent with the physical and geographical location of the territory. The natural conditions of the second half of the sub-Atlantic chronointerval, in which the ancient polis of Olbia was formed, were one of the main factors, which influenced to the urbanization processes. The formation of the necropolis is a component of it. At the beginning of the development of this territory in ancient times, the climate was cooler and wetter, compared to the metropolis. At the turn of the era, gradual aridization took place, there is a decrease in previous afforestation, a decrease in the role of mesophilic rocks and xerophytization of the steppes. At this time soil formation takes place within the «Orient» section of the Olbian necropolis. The obtained data were compared with the results of other studies (Matviishyna Zh. M., Parkhomenko O.G. (2017), Shilyk K.K. (1975), Ievlev M.M. (2014), Odrin O.V. (2014)). Thus, we state that general and specific paleogeographic studies of this archaeological site are relevant today, and the results in some cases are controversial. Analysis of the relief showed that the territory of the necropolis is slightly elevated at the modern stage and was probably elevated above the surrounding territories in ancient times as well. According to the results of macro- and micromorphological analysis, the soil in this area is similar in type to southern chernozems, which are suitable for agriculture. Considering the proximity to the estuary and the relief, we assume that the weak humus layer that was formed on this soil quickly disappeared due to the action of strong wind. This soil was sandblasted, which is confirmed by the data of granulometric analysis. Thus, this may be evidence that this site was not chosen for the necropolis by chance, because the soils a few hundred meters to the north (the territory of the Olbia chora) had similar agronomic properties, but were subjected to less wind erosion. Keywords: paleopedology, antiquity, Olbia, necropolis.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This work is on development within the framework of the project Eureca: <i>EUropean Region Enrichment in City Archives and collections</i> of the University of Ghent (IDLab, CartoGIS), the Technical University of Vienna (Research Group Cartography) and several city and state archives. <i>Eureca</i> focuses on revealing traces (i.e. origins or influences) of European regions that have shaped the cities in which we live today and will further develop tools to explore these traces when visiting a city. Different historical, architectural, economic, political, and cultural reasons form the base of these traces, and will be used as input to disclose cultural heritage items that can be linked to specific European regions and origins. The enriched metadata that will result in this project will be further usable to perform new fundamental research and applied studies, and to facilitate the exploitation of the collections to a broader public and attract new groups of cultural heritage consumers.</p><p>The specific focus of this work is on Geo-Social media (GSM) (Ostermann, 2015) as a source of information to identify these European traces of the past. The objective of this research is finding the <i>footprint</i> of Europeans visiting other euro-cities by determining areas of preference in a city for specific nationalities and during certain periods. The footprints represent areas of attraction for visitors in the city and the reasons for this attraction could be multiple: available services, architecture, historical/cultural hotspots, etc. Finding these modern footprints will be a base to identify the most visited cultural heritage points of interest (POIs) for specific nationalities or even cities of origin and during specific periods of the year. Finally, this will contribute to the development of location based services (LBS) that will help users to explore traces of their own region of origin in other European cities.</p><p>Social media data have been used in research widely and despite their multiple limitations, they have been proven useful for geographic research in different fields. Geotagged social media provide better insights on the spatial behaviour of their users. Some of the most used media in the literature include Foursquare, Twitter or Flickr. Foursquare is the least interesting for us because of its user base and amount of data available. Twitter provides a huge amount of geotagged text for semantic analysis but Flickr’s user profile is more suited for tourist behaviour analysis. Furthermore, Flickr provides a well-developed set of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to enable easier access to their data.</p><p>The first phase of this research involved the data collection from Flickr via two of its APIs. There are several Flickr datasets openly available, nevertheless we opted for building our own collection to avoid problems related to accessibility, accuracy and temporal coverage. Metadata of each uploaded picture such as photo owner, uploading date, geolocation, etc. was retrieved. In a second process, another API will be used to obtain the user name, location (user manually-provided) and other attributes. This location attribute have to be processed because of the heterogeneity of the data format. If only <i>city</i> is provided, the places have to be matched to a gazetteer to determine the country.</p><p>The data retrieved covered a squared area of 68 Mill.&amp;thinsp;km² representing a huge area around the continental Europe. In order to determine the nationality of each user the first source of information is the self-reported location included in her profile. Unfortunately, this information is often missing or can be simply false. For the majority of the users, the home location has to be inferred by some kind of method. A simple method based on previous works on home determination from user’s GSM data (Li &amp; Goodchild, 2012; Bojic et al., 2015) was developed and tested. To identify a country as user’s home location, all the pictures uploaded during a year in each country were considered. If the temporal difference between last and first photo was greater than 6 months, the user was labelled as local resident in that country. For comparison purposes, a second threshold of 3 months was also applied. With both thresholds, in some cases users were labelled with double home location because of being present in both cities in the same year.</p><p>We are aware of some limitations of this approach. For instance, a user can visit two times the same city in the same year. Besides, those users uploading pictures between the end of one year and the beginning of the following one will not be classified in that country. The nature of the Flickr user is a limitation itself; some individuals can upload one single photo and others may contribute thousands.</p><p>The method will be improved in future work by requiring a minimum of images uploaded during the chosen period. Also, it will be analysed the continuous stream of uploads during time instead of simply considering natural years. Additionally, the language of the title and tags could be used to infer the nationality. Moreover, the first information that will be taken into consideration is the self-reported home location obtained from the user’s profile. This new approach will increase the number of users correctly labelled so that we can get a better differentiation between locals and tourists and between different nationalities. This will be key for our further analysis.</p><p>The uploaded photos can be visualised as points in the space given that we have their geolocation. We can generate a continuous raster surface from these points using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) (Grothe &amp; Schaab, 2009). These raster are heatmaps that represent areas of high concentration of pictures. These heatmaps represent a footprint of the visitors in the city. Thus, the areas more visited by tourists from a specific origin will be visible and also an analysis of the temporal evolution will be possible. The continuous surfaces built with KDE are very well suited for the task of determining vague areas open enough for further POIs identification in <i>Eureca</i>. In addition, to include areas of interest (AOIs) when dealing with open spaces like parks, squares or large buildings. Figure 1 shows examples of footprints in Vienna and Ghent.</p><p>The footprints will reveal the most preferred places for specific origins. Furthermore, all the footprints will be compared through spatial analysis. Using map algebra (Tomlin, 1990), we will obtain areas of common interest for Europeans and for instance classify the areas as high, moderate or low “Euro-visitor interest”. This can be applied for aggregated groups e.g. Mediterranean nations, German-speaking countries, etc. In further steps, Flickr data from the rest of the world will be collected to apply the same approach for more groups.</p><p>Regarding the results already obtained, the final number of points retrieved was about 66 million and covered a period (2004&amp;ndash;2018) representing Flickr photos from 62 countries. Initial research was done with a selection of 2 European cities and countries: Ghent (Belgium) and Vienna (Austria). Next steps will include all those countries fully retrieved from Flickr and the 10 European capitals with the highest amount of data available.</p><p>Several conclusions can be drawn from the initial results. The number of photos available for each city can vary greatly; this has to be considered in terms of relative representativeness. The inclusion of the self-reported user information should improve the theoretical accuracy of the user home location determination. It could serve as some kind of ground truth to estimate precision and recall of our own classification method. Increasing the dataset with world coverage and classifying the home location of all the global users should reduce the number of ambivalent cases by applying other strategies. In sum, further work is required but this initial approach seems to be useful for establishing GSM as a valuable modern source of information to identify cultural heritage POIs/AOIs that will reveal European traces of the past within the <i>Eureca</i> project.</p>

Increased attention to psychology in the modern novel afforded expanded thematic access to aberrant states of consciousness. In a way, this returned the novel to its prototype in Don Quixote, and rejuvenated awareness of depicted mania in realist novels. Eight novels are profiled here (by Fowles, Fitzgerald, Lowry, Dostoyevsky, Canetti, Mann, Conrad, and Woolf) in order to examine narrative strategies for exploring madness, and implicating the reader’s consciousness as a participatory component of mental aberration. This approach counters Georg Lukács’s contention that depictions of mental aberration violated the novel’s obligation to depict normality. Modernism, he claimed, privileged distortion, but the novelists examined here suggest that the historical pressures of modernity provided distortions exceeding any particular imaginative license. These pressures are acutely rendered in portraits of domesticity in The Secret Agent by Conrad and Mrs Dalloway by Woolf, two among many such reckonings with geo-political trauma casting a shadow over private life.

Abstract Public acceptance of offshore wind development projects is critical to successfully advancing and accelerating the US energy transition. A newly developed geo-data engagement platform has been designed to help operators and regulators manage the rapidly growing volumes of complex geo-data needed to plan, design, and construct offshore wind farms; this same platform can also be used to build public consensus for mutually beneficial outcomes of the triple bottom line: people, planet, and profit. The web-based platform was developed through a pilot project to help project owners, operators, their contractors, and regulatory agencies increase collaboration and streamline decision-making. Providing a single source for information, the platform integrates public datasets and historical project data with real-time field data, making it possible to track the ongoing site characterization effort while continually evolving the ground model. The ability to access a singular, authoritative source for project geo-data successfully increased collaboration and efficiency among project owners and their teams. Specifically, it supported and tightened critical project timeline decisions, such as adjusting the survey approach during early acquisition, delivering preliminary access to acquired survey data and geotechnical parameters, and integrating final interpreted geophysical data and geotechnical parameters into a ground model. The platform was also used to support the operator’s Construction and Operations Plan (COP) submission to the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), enabling interactive geo-data engagement with government stakeholders, streamlining review, and encouraging feedback on future assessment approaches. There is significant potential to further improve project outcomes by expanding access to public stakeholder groups. From a public perspective, understanding the proposed outcomes and participating in qualifying discussions can be challenging, as access to information and opportunities to engage with decision-makers is limited. In addition, interdependencies and complex feedback loops influence perspectives that can’t be fully understood without a systems thinking approach. This approach involves introducing innovative technology in a larger interconnected organization to kickstart a pressing social challenge. In this case, unifying all stakeholders—including the public—across a collaborative geo-data engagement platform that provides users access to non-proprietary information from the earliest stages mutually benefits the triple bottom line of people, planet, and profit (Elkington):- Social value (People) – A shared geo-data platform can enable meaningful engagement by balancing effective advocacy and inquiry. Citizen perspective stimulates awareness, acceptance, and alternatives with a shared sense of direction.- Environmental value (Planet) – The geo-data acquired in support of a wind farm can also serve as a range of measures to aid habitat preservation, mitigation, and restoration activities. Digital information-sharing platforms enable citizen science approaches to the targeted protection of marine natural capital.- Economic value (Profit) – Transparent, efficient, and collaborative data sharing via the web-based geo-data platform enables collective decision-making, which expedites project milestones, reduces permitting risk and operational costs, and thus makes energy more affordable to consumers. As the global offshore wind market expands, solutions that support 1) the evolving project and geo-data life cycle, 2) multiple internal and external stakeholders, and 3) engagement towards mutually beneficial outcomes are vital to advancing the energy transition. This is one paper in a collaborative series that demonstrates the value of an integrated geoscience approach considering regulatory requirements and project design essentials.

Abstract The Wasson Field in the Permian Basin has been the forerunner in the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) enhanced oil recovery (EOR) to tap the potential of the residual oil zone (ROZ). This field is one of the largest ROZ oil producers in the Permian with multi-billion barrels of oil in place, and it is a prime target for EOR as well as CO2 sequestration. Twenty-seven ROZ development projects implemented over three decades in three of the largest Wasson San Andres units (Denver, ODC, and Willard) comprise the scope of data analyzed for this paper. These projects targeted the ROZ pay in mature CO2 floods in the Main Oil Column (MOC) by utilizing existing wells and commingling production from both the MOC and ROZ to reduce costs. However, commingled production makes interpreting the incremental ROZ recovery challenging, which ultimately increases the uncertainty in predicting the technical and economic performance of future ROZ projects. This paper presents a reliable, geo science-driven forecasting technique for ROZ development based on a comprehensive study of the production and injection performance of the 27 ROZ projects. This study uses in-place volumes from a geological model that integrated log, core, and seismic data; historical production and injection data; multi-year zonal flow profiles; and established dimensionless forecasting methods. This paper presents a consistent methodology to: Estimate MOC performance through dimensionless analysis and deduce historical ROZ performance; and,Forecast ROZ ultimate recovery after history matching the resulting injection and production. The estimated ROZ oil recovery across the three Wasson units has been analyzed to establish correlations with the residual oil saturation (Sorw), reservoir quality index (RQI), reservoir heterogeneity, pattern configuration, waterflood maturity, and the water alternating gas (WAG) ratio of the CO2 injection. The key performance indicators of ROZ oil recovery have been determined to be the residual oil saturation and reservoir quality index. The study also shows that the average Sorwin the MOC after waterflooding operations can be higher than the Sorwin the ROZ post"natural" waterflood, resulting in higher oil recovery from the CO2 flood in the MOC than in the ROZ. A correlation has also been established between the ROZ and MOC oil recoveries as a function of floodable volumes using petrophysical properties, which can be applied to analogous ROZ development in mature MOC assets. Most published ROZ oil recovery estimation methods have used reservoir simulation models or analytical approaches like scaling the MOCoil recovery or use of analogous actual ROZ performance. These approaches have limited applicability and cannot be applied widely over different ROZ projects. This paper is the first study that utilizes voluminous historical field data from multiple ROZ projects spread over an extensive duration and acreage across the Wasson Field to estimate ROZ oil recoveries and then propose a novel approach to correlate and scale these estimated ROZ recoveries using petrophysical properties.