Academic literature on the topic 'Geo-Ethnic background'

Background: parkrun has been successful in encouraging people in England to participate in their weekly 5km running and walking events. However, there is substantial heterogeneity in parkrun participation across different communities in England: after controlling for travel distances, deprived communities have significantly lower participation rates. Methods: This paper expands on previous findings by investigating disparities in parkrun participation by ethnic density. We combined geo-spatial data available through the Office for National Statistics with participation data provided by parkrun, and fitted multivariable Poisson regression models to study the effect of ethnic density on participation rates at the Lower layer Super Output Level. Results: We find that areas with higher ethnic density have lower participation rates. This effect is independent of deprivation. Conclusions: An opportunity exists for parkrun to engage with these communities and reduce potential barriers to participation.

Background: parkrun has been successful in encouraging people in England to participate in their weekly 5km running and walking events. However, there is substantial heterogeneity in parkrun participation across different communities in England: after controlling for travel distances, deprived communities have significantly lower participation rates. Methods: This paper expands on previous findings by investigating disparities in parkrun participation by ethnic density. We combined geo-spatial data available through the Office for National Statistics with participation data provided by parkrun, and fitted multivariable Poisson regression models to study the effect of ethnic density on participation rates at the Lower layer Super Output Level. Results: We find that areas with higher ethnic density have lower participation rates. This effect is independent of deprivation. Conclusions: An opportunity exists for parkrun to engage with these communities and reduce potential barriers to participation.

Ethnic and linguistic changes of the Belarusian population at the turn of the 21th centuryThe first part of the article presents historical background of the origin of the Belarusian nation, located in the area of a confrontation between Russia and Poland. This rivalry was won by Russia, and in effect Belarusian land was incorporated into the Russian Empire, and later into the Soviet state. The next part presents the 20th century ethnic structure as the consequence of the Bolshevik Revolution and World Wars I and II, resulting in some border changes, war loses and migration movements. The main part of the article deals with the ethnic and language changes which occurred in the last decade of the 20th and in the first decade of the 21st centuries. The statistical analysis and interpretation is based on data from three population censuses (1989, 1999, 2009). An ethnic structure and linguistic situation are presented with the emphasis placed on the status of the two languages commonly used in Belarus, i.e. Russian and Belarusian, as seen in two categories: of mother language and of the language used for communication at home. The conclusions prove the expansion of popularity of the Russian language and gradual decrease of the use of the Belarusian language, both in public and at home. The processes of Russification, which had begun in the Soviet period, are intensifying despite the fact that Belarus regained its political souverianity as a country. On the basis of quantitative data the author defines specific intensity and territorial distribution of the influence of the Russian language. The final part of the article shows political and geo-political consequences of these changes in Belarus.

Abstract Background: Diseases whose treatment requires chronic transfusion therapy are relatively rare, and many have higher prevalence among certain ethnic groups and geographic regions. In these geographical regions, the patterns of care for these diseases and the epidemiology of iron overload (IOL) and other complications of treatment are currently undefined. To improve patient (pt) outcomes, it is important to understand how to diagnose, monitor, and manage these diseases. The TORS study aimed to collect information on a large number of newly diagnosed pts with various types of anemia and hemoglobinopathies to assess pt management considering diagnostic criteria and treatment pattern with iron chelation therapy (ICT) across various geographical regions. Methods: Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined earlier by Siritanaratkul et al, EHA. 2015. Pts aged >2 years requiring chronic transfusion therapy with newly diagnosed anemias (<12 months from diagnosis), including low and intermediate-1 myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), aplastic anemia (AA), and other transfusion-dependent (TD) anemias were enrolled. Pts were recruited from various geographical regions and were classified according to pt numbers, ethnicity and health care system as geo-1: Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand; geo-2: China; geo-3: Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, South Africa, Russia; geo- 4: Turkey. Pts were evaluated at baseline (BL) and at follow-up visits according to the standard practice for up to 3 years or until death. Results: Of the 564 pts (including 57 pts aged ≤18 years), 58.5% (n=330) were diagnosed with MDS, 31.2% (n=176) with AA, 10.1% (n=57) with other TD anemias. Diagnosis of 1 pt was missing. The mean age (±SD) was 51.9±23.87 years (range, 2-92); 49.5% of pts (n=279) were male. 97.2% (321/330) of MDS pts were classified using the WHO classification. In 89.0% of MDS pts, a risk assessment according to IPSS score was performed. Pts known to have received transfusions during the study include 92.6% (163/176) of AA, 68.4% (226/330) of MDS, and 93% (53/57) of other TD anemias. If analyzed by geographical region, 72.4% (126/174) of geo-1, 49.7% (99/119) of geo-2, 92% (115/125) of geo-3, and 70.5% (103/146) of geo-4 pts received transfusions during the study. At BL, serum ferritin (SF) was only available in 34.5% (195/564) of overall pts (50.9% [82/161] of chelated; 28% [113/403] of non-chelated pts) (Table 1). If analyzed by disease, among chelated pts, 38.4% (15/39) of AA, 57.1% (52/91) of MDS, and 48.3% (15/31) of other TD anemias had BL SF values. SF was available in 35% (20/57) of pediatric pts at BL (39.2% [11/28] of chelated; 31% [9/29] of non-chelated pts). In the overall pt population, data on ICT were available in 26% (13/50) of geo-1, 63.6% (7/11) of geo-2, 51.2% (20/39) of geo-3, and 68.8% (42/61) of geo-4 pts. At the final visit, the overall median change in SF from BL was -67.0 ng/mL. Among the pts receiving ICT (n=161), median change in SF from BL was -325.6 ng/mL (-433.5 in AA, +483.5 in MDS, and -1113.0 in TD anemias) at final visit. Among the pts without ICT (n=403), the median change in SF from BL was +116.7 ng/mL (+116.2 in AA, +163.2 in MDS and -306.5 in TD anemias). Among the pts with ICT (n=161), median change in SF from BL was +395 in geo-1, +113.5 in geo-3, and -433.5 in geo-4 at the final visit (pt data not available for geo-2). Among the pts without ICT (n=403), median change in SF from BL was +70.1 in geo-1, -170.6 in geo-2, -71.7 in geo-3, and +348.7 in geo-4 pts. Conclusions: In this large observational study, MDS was the most common disease type. This was potentially biased by site selection. Although the majority of pts received transfusion therapy leading to IOL, the awareness of IOL was low if measured by the availability of SF at BL and at each of the following visits. Consequently, many pts did not receive ICT. Interestingly, the majority of the MDS pts were classified according to WHO and stratified according to the recommended IPSS risk score, confirming that these guidelines are part of the standards of care in the clinical practice regardless of the geographic zone or the healthcare system. Overall, these results suggest that diagnosis and management practices of IOL and the underlying anemias may still be suboptimal in many parts of the world. Therefore, there is a need to improve local or regional understanding of IOL and its clinical consequences based on feasible therapeutic options in those regions. Disclosures Siritanaratkul: Janssen-Cilag: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Roche: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding. Volodicheva:CELLTRION, Inc.: Research Funding. Wong:Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Louw:Amgen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis Oncology: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. El-Ali:Novartis: Employment. Han:Novartis: Employment. Losco:Novartis: Employment.

In spite of picturesque landscapes, natural beauties and authentic traditional lifestyles to be seen in East Kazakhstan, tourism is far from being developed. The Kazakh Altai (called the Kazakh Switzerland) is one the most colourful parts of the country and, indeed, all Central Asia. The attractiveness of this geographically isolated region (formerly a part of the Imperial Russia), consisting of rocky semi-deserts, vast parkland-steppes, and rugged mountain terrains, is reflected in its distinctive geological and geomorphological character, its pristine nature, and its extraordinary geodiversity and biodiversity. This study presents a roster of geotourism and ecotourism loci for the broader Altai area within a framework of sustainable development. The modelled assessment of the tourism and recreation potential is based upon multi-proxy analyses of GIS, DEM, and cartographic data. It integrates the most appealing natural (biotic and abiotic) site-specific natural features across all physiographic zones within a broad region. The most significant and representative geosites fall within three geographic sectors suitable for geo- and ecotourism. Prospects for travel to these places are enhanced by the presence of numerous prehistoric archaeological sites and historical monuments, which document the rich, multi-ethnic background of Kazakhstan and the ancient Silk Road that traverses it. These geological, environmental and cultural resources, and the regional geoheritage and environmental conservation concepts have been figured into strategies for economic growth of rural Kazakhstan. Visitors travelling to this most appealing region are constrained by climate of pronounced continentality, seasonality, geographic accessibility, the international border-zone regulations and a lack of services of an international standard.

Abstract Background: The intratumor microbiome is implicated in tumor initiation, progression, and altered immune response to cancer therapies. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed correlations between microbial abundance and racial disparities in cancer. While these investigations provide novel insights into cancer disparities research, few have investigated which racial and ethnic disparities exist for patients with female malignancies. In this study, we characterized the intratumor microbiome according to racial and ethnic disparities in common female malignancies including breast, cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancers. Methods: We examined the intra-tumoral microbiome in the breasts, cervix, uterus, and ovaries (n = 2630). Raw tumor RNA sequencing data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and aligned to bacterial genomes using the PathoScope 2.0 framework and references genomes provided by the NCBI nucleotide database. Potential contaminants were identified and removed from downstream analyses by associating individual microbe abundance with total microbe abundance in each sample. Microbial abundance was correlated to race, ethnicity, and prognostic variables (Kruskal-Wallis test or Cox regression, p &lt; 0.05). Finally, we validated our results using transcriptomic sequencing data downloaded from the GEO NCBI data portal. Results: Significant dysregulation of bacterial microbes according to race and ethnicity was observed in these cancers, but most notably in breast cancer in which 6 species correlated strongly with survival. Of particular significance were Veillonella Parvula and Mycobacteroides chelonae, which were both significantly dysregulated in Black breast cancer patients, with low abundance of both species correlating to poor survival. Cupriavidus Taiwanensis and Delftia Acidovorans were more abundant in Black breast cancer patients, with high abundance correlating to poorer prognosis. Black patients were also diagnosed at significantly later cancer stages in cervical cancer. We also observed significant correlations of bacterial microbe abundance with prognostic and treatment variables in these cancers, including pathologic TNM staging, neoplasm presence, therapy outcome, and more. Conclusion: Our study is the most comprehensive to date investigating racial differences in the intra-tumoral microbiome in common female cancers. We found that differences in intratumoral microbial abundance may account in part for observed racial and ethnic disparities in cancer prevalence and progression in these cancers. Further studies are needed to investigate the specific mechanisms by which these microbes contribute to these observed cancer disparities within the tumor microenvironment. Citation Format: Matthew Uzelac, Wei Tse Li, Jaideep Chakladar, Daniel John, Weg M. Ongkeko. Racial and ethnic disparities associated with the intratumor microbiome in female cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 2 (Clinical Trials and Late-Breaking Research); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(8_Suppl):Abstract nr LB110.

Abstract This study examines the etymology of the principal physiographic entities of the ancient Sary-Arka area–meaning in the old Turkic language Yellowing Ridge – encompassing the present territory of parkland-steppes, rocky highlands and the adjacent mountains of North and East Kazakhstan. The current linguistic evidence points to a complex and chronologically long culture-historical development reflected by the local place names best-recorded for the major rivers and mountains (hydronyms and oronyms, respectively). Not all geo-site names are securely determined by using modern onomastics. Records of material culture provide additional multi-proxy information. Local uniformity of some toponyms across the extensive area assuming a common cultural background attests to a broader ethnic homogeneity and/or mobility of the ancient populations inhabiting this vast and geomorphically mosaic land. This suggests a close relationship and interactions (including demographic exchanges and mixing) between the past pastoral ethics in the parkland-steppe and semi-desert areas north of Lake Balkhash between the Aral Sea and the southern Urals in the West and the Alatau–Altai Mountain systems in the East. Whereas the hydronyms of the Sary-Arka may have a rather complex and not fully clear origin with a connection to the Turkic-Tatar medieval tribes and nations’ occupancy in northern Central Asia eventually modified into the present Kazakh language forms, the oronyms of the East Kazakhstan mountain ranges indicate the Mongolian roots.

Background/Aims: The present study attempted to identify the potential key genes and pathways of hyperlipidemia, and to investigate the possible mechanisms associated with them. Methods: The array data of GSE3059 were downloaded, including thirteen samples of hyperlipidemia from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed with WGCNA package, and the salmon and midnight blue modules were found as the highest correlation. Gene Ontology annotation and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses for these two modules were performed by cluster Profiler and DOSE package. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established using Cytoscape software, and significant modules were analyzed using Molecular Complex Detection. Results: Five genes (histone deacetylase 4, HDAC4; F2R like trypsin receptor 1, F2RL1; abhydrolase domain containing 2, ABHD2; transmembrane 4 L six family member 1, TM4SF1; and family with sequence similarity 13-member A, FAM13A) were found with a significant meaning. When their expression levels were validated with RT-qPCR, the relative expression levels were lower (HDAC4) and higher (F2RL1, ABHD2, TM4SF1 and FAM13A) in hyperlipidemia than in normal controls (P < 0.05-0.01). Subgroup analysis showed that the relative expression levels of HDAC4 were lower, whereas those of F2RL1 and ABHD2 were higher in Maonan than in Han ethnic groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Except for genetic factors and environmental exposures, epigenetic influence was another mechanism of hyperlipidemia in our study populations, which needed to further confirm.

Abstract Background: Although trastuzumab and tyrosine inhibitors combined with neoadjuvant chemotherapy could significantly improve patients' pathological complete response (pCR) rate, nearly half of the patients could not achieve complete remission. Our objective was to explore the relationship between metabolic signaling pathway changes and therapeutic efficacy in patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy for HER2-positive breast cancer. Methods: Core needle biopsy specimens from HER2-positive breast cancer patients who underwent neoadjuvant therapy and radical mastectomy at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center between January 2017 and December 2021 were collected for RNA sequencing. According to pathological evaluation, samples (n=133) were divided into pCR and non-pCR groups. Gene differences between the two groups were further evaluated for KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analysis. The TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas, n=1091) and the HAN ethnic GEO datasets (GSE162228, GSE206, GSE48391, n=305) were used to analyze the metabolic differences between tumors and normal tissues with patients’ prognosis. Consensus clustering analysis was performed to divide patients for low and high phenylalanine-tyrosine metabolism dysregulation to analyze patients’ outcomes. The IC50 value of cell lines was tested using CCK-8 experiments. Western blot was performed to analyze the protein level changes in mTOR and glycolysis pathway. Results: We found that phenylalanine-tyrosine metabolism was significantly enriched in HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Consensus clustering analysis of TCGA and the HAN ethnic GEO datasets showed that patients with low phenylalanine-tyrosine catabolism had a significantly worse survival outcome than patients with high tyrosine metabolism (P= 0.017). In our cohort, phenylalanine-tyrosine pathway metabolic enzyme DDC was upregulated while MAOA was downregulated in non-pCR patients compared to pCR patients, suggesting the increased production of dopamine and reduced catabolism of dopamine (DA) in non-pCR tumors. In vitro experiments showed that dopamine and the knockdown of MAOA decreased cell sensitivity to pyrotinib. In addition, dopamine and clorgyline- an MAOA inhibitor, promoted the proliferation of HER2-positive cell lines under the treatment of pyrotinib. The GSEA analysis of our neoadjuvant cohort and TCGA datasets revealed that MAOA expression was associated with an inverse enrichment of the mTORC1 and glycolysis pathways. Western blot experiment results showed that dopamine or the knockdown of MAOA could activate the mTOR and glycolysis pathway Conclusions: Phenylalanine-tyrosine metabolism was significantly enriched in HER2-positive breast cancer patients. The phenylalanine-tyrosine signaling pathway may be dysregulated in HER2-positive breast cancer and patients with low phenylalanine-tyrosine catabolism have a worse prognosis. Low expression of MAOA promotes tumor resistance to HER2-targeted drugs and could serve as a therapeutic biomarker in breast cancer. Citation Format: Chih Wan Goh, Bingqiu Xiu, Jingyan Xue, Yayun Chi, Jiong Wu. Dysregulation of Phenylalanine-tyrosine Metabolic Signaling Pathway and Neoadjuvant Response in HER2-positive Breast Cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO3-01-01.

In the first half of the 20th century, sizeable Russian communities lived in a number of Chinese cities, including Harbin, Shanghai and Tientsin. The largest and most diverse of these was the community that grew up around Harbin in north China. By the mid 1920s, Harbin was home to one of the largest Russian diaspora communities in the world, with over 120,000 Russians and other nationalities from the former Tsarist Empire. Moreover, many Russians in Shanghai and Tientsin had links to Harbin, as their first place of domicile in China. By the late 1950s, political transformations in China had driven almost all these people elsewhere. But for many of them, their roots in China became a key aspect of their identity in emigration in their new diasporas. This paper explores the background to this unique community and the geo-political forces underpinning the various waves of migration of Russians into and out of Harbin. It analyses the complex issues of identity and citizenship Russians faced while living in Harbin, their fates determined at various points in time by the dominance of three powers – Russia, China and Japan. Drawing on the experience of my own family, whose life in Harbin and Manchuria spanned four generations over fifty years, it touches on the rich ethnic and cultural mix that lay beneath the surface of “Russian” Harbin, with particular reference to the Jewish community that once thrived there. Finally, it examines how the ‘Harbintsy’ perceive their identity in emigration and the recent changes in attitude towards them of the Chinese authorities.

In the face of the contemporary so-called “European refugee crisis,”' the dichotomies of bodies that are naturalized into technology usage and the bodies that remain alienated from it betray the geographic, racial, and gendered discriminations that digital technologies, despite their claims at neutrality and flatness, continue to espouse. This article argues that “young electronic diasporas” (ye-diasporas) (Donà, 2014) present us with an unique view on how Europe is reimagined from below, as people stake out a living across geographies. The main premise is that young connected migrants' cross-border practices shows they ‘do family' in a way that does not align with the universal European, normative expectations of European family life. The author draws on three symptomatic accounts of young connected migrants that are variably situated geo-politically: 1) Moroccan-Dutch youth in the Netherlands; 2) stranded Somalis awaiting family reunification in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; and, 3) working, middle, and upper-class young people of various ethnic and class backgrounds living in London. Narratives shared by members of all three groups indicate meta-categories of the ‘migrant,' ‘user,' and ‘e-diaspora' urgently need to be de-flattened. To do this de-flattening work, new links between migrant studies, feminist and postcolonial theory and digital cultures are forged. In an era of increasing digital connectivity and mobility, transnational families are far from deterritorialized – boundaries and insurmountable distances are often forcibly and painfully felt.